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Se analiza aquí cómo la salida de IED desde países emergentes afecta a las exportaciones de los países inversionistas. Se utilizan efectos fijos y aleatorios sobre datos desequilibrados procedentes de 64 países en desarrollo entre 1990 y 2019. Los resultados muestran que la salida de IED mejora considerablemente el desempeño de las exportaciones en los países en desarrollo. Existe un impacto adicional de la salida de IED sobre las exportaciones de los países emergentes con ingresos medianos y medianos-altos. Los resultados a nivel regional muestran que este impacto adicional es mayor en Asia y el Pacífico que en otras regiones en desarrollo. Al contrario, en América Latina y el Caribe la salida de IED sustituye las exportaciones nacionales y la contribución regional a la salida de IED total mundial es menor y más variable que en otras regiones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Digital Education is a key factor to bring developing countries up to speed so they are able to compete under the new rules of the Digital Economy. The Covid-19 pandemic crisis has made more evident the need to implement a global educational strategy where all children can be prepared to learn in a digital environment independently of their country and birth condition. In this research, a Digital Education Index for Developing Countries (DEIFDC) has been defined and applied for the Peruvian case. The construction of the index is based on relevant variables organized in three levers to determine Peru's capacity to better prepare current primary school children to acquire the competences needed in a 21st century workforce. The results show good development on pedagogical capabilities and students' readiness but only adequate maturity on the development of schools' infrastructure. Peru's slow digital development, in comparison to other countries in the region, is distressing the availability of high-skilled labour, digital GDP growth and digital services productivity hence major efforts will need to be undertaken to guarantee Peruvians upgrade to a digital prepared society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Mexican Journal of Economics & Finance / Revista Mexicana de Economia y Finanzas is the property of Instituto Mexicano de Ejecutivos de Finanzas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction and objectives: This study focuses on enhancing the professional skills of Quality Coordinators (QCs) in primary healthcare (PHC) in Kosovo. The QCs are responsible for internal quality supervision of public PHC institutions, but their competencies for quality improvement are unknown. The objective was to enhance the professional skills of QCs through targeted training, aiming to improve healthcare quality. Methods: The study involved determining the basic characteristics of QCs, assessing knowledge of quality standards before and after the training via a questionnaire; providing 2 training sessions; and, evaluating the impact of training on organizational adherence to healthcare quality standards. Mean, percentage, p-value, confidence interval, t-test, and rmcor were used as test statistics. Results: There was a statistically significant increase in the QCs' knowledge of the quality standards before (x̅=11.4, SD=2.9) and after the training (x̅=23.4, SD=8.3), p=.011, 95% CI [3.9728, 20.0272]. Before the training, the adherence to quality standards was 83.1% (x̅=26.6, SD=3.4), while after the training, it increased to 87.5% (x̅=28.0, SD=3.9), and this difference was statistically significant p=.047, 95% CI [0.0303, 2.8268]. Conclusion: The study highlights the need for continuous quality-related training and appropriate tools and resources to improve and maintain quality in PHC. Further research is needed to evaluate the impact of sex and age and the possible role redefinition of QCs. Resumen: Introducción y objetivos: Este estudio se centra en mejorar las habilidades profesionales de los Coordinadores de Calidad (QC) en la atención primaria de salud (APS) en Kosovo. Los CC son responsables de la supervisión interna de la calidad de las instituciones públicas de APS, pero se desconocen sus competencias para la mejora de la calidad. El objetivo era mejorar las habilidades profesionales de los QC a través de una formación específica, con el objetivo de mejorar la calidad de la atención sanitaria. Métodos: El estudio implicó determinar las características básicas de los QC, evaluar el conocimiento de los estándares de calidad antes y después de la capacitación mediante un cuestionario; impartir dos sesiones de formación; y evaluar el impacto de la capacitación en el cumplimiento organizacional de los estándares de calidad de la atención médica. Como estadísticos de prueba se utilizaron la media, el porcentaje, el valor P, el intervalo de confianza, la prueba t y el rmcor. Resultados: Hubo un aumento estadísticamente significativo en el conocimiento de los QC sobre los estándares de calidad antes (x̅=11.4, SD = 2.9) y después de la capacitación (x̅=23.4, SD = 8.3), p = 0.011, IC 95%[3.9728, 20.0272]. Antes de la capacitación, el cumplimiento de los estándares de calidad fue del 83,1% (x̅=26,6, DE = 3,4), mientras que después de la capacitación aumentó al 87,5% (x̅=28,0, DE = 3,9), y esta diferencia fue estadísticamente significativa p = 0,047., IC del 95% [0,0303; 28,268]. Conclusión: El estudio destaca la necesidad de una formación continua relacionada con la calidad y de herramientas y recursos adecuados para mejorar y mantener la calidad en la APS. Se necesitan más investigaciones para evaluar el impacto del sexo y la edad y la posible redefinición del papel de los QC.

