Search

To assess whether (household) food insecurity, access to a regular medical doctor, and sense of community belonging mediate the relationship between mood and/or anxiety disorders and self-rated general health.We used six annual cycles of the Canadian Community Health Survey, including Canadian adults aged 18-59 years, between 2011 and 2016. Mediation models, adjusted for key determinants of health, were based on a series of weighted logistic regression models. The Sobel products of coefficients approach was used to estimate the indirect effect, and bootstrapping to estimate uncertainty.The annual (weighted) prevalence of mood and/or anxiety disorders increased from 11.3% (2011) to 13.2% (2016). Across the 6 years, 23.9-27.7% of individuals with mood and/or anxiety disorders reported fair/poor self-rated health as compared with 4.9-6.5% of those without mood and/or anxiety disorders (p0.001). Similarly, the 7.2-8.9% of the population reporting fair/poor self-rated health were disproportionately represented among individuals reporting food insecurity (21.1-26.2%, p0.001) and a weak sense of community belonging (10.0-12.2%, p0.001). A significantly lower prevalence of poor self-rated health was observed among respondents reporting having access to a regular medical doctor in 2012, 2015, and 2016. In 2016, sense of community belonging and food insecurity significantly mediated the effect of mood and/or anxiety disorders on self-rated general health. Access to a regular medical doctor did not mediate this relationship.Efficient policies that address food insecurity and sense of community belonging are needed to decrease the mental health burden and improve health satisfaction of Canadians.RéSUMé: OBJECTIF: Déterminer si l’insécurité alimentaire (du ménage), l’accès à un médecin traitant et le sentiment d’appartenance à la communauté modèrent le lien entre les troubles anxieux et/ou de l’humeur et la santé générale autoévaluée. MéTHODE: Nous avons utilisé six cycles annuels (2011 à 2016) de l’Enquête sur la santé dans les collectivités canadiennes incluant des Canadiens adultes de 18 à 59 ans. Nos modèles de modération, ajustés selon les principaux déterminants de la santé, reposaient sur une série de modèles de régression logistique pondérés. Nous avons utilisé l’approche des produits des coefficients de Sobel pour estimer les effets indirects, et l’autoamorçage pour estimer l’incertitude. RéSULTATS: La prévalence annuelle (pondérée) des troubles anxieux et/ou de l’humeur a augmenté, passant de 11,3 % en 2011 à 13,2 % en 2016. Sur la période de six ans, 23,9 à 27,7 % des personnes ayant des troubles anxieux et/ou de l’humeur ont déclaré avoir une santé moyenne/mauvaise, contre 4,9 à 6,5 % des personnes n’ayant pas de troubles anxieux et/ou de l’humeur (p0,001). De même, les 7,2 à 8,9 % de la population ayant déclaré avoir une santé moyenne/mauvaise étaient disproportionnellement représentés chez les personnes disant être en situation d’insécurité alimentaire (21,1-26,2 %, p0,001) et avoir un faible sentiment d’appartenance à la communauté (10,0-12,2 %, p0,001). Une prévalence significativement plus faible de mauvaise santé autoévaluée a été observée chez les répondants ayant dit avoir accès à un médecin traitant en 2012, 2015 et 2016. En 2016, le sentiment d’appartenance à la communauté et l’insécurité alimentaire modéraient de façon significative l’effet des troubles anxieux et/ou de l’humeur sur la santé générale autoévaluée. L’accès à un médecin traitant ne modérait pas ce lien. CONCLUSION: Des politiques efficaces pour aborder l’insécurité alimentaire et le sentiment d’appartenance à la communauté sont nécessaires pour réduire le fardeau des troubles mentaux et améliorer la satisfaction des Canadiens face à leur santé.

IFNγ is traditionally known as a proinflammatory cytokine with diverse roles in antimicrobial and antitumor immunity. Yet, findings regarding its sources and functions during the regeneration process following a sterile injury are conflicting. Here, we show that natural killer (NK) cells are the main source of IFNγ in regenerating muscle. Beyond this cell population, IFNγ production is limited to a small population of T cells. We further show that NK cells do not play a major role in muscle regeneration following an acute injury or in dystrophic mice. Surprisingly, the absence of IFNγ per se also has no effect on muscle regeneration following an acute injury. However, the role of IFNγ is partially unmasked when TNFα is also neutralized, suggesting a compensatory mechanism. Using transgenic mice, we showed that conditional inhibition of IFNGR1 signaling in muscle stem cells or fibro-adipogenic progenitors does not play a major role in muscle regeneration. In contrast to common belief, we found that IFNγ is not present in the early inflammatory phase of the regeneration process but rather peaks when macrophages are acquiring an anti-inflammatory phenotype. Further transcriptomic analysis suggests that IFNγ cooperates with TNFα to regulate the transition of macrophages from pro- to anti-inflammatory states. The absence of the cooperative effect of these cytokines on macrophages, however, does not result in significant regeneration impairment likely due to the presence of other compensatory mechanisms. Our findings support the arising view of IFNγ as a pleiotropic inflammatory regulator rather than an inducer of the inflammatory response.

In the framework of the III level Seismic Microzonation of the Pieve del Grappa municipality (Treviso, NE Italy), three paleoseismological trenches were dug, in order to investigate activity and capacity of the Crespano del Grappa backthrust.The study area is located in the Veneto foothills, where the Plio-Quaternary external front of the Eastern Southern Alps (Castellarin and Cantelli, 2000) presently propagates with a 2-3 mm/y velocity towards the south (Serpelloni et al., 2016). The external front is composed of a series of arcuated WSW-ENE striking, S verging structures (Galadini et al, 2005). Moreover, the area is characterized by a medium-to-low seismicity with only one M>6 earthquake during the last millennium: the 1695 Asolo event, Mw 6.45 (Rovida et al., 2016).Regarding the structural framework, the study area is located between the Bassano-Vittorio Veneto Thrust to the north and the Bassano-Cornuda Thrust to the south. The investigated tectonic structure, i.e. the Bassano-Cornuda backthrust, is a N-verging E-W striking reverse structure. Moving from east to the west, it widely crops out near the Castelcucco village, causing a hundred meters displacement in the Miocene Molasse (Braga, 1970). In particular in Crespano village the thrust is responsible of an about 10 m vertical throw in the Quaternary alluvial conglomerates of Lastego river (Parinetto, 1987). Because of the urbanization, the paleoseismological trenches were realized at the eastern (Col Canil) and western (San Vito) borders of the village. In the former case, the trench cut through thick colluvial deposits that probably buried an abandoned valley. Differently, the second and the third trenches affected wide coalescent LGM alluvial fans, which border the southern slope of Mt. Grappa.The results testify an intense Pleistocene-Holocene deformation of the Crespano del Grappa backthrust. Particularly, active deformation evidence deals with:back-tilting of the Holocene colluvial units; pronounced polyphasic liquefaction episodes, locally completely altering the sedimentary structures of colluvial units; a wide damage zone in the proximity of the morphological scarp and associated with the peak of the induced polarization. This observation testifies that the Crespano del Grappa backthrust reached the surface and displaced topography in the past, probably at the occurrence of one or more events which generated the paleoliquefaction effects; the 3-4 m displacement of the LGM alluvial fan deposits. Concerning the age of the deformation, the dating of the involved units suggests a post LGM activation, probably recent-to-historical. REFERENCESBraga GP, 1970. Rendiconti Fisici dell’Accademia dei Lincei, serie 8, 48(4): 451-455.Castellarin A. and Cantelli L., 2000. Journal of Geodynamics. DOI: 10.1016/S0264-3707(99)00036-8.Galadini et al., 2005. Geophysical Journal International. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-246X.2005.02571.x.Parinetto A., 1987. Aspetti morfotettonici del versante meridionale del Grappa e delle colline antistanti. Unpublished degree thesis. University of Padova, Italy.Rovida et al., 2016. DOI: http://doi.org/10.6092/INGV.IT-CPTI15.Serpelloni et al., 2016. Tectonophysics, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2016.09.026.

Rudolfina cavernicola Marshall & Fitzgerald, 1997 Fig. 21A Material examined The original type series from Kremmer���s Cave was re-examined along with the following material. MEXICO ��� 1 ♂; San Luis Potos��, Cueva de Cinquenta y Ocho, 5 km S of San Francisco, 40 km E of San Luis Potos��, Municipio de Zaraqoza; 3000 m a.s.l.; 18 May 1972; Elliott, Ralph and Lynn leg.; DEBU. Description See Marshall and Fitzgerald 1997. Distribution Nearctic: United States of America (AZ, CO); Mexico (San Luis Potos��, newly recorded here). Remarks This species is newly recorded from Mexico. The illustration of this species that accompanied the original description (Marshall & Fitzgerald 1997: fig. 1) includes what appears to be a large seta coming off the anterior base of the surstylus; this is an unsocketed laminate lobe., Published as part of Paiero, Steven Mark & Marshall, Stephen A., 2020, A revision of the genus Rudolfina Roh����ek (Sphaeroceridae: Limosininae), pp. 1-48 in European Journal of Taxonomy 593 on pages 16-18, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.593, http://zenodo.org/record/3659777, {"references":["Marshall S. A. & Fitzgerald S. 1997. Rudolfina cavernicola, a new species of cave-associated Sphaeroceridae (Diptera) from Colorado and Arizona. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 99: 641 - 644."]}

Rudolfina pilosa sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 8E664032-9FD5-4ED0-9A39-B63395A39655 Figs 18, 21C Etymology The species epithet is from the Latin for ‘hairy’, referring to the hirsute sternites 4 and 5 of the male. Material examined Holotype MEXICO • ♂; Oaxaca, 2.0 mi. W of Jct. Mex. 175- Yuvila Rd; 9500 ft a.s.l.; 8–19 Aug. 1973; A. Newton leg.; oak-pine, dung; FMNH debu01086240. Paratypes MEXICO – Oaxaca • 1 ♂; 6.6 mi. N of Ixtlan de Juarez; 8300 ft a.s.l.; 10–18 Aug. 1973; A. Newton leg.; oak woodland, human dung; DEBU • 1 ♂; 4.1 mi. W of Jct. Mex. 175- Yuvila Rd; 9300 ft a.s.l.; 8–19 Aug. 1973; A. Newton leg.; oak-fir-pine forest; UNAM • 1 ♂; same collection data as for preceding; oak-fir-pine forest; FMNH. Description BODY. Length: 1.5–1.8 mm. Eye height 2.5 × genal height. Head with 3 interfrontal setae and 5–6 small setae along inner margin of orbital plate. Gena with 2 strong setae and 7–9 smaller setulae. Acrostichal setulae in 4–6 rows. Costagial seta extending slightly beyond humeral break; second costal sector equal to third sector; length of M 1 between crossveins dm-cu and r-m 2.0× dm-cu; CuA 1 stub vein ~5.0 × M 1 stub vein. Male mid femur with 4–5 small setae in ventrobasal cluster. Male mid tibia with ventral comb of 7–8 robust setae on apical ½, midventral seta absent (female unknown). MALE ABDOMEN (Fig. 18). Sternite 3 and 4 with dense cluster of setae posteromedially. Posterior margin of sternite 5 with round teeth on each side of a medial emargination; emargination less than 1/6 width of sternite and extending ~½ length. Transverse part of sternite 6 weakly arcuate. Epandrium with one large pair of setae ventrolaterally, one smaller pair of setae lateral to larger pair, and several setulae scattered over surface; subanal plate broadly continuous below anal opening. Surstylus boot-shaped, posteriorly bent near base, hirsute with 3–5 setae on posterior lobe (heel) and numerous smaller setae on anterior lobe (toe). Cercus fused with epandrium, with distinct seta on ventral margin. Postgonite clavate, with several setulae on dorsal surface. Dorsal sclerite of distiphallus (Fig. 18 D–F) without distinct swellings and not extending beyond apex of acrophallus. Female Unknown. Remarks This species is most similar to R. newtoni sp. nov., which also has a setulose male sternite 4 and sternite 5. These species are easily distinguished by the shape of the male surstylus.

