Search

We have deposited an yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) layer consisting of microsized grains on an alumina substrate using electron beam physical vapour deposition (EBPVD). The effects of Y 2 O 3 concentration and the coating microstructures of YSZ on indentation damage are investigated. Different coating microstructures are prepared by varying the substrate temperature during deposition. Hertzian and nanoindentation are used to characterize the damage responses of the YSZ thermal barrier-coated alumina layered systems. The damage and failure behaviours have been investigated in relation to the effects of microstructures formed at various substrate temperatures as well as indentation loads from indentation tests. Elastic modulus, hardness, and stress–strain behaviours are characterized by results of the indentation tests. With increasing substrate temperature during the EBPVD process, the overall grain sizes became coarser with a smaller fraction of weak interfaces between the columns, and became more faceted. This change in microstructure ultimately influences the indentation behaviour. The results according to the use of smaller and larger scaled indenters during Hertzian/nanoindentations were also analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Silicon carbide (SiC) wafers have attracted attention as a material for advanced power semiconductor device applications due to their high bandgap and stability at high temperatures and voltages. However, the inherent chemical and mechanical stability of SiC poses significant challenges in the chemical mechanical planarization (CMP) process, an essential step in reducing defects and improving surface flatness. SiC exhibits different mechanical and chemical properties depending on SiC terminal faces, affecting SiC oxidation behavior during the CMP process. Here, we investigate the process of oxide layer formation during the CMP process and how it relates to the SiC terminal faces. The results show that under the same conditions, the C-terminated face (C-face) exhibits higher oxidation reaction kinetics than the Si-terminated face (Si-face), forming an oxide layer of finer particles. Due to the different oxidation kinetic tendencies, the oxide layer formed on the C-face has a higher friction coefficient and more defects than the oxide layer formed on the Si-face. This results in a higher removal rate during CMP for the C-face than the Si-face. Furthermore, by controlling the physicochemical properties of the oxide film, high removal rates can be achieved by friction with the pad alone, without the need for nanoparticle abrasives., (© 2023. The Author(s).)

Proton-exchange-membrane water electrolysis (PEMWE) requires an efficient and durable bifunctional electrocatalyst for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Herein, Ir-based electrocatalyst is designed using the high entropy alloy (HEA) platform of ZnNiCoIrX with two elements (X: Fe and Mn). A facile dealloying in the vacuum system enables the construction of a nanoporous structure with high crystallinity using Zn as a sacrificial element. Especially, Mn incorporation into HEAs tailors the electronic structure of the Ir site, resulting in the d-band center being far away from the Fermi level. Downshifting of the d-band center weakens the adsorption energy with reaction intermediates, which is beneficial for catalytic reactions. Despite low Ir content, ZnNiCoIrMn delivers only 50 mV overpotential for HER at -50 mA cm -2 and 237 mV overpotential for the OER at 10 mA cm -2 . Furthermore, ZnNiCoIrMn shows almost constant voltage for the HER and OER for 100 h and a high stability number of 3.4 × 10 5 n hydrogen n Ir -1 and 2.4 × 10 5 n oxygen n Ir -1 , demonstrating the exceptional durability of the HEA platform. The compositional engineering of ZnNiCoIrMn limits the diffusion of elements by high entropy effects and simultaneously tailors the electronic structure of active Ir sites, resulting in the modified cohesive and adsorption energies, all of which can suppress the dissolution of elements., (© 2023 Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

Heterostructures of metal halide perovskites and TiO x are efficient photocatalytic materials owing to the combination of the advantages of each compound, specifically the high absorption coefficients and long charge-carrier lifetimes of perovskites, and efficient photocatalytic activity of TiO x . However, chemical reduction of CO 2 using PNC/TiO x heterostructures without organic solvents has not been reported yet. Here, we report the first solvent-free reduction of CO 2 using amorphous TiO x with embedded colloidal perovskite nanocrystals (PNCs). The combination was obtained by carrying out hydrolysis of titanium butoxide (TBOT) on the PNC surface without high-temperature calcination. We proposed a mechanism involving photoexcited electrons being transferred from PNCs to TBOT, enabling photocatalytic reactions using TiO x under visible-light excitation. We demonstrated efficient visible-light-driven photocatalytic reactions at PNC/TiO x interfaces, specifically with a CO production rate of 30.43 μmol g -1 h -1 and accelerated degradation of organic pollutants under natural sunlight. Our work has provided a simple path toward both efficient CO 2 reduction and photocatalytic degradation of organic dyes.