This research aimed to explore the challenges of the COVID‐19 vaccination program from the perspective of multiple stakeholders in rural areas of eastern Indonesia. This qualitative participatory action research involved 115 participants selected from various groups in 20 subdistricts across five provinces, including Health Service workers, police staff monitoring the vaccination program, religious figures, and adult and youth community leaders. Furthermore, focus group discussion was conducted using semi‐structured interview guidelines based on the WHO Strategic Advisory Group of Experts (SAGE) for vaccine and immunization model. The manifest content approach was employed to analyze the visible contents within the text. Implementation of the vaccination program was complicated by contextual, individual, and group factors, as well as vaccine and vaccination‐specific factors. The contextual factors were socioeconomic, religious, and cultural conditions, changes in government policies, and geographical and climatic obstacles. Meanwhile, examples of group and individual factors were people's beliefs of COVID‐19 being harmless and their invulnerability to the disease, along with misinformation and disinformation about vaccination, and fatalistic attitudes. Factors related to the vaccine and vaccination process include limited vaccine supplies, inadequate supporting facilities, and insufficient administration of vaccines. Multiple and complex challenges of COVID‐19 vaccination in the rural areas of eastern Indonesia need attention from the local and national government, as well as other parties including the private sector, socio‐religious figures and organizations, and the media. Key Points: This study involved participants from government and nongovernment elements, young and adult age groups, as well as health and nonhealth actors to explore challenges of the COVID‐19 vaccination program in Eastern Indonesia.The results showed that the low COVID‐19 vaccination coverage cannot be attributed to a single factor, as multiple complex and context‐specific factors are at play.Health and nonhealth sectors, as well as governmental and nongovernmental actors with their respective roles can be involved in supporting the COVID‐19 vaccination and other vaccination programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of GeSec: Revista de Gestao e Secretariado is the property of Sindicato das Secretarias e Secretarios do Estado de Sao Paulo (SINSESP) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective: The aim of this study was to analyze the current scientific production on obstetric fistula from a gender perspective. Methodology: Literature review in Scopus, Dialnet Plus, PubMed, ERIC + PsycINFO, Cinahl, Cochrane, CUIDEN Plus and SciELO. Inclusion/exclusion criteria: full-text articles, published from 2005 to 2022, in English and/or Spanish. 60 documents were found, of which 49 were selected to be included in the review. Conclusions: The physical, psychological and social consequences of obstetric fistula in the lives of women and girls who suffer from it are devastating: urinary and fecal incontinence makes them victims of discrimination by their communities and families. There is a relationship between this problem and female genital mutilation, since in addition to reducing the elasticity of the vaginal opening, it triggers a sequence of events that include dropping out of school, which leads to a forced marriage and therefore an early pregnancy. Fistula repair is possible through surgical intervention, although efforts must also be made to prevent the appearance of new cases by educating the population on contraception; improving the training of health personnel and expanding the centers' staff; facilitating universal access to surgery; improving infrastructure and accessibility to centers; carrying out awareness programs for men; and providing information to dispel the myths surrounding this health problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This research aims to understand the motivations for SMEs from developed countries to engage in open innovation (OI) projects with partners in developing countries. Methodology: We adopted a qualitative approach and studied the case of 16 SMEs from Quebec that successfully carried out OI projects within African countries. Relevance: Despite the growing body of research on OI within SMEs, the international perspective of OI still needs to be explored. In particular, the context of developing countries has received limited attention, especially the motivations for SMEs from developed countries to undertake OI projects in developing countries. Main results: The results show that OI projects with African partners allow SMEs to integrate into African markets and acquire knowledge different from that of developed economies. These partnerships strengthen the overall organizational capacity of the SME beyond the acquisition of specific knowledge related to the innovation project. They also include social objectives to improve local communities living conditions. Theoretical contributions: By addressing the calls for research on OI within developing countries, this article expands the scope of OI in this context. It also contributes to the resource-based view theory by identifying integration within foreign networks as the main strategic resource, motivating SMEs from developed countries to initiate OI projects in developing countries. Managerial contributions: The study provides insights to SMEs from developed countries about the various reasons for implementing OI projects with partners in developing countries. It also offers them tailored advice to carry out such projects successfully. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the determinants of rural-urban student performance in Colombia, a nation characterized by pronounced inequality. Using quantile regression, a student-level education production function at different points along the achievement distribution is estimated. Using the Oaxaca–Blinder decomposition, estimates are provided to explain the achievement differential between urban–rural students. These estimates account for various factors including individual, family, and school characteristics. Results indicate that mean differences in performance between students in rural and urban Colombian schools are significant. Observable factors, especially school characteristics, are the main drivers of the performance gap. Substantial differences are observed when different test percentiles of the performance distribution are considered. Our results suggest that one way in which education can reduce student performance gaps is by investing in improving school quality in rural areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Health Information Technologies (HIT) has a significant chance of enhancing the standard of medical treatment, but their acceptance faces major obstacles including low adoption rates and professional hesitancy. Limited