Rudolfina remiforma sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 01D37BA9-BF63-4930-9EF1-E1BB6D87C73F Figs 19���20, 21C Etymology The species name is from the Latin for ���oar-shaped��� and refers to the posterior lobe of the surstylus. Material examined Holotype MEXICO ��� ♂; Chiapas, 21 mi. N of Bochil; 5500 ft a.s.l.; 18���24 Aug. 1971; A. Newton leg.; pine, oak, Liquidambar, human dung; FMNH debu01086286. Paratypes MEXICO ��� 2 ♀♀; same collection data as for holotype; DEBU ��� 1 ♀; same collection data as for holotype; FMNH. Description BODY. Length: 1.4���1.8 mm. Eye height 2.0 �� genal height. Head with 4 interfrontal setae and row of 7 small setulae along inner margin of orbital plate. Gena with 1 strong seta and 8 smaller setulae. Acrostichal setulae in 4���6 rows. Costagial seta extending to humeral break; second costal sector shorter than third (20:65); length of M 1 between crossveins dm-cu and r-m 1.4�� dm-cu; CuA 1 stub vein ~2.5��� 3.0�� M 1 stub vein. Male mid femur with 6 weak setae in ventrobasal cluster. Male mid tibia with ventral comb of 4���5 robust setae on apical ⅓. MALE ABDOMEN (Fig. 19). Posterior margin of sternite 5 with small tooth on each side of medial emargination; emargination ~⅓ �� width of sternite 5. Transverse part of sternite 6 weakly arcuate. Epandrium regular, not swollen, with pair of long setae ventrolaterally and another 2���3 smaller pairs dorsolateral to longer pair; subanal plate narrow, incomplete, with narrow medial space. Surstylus with small anterior lobe and elongate posterior lobe; anterior lobe with 4���5 elongate setae apically; posterior lobe paddle-like and drawn out into rounded tip, with posterior margin weakly expanded near mid-length, anterior margin greatly expanded just before midlength, and 1 large seta near base. Cercus small and conical, projecting posteriorly; apical seta present. Postgonite simple, apex narrowly rounded. Dorsal sclerite of distiphallus without distinct swellings and not extending distally beyond acrophallus (Fig. 19 D���F). FEMALE ABDOMEN (Fig. 20). Tergite 7 with posterior margin entire. Medial part of tergite 8 poorly sclerotized or fused with epiproct. Epiproct tulip-shaped, with length of anterior narrowed portion equal or subequal to that of posterior portion. Cercus small, as long as or only slightly longer than flattened apical seta; fused anterolaterally to epiproct. Sternite 7 with posterior margin broadly rounded. Spermathecae lenticular, inner surface with conical projection connecting with duct; paired spermathecae each with duct ~2.0 �� length of spermatheca before common duct; single spermathecal duct similar in length. Remarks This species is closely related to R. exuberata sp. nov. and R. pauca sp. nov. and shares the modified epiproct found in those species., Published as part of Paiero, Steven Mark & Marshall, Stephen A., 2020, A revision of the genus Rudolfina Roh����ek (Sphaeroceridae: Limosininae), pp. 1-48 in European Journal of Taxonomy 593 on pages 40-43, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.593, http://zenodo.org/record/3659777

Rudolfina megepandria sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 16E7249F-BC7E-4CD0-AFCB-60A5C98CFB43 Figs 4, 13, 21B Etymology The specific name, which has been a manuscript name since Marshall (1982), refers to the unusually large epandrium. Material examined Holotype MEXICO ��� ♂; Jalisco, 18 mi. W of Atenquique; 9300 ft a.s.l.; A. Newton leg.; fir forest, dung; FMNH debu01086084. Paratypes MEXICO ��� Jalisco ��� 1 ♂, 1 ♀; same collection data as for holotype; DEBU. ��� Oaxaca ��� 1 ♀; Yuvila Rd; 9400 ft a.s.l.; 9���19 Aug. 1973; A. Newton leg.; mesic oak, carrion; FMNH. Description BODY. Length: 1.9���2.2 mm. Eye height 2.5 �� genal height. Head with 3 interfrontal setae and row of 4���5 small setulae on inner margin of orbital plate. Gena with 2 strong setae and 7���8 smaller setulae. Acrostichal setulae in 4���6 rows. Costagial seta extending to subcostal break. Second costal sector 0.75��� 0.8�� third costal sector. Length of M 1 between crossveins dm-cu and r-m��� 3.0�� dm-cu; CuA 1 stub vein ~10.0 �� M 1 stub vein (M 1 stub vein extremely reduced). Male mid femur with 14���15 strong setae in ventrobasal cluster. Male mid tibia with ventral comb of 4���5 robust, short setae on apical ��. Mid tibia without midventral seta (both sexes). MALE ABDOMEN (Fig. 13). Sternite 5 posterior margin with 2 small nipple-like teeth on each side of small emargination; emargination ~1/15 width and ~1/9 length of sternite 5. Transverse part of sternite 6 arcuate. Epandrium swollen, broader than preceding abdominal segments; subanal plate broad, complete. Surstylus with posterior lobe elongate, length ~4.0�� basal width, with a hirsute medial lateral lobe; apex truncate. Cercus elongate-conical, projecting posteriorly. Postgonite elongate, narrowly rounded distally and narrow basally. Dorsal sclerite of distiphallus (Fig. 13 D���F) without dorsal swellings and not extending beyond apex of acrophallus. FEMALE ABDOMEN (Fig. 4). Tergite 7 with posterior margin entire. Medial part of tergite 8 elongate, length ~2.0���3.0 �� width, with posterior margin emarginate. Epiproct broadly rounded anteriorly. Cercus ~0.75�� length of epiproct; fused anterolaterally to epiproct. Sternite 7 with posterior margin broadly rounded. Spermathecae cup-shaped; paired spermathecae with stems ~1.5�� width of spermatheca. Remarks Rudolfina megepandria sp. nov. is diagnosed by its swollen male epandrium and distinctively shaped sternite 5. It is most closely related to R. bucki sp. nov., which has a less pronounced epandrium and differs in details of the surstylus and cercus., Published as part of Paiero, Steven Mark & Marshall, Stephen A., 2020, A revision of the genus Rudolfina Roh����ek (Sphaeroceridae: Limosininae), pp. 1-48 in European Journal of Taxonomy 593 on pages 30-32, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.593, http://zenodo.org/record/3659777, {"references":["Marshall S. A. 1982. A Review of the Nearctic Limosininae (Diptera, Sphaeroceridae), with Revisions of Selected Genera. PhD thesis, University of Guelph, Canada."]}

Rudolfina rozkosnyi (Roh��ček, 1975) Limosina rozkosnyi ��� Roh��ček, 1975: 119. Material examined CZECH REPUBLIC ��� 2 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀; Jezinek Mountains, Velka-Kotlina Valley; 900���1100 m a.s.l.; 16 Aug. 1986; S.A. Marshall leg.; DEBU. RUSSIA ��� 1 ♀; Siberia, Altai Reg., ~ 50 km SE of Teletskoya Lake; 1500 m a.s.l.; 13���15 Jul. 1991; S.A. Marshall leg.; wet area; DEBU. Description See Roh��ček (1975). Distribution Palaearctic: Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Norway, Russia (North European Territory, West Siberia), Slovakia, Sweden. Remarks This species is here newly recorded from Siberia on the basis of a single female taken in pan traps near the margin of Teletskoya Lake. Previous Russian records are from the Northern European Territory., Published as part of Paiero, Steven Mark & Marshall, Stephen A., 2020, A revision of the genus Rudolfina Roh����ek (Sphaeroceridae: Limosininae), pp. 1-48 in European Journal of Taxonomy 593 on page 43, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.593, http://zenodo.org/record/3659777, {"references":["Rohacek J. 1975. Three new species of the genus Limosina Macq. (Sphaeroceridae, Diptera) from Czechoslovakia. Scripta Facultatis Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis J. E. Purkynianae Brunensis, Biologia 2 (5): 115 - 126."]}

