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DDR1 and DDR2 are nonintegrin collagen receptors in the receptor tyrosine kinase family. Both DDRs bind to various collagen types and perform crucial functions in embryo development. DDRs are different from other receptor tyrosine kinases due to their interaction with extracellular matrix components and unusual activation kinetics. DDR regulates cell migration, survival, proliferation, differentiation, and extracellular matrix remodeling. Dysregulated DDR function is linked to the advancement of several human illnesses, including fibrosis, arthritis, neurodegenerative diseases, and cancer. DDRs play a vital role in disease progression and development. Therefore, the use of DDR inhibitors represents a promising therapeutic strategy, particularly for disorders with limited therapy alternatives. In recent years, DDRs have been regarded as attractive targets for drug development, as evidenced by a significant rise in research in this field. The current review illustrates about recent advancement of small molecules, their designing strategies and structure‐activity relationship. The DDR inhibitors can contain various core structures such as pyrimidine, phthalazine, pyrazole, pyrazine, imidazo[1,2‐a]sspyrazine, quinazoline, and thieno[3,2‐b]pyridin‐7‐yl derivatives. Furthermore, based on the constructive analysis of the published derivatives, we found that the majority of the powerful compounds have a similar scaffold (amide linker, hydrophobic tail, hinge binder with or without spacer). Among the different literature, the most potent compounds 4 (imidazo[1,2‐a]pyrazine), 5 (pyridine), 19 (pyridine), and 24 (quinazoline) displayed potent activity against DDR1 with IC50 values ranging from 2.26 – 4.67 nM, while DDR2 IC50 values ranging from 3.2 – 7.29 nM. This approach will help medicinal chemists to refine and develop novel small molecules targeting DDR1 and DDR2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cancer is a wide collection of diseases and among the numerous pathways involved in cancer pathogenesis, pathway involving epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is one of the most prominent. EGFR frequently articulated in a variety of cancer such as breast cancer, pancreatic cancer, non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), head and neck cancer. There are different EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) approved by FDA for the treatment of cancer. However, none of them evidenced as boon to oncological and medical department. Frequently occurrence of inherent and acquired resistance of TKIs as a result of mutations is the principal cause for the current situation. Therefore, researchers are in the desire of evolving the novel EGFR TKIs. Further, N‐heterocyclic ring system always proved to be the magical weapon in designed and discovery of synthetic molecules as they acquired comprehensive range of pharmacological properties. In recent year (2018–2022) N‐heterocyclic derivatives were uncovered as the potential EGFR TKIs. The present review summarised the research progress of EGFR TKIs to dazed the limitations of currently accessible drugs by consecrating, anatomy, mutation of EGFR, and its role in different types of cancer. The review highlights the medicinal chemistry prospective emphasising about the designing strategies, docking studies, biological evaluation, selectivity and structural activity relationship of N‐heterocyclic compounds. Our review will support the medicinal chemists in direction for the development of novel N‐heterocyclic based EGFR TKIs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An active microvalve that uses a meltable piston in place of a conventional solid material to obstruct fluid flow in a microfluidic channel has been developed. This phase change valve is simple to operate and requires no additional fabrication steps. The valve is inherently latched, reusable, and leak-proof (to at least 250 psi) and can be electronically addressed using resistive heaters. The valve has been characterized for a range of operational parameters that will serve as a design guide. For the designs tested, piston displacements of 5 mm or more in 1 s have been achieved. Valves 1.4 mm in length in a 50 [micro]m x 200 [micro]m channel have been integrated on a biochemical reaction device, and successful DNA amplification using PCR has been achieved. The phase change valve can be easily implemented in an array format that can be used to realize complex microfluidic circuits.