research on HIT adoption, especially in poor nations, adds to this problem and clearly challenges health care managers and researchers. It emphasizes the need of knowing the elements influencing acceptance, choice, and usage of healthcare technology to improve user adoption willingness. Using past studies from several nations, this paper investigates the elements driving HIT adoption within the prism of the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB). Using a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) under direction from the PRISMA framework guaranteed an open and exhaustive study. With eight publications compared to six from wealthy countries, the results expose a notable trend: emerging countries help more to promote HIT adoption research. Furthermore, the combination of TPB with other theories like the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) provides a whole framework for grasp the elements influencing HIT uptake. Core TPB components include subjective norms, attitude, and perceived behavioral control are well known in industrialized nations and supported by TAM’s perceived utility and simplicity of use, along with demographic elements, therefore stressing a user-centric approach. Research on emerging nations, particularly China, shows, on the other hand, a wide spectrum of variables on HIT adoption including personal, technical, social, and institutional ones. The results greatly improve our knowledge of HIT adoption seen from the TPB perspective and provide insightful analysis for legislators developing sensible plans for HIT implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective of the study: This study aims to identify and analyze the drivers of innovation in Ecuador. Methodology/Approach: The significance of innovation drivers was investigated through an exploratory systematic review using a mapping innovation approach. Statistical methods were used to apply an empirical analysis based on the Ecuadorian survey on Science, Technology, and Innovation Activities (released 2017). Originality/Relevance: As far as we are aware, this is the first study to investigate the drivers of innovation from a comprehensive approach of mapping innovation in Ecuador. Main results: The management of innovation drivers in Ecuador often presents issues for 98% of non-innovative companies. The most relevant innovation driver in Ecuadorian companies is cooperation with external sources where partner geolocations worldwide play a significant role. Theoretical/ Methodological Contribution: This study extends the framework of innovation drivers. The strengths and limitations of Ecuadorian innovation were identified from four perspectives of innovation drivers: internal innovation drivers, external innovation drivers, knowledge for innovation development, and investment in innovation. Social/Management Contribution: This study contributes to the understanding of innovation drivers in developing countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ad-gnosis is the property of Ad-gnosis Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Ibero-Latinoamericana de Seguros is the property of Pontificia Universidad Javeriana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introducción. La investigación en Atención Primaria en Salud (APS) abarca una gran variedad de temas, métodos, disciplinas, usuarios; necesita reflejar las prioridades en política pública y responder a las necesidades de la población. Se considera que en Colombia existen dificultades para concebir e implementar la APS dado que no se cuenta con una política pública de investigación científica en APS, haciendo necesario comprender los esfuerzos que se están realizando en esta materia. Objetivo. Realizar una revisión de la literatura que permita explorar el panorama de la investigación científica en APS en Colombia mediante la identificación de las áreas temáticas y los componentes de estas, abordados para contribuir con su sustentación como pilar del acceso universal. Materiales y métodos. Se realizó una revisión de la literatura científica, en el portal Pubmed de la National Library of Medicine (NLM), mediante herramientas para análisis automático de texto. Los artículos seleccionados fueron resumidos, clasificados según el tipo de artículo, las áreas temáticas y los componentes de APS. Resultados. Se identificaron 111 artículos, se descartaron 28 (25,2%) y se revisaron 83. La mayoría fueron artículos de investigación; ningún artículo abordó los tres componentes de la APS simultáneamente; los servicios de salud fueron examinados en 76 artículos; la comunidad en 15 y los determinantes sociales en diez. Se identificaron 51 áreas temáticas y las más frecuentes fueron el consumo nocivo de alcohol, la depresión y el talento humano. Conclusiones. Se aporta a la discusión académica y científica sobre el panorama actual de la investigación en APS por ser un tema de actualidad e interés en países de ingresos bajos y medios como Colombia. Los resultados del estudio sugieren avances hacia la comprensión de la APS como una estrategia amplia que abarca los determinantes sociales de la salud, la comunidad y los servicios de salud.

En los países en desarrollo, la ciberseguridad es un tema cada vez más relevante debido al aumento del uso de la tecnología y la conectividad a Internet. Sin embargo, estos países suelen enfrentar desafíos en términos de infraestructura, recursos y capacitación para abordar eficazmente este tema. El objetivo de esta investigación es analizar los elementos de ciberseguridad en los países en desarrollo y su impacto en la seguridad nacional. En este sentido, se realiza una encuesta a especialistas ecuatorianos en ciberseguridad forense y derecho informático, sobre el marco jurídico de ciberseguridad en Ecuador. Los resultados indican que las formas particulares de exposición a ciberataques pueden contribuir a respaldar diversos tipos de legislación sobre ciberseguridad y contribuir a su legitimidad pública. Además, los hallazgos cualitativos sugieren que incorporar el conocimiento y la comprensión de la ciberseguridad dentro de los consejos de administración empresarial, es un fuerte impulsor del cambio de comportamiento.

La Cumbre del G-77 y China en La Habana, celebrada el 15 y 16 de septiembre de 2023 bajo el tema: “Retos actuales del desarrollo: Papel de la Ciencia, la Tecnología y la Innovación”, guardó estrecha relación con el contexto político internacional en el que se desarrolló y con el tradicional activismo del Gobierno cubano para hacer avanzar los intereses comunes del sur global. Por tanto, ¿en qué contexto global se desarrolló la Cumbre del G-77 y China en La Habana? ¿Cuán válido es hablar de multilateralismo en el mundo de hoy? ¿Qué aportó este foro en particular? A estas interrogantes pretende dar respuesta el presente trabajo, que convoca a valorar la trascendencia es- tratégica de esta Cumbre, en el marco de las tendencias geopolíticas, económicas y de seguridad internacionales.