Rudolfina exuberata sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: C4509588-8528-4024-A87C-67A845A8157E Figs 1B, 9���10, 21D Etymology The specific name, which has been a manuscript name since Marshall (1982), is from the Latin for ���abundant���: of the 1933 specimens examined for this study, 1649 were R. exuberata sp. nov. Material examined Holotype UNITED STATES OF AMERICA ��� ♂; Florida, Marion Co., Ocala National Forest; 14���18 Jun. 1984; S.A. Marshall leg.; creekside, dung; DEBU debu01087005. Paratypes ARGENTINA ��� 4 ♂♂; Misiones, 5 km E of Puerto Iguaz��; 2���7 Feb. 1992; S.A. Marshall leg.; FIT/pans/ dung pans; DEBU. BELIZE ��� Cayo ��� 4 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀; Caves Branch; 23���29 Aug. 1972; S. and J. Peck leg.: forest, dung; DEBU ��� 2 ♂♂; Belmopan; 26���30 Jul. 1972; S. and J. Peck leg.; palm forest, carrion; DEBU ��� 2 ♂♂, 3 ♀♀; San Ignacio, Maya Mountain Lodge; 17��09��� N, 89��04��� W; 2 Jan. 1991; S.A. Marshall leg.; Atta mound trail; DEBU ��� 1 ♂, 2 ♀♀; San Ignacio, Maya Mountain Lodge; 17��09��� N, 89��04��� W; 7���8 Jan. 1991; S.A. Marshall leg.; dung trap; DEBU ��� 1 ♂; San Ignacio, Maya Mountain Lodge; 17��9��� N, 89��4��� W; 7 Jan. 1991; S.A. Marshall leg.; Malaise; DEBU ��� 1 ♂, 11 ♀♀; Mountain Pine Ridge, Hidden Valley Inst.; 2500 ft a.s.l.; 10���15 Jan. 1991; S.A. Marshall leg.; broadleaf forest, dung traps; DEBU ��� 1 ♀; Mountain Pine Ridge, Hidden Valley Inst.; 2500 ft a.s.l.; 14 Jan. 1991; S.A. Marshall leg.; pine���jungle edge, sweep; DEBU ��� 1 ♂, 1 ♀; Mountain Pine Ridge, Hidden Valley Inst.; 2500 ft a.s.l.; 14 Jan. 1991; S.A. Marshall leg.; dung traps in pine; DEBU ��� 10 ♂♂, 18 ♀♀; Mountain Pine Ridge, Hidden Valley Inst.; 2500 ft a.s.l.; 10���15 Jan. 1991; S.A. Marshall leg.; grass���pine dung traps; DEBU ��� 3 ♂♂, 1 ♀; Beaver Dam, 39 mi. W of Belize City; 6���10 Aug. 1972; S. and J. Peck; swamp forest, dung trap; CNCI. BOLIVIA ��� La Paz ��� 1 ♀; Heath River Wildlife Centre, ~ 21 km SSW of Puerto Heath; 12��40��� S, 68��42��� W; 5���7 May 2007; Marshall and Kits leg.; treefall, yellow pans; DEBU ��� 2 ♂♂, 1 ♀; Heath River Wildlife Research Centre; 12��40��� S, 68��42��� W; 5���9 May 2007; Paiero and Kits leg.; treefall, yellow pans; UASC ��� 1 ♀; San Antonio, ca 8 km S of Mapiri; 15��20���56��� S, 68��13���31��� W; 11 Apr. 2001; S.A. Marshall; secondary forest, dung pans; DEBU. BRAZIL ��� Minas Gerais ��� 1 ♂, 1 ♀; 1 km E of Lavras; 18���20 Feb. 1990; S.A. Marshall leg.; dung traps in ditch; DEBU. ��� Paran�� ��� 4 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀; Londrina; 1���2 Feb. 1990; S.A. Marshall leg.; carrion pan traps; MZSP ��� 2 ♂♂, 4 ♀♀; Londrina, Mata dos Godoy; 28���31 Jan. 1990; S.A. Marshall leg.; MZSP ��� 1 ♂, 1 ♀; 30 km SE of Curitiba, BR 277; 6���9 Feb. 1990; S.A. Marshall leg.; dung traps; DEBU. ��� Rio de Janiero ��� 3 ♂♂, 1 ♀; Tijuca Forest Reserve; 1���28 Feb. 1990; S.A. Marshall leg.; Malaise; MZSP ��� 1 ♂; Nova Friburgo, S��tio Edelweiss; 26 Jan. 1990; S.A. Marshall leg.; Malaise; DEBU. ��� S��o Paulo ��� 1 ♂; Estaci��n Biologica Boracea; 2 Dec. 2008; G.F.G. Miranda leg.; dung trap; MZSP ��� 1 ♀; Sao Paulo, Jaragua; 8 Feb. 1990; S.A. Marshall leg.; DEBU ��� 8 ♂♂, 7 ♀♀; USP Biology Station; 5���6 Feb. 1979; R. Woodruff and J. Runnacles; human dung; MZSP. CHILE ��� 2 ♀♀; Valpara��so, La Campana National Park; 22 Nov. 2006; S.A. Marshall leg.; MNNC. COLOMBIA ��� 2 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀; N of Santander, 20 mi. S of Cucuta Quebrada de Honda; 2500 ft a.s.l.; 13���15 May 1974; S. Peck leg.; carrion trap; DEBU ��� 1 ♂, 1 ♀; 2 mi. N of Chinacota; 3000 ft a.s.l.; 12���14 May 1974; S. Peck leg.; carrion; DEBU. COSTA RICA ��� Alajuela ��� 1 ♀; Volc��n Tenorio, N slope near Bijagua Biological Station; 700 m a.s.l.; 18 Jun. 2000; Buck and Marshall leg.; pan traps in tree fall; DEBU ��� 1 ♀; R��o Pe��as Blancas; 700 m a.s.l.; 18 Aug. 1986; L. Masner; DEBU ��� 1 ♂; Florencia Forest; 28 Feb. 1980; H. Howden leg.; dung trap; DEBU. ��� Cartago ��� 7 ♂♂, 7 ♀♀; Turrialba, CATIE; 600 m a.s.l.; 26 Feb. 1980; H. and A. Howden leg.; CNCI ��� 6 ♂♂, 7 ♀♀; Turrialba, CATIE; 600 m a.s.l.; 26 Feb. 1980; H. and A. Howden leg.; INBC ��� 6 ♂♂, 9 ♀♀; Turrialba, CATIE; 600 m a.s.l.; 28 Feb. 1980; H. and A. Howden leg.; DEBU ��� 1 ♂; Turrialba, CATIE, Florence Forest; 600 m a.s.l.; 28 Feb. 1980; H. and A. Howden leg.; cup traps; DEBU. ��� Guanacaste ��� 1 ♂; Guanacaste Conservation Area, Pitilla Field Station; 29 Jan. 1996; J. Noyes leg.; Malaise; DEBU. ��� Heredia ��� 1 ♀; La Selva; 2 Feb. 1990; N. Grieg leg.; around dung ball rolled by Canthon moniliatus Bates, 1887; DEBU. ��� Lim��n ��� 4 ♀♀; Estrella Valley, Pandora; 20 Feb. 1984; H. Howden leg.; carrion trap; CNCI ��� 1 ♂, 1 ♀; 4 km NE of Bribri; 50 m a.s.l.; Dec.1989 ��� Mar. 1990; P. Hanson leg.; INBC. CUBA ��� 1 ♀; Santiago, Gran Piedra Meteorological Radar; 1100 m a.s.l.; 6���17 Dec. 1995; S. Peck leg.; elfin forest, carrion traps; DEBU. ECUADOR ��� Napo ��� 2 ♂♂; Tiputini Biodiversity Station, vicinity Yasun�� National Park; 0��38��� S, 76��0��� W; 14���19 Feb. 1998; D.C. Darling leg.; human dung pitfalls; DEBU ��� 1 ♀; Yasun�� National Park, Yasun�� Research Station; 0��38��� S, 76��36��� W; 3���20 Nov. 1998; Pape and Viklund leg.; rain forest, Malaise trap; DEBU ��� 4 ♀♀; Jatun Sacha Reserve, 6 km E of Misahuall��; 1��04��� S, 77��37��� W; 450 m a.s.l.; 30 Apr.���7 May 2002; Buck et al. leg.; landslide in forest, Malaise trap; QCAZ ��� 2 ♂♂; Tena; 500 m a.s.l.; 21���27 May 1987; Brown and Coote leg.; secondary rainforest, Malaise head; DEBU ��� 3 ♂♂; 12 km SW of Tena; 500 m a.s.l.; 8���11 Aug. 1976; S. Peck leg.; dung trap; QCAZ ��� 1 ♂; S side of Rio Piocullin, SW Puerto Napo, S of Limonchicta; 600 m a.s.l.; 23���27 May 1987; primary lowland rainforest, Malaise head; ROME. ��� Pichincha ��� 8 ♂♂, 8 ♀♀; Rio Palenque Station, 47 km S of Santo Domingo; 250 m a.s.l.; 17���25 Feb. 1979; S.A. Marshall leg.; dung; DEBU ��� 7 ♂♂, 3 ♀♀; Rio Palenque Station, 47 km S of Santo Domingo; 250 m a.s.l.; 17���25 Feb. 1979; S.A. Marshall leg.; QCAZ ��� 1 ♂; Rio Palenque; 25 Feb. 1979; S.A. Marshall leg.; carrion; QCAZ ��� 1 ♀; Rio Palenque; 27 Feb. 1979; S.A. Marshall leg.; carrion; DEBU ��� 1 ♂; Palenque; 24���25 Feb. 1975; S. Peck leg.; day 3, trap 35; DEBU ��� 13 ♂♂, 23 ♀♀; Rio Palenque; 25 Feb. 1979; S.A. Marshall leg.; dung; DEBU ��� 4 ♂♂, 17 ♀♀; Rio Palenque; 27 Feb. 1979; S.A. Marshall leg.; dung; DEBU ��� 5 ♂♂, 17 ♀♀; Rio Palenque; 27 Feb. 1979; S.A. Marshall leg.; dung; QCAZ ��� 1 ♂; Rio Palenque; 22���23 Feb. 1976; S. Peck leg.; dung trap; DEBU ��� 1 ♂; Rio Palenque; 25���26 Feb. 1976; S. Peck leg.; dung trap; DEBU ��� 1 ♂; Rio Palenque; 22 Feb. 1976; S. Peck leg.; DEBU. GUATEMALA ��� Baja Verapaz ��� 2 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀; 6.6 km W of Chilasco; 1700 m a.s.l.; 30 May 1991; H. Howden leg.; dung; DEBU. ��� Guatemala ��� 1 ♂, 1 ♀; Santa Catarina Pinula; 1840 m a.s.l.; 11���13 Jun. 1991; B.D. Gill leg.; dung traps; DEBU. ��� Pet��n ��� 11 ♂♂, 7 ♀♀; Tikal; 28���30 Jul. 1978; Helava and Kukal leg.; dung trap; DEBU. ��� Sacatep��quez ��� 1 ♀; 5 km SE of Antigua; 14��32���14��� N, 90��41���41��� W; 2125 m a.s.l.; 10���13 Jun. 2009; hardwood forest, Malaise trap; DEBU. ��� Zacapa ��� 1 ♂; 3.5 km SE of La Uni��n; 1500 m a.s.l.; 26 Jun. 1993; R. Anderson leg.; cloud forest litter; DEBU ��� 3 ♀♀; same collection data as for preceding; 25���27 Jun. 1993; Ashe and Brooks leg.; FIT #128; DEBU. GUYANA ��� Mazaruni-Potaro ��� 1 ♀; Takutu Mountains; 6��15��� N, 58��55��� W; 8���10 Dec. 1983; Perkins and Steiner leg.; window trap in montane rainforest near logging area; DEBU. ��� Potaro-Siparuni ��� 1 ♀; Mount Wokomung; 5��06���35��� N, 59��49���15��� W; 1234 m a.s.l.; 27 Oct.���1 Nov. 2004; B. Hubley leg.; primary rainforest, human dung, pitfall trap; ROME. ��� Rupununi ��� 3 ♂♂, 4 ♀♀; Kurupukari, Essequibo River; 200 ft a.s.l.; 9 Oct. 1990; B. Hubley leg.; primary forest, dung traps; ROME ��� 1 ♂, 1 ♀; Kabocalli, Iwokrama Forest Res.; 60 m a.s.l.; 3���5 Jun. 2001; Brooks and Falin leg.; FIT; DEBU. HONDURAS ��� 1 ♀; Olancho; 23 May 1995; R. Cordire leg.; FIT; DEBU. MEXICO ��� Campeche ��� 3 ♂♂, 1 ♀; Chicanna, 10 km W of Xbuzi; 300 m a.s.l.; 12���14 Jul. 1983; S. and J. Peck leg.; tropical seasonal forest, carrion traps; CNCI ��� 4 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀; Chicanna, 10 km W of Xbuzi; 300 m a.s.l.; 12���14 Jul. 1983; S. and J. Peck leg.; tropical seasonal forest, carrion traps; UNAM ��� 3 ♂♂, 7 ♀♀; 53 mi. E of Esc��rcega; 500 ft a.s.l.; 8���14 Aug. 1971; A. Newton leg.; tropical semi-evergreen, dung; DEBU ��� 3 ♂♂, 7 ♀♀; same collection data as for preceding; FMNH ��� 7 ♂♂, 9 ♀♀; 87 mi. E of Esc��rcega; 800 ft a.s.l.; 8���14 Aug. 1971; A. Newton leg.; semi-evergreen, human dung; DEBU ��� 10 ♂♂, 14 ♀♀; same collection data as for preceding; UNAM ��� 2 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀; same collection data as for preceding; FMNH. ��� Chiapas ��� 2 ♀♀; 21 mi. N of Bochil; 5500 ft a.s.l.; 18���24 Aug. 1971; A. Newton leg.; pine, oak, Liquidambar L., human dung; DEBU ��� 1 ♀; 4 km SE of Custepec; 15��42���30��� N, 92��55���51��� W; 2100 m a.s.l.; 20 May 2008; cloud forest, Malaise trap; DEBU ��� 2 ♀♀; Play��n de la Gloria; 16��08���53��� N, 90��53���48��� W; 180 m a.s.l.; 25 May 2008; mature wet forest, Malaise trap; UNAM ��� 1 ♀; Play��n de la Gloria; 16��09���37��� N, 90��54���7��� W; 160 m a.s.l.; 25 May���24 Jun. 2008; mature wet forest, Malaise trap; UNAM ��� 2 ♂♂, 4 ♀♀; 8 km SE of Salto de Agua; 17��30���45��� N, 92��17���40��� W; 60 m a.s.l.; 14���17 Jun. 2008; secondary wet forest, Malaise trap; UNAM ��� 2 ♀♀; 8 km SE of Salto de Agua; 17��30���58��� N, 92��18���05��� W; 100 m a.s.l.; 14 Jun. 2008; wet forest edge, Malaise trap; UNAM ��� 5 ♂♂, 8 ♀♀; Palenque; 100 m a.s.l.; 6���9 Jul. 1983; S. and J. Peck leg.; rainforest, carrion trap; DEBU ��� 1 ♀; Parque Nacional Sumidero; 1000 m a.s.l.; 1 Jun. 1990; H. and A. Howden leg.; CNCI ��� 1 ♂, 2 ♀♀; 15 mi. NW of Ocozocoautla; 2800 ft a.s.l.; A. Newton leg.; rainforest, dung; DEBU ��� 5 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀; 11 mi. NW of Ocozocoautla; 3400 ft a.s.l.; 19���25 Aug. 1971; A. Newton leg.; oak-evergreen forest, human dung; FMNH ��� 6 ♂♂, 4 ♀♀; 4 mi. S of Palenque; 600 ft a.s.l.; 7���15 Aug. 1971; A. Newton leg.; rainforest, human dung; DEBU ��� 10 ♂♂, 10 ♀♀; same collection data as for preceding but 700 ft a.s.l.; DEBU ��� 11 ♂♂, 10 ♀♀; same collection data as for preceding; FMNH ��� 1 ♂; Palenque; 80 m a.s.l.; 2���23 Jul. 1983; S. and J. Peck leg.; secondary vegetation; FIT; DEBU ��� 1 ♂; Laguna Belgica, 16 km NW of Ocozocoautla; 970 m a.s.l.; 13 Jun. 1990; H. and A. Howden and B. Gill leg.; F.I.T.; DEBU. ��� Guerrero ��� 1 ♂, 1 ♀; 9 mi. NE of Iguala; 4400 ft a.s.l.; 29 Aug.���4 Sep. 1971; A. Newton leg.; deciduous forest, human dung; FMNH. ��� Oaxaca ��� 5 ♂♂, 9 ♀♀; 5 mi. S of Valle Nacional; 1600 ft a.s.l.; 20 Jul.���1 Aug. 1971; A. Newton leg.; tropical-oak-evergreen, dung; DEBU ��� 3 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀; 12 mi. S of Valle Nacional; 3200 ft a.s.l.; 22���31 Jul. 1971; A. Newton leg.; tropical montane forest, shrimp carrion; DEBU. ��� Pueblo ��� 1 ♂; 1 mi. S of Honey; 6800 ft a.s.l.; 1���6 Aug. 1971; A. Newton leg.; Pinus L., Quercus L., human dung; DEBU. ��� Tabasco ��� 6 ♂♂, 5 ♀♀; 46 mi. SE of Villa Hermosa, km74; 150 ft a.s.l.; 8���15 Aug. 1971; A. Newton leg.; secondary veg. rainforest, human dung; FMNH. ��� Tamaulipas ��� 8 ♂♂, 17 ♀♀; Municipio Casas, 47 mi. E of Cuidad Victoria; Nov.���Dec. 1986; R. Jones leg.; carrion pitfall trap; TAMU. ��� Veracruz ��� 1 ♂;, 33 km NE of Catemaco, Los Tuxtlas Biological Station; 160 m a.s.l.; 6 Jul.���1 Aug. 1983; S. Peck leg.; ridge rainforest, FIT; DEBU ��� 2 ♂♂, 4 ♀♀; Fortin, SW of Rio Metlas; 3250 ft a.s.l.; 13���18 Jul. 1971; A. Newton leg.; human dung, FMNH ��� 3 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀; 10 mi. SW of Teocelo; 4400 ft a.s.l.; 11 Jul. 1971; A. Newton leg.; oak, wet, human dung, FMNH ��� 7 ♂♂, 4 ♀♀; 8 mi. NNW of Sontecomapan; Jul.���Aug. 1971; A. Newton leg.; rainforest, dung; DEBU. ��� Yucat��n ��� 1 ♀; 9 mi. SE of Santo Roso, km 137��; 100 ft a.s.l.; Aug. 1971; A. Newton leg.; tropical sub-deciduous forest, human dung; DEBU. PARAGUAY ��� Caazap�� ��� 18 ♂♂, 12 ♀♀; Hermosa, San Rafael Reserve, prop. Lopez family; 26��18���29��� S, 55��45���03��� W; 80 m a.s.l.; 1���3 Dec. 2000; Z.H. Falin leg.; FIT; DEBU ��� 2 ♂♂, 1 ♀; Hermosa, San Rafael Reserve, prop. Lopez family; 26��19���15��� S, 55��44���55��� W; 90 m a.s.l.; 3���6 Dec. 2000; Z.H. Falin leg.; FIT; DEBU. ��� Itap��a ��� 1 ♀; Karonay, 17 km W of San Rafael Reserve; 26��45���53��� S, 55��50���37��� W; 90���110 m a.s.l.; 18���21 Nov. 2000; Z.H. Falin leg.; FIT; DEBU. PERU ��� Jun��n ��� 2 ♀♀; Pampa Hermosa lodge, 22 km N of San Ram��n; 10��59���18��� S, 75��25���30��� W; 1220 m a.s.l.; 24���27 Nov. 2007; D. Brzoska leg.; FIT; DEBU. ��� Cusco ��� 1 ♀; Cock-of-the-Rock Lodge, NE of Paucartambo; 13��03���18��� S, 71��32���42��� W; 1120 m a.s.l.; 4���9 Nov. 2007; D. Brzoska leg.; FIT; DEBU. ��� Lima ��� 1 ♂; Huaral, Chancay; 15 Mar. 1951; Ross and Michelbacher leg.; river valley; CASC. ��� Loreto ��� 1 ♂; Teniente L��pez; 24 Jul. 1993; R. Leschen leg.; FIT; DEBU. ��� Madre de Dios ��� 3 ♂♂, 3 ♀♀; Zona Reserva Manu, Pakitza; 11��57��� S, 71��17��� W; 400 m a.s.l.; 13���18 Feb. 1992; B. Brown and D. Feener leg.; Malaise trap; DEBU ��� 3 ♀♀; Pantiacolla Lodge, Alto Madre de Dios River; 12��39���18��� S, 71��13���54��� W; 420 m a.s.l.; 14���19 Nov. 2007; D. Brzoska leg.; FIT; DEBU. 4 ♂♂, 5 ♀♀; Amazonas Lodge, N of Atalaya; 12��52���12��� S, 71��22���36��� W; 480 m a.s.l.; 10���13 Nov. 2007; D. Brzoska leg.; FIT; DEBU ��� 1 ♀; Los Amigos Biological Station; 3���13 Jun. 2006; Paiero and Klymko leg.; Malaise; DEBU. TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO ��� Tobago ��� 1 ♂; 10 km NE of Roxborough, Gilpin Trail; 450 m a.s.l.; 26���30 Jun. 1993; S. and J. Peck leg.; rainforest, carrion traps; DEBU. ��� Trinidad ��� 1 ♂; University of Santa Cruz, Gasparillo; 15 Nov. 1987; R. Borneo leg.; grassland/forest edge, Malaise trap; DEBU. UNITED STATES OF AMERICA ��� Alabama ��� 22 ♂♂, 32 ♀♀; Baldwin Co., Bon Secour National Wildlife Refuge; 30��14���48��� N, 87��49���45��� W; 5���7 Jun. 1994; S.A. Marshall leg.; dung traps in oak; DEBU ��� 2 ♀♀; same collection data as for preceding; 5���7 May 1994; S.A. Marshall leg.; mushroom trap on oak; DEBU ��� 2 ♂♂; Jackson Co., Paint Rock; 7���13 Jul. 1973; S. Peck leg.; dung; DEBU. ��� Arkansas ��� 1 ♂; Johnson Co., Haw Creek Falls; 22 May 1991; B.J. Sinclair leg.; DEBU ��� 1 ♂, 2 ♀♀; Logan Co., Ozark National Forest, Magazine Mountain; 23 May 1991; J.E. Swann leg.; mushroom baited pans; DEBU ��� 2 ♀♀; Madison Co., 3 mi. S of Brashers; 1600 ft a.s.l.; 19 Jun.���12 Jul. 1972; A. Newton leg.; hardwood forest, dung; DEBU ��� 1 ♂; Polk Co., Rich Mountain, 13 mi. NW of Mena; 2800 ft a.s.l.; 1���3 Jun. 1979; S. and J. Peck leg.; mesic oak-hickory; DEBU ��� 4 ♂♂, 3 ♀♀; Washington Co., 3 mi. S of Devils Den State Park; 28���31 May 1979; S. and J. Peck leg.; oak-hickory; DEBU ��� 1 ♂, 3 ♀♀; Washington Co., Devils Den State Park, Devils Den Cave; 28���31 May 1979; S. and J. Peck leg.; DEBU. ��� Florida ��� 1 ♀; Alachua Co., Gainesville; 20���30 Nov. 1986; W.R.M. Mason leg.; hardwood forest, Malaise trap; DEBU ��� 1 ♀; Alachua Co., Rd 176; 10 May 1983; K.W. Vick leg.; carrion trap; DEBU ��� 1 ♀; Alachua Co., Gainesville, DPI; 25���27 May 1983; D.S. Chandler leg.; Malaise trap; DEBU ��� 1 ♀; Alachua Co., High Springs; 15���16 Dec. 1999; S.A. Marshall leg.; on dung; DEBU ��� 1 ♀; Alachua Co., Gainesville; 12 Oct. 1976; Choate and Woodruff leg.; DEBU ���, Published as part of Paiero, Steven Mark & Marshall, Stephen A., 2020, A revision of the genus Rudolfina Roh����ek (Sphaeroceridae: Limosininae), pp. 1-48 in European Journal of Taxonomy 593 on pages 19-27, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.593, http://zenodo.org/record/3659777, {"references":["Marshall S. A. 1982. A Review of the Nearctic Limosininae (Diptera, Sphaeroceridae), with Revisions of Selected Genera. PhD thesis, University of Guelph, Canada."]}