Heteroatom-doping is a practical means to boost RuO 2 for acidic oxygen evolution reaction (OER). However, a major drawback is conventional dopants have static electron redistribution. Here, we report that Re dopants in Re 0.06 Ru 0.94 O 2 undergo a dynamic electron accepting-donating that adaptively boosts activity and stability, which is different from conventional dopants with static dopant electron redistribution. We show Re dopants during OER, (1) accept electrons at the on-site potential to activate Ru site, and (2) donate electrons back at large overpotential and prevent Ru dissolution. We confirm via in situ characterizations and first-principle computation that the dynamic electron-interaction between Re and Ru facilitates the adsorbate evolution mechanism and lowers adsorption energies for oxygen intermediates to boost activity and stability of Re 0.06 Ru 0.94 O 2 . We demonstrate a high mass activity of 500 A g cata. -1 (7811 A g Re-Ru -1 ) and a high stability number of S-number = 4.0 × 10 6  n oxygen  n Ru -1 to outperform most electrocatalysts. We conclude that dynamic dopants can be used to boost activity and stability of active sites and therefore guide the design of adaptive electrocatalysts for clean energy conversions., (© 2023. The Author(s).)

The solvation sheath of Li + -glyme was modulated to enhance Li + -TFSI - association by adopting a highly polar solvent, especially water molecules, which affects the solid electrolyte interface (SEI) layer composition. By the Li + -TFSI - association, a TFSI - anion-derived SEI layer is formed on the Li metal anode, resulting in higher Li metal anode efficiency.

Electrocatalysts for high-rate hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) are crucial to clean fuel production. Nitrogen-rich 2D transition metal nitride, designated "nitridene", has shown promising HER performance because of its unique physical/chemical properties. However, its synthesis is hindered by the sluggish growth kinetics. Here for the first time using a catalytic molten-salt method, we facilely synthesized a V-Mo bimetallic nitridene solid solution, V 0.2 Mo 0.8 N 1.2 , with tunable electrocatalytic property. The molten-salt synthesis reduces the growth barrier of V 0.2 Mo 0.8 N 1.2 and facilitates V dissolution via a monomer assembly, as confirmed by synchrotron spectroscopy and ex situ electron microscopy. Furthermore, by merging computational simulations, we confirm that the V doping leads to an optimized electronic structure for fast protons coupling to produce hydrogen. These findings offer a quantitative engineering strategy for developing analogues of MXenes for clean energy conversions., (© 2022 The Authors. Angewandte Chemie International Edition published by Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

In this report, the galvanic corrosion inhibition between Cu and Ru metal films is studied, based on bonding orbital theory, using pyridinecarboxylic acid groups which show different affinities depending on the electron configuration of each metal resulting from a π-backbonding. The sp 2 carbon atoms adjacent to nitrogen in the pyridine ring provide π-acceptor which forms a complex with filled d-orbital of native oxides on Cu and Ru metal film. The difference in the d-orbital electron density of each metal oxide leads to different π-backbonding strength, resulting in dense or sparse adsorption on native metal oxides. The dense adsorption layer is formed on native Cu oxide film due to the full-filled d-orbital electrons, which effectively suppresses anodic reaction in Cu film. On the other hand, only a sparse adsorption layer is formed on native Ru oxide due to its relatively weak affinity between partially filled d-orbital and pyridine groups. The adsorption behaviour is investigated through interfacial interaction analysis and electrochemical interaction evaluation. Based on this finding, the galvanic corrosion behaviour between Cu and Ru during chemical mechanical planarization (CMP) processing has been controlled., (© 2021. The Author(s).)

