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This study's primary goal is to ascertain how students at UIN Sultan Syarif Kasim Riau's Department of English Language Education feel about using Instagram to help them learn vocabulary. This study uses a descriptive design and a qualitative methodology. The study involved 20 informants who were selected through purposive sampling, all of whom were first-semester students at the English Education Department of UIN Sultan Syarif Kasim Riau. Interviews were used by the researcher to gather data. Several benefits and drawbacks that students saw with Instagram use. In general, all students believe that Instagram accounts dedicated to learning English can aid and encourage their vocabulary acquisition. The explanation of the accounts was simple to understand, and students can learn whenever and wherever they choose because it is backed by engaging content. The flexibility of learning appeals to the students. As English majors, it can be extremely beneficial to them and help with their studies.

The purpose of this study is to see how the inquiry-based nature of science (NOS) argumentation (IB-NOSA) instructional model affects scientific literacy skills. This research used a quasi-experimental method. The design of this research is a pretest-posttest control group design. This study describes the significance of the differences between participants who learn through IB-NOSA, guided inquiry, and discovery learning model. The subjects of this study were 288 students of grade VIII in the 2022/2023 academic year from three junior high schools in Sleman, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Data analysis in this study used an analysis of variances (ANOVA) mixed design. The result showed that there was a difference between the pretest-posttest scores of scientific literacy skills in each group. There was a significant increase in the pretest-posttest scores of scientific literacy skills in each group. Effect size showed that the IB-NOSA in increased scientific literacy skills was 0.79; the guided inquiry was 0.76; and the discovery learning was 0.71. The IB-NOSA was the most effective in improving scientific literacy skills with a gain score of 0.49 (medium). So, it can be concluded that the IB-NOSA instructional model can be used as an alternative solution in improving scientific literacy skills.

Heart disease, globally recognized as a leading cause of death, has seen its impact magnified by the emergence of COVID-19. The heightened demand for early detection and diagnosis of heart disease has forced the development of innovative, intelligent systems. This research offers a novel approach by leveraging extended short-term memory networks (LSTM) and including COVID-19 as a significant parameter in cardiac arrest analysis. A comparative study is conducted between LSTM and other prevalent techniques, such as support vector machines (SVM), linear regression (LR), and artificial neural networks (ANN), focusing on accuracy and other prognostic criteria for heart disease. We aim to develop an intelligent system powered by LSTM to predict heart disease, thereby assisting healthcare professionals in making well-informed decisions about heart disease management, stroke prevention, and patient monitoring. Additionally, hyperparameter tuning has been performed to optimize the LSTM model's performance in cardiac arrest prediction. The results underscore that LSTM, especially when trained with COVID-19 as an input parameter, surpasses other established techniques in prediction accuracy. The proposed model underwent experimental testing, showcasing its proficiency in predicting cardiovascular disease.

In the past, English was considered the language of non-Islamic religions but now English is believed to be the language for international communication for academic and 'dakwah' purposes. However, students of Islamic universities and institutes may have various purposes for learning English. This is because young scholars may have not seen the real need to study English outside the campus and this is not introduced by their teachers when they study at high schools. This study is aimed at describing the main purposes of learning English as a foreign language perceived by the students of Islamic Institutes and Universities in Indonesia. Seven hundred and fourteen undergraduate students from three different Islamic institutes were involved in this study. The finding shows that the primary objective of students learning English at these three institutions is to serve as a conduit for promoting the faith of Islam and to be able to convey Islamic teachings on a larger (international) basis Furthermore, these students stated that their religious goal in learning English was to be able to improve their English language skills while also receiving a lot of Islamic knowledge, even in the form of English material delivered concretely.

Abstract Models that can effectively represent structured Electronic Healthcare Records (EHR) are central to an increasing range of applications in healthcare. Due to the sequential nature of health data, Recurrent Neural Networks have emerged as the dominant component within state-of-the-art architectures. The signature transform represents an alternative modelling paradigm for sequential data. This transform provides a non-learnt approach to creating a fixed vector representation of temporal features and has shown strong performances across an increasing number of domains, including medical data. However, the signature method has not yet been applied to structured EHR data. To this end, we follow recent work that enables the signature to be used as a differentiable layer within a neural architecture enabling application in high dimensional domains where calculation would have previously been intractable. Using a heart failure prediction task as an exemplar, we provide an empirical evaluation of different variations of the signature method and compare against state-of-the-art baselines. This first application of neural-signature methods in real-world healthcare data shows a competitive performance when compared to strong baselines and thus warrants further investigation within the health domain.