Rudolfina tumida sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 1FA40DBE-98EE-4665-A029-207ABCADE8DD Figs 2���3, 21A Etymology The species epithet is from the Latin for ���swollen���, referring to the enlarged epandrium. Material examined Holotype UNITED STATES OF AMERICA ��� ♂; Wyoming, Uinta Co., 8 mi. SE of Evanston; 7100 ft a.s.l.; 30 Jul.���11 Aug. 1979; S. and J. Peck leg.; sage-grass, riparian, carrion; DEBU debu01086083. Description BODY. Length: 1.8���1.9 mm. Eye height 1.0 �� genal height. Head with 3 interfrontal setae and 5 small setae along inner margin of orbital plate. Gena with 2 strong setae and 4���5 smaller setulae. Acrostichal setulae in 4���6 rows. Costagial seta length unknown (broken on both sides of holotype); second costal sector shorter than third (35:40). Length of M 1 between crossveins dm-cu and r-m 4.0�� dm-cu; CuA 1 stub vein ~5.0 �� M 1 stub vein. Male mid femur basally with 9 strong setae present in ovoid cluster. Male mid tibia with ventral comb of 12���13 robust setae on apical ⅔. MALE ABDOMEN (Figs 2���3). Posterior margin of sternite 5 with pair of small teeth on each side of shallow emargination; emargination extending �� length and �� width of sternite 5. Transverse part of sternite 6 weakly arcuate. Epandrium swollen, wider than preceding portion of abdomen (denuded on holotype); subanal plate incomplete. Posterior lobe of surstylus elongate, with apex and posterior margin heavily setose; anterobasal lobe broadly rounded and laminate, with distal triangular projection. Cercus ovoid. Postgonite elongate with apex acute. Dorsal sclerite of distiphallus (Fig. 21 B���C) with several small swellings along length and extending beyond apex of acrophallus. Female Unknown. Remarks Rudolfina tumida sp. nov. is distinctive for the uniquely swollen epandrium and large surstylus. Described species in other genera previously treated as Rudolfina, Published as part of Paiero, Steven Mark & Marshall, Stephen A., 2020, A revision of the genus Rudolfina Roh����ek (Sphaeroceridae: Limosininae), pp. 1-48 in European Journal of Taxonomy 593 on pages 43-45, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.593, http://zenodo.org/record/3659777, {"references":["Rohacek J. 1987. Replacement name for Rudolfia Rohacek, 1982 (Diptera, Sphaeroceridae), with first record of R. rozkosnyi from northern Europe. Acta Entomologica Bohemoslovaca 84: 474 - 476.","Marshall S. A. & Fitzgerald S. 1997. Rudolfina cavernicola, a new species of cave-associated Sphaeroceridae (Diptera) from Colorado and Arizona. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 99: 641 - 644.","Marshall S. A. 1991. Rudolfina digitata sp. nov., a new Nearctic sphaerocerid with a disjunct alpinearctic distribution. The Canadian Entomologist 123: 621 - 626. https: // doi. org / 10.4039 / Ent 123621 - 3"]}