Lithium is considered to be the ultimate anode material for high energy-density rechargeable batteries. Recent emerging technologies of all solid-state batteries based on sulfide-based electrolytes raise hope for the practical use of lithium, as it is likely to suppress lithium dendrite growth. However, such devices suffer from undesirable side reactions and a degradation of electrochemical performance. In this work, nanostructured Li 2 Se epitaxially grown on Li metal by chemical vapor deposition are investigated as a protective layer. By adjusting reaction time and cooling rate, a morphology of as-prepared Li 2 Se is controlled, resulting in nanoparticles, nanorods, or nanowalls with a dominant (220) plane parallel to the (110) plane of the Li metal substrate. Uniaxial pressing the layers under a pressure of 50 MPa for a cell preparation transforms more compact and denser. Dual compatibility of the Li 2 Se layers with strong chemical bonds to Li metal and uniform physical contact to a Li 6 PS 5 Csulfide electrolyte prevents undesirable side reactions and enables a homogeneous charge transfer at the interface upon cycling. As a result, a full cell coupled with a LiCoO 2 -based cathode shows significantly enhanced electrochemical performance and demonstrates the practical use of Li anodes with Li 2 Se layers for all solid-state battery applications., (© 2021 The Authors. Advanced Science published by Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

Nanotube membranes could show significantly enhanced permeance and selectivity for gas separations. Up until now, studies have primarily focused on applying carbon nanotubes to membranes to achieve ultrafast mass transport. Here, we report the first preparation of silicon nanotube (SiNT) membranes via a template-assisted method and investigate the gas transport behavior through these SiNT membranes using single- and mixed-gas permeation experiments. The SiNT membranes consist of conical cylinder-shaped nanotubes vertically aligned on a porous silicon wafer substrate. The diameter of the SiNT pore mouths are 10 and 30 nm, and the average inner diameter of the tube body is 80 nm. Interestingly, among the gases tested, we found an unprecedentedly low CO 2 permeance through the SiNT membranes in single-gas permeation experiments, exceeding the theoretical Knudsen selectivity toward small gases/CO 2 separation. This behavior was caused by the reduction of CO 2 permeability through the blocking effect of CO 2 adsorbed in the narrow pore channels of the SiNT cone regions, indicating that CO 2 molecules have a high affinity to the native silicon oxide layer (∼2 nm) that is formed on the inner walls of SiNTs. SiNT membranes also exhibited enhanced gas permeance and water flux as compared to classic theoretical models and, as such, may prove useful as a new type of nanotube material for use in membrane applications.

The practical implementation of the lithium metal anode is hindered by obstacles such as Li dendrite growth, large volume changes, and poor lifespan. Here, copper nitride nanowires (Cu 3 N NWs) printed Li by a facile and low-cost roll-press method is reported, to operate in carbonate electrolytes for high-voltage cathode materials. Through one-step roll pressing, Cu 3 N NWs can be conformally printed onto the Li metal surface, and form a Li 3 N@Cu NWs layer on the Li metal. The Li 3 N@Cu NWs layer can assist homogeneous Li-ion flux with the 3D channel structure, as well as the high Li-ion conductivity of the Li 3 N. With those beneficial effects, the Li 3 N@Cu NWs layer can guide Li to deposit into a dense and planar structure without Li-dendrite growth. Li metal with Li 3 N@Cu NWs protection layer exhibits outstanding cycling performances even at a high current density of 5.0 mA cm -2 with low overpotentials in Li symmetric cells. Furthermore, the stable cyclability and improved rate capability can be realized in a full cell using LiCoO 2 over 300 cycles. When decoupling the irreversible reactions of the cathode using Li 4 T i5 O 12 , stable cycling performance over 1000 cycles can be achieved at a practical current density of ≈2 mA cm -2 ., (© 2020 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.)