This research aims to make the development of moderate Islamic-based e-modules where this will have an impact or impact in realizing quality IAIN Curup in 2045. The product of this research is realized in the form of an electronic module based on Islamic Moderation to improve the English language skills of lecturers at IAIN Curup and also improve their understanding of moderate Islam as a whole and comprehensively. Because an understanding of Islamic moderation is critical, The Islamic-based Electronic Module (e-module) based on Moderation will later become the basis of the study of Islamic-based English Moderation. This is so that lecturers and employees can compete globally later. The research method used to conduct this research is a method of research and development or research and development. In this study, data was gathered through document analysis and a questionnaire. Research procedures that will be applied there are several procedures, namely investigation, strategy, improvement, assessment, realization, and estimation. The data collection technique in this study is the analysis of documents and questionnaires that will be used to obtain research results. Based on the results of the study, researchers conducted development in several aspects, (1) Religious Moderation; (2) Justice; (3) Radicalism, (4) Non Violence; (5) Tolerance; (6) Multicultural Society; (7) Accommodating to Local culture; (8) Cooperation; (9) National commitment; (10) Equilibrium. In addition, as the result, it is said that the electronic module (e-module) has been declared fit for use as a medium of learning English and Islamic Moderation at IAIN Curup.

Indonesian faculty members in Islamic Institutes in Indonesia are expected to publish their research results in reputable international journals such as those published in English. This study aims to investigate the problems and expectation by faculty members from publishing articles in reputable international journals. A mix-method was adopted in this study questionnaire and depth interviews for gathering primary data. The sample of the study was 100 faculty members at the English Department of Islamic Institutes in Indonesia. The result shows that some problems were faced by the lecturers to publish their articles in reputable international journals: lack of references and difficulties related to academic writing, consuming long time and high costs associated with international publishing, and no reward or for those who can succeed in reputable international journals. However, there are some possible expectations to encourage the lecturers’ international journal publication: frequently attend seminars and workshops on how to write and publish in international journals, practice writing articles collaboratively with the help of a mentor or experienced writer, always revise the article drafts following the suggestion and correction from journal editors or reviewers, and government or institution can support adequate references and costs in the order they fell confident to publish in reputable international journals.

The parking of cars is a globally recognized problem, especially at locations where there is a high demand for empty parking spaces. Drivers tend to cruise additional distances while searching for empty parking spaces during peak hours leading to problems, such as pollution, congestion, and driver frustration. Providing short-term predictions of parking availability would facilitate the driver in making informed decisions and planning their arrival to be able to choose parking locations with higher availability. Therefore, the aim of this study is to provide short-term predictions of available parking spaces with a low volume of data. The open parking lot provides parking spaces free of charge and one such parking lot, located beside a shopping center, was selected for this study. Parking availability data for 21 days were collected where 19 days were used for training, while multiple periods of the remaining 2 days were used to test and evaluate the prediction methods. The test dataset consists of data from a weekday and a weekend. Based on the reviewed literature, three prediction methods suitable for short-term prediction were selected, namely, long short-term memory (LSTM), seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average with exogenous variables (SARIMAX), and the Ensemble-based method. The LSTM method is a deep learning-based method, while SARIMAX is a regression-based method, and the Ensemble method is based on decision trees and random forest to provide predictions. The performance of the three prediction methods with a low volume of data and the use of visitor trends data as an exogenous variable was evaluated. Based on the test prediction results, the LSTM and Ensemble-based methods provided better short-term predictions at multiple times on a weekday, while the Ensemble-based method provided better predictions over the weekend. However, the use of visitor trend data did not facilitate improving the predictions of SARIMAX and the Ensemble-based method, while it improved the LSTM prediction for the weekend.

Meaningful learning can be carried out by adapting learning to local culture and traditions. Ethnoscience is a set of knowledge identified in a community and can be used as the learning base to create contextual and meaningful learning for students. This study aims to find more information about ethnoscience-based biology learning. The research method used was a literature study. The literature used mainly discusses ethnoscience, ethnoscience learning, and learning methods. The instrument used in this study was a summary table of all related articles, following the summary table made by Cronin et al. (2008). This research produces a new conceptual framework which is a synergy between ethnoscience and problem-based learning. This research also generates six procedures for designing ethnoscience-based learning and five steps to integrate ethnoscience into Problem-based Learning. The integration of ethnoscience in problem-based learning can increase the contextuality and meaning of biology learning and can be applied to maintain local culture. This study recommends the use of procedures resulted from this study to design ethnoscience-based learning and integrate ethnoscience learning into Problem-Based Learning.