Rudolfina digitata Marshall, 1991 Fig. 21A Material examined In addition to the original type material, the following material was examined: CANADA ��� Alberta ��� 1 ♀; Coleman; 24���26 Jul. 1980; S.A. Marshall leg.; DEBU ��� 1 ♀; Hailstone Butte, 60 km W of Nanton; 21���23 Jul. 1987; S.A. Marshall leg.; dung cup, under cow parsnip; DEBU. ��� British Columbia ��� 1 ♀; Kootenay Land District, Ainsworth, Woodbury Creek; 5 Jul. 1980; S.A. Marshall leg.; dung; DEBU ��� 1 ♂; Okanagan���Similkameen, Mount Kobau; 1760 m a.s.l.; 29 May���3 Jun. 1991; Blades and Maier leg.; DEBU ��� 1 ♂; Peace River Land District, Pink Mountain; 16 Jul. 1987; S.A. Marshall leg.; marmot dung, dwarf willow; DEBU. ��� Ontario ��� 1 ♀; Agnes River; Jul. 1994; A.P. Applejohn leg.; SP2, plot 18; DEBU. MEXICO ��� M��xico ��� 2 ♀♀; 3 mi. SW of Tenancingo, km 52��; 2164 m a.s.l.; 31 Aug.���6 Sep. 1971; A. Newton leg.; oak���juniper, human dung; DEBU. UNITED STATES OF AMERICA ��� New Hampshire ��� 1 ♂; Coos Co., 1 mi. NE of East Inlet Dam; 25 Jun.���9 Jul. 1986; D.S. Chandler leg.; F.I.T.; DEBU. ��� New York ��� 1 ♂; Greene Co., Cairo; 1 Jul. 1980; S.A. Marshall leg.; DEBU. ��� Wyoming ��� 2 ♂♂, 1 ♀; Sheridan Co., Antelope Butte Rec. Area, 20.3 km W of Burgess Jct.; 5���20 Aug. 1990; J.E. Swann leg.; along stream, pans, cow dung; DEBU ��� 1 ♂; Sheridan Co., Black Mountain, off Hwy 14; 5���20 Aug. 1990; J.E. Swann leg.; pine forest, pans, cow dung; DEBU ��� 2 ♂♂, 1 ♀; Sheridan Co., Black Mountain, off Hwy 14; 5���20 Aug. 1990; J.E. Swann leg.; pines, lupines, pans; DEBU ��� 1 ♂; Sheridan Co., Black Mountain, off Hwy 14; 5���20 Aug. 1990; J.E. Swann leg.; pines, pans, cow dung; DEBU. Description See Marshall (1991). Distribution Nearctic: Canada (AB, BC, YT, ON), U.S.A. (AK, CO, NH, NY, WY), Mexico (MEX). Remarks Rudolfina digitata, the second species to be described in this originally Palaearctic genus, is widely distributed in western North America and also occurs in a few eastern North American sites, including Mount Washington, New Hampshire. Mount Washington is known to have other species with disjunct western Cordilleran and eastern Appalachian distributions (e.g., Oeneis melissa (Fabricius, 1775) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)), and the apparently disjunct population of R. digitata there suggests it may have once had a more extensive range. The other New Hampshire locality is also one of two known localities for the rare monotypic sphaerocerid genus Volumosina Roh��ček & Marshall, 2017, otherwise known from one old growth forest in Ontario. The male abdomen is most similar that of the Palaearctic R. zhangi., Published as part of Paiero, Steven Mark & Marshall, Stephen A., 2020, A revision of the genus Rudolfina Roh����ek (Sphaeroceridae: Limosininae), pp. 1-48 in European Journal of Taxonomy 593 on pages 18-19, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.593, http://zenodo.org/record/3659777, {"references":["Marshall S. A. 1991. Rudolfina digitata sp. nov., a new Nearctic sphaerocerid with a disjunct alpinearctic distribution. The Canadian Entomologist 123: 621 - 626. https: // doi. org / 10.4039 / Ent 123621 - 3"]}