This World Affairs 2023 special issue contains six contributions, including this one, exploring some of the key political consequences of traditional beliefs such as magic and superstition in the developing societies of the Global South as well as in certain industrially advanced societies of the Global North. To show why traditional beliefs matter, we provide an explanation in this introduction for why traditional beliefs exist in developing countries, why they survive in developed countries, and why they may become more popular over time. By utilizing a simple game theoretic approach, we explain why rational people can sometimes increase their payoffs by subscribing to a superstition while superstitious people never gain by switching to rationality. In fact, the superstition—which has no causal connection with the natural course of events—may even yield better results, not only for the individual but also for the group. This is the reason why, in the framework of evolutionary stable equilibrium, superstitious people can demographically dominate an entire population over time. In addition to explaining the existence and the persistence (or the popularity) of traditional beliefs, we highlight the key findings presented in the articles included in this special issue. All of them underline a cardinal point: traditional beliefs matter. They shape electoral behavior, they shape attitudes toward democratic governance, and they influence voters' assessment of political figures and historical events. Precisely because traditional beliefs have such extensive implications for a country's political life, we believe that in the future scholars will have to pay greater attention to such beliefs to have a better understanding of political phenomena and trends. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many children die of easily preventable or treatable diseases in developing countries. What are the relationships between corruption, patronage, and child mortality in low‐ and middle‐income countries? We argue that corruption and patronage affect child mortality outcomes for some causes of death, especially those that are more easily prevented or treated with affordable care. To test our hypotheses, we utilize cross‐national time‐series analysis of under‐five child mortality in developing countries between 1996 and 2016. Our study finds that patronage and corruption increase under‐five child mortality arising from easily preventable childhood diseases, but they have almost no effect on under‐five child mortality caused by more complex illnesses. Our study underscores the need to examine cause‐specific health outcomes rather than overall health outcomes in comparative health analysis, as the ability of governments to address specific health issues depends on the nature of the problems. Related Articles: Ireni‐Saban, Liza. 2013. "Give Me Children or Else I Die: The Politics and Policy of Cross‐Border Reproductive Care." Politics & Policy 41(1): 5–38. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12004. Lagunes, Paul F. 2012. "Corruption's Challenge to Democracy: A Review of the Issues." Politics & Policy 40(5): 802–26. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2012.00384.x. Tusalem, Rollin F. 2022. "Does Gendered Representation in National Legislatures Promote Substantive Representation and Human Development? Evidence from the Developing World." Politics & Policy 50(6): 1096–137. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12503. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is a systematic review that examines the relationship between financial development and carbon emissions. The findings show that empirical studies have produced varying and sometimes contradictory results. The research suggests that green financial instruments and eco-investments could help reduce emissions and promote sustainability. The study provides valuable insights into the relationship between financial development and carbon emissions, particularly in the context of developed and developing countries. Further research is needed to fully understand this relationship and its implications for environmental sustainability. [Extracted from the article]

This article provides a critical review of the relationship between the Environmental Performance Index (EPI), financial development, and economic growth. The study finds that environmental performance and sustainability are important for economic growth in industrialized countries, while sustainable financial systems and renewable energy can promote economic growth in developing nations. Government policies such as carbon costs and taxes, technology transfer programs, and green trade policies are crucial for sustainable economic growth. Trade globalization contributes to global economic growth and reduces poverty levels, but policymakers should prioritize environmental performance and sustainability in their economic policies. It is important to consider CO2 emissions and energy consumption when addressing climate change. Developing countries may face technological limitations when transitioning to renewable energy sources. The relationship between environmental performance, financial development, and economic growth in developing countries is complex and varies depending on the specific country and time frame. Policymakers should prioritize settling carbon costs and taxes, commercializing low-CO2 emissions technologies, reducing subsidies for nonrenewable energy, providing technology transfer programs, and creating a green trade policy to achieve sustainable development. Renewable energy and energy efficiency can support sustainable economic development and reduce CO2 emissions in developing countries, but effective policies and investments in green technology are needed to balance economic and environmental sustainability goals. [Extracted from the article]

The given text discusses the challenges and potential solutions for achieving sustainable social innovation in Nigeria. It emphasizes the need for collaboration, knowledge sharing, and awareness to effectively contribute to the development and deployment of social innovations in Nigeria. The text also explores the relationship between social innovation and technological innovation, noting that technology can have a transformative effect on social innovation. It concludes by discussing the current state of social innovation in Nigeria and identifying challenges such as a lack of awareness and limited access to funds. The document discusses the importance of sustainable social innovation (SI) in Nigeria and the role of collaboration and technological innovation in achieving sustainable development. It emphasizes the need for local initiatives and the involvement of stakeholders at all levels to address the specific needs of communities. The article titled "Nigeria in 2050: Major player in the global economy or poverty capital?" explores the potential future of Nigeria's economy and its impact on poverty levels. The authors analyze various factors such as social innovation and institutional challenges that may affect Nigeria's development. [Extracted from the article]

El surgimiento y desarrollo del Movimiento de Países No Alineados en la segunda mitad del siglo XX respondió a la necesidad histórica de los países en desarrollo de asumir una postura propia alejada de los dos hegemones en pugna en el sistema internacional bipolar que emergió de la Segunda Guerra Mundial. El MNOAL ha transitado por diversas etapas, cada una de ellas con sus propios rasgos y niveles de activismo en los foros internacionales. Aunque muchos escépticos vaticinaron que el fin de la bipolaridad significaría su desaparición; el Movimiento se ha consolidado como un mecanismo útil a los intereses de los países del Sur. Su pertinencia en la actualidad es consecuente con la permanencia, aún hoy, de otras causas raigales que le dieron origen, como la lucha contra el imperialismo y la dominación. No obstante, sus retos en la actualidad son colosales para erigirse verdaderamente como un mecanismo representativo de los intereses y necesidades de los países en desarrollo.