Exploring new materials with high efficiency and durability is the major requirement in the field of sustainable energy conversion and storage systems. Numerous techniques have been developed in last three decades to enhance the efficiency of the catalyst systems, control over the composition, structure, surface area, pore size, and moreover morphology of the particles. In this respect, metal organic framework (MOF) derived catalysts are emerged as the finest materials with tunable properties and activities for the energy conversion and storage. Recently, several nano- or microstructures of metal oxides, chalcogenides, phosphides, nitrides, carbides, alloys, carbon materials, or their hybrids are explored for the electrochemical energy conversion like oxygen evolution, hydrogen evolution, oxygen reduction, or battery materials. Interest on the efficient energy storage system is also growing looking at the practical applications. Though, several reviews are available on the synthesis and application of MOF and MOF derived materials, their applications for the electrochemical energy conversion and storage is totally a new field of research and developed recently. This review focuses on the systematic design of the materials from MOF and control over their inherent properties to enhance the electrochemical performances., (© 2018 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.)

The development of efficient and stable catalyst systems with low-cost, abundant, and non-toxic materials is the primary demand for electrochemical water oxidation. A unique method is reported for the syntheses of metal hydroxide carbonate templated Prussian blue analogues (PBAs) on carbon cloth and their outstanding water oxidation activities in alkaline medium. The best water oxidation activity is obtained with cobalt hydroxide carbonate templated t-Co II -Co III with an overpotential as low as 240 mV to reach a current density of 10 mA cm -2 . It produces constant current over 50 h in chronoamperometric measurements. Moreover, the catalysts outperform the activities of the PBAs prepared without any template and even the noble metal catalyst RuO 2 . Spectroscopic and microscopic studies show that the PBAs are transformed into layered hydroxide-oxyhydroxide structures during electrochemical process and provide the active sites for the water oxidation., (© 2018 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.)

Key issues for Na-ion batteries are the development of promising electrode materials with favorable sites for Na + ion intercalation/deintercalation and an understanding of the reaction mechanisms due to its high activation energy and poor electrochemical reversibility. We first report a layered H 0.43 Ti 0.93 Nb 1.07 O 5 as a new anode material. This anode material is engineered to have dominant (200) and (020) planes with both a sufficiently large d-spacing of ~8.3 Å and two-dimensional ionic channels for easy Na + ion uptake, which leads to a small volume expansion of ~0.6 Å along the c direction upon Na insertion (discharging) and the lowest energy barrier of 0.19 eV in the [020] plane among titanium oxide-based materials ever reported. The material intercalates and deintercalates reversibly 1.7 Na ions (~200 mAh g -1 ) without a capacity fading in a potential window of 0.01 to 3.0 V versus Na/Na + . Na insertion/deinsertion takes place through a solid-solution reaction without a phase separation, which prevents coherent strain or stress in the microstructure during cycling and ensures promising sodium storage properties. These findings demonstrate a great potential of H 0.43 Ti 0.93 Nb 1.07 O 5 as the anode, and our strategy can be applied to other layered metal oxides for promising sodium storage properties.

The design of efficient, low-cost, and stable electrocatalyst systems toward energy conversion is highly demanding for their practical use. Large scale electrolytic water splitting is considered as a promising strategy for clean and sustainable energy production. Herein, we report a self-supported NiFe layered double hydroxide (LDH)-NiSe electrocatalyst by stepwise surface-redox-etching of Ni foam (NF) through a hydrothermal process. The as-prepared NiFe LDH-NiSe/NF catalyst exhibits far better performance in alkaline water oxidation, proton reduction, and overall water splitting compared to NiSe x /NF or NiFe LDH/NF. Only 240 mV overpotential is required to obtain a water oxidation current density of 100 mA cm -2 , whereas the same for the hydrogen evolution reaction is 276 mV in 1.0 M KOH. The synergistic effect from NiSe and NiFe LDH leads to the evolution of a highly efficient catalyst system for water splitting by achieving 10 mA cm -2 current density at only 1.53 V in a two-electrode alkaline electrolyzer. In addition, the designed electrode produces stable performance for a long time even at higher current density to demonstrate its robustness and prospective as a real-life energy conversion system.