Genus Rudolfina Roh��ček, 1987 Rudolfia Roh��ček, 1982: 225 (feminine, a junior homonym of Rudolfia Wilson, 1924 (Crustacea: Copepoda); type species: Limosina rozkosnyi Roh��ček, 1975, by monotypy). Rudolfina Roh��ček, 1987: 474 (feminine, nom. nov. for Rudolfia Roh��ček, 1982; type species: Limosina rozkosnyi Roh��ček, 1975, automatic). Rudolfia ��� Roh��ček 1982: 225 [formal diagnosis, phylogeny]; 1983: 152���154 [full description, phylogenetic notes]; 1987: 474 [homonymy]. ��� Marshall & Richards 1987: 999���1000 [diagnosis in key, illustr.]. Rudolfina ��� Roh��ček 1998: 483 [diagnosis, illustration]. ��� Marshall & Buck 2010: 1180���1183 [diagnosis in key, phylogenetic notes, biology]. ��� Su et al. 2017: 392���393 [key]. Redescription BODY. Colour light to dark brown. Length 1.4���2.3 mm. HEAD. With 3���5 interfrontal setae (of equal length or the foremost shorter), 1 (rarely 2) inclinate orbital setula and 4���10 small orbital setulae inside and below 2 strong, exclinate orbital setae; ocellar triangle with pair of strong setae and 3���5 additional small setulae; outer vertical seta strong, exclinate; inner vertical seta inclinate; occipital and paravertical setae inclinate, well-developed; postocellar seta inclinate, weakly developed. Eye-to-gena height ratio variable between species (1.5:1 to 3.5:1). Vibrissa strong. Gena with 1���2 strong subvibrissal setae and 4���9 smaller setulae. THORAX. Surface pruinose. Postpronotal lobe with 2���3 setae, outer seta strong, inner seta(e) reduced. Notopleural seta, 2 supra-alar setae and prescutellar dorsocentral seta strong. Acrostichal setulae in 4���8 rows, with 1 enlarged prescutellar acrostichal seta (almost as long as dorsocentral). Katepisternum with strong elongate posterior seta and reduced anterior seta. LEGS. Fore femur with 3���5 elongate setae dorsally (except R. exuberata sp. nov.). Fore tibia with 3���5 elongate setae ventrally. Mid femur with row of 3���10 anterodorsal setae extending from base, row of 2���5 dorsal setae on apical ��, and basal cluster of 4���21 small setae ventrally; males usually with additional ventral seta (often in ventrobasal cluster). Mid tibia with 4 dorsal setae (basal anterodorsal, medial anterodorsal distal anterodorsal and distal posterodorsal); males with ventral comb of 4���13 setae on apical �� or less (, R. exuberata sp. nov. and R. remiforma sp. nov. with setae of ventral comb weakly developed); females usually with midventral seta (absent in R. megepandria sp. nov.). Hind tibia with small apical ventral spur. WING. Always fully developed, with wing tip reaching or exceeding apex of abdomen. Costa extending to or just beyond end of R 4+5, and with single costagial seta> 2.0 �� length of nearby setae. R 4+5 slightly curved towards costa distally. Cell dm with short stub veins of M 1 and Cu-A1 extending beyond dm-cu. Alula narrow, posterior margin straight. ABDOMEN. Sternites and tergites well sclerotized and setose (posterior and lateral margins more densely setose). Male sternite 4 usually simple (rarely densely setose medially). MALE ABDOMEN. Posterior margin of sternite 5 with lobe on each side of medial emargination (shape and size of emargination and lobes vary among species). Transverse (ventral) portion of sternite 6 narrow; straight or weakly arcuate. Ring sclerite (in the right membrane of segment 7, possibly derived from a spiracle) large and distinct. Epandrium setose, often with larger setae lateral to anal opening, and with right anteroventral corner drawn out into a finger-like process that extends to the hypandrium. Male cercus usually distinct, fused with the epandrium (reduced and obscured beneath the epandrium in a few species; e.g., R. pilosa sp. nov., R. remiforma sp. nov.). Hypandrium (Fig. 3B) Y-shaped with emarginate posteromedial extension; hypandrial arms posteriorly deeply bilobed posteriorly, with lateral lobe articulating with the epandrium and the medial lobe articulating with posterolateral corner of hypandrium. Pregonite distinct, small, near anterior base of postgonite. Postgonite generally simple and slender, with 3���4 setulae on anterior margin but modified in some species; ejaculatory apodeme small and finger-like, with small globular sperm pump, usually close to the basiphallus (easily lost during dissection); basiphallus simple (without an epiphallus); distiphallus with distinct elongate dorsal sclerite; acrophallus with dorsolateral lobes and a single ventral sac (often reduced). FEMALE ABDOMEN. Tergite 8 apparently tripartite, with two lateral triangular sclerites and a medial sclerite (reduced in several species). Epiproct bare except for usual pair of small setae and a few scattered setulae, strongly sclerotized, and fused laterally with cerci (except in R. cavernicola). Cercus with single flattened apical seta. Sternite 7 variable. Sternite 8 weak, transverse, covered in small setulae; pair of small, bispinose plates along posterior margin. Hypoproct very narrow, forming horseshoe-shaped band immediately below the cerci. Spermathecae (1 pair + 1 single) generally disc-shaped or lenticular, with thin, long sclerotized ducts. Related and similar genera All species of Rudolfina will key out to ��� Rudolfia ��� in the key to Nearctic Sphaeroceridae by Marshall & Richards (1987) but they will key out as ��� Archiceroptera genus complex, in part��� at couplet 72 in the key of Marshall & Buck (2010) to Neotropical Sphaeroceridae. This previous treatment reflected uncertainty about the limits between Rudolfina and the many undescribed Neotropical species in the Archiceroptera genus complex. The Archiceroptera complex is part of a larger group of Limosininae (including Aptilotella Duda, 1924, Archiceroptera Papp, 1977, Bitheca Marshall, 1987, Bromeoloecia Spuler, 1924, Pterogramma Spuler, 1924 and Robustagramma Marshall & Cui, 2005) characterized by an unusual process extending medially from the lower right margin of the epandrium to the hypandrium. The relationships within this group need further study but the morphological analysis by Paiero (2017) suggests that Rudolfina is closely related to Bromeloecia. Within this group, Rudolfina resembles Archiceroptera in characters of the female epiproct and cercus. However, in Archiceroptera the epiproct is completely desclerotized medially (anteriorly sclerotized in Rudolfina), the cercus is separate from the epiproct and has a partially concave inner margin, and sternite 8 is divided into a pair of elongate lateral sclerites without the paired setulose sclerites found in Rudolfina. Archiceroptera species also differ from Rudolfina in having M 1 extending as a pseudovein to the wing margin, CuA 1 rarely with a distinct stub vein, the male cercus free from the epandrium and with a distinct ventral process, and (in many, but not all species) five or more dorsal mid tibial setae and two or more inclinate orbital setulae. Biology Roh��ček (1987) recorded R. rozkosnyi from dung and occasionally from mud and decaying vegetation, but most of the new species considered here were collected in dung or carrion traps. Larvae remain unknown. Distribution Rudolfina has a mostly western Nearctic montane distribution, with high endemism in the southwest and the mountains of Mexico (Sierra Madre del Sur, Sierra Madre Oriental and Sierra Madre de Chiapas). Two widely separated species occur in the Palaearctic region (R. rozkosnyi and R. zhangi) and one species (R. exuberata sp. nov.) is widespread at low elevations from the southern United States to South America. Other than R. exuberata sp. nov., no true species of Rudolfina are known from south of Guatemala. Other Neotropical species previously treated as Rudolfina are discussed below. Results of the phylogenetic analysis Twenty-seven most parsimonious trees were generated, summarized here as a strict consensus tree (Fig. 5) and a majority rules consensus tree (Fig. 6). Characters were optimized on one of the equal length trees (Fig. 7) which was selected based on the recovery of several groups supported by putatively higher weight characters. Shared male genitalic morphology supported a close relationship of Rudolfina bucki sp nov. with R. megepandria sp. nov. and R. tumida sp. nov. with [R. rozkosnyi + R. digitata + R. zhangi]. The combined elongation of the epiproct and female cercus suggests that R. newtoni sp. nov. is closely related to [R. exuberata sp. nov. + R. pauca sp. nov. + R. remiforma sp. nov.], although the form of the epiproct in R. newtoni sp. nov. is apparently intermediate between the strongly elongated form found in the R. exuberata clade and the shorter epiproct of other Rudolfina. All trees recovered R. cavernicola as a sister taxon to the remaining species, which form a monophyletic group characterized by the fusion of the female cercus with the posterolateral corner of the epiproct, the elongation of the medial part of tergite 8 and by characters of the male cercus and surstylus. This tree suggests a New World origin for Rudolfina. Within Rudolfina excluding R. cavernicola, R. rozkosnyi, R. digitata and R. tumida sp. nov. appear to be a basal grade predating the origin of a clade comprising the Mexican-Guatemalan species. These four species all have a laminate lobe on the surstylus, apparently derived from the simple laminate margin of R. cavernicola (absent in other species). The largely Mexican-Guatemalan clade can be recognized by the simple, rounded anterior lobe of the male surstylus and the absence of dorsal swellings on the dorsal sclerite of the distiphallus. The R. exuberata group (including R. exuberata sp. nov., R. remiforma sp. nov. and R. pauca sp. nov.) is characterized by a small elongate male cercus, tulip-shaped epiproct, and reduction of the female cercus. Rudolfina remiforma sp. nov. and R. pauca sp. nov. are known from only a few localities at higher elevations, as is typical of the genus, but the widespread R. exuberata sp. nov. occurs at much lower elevations than its more localized congeners. Key to the New World Rudolfina Accurate identification of species of Rudolfina is largely dependent on examination of male sternite 5 and genitalic characters of both sexes; dissection may be required. Females of R. tumida sp. nov., R. bucki sp. nov., R. pilosa sp. nov. and R. zhangi are unknown. 1. Males................................................................................................................................................. 2 ��� Females........................................................................................................................................... 14 2. Sternite 5 with dense clusters of setae on each side of posteromedial emargination (Figs 14C, 18C)................................................................................................................................................... 3 ��� Sternite 5 evenly setose, without distinct clusters of setae............................................................... 4 3. Eye height ~2.5 �� genal height. Sternite 4 medially with cluster of long setae (denser along posterior margin, Fig. 18C). Sternite 5 with triangular lobe on each side of triangular medial emargination on posterior margin; emargination extending anteriorly �� length of sternite. Surstylus (in lateral view) boot-like, with 4���6 long setae originating from median knob on posterior surface; distal ⅓ evenly covered in small setulae. Postgonite with distinct apical swelling.......................... R. pilosa sp. nov. ��� Eye height ~1.5�� genal height. Sternite 4 evenly setose (Fig. 14C). Sternite 5 with small nipple-like lobe on each side of medial emargination on posterior margin; emargination extending anteriorly almost to base of sternite. Surstylus (in lateral view) strap-like, elongate and narrow; relatively bare except for small scattered setae. Postgonite simple apically, uniformly narrow............................................................................................................................................................... R. newtoni sp. nov. 4. Posterior margin of sternite 5 with elongate, parallel-sided lobes (e.g., Fig. 9C) on each side of medial emargination; pair of long setulae on margin of desclerotized area adjacent to base of the lobes. Length of M 1 between crossveins dm-cu and r-m 1.5�� dm-cu........................................................................................................................ 6 5. Second costal sector R. exuberata sp. nov. ��� Second costal sector ~0.6 �� third costal sector. Mid tibia with ventral comb composed of 11���13 setae on apical ��. Mid femur with 4���5 small setae ventrobasally................................... R. pauca sp. nov. 6. Sternite 5 with small medial triangular lobe (Marshall & Fitzgerald 1997: fig. 5). Surstylus strap-like, with base ~1.5 �� as wide as distal margin; anterior margin weakly lamellate (Marshall & Fitzgerald 1997: fig. 2)................................................................... R. cavernicola Marshall & Fitzgerald, 1997 ��� Sternite 5 without medial lobe. Surstylus variable but usually with long posterior lobe and small anterior lobe...................................................................................................................................... 7 7. Sternite 5 with broad (> �� width of sternite) emargination between posterior lobes. Subanal plate complete or incomplete..................................................................................................................... 8 ��� Sternite 5 with small (R. remiforma sp. nov. ��� Second costal sector 0.8���1.0 �� third costal sector. Subanal plate broadly complete or incomplete. Sternite 5 posterior margin lateral to posterior lobes emarginate (e.g., Fig. 3 A���B). Cercus ovoid, large. Surstylus with posterior lobe variable; anterior lobe complex............................................... 9 9. Eye small, height ~1.0 �� genal height. Length of M 1 between crossveins dm���cu and r-m ~4.0�� dmcu. Epandrium swollen, distinctly wider than two preceding abdominal segments (Fig. 2A). Subanal plate incomplete. Subepandrial sclerite distinctly arcuate..................................... R. tumida sp. nov. ��� Eye larger, height> 1.2�� genal height. Length of M 1 between crossveins dm-cu and r-m R. digitata Marshall, 1991 ��� Second costal sector R. rozkosnyi Roh��ček, 1975 ��� Eye height ~1.3�� genal height. Mid tibia weakly arcuate in anterior view. Length of M 1 between crossveins dm-cu and r-m ~2.0 �� dm-cu. Sternite 5 posterior margin with tips of medial lobes extending beyond level of posterior margin adjacent to medial emargination (Su et al. 2017: fig. 1F). Posterior lobe of surstylus with 3 elongate projections (Su et al. 2017: fig. 1C).............................................................................................................................................................. R. zhangi Su, 2017 12. Posteromedial emargination of sternite 5 with dark margin; emargination deep, extending anteriorly ~1/6 sternite length, and nearly closed posteriorly by inwardly directed lateral lobes (Fig. 11C). Epandrium simple, not distinctly wider than preceding abdominal segments. Surstylus with anterior lobe small but well-developed, knob-like; posterior lobe elongate, clavate, with numerous long setae on distal third. Cercus clavate, almost as long as surstylus, projecting ventrally............................................................................................................................................................. R. howdeni sp. nov. ��� Posterior emargination of sternite 5 without dark sclerotized margin; emargination shallow (, Published as part of Paiero, Steven Mark & Marshall, Stephen A., 2020, A revision of the genus Rudolfina Roh����ek (Sphaeroceridae: Limosininae), pp. 1-48 in European Journal of Taxonomy 593 on pages 9-15, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.593, http://zenodo.org/record/3659777, {"references":["Rohacek J. 1987. Replacement name for Rudolfia Rohacek, 1982 (Diptera, Sphaeroceridae), with first record of R. rozkosnyi from northern Europe. Acta Entomologica Bohemoslovaca 84: 474 - 476.","Rohacek J. 1982. A monograph and reclassification of the previous genus Limosina Macquart (Diptera, Sphaeroceridae) of Europe, Part I. Beitrage zur Entomologie 32: 195 - 282. https: // doi. org / 10.21248 / contrib. entomol. 32.2.195 - 282","Rohacek J. 1975. Three new species of the genus Limosina Macq. (Sphaeroceridae, Diptera) from Czechoslovakia. Scripta Facultatis Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis J. E. Purkynianae Brunensis, Biologia 2 (5): 115 - 126.","Marshall S. A. & Richards O. W. 1987. Sphaeroceridae. In: McAlpine J. F., Peterson B. V., Shewell G. E., Teskey H. J., Vockeroth J. R. & Wood D. M. (eds) Manual of the Nearctic Diptera, Part 2: 601 - 685. Agriculture Canada, Ottawa.","Rohacek J. 1998. Family Sphaeroceridae. In: Papp L. & Darvas B. (eds) Contributions to a Manual of Palaearctic Diptera. Vol. 3., Higher Brachycera: 463 - 496. Science Herald, Budapest.","Marshall S. A. & Buck M. 2010. Sphaeroceridae (Small dung flies). In: Brown B. V., Borkent A., Cumming J. M., Wood D. M., Woodley N. E. & Zumbado M. A. (eds) Manual of Central American Diptera: 1165 - 1187. NRC Research Press, Ottawa, Ontario.","Su L., Xu J. & Cong G. 2017. A new species of the genus Rudolfina Rohacek, 1987 (Diptera, Sphaeroceridae) from North-east China, with a key to the known Holarctic species of Rudolfina. Oriental Insects 51 (4): 391 - 396. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00305316.2017.1315975","Marshall S. A. & Cui Y. 2005. Systematics of Robustagramma, a new genus of New World Sphaeroceridae (Diptera). Zootaxa 1026: 1 - 122. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 1026.1.1","Paiero S. M. 2017. A Review of the Archiceroptera Papp Genus Complex (Diptera: Sphaeroceridae: Limosininae). PhD thesis, University of Guelph, Canada.","Marshall S. A. & Fitzgerald S. 1997. Rudolfina cavernicola, a new species of cave-associated Sphaeroceridae (Diptera) from Colorado and Arizona. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 99: 641 - 644.","Marshall S. A. 1991. Rudolfina digitata sp. nov., a new Nearctic sphaerocerid with a disjunct alpinearctic distribution. The Canadian Entomologist 123: 621 - 626. https: // doi. org / 10.4039 / Ent 123621 - 3","Rohacek J. 1985. A monograph and reclassification of the previous genus Limosina Macquart (Diptera, Sphaeroceridae) of Europe, Part IV. Beitrage zur Entomologie 35: 101 - 179. https: // doi. org / 10.21248 / contrib. entomol. 35.1.101 - 179"]}