Copyright of Biomédica: Revista del Instituto Nacional de Salud is the property of Instituto Nacional de Salud of Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objetivo: analizar las publicaciones de Alfabetización Sanitaria (AS) en relación con la pandemia de la COVID-19 en países de ingreso bajo, medio y medio-alto. Métodos: se realizó una revisión sistemática de literatura publicada en las bases de datos de PubMed, Scopus, Portal BVS y Europe PMC, entre el 2019 y el 2021, siguiendo las guías de Cochrane y PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses), y se escribió de acuerdo con los elementos de informe preferidos para revisiones sistemáticas. La calidad metodológica se comprobó utilizando Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool (MMAT), para evaluar críticamente la calidad de los estudios incluidos. Resultados: se revisaron 1397 artículos y tras la aplicación de criterios de elegibilidad se seleccionaron 92 estudios para el análisis. Se identificaron tres temas principales: dificultades y obstáculos, experiencias efectuadas sobre AS durante la pandemia y desafíos. Los determinantes sociales de la salud como educación, género, territorio y nivel socioeconómico obstaculizan la AS, además, otra de las dificultades es la ausencia en diversos países de planes, programas y guías de comunicación en salud. La infodemia fue una dificultad y un desafío en esta pandemia. Uno de los desafíos para la AS es la inequidad y pobreza. De las experiencias se encontraron mediciones de la AS en la población en general, en estudiantes y profesionales de la salud, además acciones de comunicación en salud y difusión de información para la prevención de la diseminación de la COVID-19 y para contrarrestar la infodemia. Conclusiones: las condiciones de vida de la población, así como el contexto sociocultural, económico y político de los países incluidos en esta revisión sistemática, influyen de manera decisiva en la AS de las personas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Cuadernos del Centro de Estudios de Diseño y Comunicación is the property of Cuadernos del Centro de Estudios de Diseno y Comunicacion and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Sustainable Development (SD) encompasses the enhancement of quality of life through social, economic, and environmental pillars. Biogas utilization from landfills (BUL) is a widely adopted technique in the United States and some European regions. However, myths persist regarding its implementation in Latin American and Caribbean countries, as well as in certain low-and middle-income economies. This article aims to assess the electricity generation potential in Colombia's major cities and highlight the significant contribution of BUL in achieving public policies objectives for SD and climate change mitigation. The study underscores that Colombia undervalues the potential of BUL when formulating public policies, overlooking its substantial impact in fulfilling at least 14 of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Revista Salud Bosque is the property of Universidad El Bosque and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objetivos. Describir la prevalencia de diferentes tipos de violencia por parte de la pareja íntima, y estimar cómo esta se relaciona con el desarrollo infantil de los niños expuestos, en un país de bajos ingresos en América Latina. También estimamos la relación entre la violencia por parte de la pareja íntima y las prácticas de cuidado infantil, incluyendo el uso de castigo físico. Métodos. Se hizo un estudio observacional, utilizando datos recolectados como línea de base para una evaluación de impacto del Programa Nacional de Primera Infancia en Nicaragua entre 2013 y 2014. La muestra cuenta con 8 921 niños de entre 0 y 5 años y 7 436 madres o cuidadoras, ubicados en municipios que tienen un índice de pobreza extrema mayor a 0,2. Resultados. Los datos indican que el 61% de las madres o cuidadoras ha reportado comportamientos controladores de sus parejas, el 50% ha sufrido violencia emocional y el 26% ha sufrido violencia física alguna vez en su vida. Además, los datos muestran que los niños expuestos a violencia por parte de la pareja íntima muestran un peor comportamiento, y mayores rezagos en el desarrollo del lenguaje y el desarrollo social-individual. También muestran mayores probabilidades de nacimientos prematuros, y son más propensos a tener un esquema de vacunación incompleto. Por último, es más probable que los hogares expuestos a violencia por parte de la pareja íntima sean un ambiente más hostil y poco seguro para los niños. Conclusiones. Los resultados reflejan la magnitud de la violencia por parte de la pareja íntima y cómo esta afecta negativamente a los niños. Consecuentemente, es importante que se diseñen e implementen políticas públicas de prevención de esta conducta para evitar las secuelas que generan en los niños y frenar su transmisión intergeneracional.

Resumen: La perspectiva insider‐outsider, dominante en el discurso sobre la regulación laboral, sostiene que las disposiciones protectoras se mantienen vigentes en interés de sus beneficiarios (insiders), aunque perjudican a otros trabajadores menos acomodados (outsiders). Si la contraposición entre ambas categorías fuera tal como se formula en el modelo, los outsiders se opondrían rotundamente a la regulación. Sin embargo, nuestras evidencias de que los outsiders en los países en desarrollo están mayoritariamente a favor de las medidas regulatorias obligan a replantear la tajante dicotomía insider‐outsider. Sugerimos distintas líneas de investigación, como los procesos redistributivos, las transiciones, la equidad y el poder del empleador en los mercados de trabajo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Introducción: el espectro de acretismo placentario (EAP) es una condición asociada a sangrado masivo posparto y mortalidad materna. Las guías de manejo publicadas en países de altos ingresos recomiendan la participación de grupos interdisciplinarios en hospitales con recursos suficientes para realizar procedimientos complejos. Sin embargo, algunas de las recomendaciones de estas guías resultan difíciles de aplicar en países de bajos y medianos ingresos. Objetivos: este consenso busca formular recomendaciones generales para el tratamiento del EAP en Colombia. Materiales y métodos: en el consenso participaron 23 panelistas, quienes respondieron 31 preguntas sobre el tratamiento de EAP. Los panelistas fueron