The aims of this study are to find out (1) ICT (Information and Communications Technology) platform used by male and female students from Islamic universities in Indonesia, (2) their perception of using ICT, and (3) their barriers to using ICT in English language learning during the COVID-19 pandemic. The data was collected from an online questionnaire (Google Form) from students majoring in English from seven Islamic universities in Indonesia. There were 30 male students and 30 female students from every university who participated in this research, making a total of 210 student respondents. The data were analyzed quantitatively by using the SPSS computer program. First of all, female students used more various types of ICT platforms compared to male students. Second, the female students viewed ICT use more positively than male students in language learning. And lastly, even though the females deemed ICT more optimistically compared to male students, nevertheless the females encountered more barriers in using the ICT platforms compared to the male students in this study. Again, even though male students were more skillful in ICT literacy than female students, female students constructively regarded ICT use in language learning as more beneficial to them in terms of skill, knowledge, and motivational improvement.

Abstract Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is characterized by accumulation of senile amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques and hyperphosphorylated tau tangles causing progressive loss of synapse and neuronal death. Out of the various neuron death modalities, autophagy and apoptosis are reported to be the major death paradigms in AD. However, how these two processes lead to neuronal loss is still inconspicuous. Here we report that under Aβ toxicity, aberrant autophagy is induced with inefficient autophagic flux in neurons. Simultaneous activation of both autophagy and apoptosis are seen in primary cortical neurons as well as in transgenic mice brains. We found that induction of autophagy by rapamycin is detrimental for neurons; whereas downregulation of Beclin1, an important autophagy inducing protein, provides significant protection in Aβ treated neuronal cells by blocking cytochrome-c release from the mitochondria. We further report that downregulation of Puma, a BH3-only pro-apoptotic protein, inhibits the induction of aberrant autophagy and also ameliorates the autophagy flux under the influence of Aβ. Notably, stereotactic administration of shRNAs against Puma and Beclin1 in adult Aβ-infused rat brains inhibits both apoptotic and autophagic pathways. The regulation of both of the death processes is brought about by the direct interaction between Puma and Beclin1 upon Aβ treatment. We conclude that both Beclin1 and Puma play essential roles in the neuronal death caused by the induction of aberrant autophagy in AD and targeting their interaction could be vital to understand the crosstalk of autophagy and apoptosis as well as to develop a potential therapeutic strategy in AD.

This paper provides the linkage between financial inclusion and welfare in Indonesia. This paper analyzes the level of financial inclusion Indonesian welfare using provincial data during 2015–2018. Index of Financial Inclusion (IFI) is calculated based on the dimensions of accessibility, availability, and usage of financial services. We employ the generalized least square (GLS) method for panel data estimation. Evidence showed that financial inclusion in Indonesia which mostly determined by the dimensions of the use and availability of financial services, while the accessibility dimension was relatively low in Indonesia. Based on the financial inclusion index, 25 provinces were grouped in the low financial inclusion, 8 provinces in the medium category and only DKI Jakarta Province categorized as high financial inclusion. The panel data estimation results show that the financial inclusion index has a positive and significant effect on the welfare of the Indonesian people as proxied by the human development index. The level of financial inclusion remains uneven between province in Indonesia. The lowest level of financial inclusion related to accessibility. The government should provide socialization and education of financial products to the public community, especially formal financial services such as banks. Financial literacy played an important role to improve welfare as a whole.

Problem Based Learning (PBL) and guided inquiry learning model develops intellectual ability as part of mental process. The purpose of this research is to know the difference of scientific communication ability between students who learn to use PBL model and guided inquiry, and to know whether there is influence the use of technology through PBL model and guided inquiry model to student scientific communication. The experimental research was conducted in 2 schools (SMP & MTs) Grobogan District. Examples consisted of 10 classes with 6 PBL model learning models, 4 guided inquiry model and 1 control class. The sample size is 352 students. Instruments using student worksheets and student research reports. The analysis used a one way variance with a significance level of 5% supported by students' skill and classical completeness. The results show the PBL model by giving the video at the beginning of learning gives the biggest influence with the average 83.615. The conclusion of this research is the better model of PBL in terms of individual capability, guided inquiry model better in terms of classical mastery. Improving scientific communication skills more effectively using PBL by providing video at the beginning of learning, followed by guided inquiry model with scientific reasoning. scientific communication skills more effectively using PBL with early video-giving activities and guided inquiry models with scientific reasoning.