Rudolfina howdeni sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 0B9431DE-EFE1-41EC-B9B3-39303EDE435E Figs 1A, 11���12, 21B Etymology This species name, which has been a manuscript name since Marshall (1982), is a patronym for Dr Henry Howden. Henry was a great entomologist and friend who advised SM during his M.Sc. at Carleton University; we regret that he did not live to see this beautiful species published. Material examined Holotype MEXICO ��� ♂; Oaxaca, 6.6 mi. N of Ixtlan de Juarez; 8300 ft a.s.l.; 10���18 Aug. 1973; A. Newton leg.; oak woodland, human dung; FMNH debu01086096. Paratypes MEXICO ��� Hidalgo ��� 1 ♂; 7 mi. SW of Tenango de Doria; 7000 ft a.s.l.; 2���6 Jul. 1971; A. Newton leg.; cloud oak forest, human dung; DEBU. ��� Jalisco ��� 6 ♂♂, 1 ♀; 14 mi. W of Atenquique; 7900 ft a.s.l.; A. Newton leg.; hardwood forest, dung; CASC ��� 6 ♂♂; same collection data as for preceding; FMNH ��� 6 ♂♂; same collection data as for preceding; UNAM ��� 6 ♂♂; same collection data as for preceding; DEBU ��� 6 ♂♂, 4 ♀♀; 18 mi. W of Atenquique; 9300 ft a.s.l.; A. Newton leg.; fir forest, dung; CNCI ��� 7 ♂♂, 3 ♀♀; same collection data as for preceding; FMNH ��� 5 ♂♂, 3 ♀♀; same collection data as for preceding; UNAM. ��� M��xico ��� 3 ♂♂; 1 mi. E of Ixtapan de la Sal, at km 78; 6200 ft a.s.l.; 31 Aug.���6 Sep. 1971; A. Newton leg.; Trop / Dec / Jun., human dung; DEBU ��� 5 ♂♂, 1 ♀; 5 mi. E of Santa Marta, at km 8.5; 10 100 ft a.s.l.; 29 Aug.���4 Sep. 1971; A. Newton leg.; fir forest, human dung; DEBU. ��� Morelos ��� 2 ♀♀; 4 mi. W of Tres Cumbres, at km 6; 8900 ft a.s.l.; 29 Aug.���4 Sep. 1971; A. Newton leg.; oak, human dung; DEBU ��� 6 ♂♂, 4 ♀♀; 4 mi. W of Tres Cumbres, at km 6��; 9000 ft a.s.l.; 29 Aug.���4 Sep. 1971; A. Newton leg.; oak, human dung; DEBU. ��� Oaxaca ��� 2 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀; same collection data as for holotype; DEBU ��� 2 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀; same collection data as for holotype; FMNH ��� 1 ♂; 29.7 mi. S of Valle Nacional; 6800 ft a.s.l.; 11���17 Aug. 1973; A. Newton leg.; cloud forest, dung; DEBU ��� 1 ♂; 2.0 mi. W of Jct. Mex. 175- Yuvila Rd; 9500 ft a.s.l.; 8���19 Aug. 1973; A. Newton leg.; oak-pine, dung; DEBU ��� 1 ♂; 4.1 mi. W of Jct. Mex. 175- Yuvila Rd; 9300 ft a.s.l.; 8���19 Aug. 1973; A. Newton leg.; oak-fir-pine forest; DEBU ��� 1 ♂; 5 mi. E of Jct. Mex. 175- Yuvila Rd; 7600 ft a.s.l.; 9���19 Aug. 1973; A. Newton leg.; oak, pine, dung; DEBU ��� 1 ♂; 20 mi. N of Ixtlan; 2835 m a.s.l.; 24���27 Jul. 1971; A. Newton leg.; oak-pine; DEBU. ��� Veracruz ��� 1 ♂; Ciudad Mendoza, 8.2 mi. W on Mex. 150D; 6200 ft a.s.l.; 27 Jul.���3 Aug. 1973; A. Newton leg.; oak woodland, carrion; DEBU. Description BODY. Length: 1.6���2.0 mm. Eye height 2.0 �� genal height. Head with 4���5 interfrontal setae and row of 6���8 small setulae on inner margin of orbital plate. Gena with 2 setae and 6���8 setulae. Acrostichal setulae in 4���6 rows. Costa with costagial seta extending to subcostal break. Second costal sector ~0.85�� third costal sector. Length of M 1 between crossveins dm-cu and r-m ~2.0 �� dm-cu; CuA 1 stub vein ~7.0 �� M 1 stub vein. Male mid femur with 10���15 setae in ovoid ventrobasal cluster. Male mid tibia with ventral comb of 6���7 robust, short setae on apical ��. MALE ABDOMEN (Fig. 11). Posterior margin of sternite 5 with pair of large medially-projecting blunt teeth on each side of emargination; emargination extending ~�� length and ~1/8 width of sternite 5; emargination lined with sclerotized strip. Transverse part of sternite 6 weakly arcuate. Epandrium with pair of long lateral setae, 3���4 smaller pairs of setae along lower margin of anal opening and several other small setae scattered over the surface; subanal plate narrow but complete. Surstylus (in lateral view) with small hirsute anterior lobe and elongate clavate posterior lobe (~4.0 �� length of anterior lobe); posterior lobe with 4���5 large setae and numerous smaller setae apically, and 2���3 bifurcating setae on inner surface. Cercus elongate, clavate, projecting ventrally. Postgonite elongate, narrowly rounded apically. Dorsal sclerite of distiphallus (Fig. 11 F���H) not swollen along length and not extending beyond apex of acrophallus. FEMALE ABDOMEN (Fig. 12). Posterior margin of tergite 7 entire or slightly emarginate medially. Medial part of tergite 8 elongate (length ~1.5���3.0 �� width), with anterior margin rounded (some specimens with posterior half poorly sclerotized and difficult to see). Epiproct diamond-shaped. Cercus as long as epiproct, with elongate preapical seta. Sternite 7 entire. Spermathecae cup-shaped and short, with sclerotized duct ~3.5 �� length of spermatheca. Remarks The male sternite 5, epandrium, surstylus and cercus are unique within Rudolfina., Published as part of Paiero, Steven Mark & Marshall, Stephen A., 2020, A revision of the genus Rudolfina Roh����ek (Sphaeroceridae: Limosininae), pp. 1-48 in European Journal of Taxonomy 593 on pages 27-30, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.593, http://zenodo.org/record/3659777, {"references":["Marshall S. A. 1982. A Review of the Nearctic Limosininae (Diptera, Sphaeroceridae), with Revisions of Selected Genera. PhD thesis, University of Guelph, Canada."]}

Trachyopella opuntiae (Richards, 1967) Leptocera (Trachyopella) opuntiae Richards, 1967: 531. Remarks Richards (1967) originally described this species as a Trachyopella Duda, 1918 (then a subgenus of Leptocera Olivier, 1813), a placement that was followed by Roh��ček & Marshall (1986) in their review of Holarctic Trachyopella. Pitkin (1989) transferred opuntiae to Rudolfina, in view of its modified female cerci. Examination of type specimens, including male and female terminalia, supports the treatment of this species as a Trachyopella., Published as part of Paiero, Steven Mark & Marshall, Stephen A., 2020, A revision of the genus Rudolfina Roh����ek (Sphaeroceridae: Limosininae), pp. 1-48 in European Journal of Taxonomy 593 on page 45, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.593, http://zenodo.org/record/3659777, {"references":["Richards O. W. 1967. On a collection of Sphaeroceridae (Diptera) from the Galapagos Islands. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 13) 9: 531 - 535.","Rohacek J. & Marshall S. A. 1986. The genus Trachyopella Duda (Diptera, Sphaeroceridae) of the Holarctic Region. Monografie III. Museo Regionale di Scienze Naturali, Torino.","Pitkin B. R. 1989. A review of the Sphaeroceridae (Diptera) described by O. W. Richards. Occasional Papers on Systematic Entomology, London 6: 1 - 44."]}