We demonstrate the dual advantages of graded photoabsorbers in mesoporous metal oxide-based hetero interfacial photoanodes in improving photogenerated charge carrier (e - /h + ) separation for the solar light-driven water-oxidation process. The pre-deposition of sol-gel-derived, tungsten-doped bismuth vanadate (W:BiVO 4 ) onto a primary BiVO 4 water oxidation layer forms graded interfaces, which facilitate charge transfer from the primary photoabsorber to the charge transport layer, thereby superseding the thickness-controlled charge recombination at the BiVO 4 water oxidation catalyst. As a result, the WO 3 /BiVO 4 hetero photoanode containing the photoactive W:BiVO 4 interfacial layer showed 130% higher photocurrent than that of the interfacial layer-free hetero photoelectrode owing to the enhanced charge separation led water oxidation process.

Scissoring in thick bars suppresses buckling behavior in serpentine traces that have thicknesses greater than their widths, as detailed in a systematic set of analytical and experimental studies. Scissoring in thick copper traces enables elastic stretchability as large as ≈350%, corresponding to a sixfold improvement over previously reported values for thin geometries (≈60%)., (© 2016 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.)

Development of unconventional technologies for wireless collection, storage and analysis of quantitative, clinically relevant information on physiological status is of growing interest. Soft, biocompatible systems are widely regarded as important because they facilitate mounting on external (e.g. skin) and internal (e.g. heart, brain) surfaces of the body. Ultra-miniaturized, lightweight and battery-free devices have the potential to establish complementary options in bio-integration, where chronic interfaces (i.e. months) are possible on hard surfaces such as the fingernails and the teeth, with negligible risk for irritation or discomfort. Here we report materials and device concepts for flexible platforms that incorporate advanced optoelectronic functionality for applications in wireless capture and transmission of photoplethysmograms, including quantitative information on blood oxygenation, heart rate and heart rate variability. Specifically, reflectance pulse oximetry in conjunction with near-field communication (NFC) capabilities enables operation in thin, miniaturized flexible devices. Studies of the material aspects associated with the body interface, together with investigations of the radio frequency characteristics, the optoelectronic data acquisition approaches and the analysis methods capture all of the relevant engineering considerations. Demonstrations of operation on various locations of the body and quantitative comparisons to clinical gold standards establish the versatility and the measurement accuracy of these systems, respectively.

Emerging classes of concentrator photovoltaic (CPV) modules reach efficiencies that are far greater than those of even the highest performance flat-plate PV technologies, with architectures that have the potential to provide the lowest cost of energy in locations with high direct normal irradiance (DNI). A disadvantage is their inability to effectively use diffuse sunlight, thereby constraining widespread geographic deployment and limiting performance even under the most favorable DNI conditions. This study introduces a module design that integrates capabilities in flat-plate PV directly with the most sophisticated CPV technologies, for capture of both direct and diffuse sunlight, thereby achieving efficiency in PV conversion of the global solar radiation. Specific examples of this scheme exploit commodity silicon (Si) cells integrated with two different CPV module designs, where they capture light that is not efficiently directed by the concentrator optics onto large-scale arrays of miniature multijunction (MJ) solar cells that use advanced III-V semiconductor technologies. In this CPV + scheme ("+" denotes the addition of diffuse collector), the Si and MJ cells operate independently on indirect and direct solar radiation, respectively. On-sun experimental studies of CPV + modules at latitudes of 35.9886° N (Durham, NC), 40.1125° N (Bondville, IL), and 38.9072° N (Washington, DC) show improvements in absolute module efficiencies of between 1.02% and 8.45% over values obtained using otherwise similar CPV modules, depending on weather conditions. These concepts have the potential to expand the geographic reach and improve the cost-effectiveness of the highest efficiency forms of PV power generation., Competing Interests: B.F., M.M., S.B., R.G.N., and J.A.R. are affiliated with Semprius, a company that is pursuing commercial, grid-scale photovoltaic technologies that form a starting point for the advanced embodiments described and studied in this paper. Semprius does not, however, have any active programs toward commercialization of these embodiments. The authors declare that B.F., M.M., S.B., R.G.N., and J.A.R. are involved in Semprius, a company that has commercialized certain classes of concentrator photovoltaic technologies.

