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The layered structure of a paper sheet contains information about the flow dynamics of the fibre suspension during the sheet forming process. This work discusses how the drainage process can be studied using analysis of the layered orientation of the paper sheet. For this purpose a method based on image analysis of layered paper strips, has been developed to measure the anisotropy and orientation angles in each layer. By using a simple theory of inclined filtration together with dewatering rate measurements, the hydrodynamic mechanisms like orientated shear can be estimated during the sheet forming. As a result, the response of different forming sections, as weil as the adjustable process parameters influencing layered orientation structure, can be studied. This review includes comparisons of results between different mill scale studies in normal running conditions together with some pilot plant trials.

To achieve higher productivity in papermaking, the increasing of web speed is the most efficient way. However, velocity increase will also immediately cause greater demands according to the web strength. In normal papermaking process, the form of the web changes gradually through the forming and press sections from suspension to solid form. After the press section, the basic fiber structure of the paper has already been created, but its rheological properties are in the beginning state of their development. Due to the water removal method by pressing the wet fiber network against a press roll surface, an adhesion force is generated between the web and the surface. At the end of the press section, the strength of the web is still very low due to the web's great moisture content. At this point, the mechanical properties of the paper can be affected or even deteriorated by wrong web peeling methods. For this reason, the understanding and controlling of the adhesional behaviour of the web is essential especially in the cases of high velocity levels. This paper studies the adhesional behaviour of the open draw, which is usually the first time during the papermaking process when the wet web is stressed mechanically in the longitudinal direction. This behaviour is studied by a quasi-dynamic mathematical model, which includes force balance and continuity models and also a rheological model for the open draw and material properties of the web respectively. The model consists of steady-state and nonsteady-state portions. Time-dependency is applied through mass flow and rheological equations, force balance equation is in static form. The solving method for this coupled equation system is to first solve the ideal steady-state situation and, after this nonsteady-stale equations which can be solved by using the steady-state situation as an initial condition. The qualitative behaviour of this model is correct, for example the increase in peeling angle between the surface and the web can be observed in cases of both velocity increase and adhesion energy increase even if the relative speed difference of the open draw has remained constant. Limitations appear mainly in the correctness of web material, adhesion and external pressure parameters. However, by using this model, also the effects of such external disturbances as adhesion and pressure disturbances can be studied efficiently. One of the main results is also an exponential increase in the peeling angle as a function of velocity. In this paper, it is caused by the centripetal force affecting the web. As a conclusion, the peeling behaviour of the wet web in an open draw is a very sensitive system. The main advantage of this system is its capability to self-adjustment through changes of the mass flow rate and peeling angle. However, also the rheological properties of the web and the adhesion force itself play a significant role in the optimization and stabilization of the web transfer in an open draw.

Water in wet paper is located between fibers, inside of capillaries and even inside of fiber walls. Part of the water is also chemically bound as gels. This means that evaporation of water is a very complex process leading to physical and chemical changes in paper. This is why the controlling of paper quality during drying is very difficult. In addition paper is also a porous material where the heat conductivity is strongly dependent on moisture.

Paper surface topology analysis with infrared thermography is described. Heat is applied perpendicular to the target. Temperature distribution of the sheet correlates well with the surface height distribution when the sheet is placed on the isothermic plate. Mathematical tools for data analysis and the mechanisms behind the curl and cockles are briefly discussed. Curl in paper and paperboard is defined as deviation from the flat form.