This study aims to find out whether the English lecturer study program, in other words, has applied andragogy as teaching to people who have been considered adults. The lecturer uses andragogy as a good guide in conveying a knowledge that is focused on student experience, student needs and related to student personalization. Andragogy is instruction for adults to be more focused on the process and to reduce less on the content taught in learning. This article adopts the instruments of the victor cx wang article published in 2015. These findings indicate that lecturers are more directed towards students who become students-centered which are characterized by group discussions, lecturers only direct through lectures and encourage students to dialogue. This teaching method is in line with teaching andragogy which directs adult students to be independent in learning.

Collaboration skills and critical thinking skills are two real-life competencies in the 21st century. These two skills are believed to be related to one another. However, research on the magnitude of the correlation between the two skills is rarely investigated. Empowerment of these two skills cannot be separated from the learning model. This study analyzes the relationship between collaboration and critical thinking skills through the ethno-ECLIPSE learning model and conventional learning. This correlation study involved 240 biology students from various universities in Special Region of Yogyakarta and Central Java Provinces, Indonesia. Collaboration skills data was obtained through peer-to-peer rating scales, while critical thinking skills data was collected through essay tests. Data was analyzed by using simple linear regression. The research results showed collaboration skills significantly correlate with students' critical thinking skills. The contribution of collaboration to critical thinking skills is higher when applying the ethno-ECLIPSE learning model (86.9%) than in conventional learning (48.2%). Then, the regression equation formed from both learning is parallel but not coincident. The ethno-ECLIPSE learning model can be the right choice and is highly recommended for achieving learning goals, especially increasing collaboration and critical thinking skills of pre-service teacher.

This research aims at investigating implementation of Total Physical Response (TPR) strategy at Junior High School of SLBN Curup Selatan, for the problems came from phenomena occurred on the students with special needs who had different disability such as tunanetra/ blind students and Tunarungu/ deaf and mute students in Learning English. The objectives of this research were to find out how implementation and difficulties faced the students of using TPR strategy .Then the researcher used Qualitative research with a case study of descriptive Qualitative. The subjects were two of English teachers who managed or taught them by using TPR strategy. The techniques of collecting data in this research were observation and interview. In this case, the researcher used observation checklist and interview guidance. There were some steps to analyze the data:data reduction, data display and drawing conclusion/ verification. The result of the implementation of Total Physical Response at SMPLBN Curup Selatan that teachers could implemented Total Physical Response strategy effectively in which the students were able to receive information easily and were more enjoyable in learning English. Then the factors that could influence the difficulties for them to understanding material were from their low capacity to process information, and they need special treatment and suficient time in learning English.

Objectives To explore and reflect on the current anticoagulation therapy offered to patients with atrial fibrillation (AF), potential challenges and the future vision for oral anticoagulants for patients with AF and healthcare professionals in Ireland.Design A multistakeholder focus group using a World Café approach.Participants Nine participants from academic, clinical and health backgrounds attended the focus group together with a facilitator.Results Enhanced patient empowerment; more effective use of technology and developing system-based medical care pathways would provide improved supports for AF management. The challenges in providing these include cost and access issues, the doctor–patient relationship and the provision of education. While consensus for developing evidence-based pathways to maximise efficiency and effectiveness of AF treatment was evident, it would require a shared vision between stakeholders of integrated care. The benefits of embracing technological advances for clinicians and patients were evident; however, clinicians indicate this can increase pressure on already stretched resources; coupled with institutional barriers (including scarce resources) arising from the complex nature of anticoagulation for patients with AF, which emerged strongly. Including the unpredictable nature of warfarin, hidden costs associated with monitoring, adverse clinical effects, different patient cohorts (including those prescribed anticoagulant for the first time vs those switching from warfarin to a new oral anticoagulant (NOAC)), non-adherence concerns and undesirable impacts on patients’ daily lives.Conclusions While anticoagulation therapy for patients with AF using NOACs has been widely adopted and is diffusing into routine practice, significant operationalisation issues and barriers to effective treatment/management persist. The reflections reported in this study are a catalyst for future discussion and research.