We have investigated the surface chemistry of SiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) with different sizes and their corresponding interactions with a flat substrate of surface curvature ∼0. As the size of the NPs increases, the SiO2 surface is increasingly covered with H-bonded silanol groups, thereby increasing the ζ-potential and shifting the isoelectric point higher in pH. Interactions between the SiO2 NPs and the flat SiO2 surface were analyzed in situ using quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D) method, and the results were interpreted based on an extended Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek theory. At very low ionic strength (1mM NaCl), there was no particle adsorption onto the surface due to the highly repulsive energy barriers to this interaction. On the other hand, QCM-D results showed that the significant adsorption of SiO2 NPs onto a flat SiO2 surface occurred under conditions of high ionic strength (100mM NaCl). Interestingly, the adsorption behaviors of three different-sized SiO2 NPs on the surface varied considerably with size. SiO2 NPs with small size have high adsorption affinity with the flat SiO2 surface due to an extremely low energy barrier for the interactions, whereas relatively large SiO2 NPs have very weak adsorption affinity with the flat surface due to the repulsive energy barrier formed by the increase in the electrostatic and hydration repulsion energy., (Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Capabilities in health monitoring enabled by capture and quantitative chemical analysis of sweat could complement, or potentially obviate the need for, approaches based on sporadic assessment of blood samples. Established sweat monitoring technologies use simple fabric swatches and are limited to basic analysis in controlled laboratory or hospital settings. We present a collection of materials and device designs for soft, flexible, and stretchable microfluidic systems, including embodiments that integrate wireless communication electronics, which can intimately and robustly bond to the surface of the skin without chemical and mechanical irritation. This integration defines access points for a small set of sweat glands such that perspiration spontaneously initiates routing of sweat through a microfluidic network and set of reservoirs. Embedded chemical analyses respond in colorimetric fashion to markers such as chloride and hydronium ions, glucose, and lactate. Wireless interfaces to digital image capture hardware serve as a means for quantitation. Human studies demonstrated the functionality of this microfluidic device during fitness cycling in a controlled environment and during long-distance bicycle racing in arid, outdoor conditions. The results include quantitative values for sweat rate, total sweat loss, pH, and concentration of chloride and lactate., (Copyright © 2016, American Association for the Advancement of Science.)

This paper introduces a class of ferromagnetic, folded, soft composite material for skin-interfaced electrodes with releasable interfaces to stretchable, wireless electronic measurement systems. These electrodes establish intimate, adhesive contacts to the skin, in dimensionally stable formats compatible with multiple days of continuous operation, with several key advantages over conventional hydrogel based alternatives. The reported studies focus on aspects ranging from ferromagnetic and mechanical behavior of the materials systems, to electrical properties associated with their skin interface, to system-level integration for advanced electrophysiological monitoring applications. The work combines experimental measurement and theoretical modeling to establish the key design considerations. These concepts have potential uses across a diverse set of skin-integrated electronic technologies.

Nickel and cobalt incorporated MoS 2 nanoboxes are synthesized via the reaction between Ni-Co Prussian blue analogue nanocubes and ammonium thiomolybdate. Due to the structural and compositional advantages, these well-defined nanoboxes manifest enhanced electrochemical activity as an electrocatalyst for hydrogen evolution reaction., (© 2016 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.)