seleccionados con base en la participación en dos encuestas realizadas para determinar la capacidad resolutiva de hospitales en el país y la región. Se utilizó la metodología Delphi modificada, incorporando dos rondas sucesivas de discusión. Para emitir las recomendaciones el grupo tomó en cuenta la opinión de los participantes, que lograron un consenso mayor al 80 %, así como las barreras y los facilitadores para su implementación. Resultados: el consenso formuló cinco recomendaciones integrando las respuestas de los panelistas. Recomendación 1. Las instituciones de atención primaria deben realizar búsqueda activa de EAP en pacientes con factores de riesgo: placenta previa e historia de miomectomía o cesárea en embarazo previo. En caso de haber signos sugestivos de EAP por ecografía, las pacientes deben ser remitidas de manera inmediata, sin tener una edad gestacional mínima, a hospitales reconocidos como centros de referencia. Las modalidades virtuales de comunicación y atención en salud pueden facilitar la interacción entre las instituciones de atención primaria y los centros de referencia para EAP. Se debe evaluar el beneficio y riesgo de las modalidades de telemedicina. Recomendación 2. Es necesario que se definan hospitales de referencia para EAP en cada región de Colombia, asegurando el cubrimiento de la totalidad del territorio nacional. Es aconsejable concentrar el flujo de pacientes afectadas por esta condición en unos pocos hospitales, donde haya equipos de cirujanos con entrenamiento específico en EAP, disponibilidad de recursos especializados y un esfuerzo institucional por mejorar la calidad de atención, en busca de tener mejores resultados en la salud de las gestantes con esta condición. Para lograr ese objetivo los participantes recomiendan que los entes reguladores de la prestación de servicios de salud a nivel nacional, regional o local vigilen el proceso de remisión de estas pacientes, facilitando rutas administrativas en caso de que no exista contrato previo entre el asegurador y el hospital o la clínica seleccionada (IPS). Recomendación 3. En los centros de referencia para pacientes con EAP se invita a la creación de equipos que incorporen un grupo fijo de especialistas (obstetras, urólogos, cirujanos generales, radiólogos intervencionistas) encargados de atender todos los casos de EAP. Es recomendable que esos grupos interdisciplinarios utilicen el modelo de “paquete de intervención” como guía para la preparación de los centros de referencia para EAP. Este modelo consta de las siguientes actividades: preparación de los servicios, prevención e identificación de la enfermedad, respuesta ante la presentación de la enfermedad, aprendizaje luego de cada evento. La telemedicina facilita el tratamiento de EAP y debe ser tenida en cuenta por los grupos interdisciplinarios que atienden esta enfermedad. Recomendación 4. Los residentes de Obstetricia deben recibir instrucción en maniobras útiles para la prevención y el tratamiento del sangrado intraoperatorio masivo por placenta previa y EAP, tales como: la compresión manual de la aorta, el torniquete uterino, el empaquetamiento pélvico, el bypass retrovesical y la maniobra de Ward. Los conceptos básicos de diagnóstico y tratamiento de EAP deben incluirse en los programas de especialización en Ginecología y Obstetricia en Colombia. En los centros de referencia del EAP se deben ofrecer programas de entrenamiento a los profesionales interesados en mejorar sus competencias en EAP de manera presencial y virtual. Además, deben ofrecer soporte asistencial remoto (telemedicina) permanente a los demás hospitales en su región, en relación con pacientes con esa enfermedad. Recomendación 5. La finalización de la gestación en pacientes con sospecha de EAP y placenta previa, por imágenes diagnósticas, sin evidencia de sangrado vaginal activo, debe llevarse a cabo entre las semanas 34 y 36 6/7. El tratamiento quirúrgico debe incluir intervenciones secuenciales que pueden variar según las características de la lesión, la situación clínica de la paciente y los recursos disponibles. Las opciones quirúrgicas (histerectomía total y subtotal, manejo quirúrgico conservador en un paso y manejo expectante) deben incluirse en un protocolo conocido por todo el equipo interdisciplinario. En escenarios sin diagnóstico anteparto, es decir, ante un hallazgo intraoperatorio de EAP (evidencia de abultamiento violáceo o neovascularización de la cara anterior del útero), y con participación de personal no entrenado, se plantean tres situaciones: Primera opción: en ausencia de indicación de nacimiento inmediato o sangrado vaginal, se recomienda diferir la cesárea (cerrar la laparotomía antes de incidir el útero) hasta asegurar la disponibilidad de los recursos recomendados para llevar a cabo una cirugía segura. Segunda opción: ante indicación de nacimiento inmediato (por ejemplo, estado fetal no tranquilizador), pero sin sangrado vaginal o indicación de manejo inmediato de EAP, se sugiere realizar manejo en dos tiempos: se realiza la cesárea evitando incidir la placenta, seguida de histerorrafia y cierre de abdomen, hasta asegurar la disponibilidad de los recursos recomendados para llevar a cabo una cirugía segura. Tercera opción: en presencia de sangrado vaginal que hace imposible diferir el manejo definitivo de EAP, es necesario extraer el feto por el fondo del útero, realizar la histerorrafia y reevaluar. En ocasiones, el nacimiento del feto disminuye el flujo placentario y el sangrado vaginal se reduce o desaparece, lo que hace posible diferir el manejo definitivo de EAP. Si el sangrado significativo persiste, es necesario continuar con la histerectomía haciendo uso de los recursos disponibles: compresión manual de la aorta, llamado inmediato a los cirujanos con mejor entrenamiento disponible, soporte de grupos expertos de otros hospitales a través de telemedicina. Si una paciente con factores de riesgo para EAP (por ejemplo, miomectomía o cesárea previa) presenta retención de placenta posterior al parto vaginal, es recomendable confirmar la posibilidad de dicho diagnóstico (por ejemplo, realizando una ecografía) antes de intentar la extracción manual de la placenta. Conclusiones: esperamos que este primer consenso colombiano de EAP sirva como base para discusiones adicionales y trabajos colaborativos que mejoren los resultados clínicos de las mujeres afectadas por esta enfermedad. Evaluar la aplicabilidad y efectividad de las recomendaciones emitidas requerirá investigaciones adicionales.