Rudolfina newtoni sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 02FE2BAE-7EEF-4889-A3DD-9540B9DE96C1 Figs 14���15, 21C Etymology The species name is a patronym for Dr Alfred Newton, the collector of all known specimens of this species. Material examined Holotype MEXICO ��� ♂; Oaxaca, 4.1 mi. W of Jct. Mex. 175- Yuvila Rd; 9300 ft a.s.l.; 8���19 Aug. 1973; A. Newton leg.; oak-fir-pine forest; FMNH debu01086218. Paratypes MEXICO ��� Oaxaca ��� 6 ♂♂, 4 ♀♀; same collection data as for holotype; DEBU ��� 5 ♂♂, 4 ♀♀; same collection data as for holotype; FMNH ��� 1 ♂, 1 ♀; 25 mi. N of Ixtlan; 17��33���0��� N, 96��31���12��� W; 9100 ft a.s.l.; 23���29 Jul. 1971; A. Newton leg.; oak-pine, human dung; FMNH ��� 3 ♂♂, 1 ♀; 20 mi. N of Ixtlan; 2835 m a.s.l.; 24���27 Jul. 1971; A. Newton leg.; oak-pine; DEBU ��� 1 ♀; 28 mi. N of Ixtlan; 9500 ft a.s.l.; 23���29 Jul. 1971; A. Newton leg.; pine-heath, human dung; DEBU ��� 4 ♂♂, 4 ♀♀; 2.0 mi. W of Jct. Mex. 175- Yuvila Rd; 9500 ft a.s.l.; 8���19 Aug. 1973; A. Newton leg.; oak-pine, dung; DEBU ��� 4 ♂♂, 5 ♀♀; same collection data as for preceding; UNAM ��� 2 ♀♀; 1.7 mi. W of Jct. Mex. 175- Yuvila Rd; 2865 m a.s.l.; 9���19 Aug. 1973; A. Newton leg.; mesic oak, fish trap; DEBU ��� 7 ♂♂, 6 ♀♀; 1.4 mi. W of Jct. Mex. 175- Yuvila Rd; 9300 ft a.s.l.; 9���19 Aug. 1973; A. Newton leg.; mesic oak forest; DEBU ��� 3 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀; same collection data as for preceding; dung; DEBU. Description BODY. Length: 1.6���2.0 mm. Eye height 1.5 �� genal height. Head with 4 interfrontal setae and row of 6���7 small setulae on inner margin of orbital plate. Gena with 2 strong setae and 6���8 smaller setulae. Acrostichal setulae in 6���8 rows. Costagial seta extending slightly beyond humeral break. Second costal sector ~1.2 �� as long as third. Length of M 1 between crossveins dm-cu and r-m 2.0�� dm-cu; CuA 1 stub vein ~4.0�� M 1 stub vein. Male mid femur with 20���21 strong setae in ventrobasal cluster. Male mid tibia with ventral comb of 8 robust setae on apical ��. MALE ABDOMEN (Fig. 14). Sternite 5 posterior margin with two distinct teeth on each side of large emargination; emargination forming a broad circular desclerotized area, ~⅓ width of sclerite and extending anteriorly ~�� of length; margin of emargination with numerous setae on posterior ⅔. Transverse part of sternite 6 arcuate. Epandrium with pair of long mediolateral setae, with 2���3 smaller pairs lateral to large pair; subanal plate narrowly continuous below anal opening. Surstylus (in lateral view) with anterior lobe reduced to small basal swelling; posterior lobe elongate, length ~4.0 �� basal width, tapering to narrowly rounded apex; bent posteriorly near basal ��, with 4���5 setae on both ventral and dorsal surfaces. Cerci quadrate, weakly differentiated from each other and from epandrium, with pair of ventromedial setae. Postgonite narrow, slightly sinuate, with 4 small dorsal setulae on apical ��. Dorsal sclerite of distiphallus (Fig. 14 D���F) without swellings and not extending beyond apex of acrophallus. FEMALE ABDOMEN (Fig. 15). Posterior margin of tergite 7 entire. Medial part of tergite 8 short and kidneyshaped, with posterior margin emarginate. Epiproct triangular, elongate, with mid-line desclerotized. Cercus half as long as epiproct, with flattened apical seta; narrowly fused anterolaterally to epiproct. Posterior margin of sternite 7 entire or slightly arcuate. Spermathecae inverted cup-shaped (with duct, appearing mushroom-shaped) and wrinkled; sclerotized portion of ducts ~2.0 �� length of spermatheca; common duct of paired spermathecae poorly sclerotized. Remarks This species is distinguished from other Rudolfina by characters of the surstylus and male sternite 5. The female epiproct is intermediate in shape between the strongly modified epiproct found in the R. exuberata group and the unmodified epiproct of other Rudolfina., Published as part of Paiero, Steven Mark & Marshall, Stephen A., 2020, A revision of the genus Rudolfina Roh����ek (Sphaeroceridae: Limosininae), pp. 1-48 in European Journal of Taxonomy 593 on pages 32-35, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.593, http://zenodo.org/record/3659777

The genus Rudolfina Rohacek, 1987 is revised and redefined with the description of the following nine new species, all from the New World: R. bucki sp. nov. (Mexico), R. exuberata sp. nov. (widespread, from USA to Brazil), R. howdeni sp. nov. (Mexico), R. megepandria sp. nov. (Mexico), R. newtoni sp. nov. (Mexico), R. pauca sp. nov. (Guatemala, Mexico), R. pilosa sp. nov. (Mexico), R. remiforma sp. nov. (Mexico) and R. tumida sp. nov. (Mexico, USA). Rudolfina is compared to closely related genera in the Archiceroptera genus complex, which in turn is recognized as part of a large, mostly Neotropical clade including Robustagramma Marshall & Cui, 2005, Pterogramma Spuler, 1924, Aptilotella Duda, 1924, Bitheca Marshall, 1987, Bromeloecia Spuler, 1924 and Archiceroptera Papp, 1977.

Rudolfina bucki sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 2405E619-5A06-42BB-A033-00E43C70A5B6 Figs 8, 21B Etymology The specific name is a patronym for Dr. Matthias Buck, a friend and previous sphaerocerid taxonomist. Material examined Holotype MEXICO ��� ♂; Oaxaca, 4.1 mi. W of Jct. Mex. and 175- Yuvila Rd; 9300 ft a.s.l.; 8���19 Aug. 1973; A. Newton leg.; oak-fir-pine forest; FMNH debu01086238. Paratype MEXICO ��� 1 ♂; same collection data as for holotype; DEBU. Description Male BODY. Length 1.6mm. Eye height 2.5�� genal height. Head with 3���4 interfrontal setae and 4���5 small setae on inner margin of orbital plate. Gena with 2 strong setae and 7���8 smaller setulae. Acrostichal setulae in 4���6 rows. Costagial seta extending to midpoint between humeral and subcostal break. Second costal sector 0.7���0.8 �� third costal sector; length of M 1 between crossveins dm-cu and r-m 3.5�� dm-cu; CuA 1 stub vein ~3.0�� M 1 stub vein. Male mid femur with 5���7 strong ventral setae and a circular cluster of 5���10 weaker setae ventrobasally. Male mid tibia with ventral comb of 4���5 robust setae on apical ⅓, without an enlarged midventral seta. MALE ABDOMEN (Fig. 8). Sternite 5 with pair of medial triangular lobes on posterior margin, distance between lobes>1.0�� basal width of single lobe, lobe length ~1/5 length of remainder of sternite. Transverse part of sternite 6 weakly arcuate. Epandrium strongly convex, with irregular cluster of 6���8 long, inclinate posterolateral setae (appearing fan-like in posterior view); subanal plate broad, complete. Surstylus with anterior lobe reduced to small basal swelling; posterior lobe elongate, clavate, weakly bent anteriorly on apical ⅓; apical half of posterior lobe covered in small setae, with 1 robust elongate seta on posterior margin and 4���5 strong setae on inner surface. Cercus small, conical, with strong preapical seta. Postgonite apically truncate. Dorsal sclerite of distiphallus (Fig. 8 E���G) without distinct swellings. Female Unknown. Remarks The male abdomen is similar to that of R. megepandria sp. nov., but males can be separated from that species by the shorter cercus and less pronounced epandrium., Published as part of Paiero, Steven Mark & Marshall, Stephen A., 2020, A revision of the genus Rudolfina Roh����ek (Sphaeroceridae: Limosininae), pp. 1-48 in European Journal of Taxonomy 593 on page 16, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.593, http://zenodo.org/record/3659777

Leptocera (Acuminiseta) prominens Duda, 1925 Leptocera (Acuminiseta) prominens Duda, 1925: 124. Remarks Leptocera (Acuminiseta) prominens was provisionally treated as Rudolfina by Roh��ček et al. (2001), who noted that Acuminiseta Duda, 1925 does not occur in the New World. This species does not fit into Rudolfina as defined here, but belongs elsewhere in the Archiceroptera complex and will be treated in a later paper., Published as part of Paiero, Steven Mark & Marshall, Stephen A., 2020, A revision of the genus Rudolfina Roh����ek (Sphaeroceridae: Limosininae), pp. 1-48 in European Journal of Taxonomy 593 on page 45, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.593, http://zenodo.org/record/3659777, {"references":["Rohacek J., Marshall S. A., Norrbom A. L., Buck M., Quiros D. I. & Smith I. 2001. World Catalog of Sphaeroceridae (Diptera). Slezske zemske muzeum, Opava, Czech Republic."]}

The outwash rivers of the Venetian-Friulian plain promoted a high-rate aggradation during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), with large sedimentary bodies fed by major glaciers along the south-eastern side of the Alps. Glaciers were temperate-type, hold up by high precipitation rates and characterized by large amount of water trapped in subglacial lakes or funneled in speedy streams. The stratigraphic analysis of these sedimentary bodies showed sharp changes from coarse gravels to well-sorted sandy gravels few kilometers downstream. Large boulders, 1–2 m in size, are present in many sites, especially in the Tagliamento outwash plain, from the end-moraine system to about 13 km far to the south. Most of the boulders are located on the eastern area of the sandur and lie stratigraphically above a paleosol, radiocarbon dated to 31,114 ± 643 cal a BP, thus belonging to the LGM sandur of the Tagliamento glacier. In some locations these boulders are associated to large bars, showing a rough cross-bedding. Similar sedimentary structures are observed 2 km downstream of the LGM frontal moraines in the Astico outwash system, a 25-km-long transfluence tongue of the Adige-Brenta glacial complex. In this case the occurrence gravel dunes containing many boulders marks the evidence of a high-energy deposition. The occurrence of cross-bedded bars, embedding large boulders up to 2 m of diameter, in the piedmont plain of the south-eastern Alps is peculiar. Breaks of natural dams, such as the frontal moraines or the glacier itself, may have triggered glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs) that determined the formation of such gravel bars with meter-size clasts.

Chronic bacterial infections of the lung are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in cystic fibrosis patients. Tracking bacterial evolution during chronic infections can provide insights into how host selection pressures—including immune responses and therapeutic interventions—shape bacterial genomes. We carried out genomic and phenotypic analyses of 215 serially collected Burkholderia cenocepacia isolates from 16 cystic fibrosis patients, spanning a period of 2–20 yr and a broad range of epidemic lineages. Systematic phenotypic tests identified longitudinal bacterial series that manifested progressive changes in liquid media growth, motility, biofilm formation, and acute insect virulence, but not in mucoidy. The results suggest that distinct lineages follow distinct evolutionary trajectories during lung infection. Pan-genome analysis identified 10,110 homologous gene clusters present only in a subset of strains, including genes restricted to different molecular types. Our phylogenetic analysis based on 2148 orthologous gene clusters from all isolates is consistent with patient-specific clades. This suggests that initial colonization of patients was likely by individual strains, followed by subsequent diversification. Evidence of clonal lineages shared by some patients was observed, suggesting inter-patient transmission. We observed recurrent gene losses in multiple independent longitudinal series, including complete loss of Chromosome III and deletions on other chromosomes. Recurrently observed loss-of-function mutations were associated with decreases in motility and biofilm formation. Together, our study provides the first comprehensive genome-phenome analyses of B. cenocepacia infection in cystic fibrosis lungs and serves as a valuable resource for understanding the genomic and phenotypic underpinnings of bacterial evolution.