Water splitting, an efficient approach for hydrogen production, is often hindered by unfavorable kinetics of oxygen evolution reaction (OER). In order to reduce the overpotential, noble metal oxides-based electrocatalysts like RuO 2 and IrO 2 are usually utilized. However, due to their scarcity, the development of cost-effective non-precious OER electrocatalysts with high efficiency and good stability is urgently required. Herein, we report a facile one-step annealing of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) strategy to synthesize N-doped graphene layers encapsulated NiFe alloy nanoparticles (NiFe@C). Through tuning the nanoparticle size and calcination temperature, NiFe@C with an average size of around 16 nm obtained at 700 °C exhibits superior OER performance with an overpotential of only 281 mV at 10 mA cm -2 and high durability. The facile synthesis method and excellent electrochemical performance show great potential of NiFe@C in replacing the precious metal-based electrocatalysts in the OER.

Lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries have been intensively investigated as a next-generation rechargeable battery due to their high energy density of 2600 W·h kg(-1) and low cost. However, the systemic issues of Li-S batteries, such as the polysulfide shuttling effect and low Coulombic efficiency, hinder the practical use in commercial rechargeable batteries. The introduction of a conductive interlayer between the sulfur cathode and separator is a promising approach that has shown the dramatic improvements in Li-S batteries. The previous interlayer work mainly focused on the physical confinement of polysulfides within the cathode part, without considering the further entrapment of the dissolved polysulfides. Here, we designed an ultrathin poly(acrylic acid) coated single-walled carbon nanotube (PAA-SWNT) film as a synergic functional interlayer to address the issues mentioned above. The designed interlayer not only lowers the charge transfer resistance by the support of the upper current collector but also localizes the dissolved polysulfides within the cathode part by the aid of a physical blocking and chemical bonding. With the synergic combination of PAA and SWNT, the sulfur cathode with a PAA-SWNT interlayer maintained higher capacity retention over 200 cycles and achieved better rate retention than the sulfur cathode with a SWNT interlayer. The proposed approach of combining a functional polymer and conductive support material can provide an optimiztic strategy to overcome the fundamental challenges underlying in Li-S batteries.

Recent advances in materials, mechanics, and electronic device design are rapidly establishing the foundations for health monitoring technologies that have "skin-like" properties, with options in chronic (weeks) integration with the epidermis. The resulting capabilities in physiological sensing greatly exceed those possible with conventional hard electronic systems, such as those found in wrist-mounted wearables, because of the intimate skin interface. However, most examples of such emerging classes of devices require batteries and/or hard-wired connections to enable operation. The work reported here introduces active optoelectronic systems that function without batteries and in an entirely wireless mode, with examples in thin, stretchable platforms designed for multiwavelength optical characterization of the skin. Magnetic inductive coupling and near-field communication (NFC) schemes deliver power to multicolored light-emitting diodes and extract digital data from integrated photodetectors in ways that are compatible with standard NFC-enabled platforms, such as smartphones and tablet computers. Examples in the monitoring of heart rate and temporal dynamics of arterial blood flow, in quantifying tissue oxygenation and ultraviolet dosimetry, and in performing four-color spectroscopic evaluation of the skin demonstrate the versatility of these concepts. The results have potential relevance in both hospital care and at-home diagnostics.

Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2), a typical two-dimensional material, is a promising anode material for lithium-ion batteries because it has three times the theoretical capacity of graphite. The main challenges associated with MoS2 anodes are the structural degradation and the low rate capability caused by the low intrinsic electric conductivity and large strain upon cycling. Here, we design hierarchical MoS2 tubular structures internally wired by carbon nanotubes (CNTs) to tackle these problems. These porous MoS2 tubular structures are constructed from building blocks of ultrathin nanosheets, which are believed to benefit the electrochemical reactions. Benefiting from the unique structural and compositional characteristics, these CNT-wired MoS2 tubular structures deliver a very high specific capacity of ~1320 mAh g(-1) at a current density of 0.1 A g(-1), exceptional rate capability, and an ultralong cycle life of up to 1000 cycles. This work may inspire new ideas for constructing high-performance electrodes for electrochemical energy storage.