Corporate Social Responsibility in developing countries has become an emerging field of research. In this paper a model of structural equations is proposed to analyze the relationship between Corporate Social Responsibility actions and its influence on Cooperation, Innovation and Performance in the Costa Rican agribusiness sector. Structural equation modeling was used to investigate the conceptual relationship model and explain the associations among variables. The model results suggest that CSR and Innovation positively influence the agribusiness Performance. On the contrary, it seems that Cooperation does not have an influence on such Performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climatic and anthropogenic changes cause the deprivation of distinct ecosystems in Costa Rica, transforming climatic, ecological, and geomorphic conditions. The high tropical biodiversity of Costa Rica and the tropics is suitable to improve the understanding of hydrogeomorphic process dynamics and to produce baseline data on past disasters in scarce-data regions. The principal motivation to connect natural hazards and dendrochronology on tropics is the desire to create methods that can reduce its exposure and vulnerability. The principal research aim of this study is to give reference data that can improve the understanding of hydrogeomorphic processes and to explore the potential of tropical trees in dendrochronological applications. This paper combines remote sensing, meteorological assessments, and dendrochronology analyses, hydraulic modelling, and risk assessments. This innovative research describes the reduced understanding in treering analysis in Costa Rica related with past disasters and their linkage to climate. This study will likely contribute to the implementation of new methodologies in disaster risk research, and it will promote future adaptation strategies in the most biodiverse region of the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Introduction and Objectives: The knowledge generated by scientific research is linked to the development of countries, as it provides the necessary resources to guarantee scientific progress and cost-effective healthcare. For this reason, our study analyzes the trends of scientific publication in urology in Latin America., Methods: A bibliometric analysis was performed. Data collection was carried out using the SCOPUS search engine in April 2023, and the search terms were defined by the authors, including the most common diseases in the specialty of urology. A descriptive analysis of the different characteristics, trends and scientific collaborations was performed. The collaboration networks were plotted using VOSviewer., Results: From 2000 to 2021, Latin American publications in urology amounted to 9135 in scientific journals. Brazil is the country with the greatest scientific production (51.2%) and Chile has the greatest scientific production per million inhabitants. Of the total number of scientific publications, 51.1% were related to prostate cancer, 88.8% were written in English (and 50.2% had non-open access). The country with greatest collaborative research with Latin America was the United States., Conclusions: Scientific output in urology in Latin America has increased substantially over the last 20 years. The most published topic is prostate cancer, most papers are written in English, and the United States takes first place regarding scientific collaboration. However, the proportion of the world's science originated in Latin America is still low and depends on Brazil., (Copyright © 2024 AEU. Published by Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

En tiempos de tasas de interés históricamente bajas, las cooperativas de ahorro y crédito parecen prometer tasas altas con un riesgo crediticio comparativamente bajo. Perú es uno de los países más desarrollados de América Latina en lo que respecta al sector cooperativo y uno atractivo, ya que se espera que esas instituciones paguen tarifas muy superiores a las del mercado. El valor de este documento es evaluar si las tasas de retorno están justificadas por un riesgo crediticio proporcionalmente alto, o de otra manera. Esta investigación describe las características del mercado de Cooperativas de Ahorro y Crédito peruano y destaca las herramientas de salvaguarda utilizadas para garantizar a sus asociados del riesgo crediticio. El documento utiliza datos oficiales 2007-2018 para las 143 cooperativas peruanas por la autoridad financiera y aplica varias metodologías ampliamente aceptadas por académicos y profesionales para evaluar el riesgo crediticio de todo el sector, a saber, una producción de razones financieras, análisis de los estados financieros, Beaver’s modelo, modelo Bathory, Z-Score, análisis Springate, análisis Logit y modelo H-Factor. Encuentra que el riesgo en la industria se compara favorablemente con los retornos, lo que resalta la existencia de una anomalía en el mercado. De hecho, las cooperativas de ahorro y crédito peruanas ofrecen tasas de interés pasivas de hasta dos dígitos a los depositantes, mientras que el riesgo correspondiente se ha calculado en este documento como comparablemente bajo. Las cooperativas no presentan riesgo de quiebra bajo ninguna de las herramientas utilizadas para la realización del análisis.

El artículo se centra en la pregunta: ¿se puede crear un sistema de formación exitoso entre empresas ubicadas geográficamente cerca unas de otras? Los temas son: la posibilidad de desarrollar un sistema de formación dentro de las empresas (o formación “intraempresa”), el impacto positivo en el rendimiento de la formación derivado de la proximidad geográfica, la naturaleza del grupo de formación entre empresas, el papel en cuanto a la oferta formativa de las empresas extranjeras y multinacionales y, por último, el papel de los proveedores de formación. Hay un análisis detallado de la educación y formación técnica y profesional en los países en desarrollo, particularmente en términos de temas tan importantes como la formación en la empresa, las prácticas de formación entre empresas y dentro de la empresa, y la oferta de formación en relación con los costos, los resultados, los salarios y las innovaciones. También hay un enfoque en campos más especializados como la división del trabajo, la capacitación previa y posterior, la apropiación de la capacitación, el agrupamiento de capacitación y los efectos indirectos, las políticas de las empresas locales e internacionales, el papel de los proveedores de capacitación, y la capacitación tácita y codificada.

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Las diversas fluctuaciones registradas en la balanza de pagos de las economías emergentes reflejan la vulnerabilidad de dichas economías, pues dependen del equilibrio de los flujos de capital y de comercio. En este estudio se analiza la relación entre los precios de los productos básicos y algunos fenómenos observados en los movimientos de capital en un grupo de economías emergentes seleccionadas. Se estiman modelos probit y cloglog a fin de establecer la probabilidad de que ocurran dichos fenómenos, así como sus principales determinantes en el período de 1995 a 2016. Los resultados permiten determinar los principales factores globales y nacionales condicionantes de los fenómenos, además de la importancia que asume el efecto de contagio. En el estudio se concluye que los países que exportan grandes volúmenes de productos básicos, como soja, minerales y petróleo, están sujetos a fenómenos de reducción de la entrada de capital extranjero [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Introduction: Placenta accreta spectrum (PAS) is a condition associated with massive postpartum bleeding and maternal mortality. Management guidelines published in high income countries recommend the participation of interdisciplinary teams in hospitals with sufficient resources for performing complex procedures. However, some of the recommendations contained in those guidelines are difficult to implement in low and medium income countries. Objectives: The aim of this consensus is to draft general recommendations for the treatment of PAS in Colombia. Materials and Methods: Twenty-three panelists took part in the consensus with their answers to 31 questions related to the treatment of PAS. The panelists were selected based on participation in two surveys designed to determine the resolution capabilities of national and regional hospitals. The modified Delphi methodology was used, introducing two successive discussion rounds. The opinions of the participants, with a consensus of more than 80 %, as well as implementation barriers and facilitators, were taken into consideration in order to issue the recommendations. Results: The consensus drafted five recommendations, integrating the answers of the panelists. Recommendation 1. Primary care institutions must undertake active search of PAS in patients with risk factors: placenta praevia and history of myomectomy or previous cesarean section. In case of ultrasound signs suggesting PAS, patients must be immediately referred, without a minimum gestational age, to hospitals recognized as referral centers. Online communication and care modalities may facilitate the interaction between primary care institutions and referral centers for PAS. The risks and benefits of telemedicine modalities must be weighed. Recommendation 2. Referral hospitals for PAS need to be defined in each region of Colombia, ensuring coverage throughout the national territory. It is advisable to concentrate the flow of patients affected by this condition in a few hospitals with surgical teams specifically trained in PAS, availability of specialized resources, and institutional efforts at improving quality of care with the aim of achieving better health outcomes in pregnant women with this condition. To achieve this goal, participants recommend that healthcare regulatory agencies at a national and regional level should oversee the process of referral for these patients, expediting administrative pathways in those cases in which there is no prior agreement between the insurer and the selected hospital or clinic. Recommendation 3. Referral centers for patients with PAS are urged to build teams consisting of a fixed group of specialists (obstetricians, urologists, general surgeons, interventional radiologists) entrusted with the care of all PAS cases. It is advisable for these interdisciplinary teams to use the "intervention bundle" model as a guidance for building PAS referral centers. This model comprises the following activities: service preparedness, disease prevention and identification, response to the occurrence of the disease, and debriefing after every event. Telemedicine facilitates PAS treatment and should be taken into consideration by interdisciplinary teams caring for this disease. Recommendation 4. Obstetrics residents must be instructed in the performance of maneuvers that are useful for the prevention and treatment of massive intraoperative bleeding due to placenta praevia and PAS, including manual aortic compression, uterine tourniquet, pelvic packing, retrovesical bypass, and Ward maneuver. Specialization Obstetrics and Gynecology programs in Colombia must include the basic concepts of the diagnosis and treatment of PAS. Referral centers for PAS must offer online and in-person training programs for professionals interested in improving their competencies in PAS. Moreover, they must offer permanent remote support (telemedicine) to other hospitals in their region for patients with this condition. Recommendation 5. Patients suspected of having PAS and placenta praevia based on imaging, with no evidence of active vaginal bleeding, must be delivered between weeks 34 and 36 6/7. Surgical treatment must include sequential interventions that may vary depending on the characteristics of the lesion, the clinical condition of the patient and the availability of resources. The surgical options (total and subtotal hysterectomy, onestage conservative surgical management and watchful waiting) must be included in a protocol known by the entire interdisciplinary team. In situations in which an antepartum diagnosis is lacking, that is to say, in the face of intraoperative finding of PAS (evidence of purple bulging or neovascularization of the anterior aspect of the uterus), and the participation of untrained personnel, three options are considered: Option 1: In the absence of indication of immediate delivery or of vaginal delivery, the recommendation is to postpone the cesarean section (close the laparotomy before incising the uterus) until the recommended resources for safe surgery are secured. Option 2: If there is an indication for immediate delivery (e.g., non-reassuring fetal status) but there is absence of vaginal bleeding or indication for immediate PAS management, a two-stage management is suggested: cesarean section avoiding placental incision, followed by uterine repair and abdominal closure, until the availability of the recommended resources for safe surgery is ascertained. Option 3: In the event of vaginal bleeding that prevents definitive PAS management, the fetus must be delivered through the uterine fundus, followed by uterine repair and reassessment of the situation. Sometimes, fetal delivery diminishes placental flow and vaginal bleeding is reduced or disappears, enabling the possibility to postpone definitive management of PAS. In case of persistent significant bleeding, hysterectomy should be performed, using all available resources: manual aortic compression, immediate call to the surgeons with the best available training, telemedicine support from expert teams in other hospitals. If a patient with risk factors for PAS (e.g., myomectomy or previous cesarean section) has a retained placenta after vaginal delivery, it is advisable to confirm the possibility of such diagnosis (by means of ultrasound, for example) before proceeding to manual extraction of the placenta. Conclusions: It is our hope that this first Colombian consensus on PAS will serve as a basis for additional discussions and collaborations that can result in improved clinical outcomes for women affected by this condition. Additional research will be required in order to evaluate the applicability and effectiveness of these recommendations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, we provide an overview of the current long‐term care (LTC) landscape across low‐ and middle‐income countries (LMICs), based on an analysis and synthesis of literature review findings. We begin with a brief assessment of LTC needs on the demand side, followed by a supply side assessment of the available mix of formal LTC services vis‐à‐vis informal care provision. Next, we describe and discuss the role of government policies in LTC provision and governance. We conclude by discussing and offering practical LTC policy considerations for LMICs, drawing on experiences, best practices and lessons learned from high‐income countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]