This study aims to determine the ability of cognitive process and product of grade eleven students in Kulon Progo based on teacher’s teaching experience. The data collection technique used in this study was the survey technique. The sample of this research was students of grade XI in Yogyakarta, selected by using purposive sampling technique. Data collected was then analyzed by using descriptive statistics and inferential statistics. Based on the research, it was found that there is an influence of teacher’s teaching experience to the ability of biology cognitive process and product of grade eleven students in Kulon Progo with sig p = 0,000 (p

Kegiatan PPM ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan pemahaman guru-guru Biologi di Kabupaten Gunung Kidul, Yogyakarta untuk menerapkan pendekatan saintifik dalam pembelajaran. Pelaksanaan kegiatan PPM ini terdiri dari dua bagian, bagian pertama adalah penyampaian materi dan bagian kedua adalah penyusunan perangkat pembelajaran yang menerapkan pendekatan saintifik oleh peserta pelatihan. Metode yang digunakan dalam pelatihan meliputi metode ceramah dan tanya jawab, praktikum, kunjungan laboratorium, dan penugasan/latihan. Kegiatan ini diikuti oleh 16 guru mata pelajaran Biologi di Kabupaten Gunungkidul, Provinsi Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta. Evaluasi pelaksanaan kegiatan PPM ini dilakukan dengan menyebarkan lembar respon pada peserta. Hasil lembar respon menunjukkan bahwa pelatihan tentang penerapan pendekatan saintifik dalam pembelajaran berjalan dengan lancar dan sesuai harapan. Hal ini diketahui dari respon peserta terhadap semua aspek masuk dalam kategori baik. Selain itu, antusias peserta dalam mengikuti setiap materi yang disampaikan tergolong bagus. Peserta aktif melakukan kegiatan praktek dan kegiatan kunjungan laboratorium untuk melihat contoh specimen yang tersedia.

The purpose of this study was to map elementary school students’ creativity in science process skills (SPS) of life aspects in science subjects viewed from their divergent thinking patterns using written tests whose items were fitted with Partial Credit Model (PCM). The measurement used a test validated using the IRT approach published in JEE journal in 2015. The trials employed four sets of test, each comprising 20 items completed with anchor items which were fitted referring to PCM. The measurements were performed with larger scale on 14 regional technical implementation unit (RTIU) in Yogyakarta Special Province in five regencies/cities to students of grades IV, V, and VI. The findings showed that the higher the grade level, the higher of the testees’ scores would be. There were some testees who did not have divergent thinking ability and they obtained a score of 0 The divergent thinking ability of the students was not related to the regency/city where an RTIU was located.

The efforts to empower collaboration skills are still a challenge for educational study programs in Indonesia. Various studies have focused more on efforts to improve collaboration skills, not exploring how lecturers' strategies are in training students' collaboration skills. This study aims to: (1) describe the lecturer's strategy for improving student collaboration skills; (2) describe the weaknesses of student collaboration skills; and (3) describe the lecturer's obstacles in improving student collaboration skills. There were 10 Biology Education lecturers involved in this phenomenology study. Data were collected through in-depth interviews and documentation and analyzed using the thematic analysis technique. The results showed that PjBL was the lecturers' most widely used learning strategy in improving student collaboration skills compared to other strategies. Specific strategies, such as implementing Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA), were also adopted to promote student collaboration skills. PRA is used to optimize collaboration planning while coordinating student workloads. The results also show that students still experience various obstacles, especially in terms of communication, conflict resolution, and the formulation of collaboration results. The phenomenon of student participation inequalities is still a common problem for various universities. The factors causing the problems found included limited lecturer assistance, obstacles in preparing and developing assessment instruments, as well as obstacles in online learning during the COVID-19 pandemic. This finding is expected to be used as a reference for lecturers and researchers in developing student collaborative learning strategies.

The background of this research is the process of learning social studies teacher-centered and teacher using the lecture method, so that students are less motivated in the learning process, so that students are less vigorously and actively ask in the delivery of learning materials. Efforts to fix the problem do action research, this study aims to improve the skills of teachers and student activities so as to improve learning outcomes IPS graders of SDN 004 VA Bagan Besar using cooperative learning model type STAD. The subjects were students of class VA SDN 004 Bagan Besar Dumai totaling 25 students consisting of male students and female students 11 students 14 students. The data used in this study are the activities of teachers and students and learning outcomes IPS. The results of this study indicate that although: (a) the activities of teachers obtain a score of 32 (61.54%) with enough categories, the first cycle II meeting given a score of 38 (73.01%) in both categories. In the second cycle meeting I obtained a score of 50 (96.15%) with a very good category, and the second cycle II meeting obtained a score of 51 (98.08%) with a very good category. Besides the student activity also increased, in the first cycle of meetings I obtain a score of 20 (62.5%) with enough categories, the first cycle II meeting obtain a score of 23 (68.75%) in both categories. In the second cycle meeting I obtained a score of 28 (87.5%) with a very good category, and the second cycle II meeting obtain a score of 30 (93.75%) with a very good category; and (b) the results of students in each cycle has increased, on the basis of the results of social studies scores students get low category with an average value of 48.8. In the first cycle obtain sufficient category with an average value of 56.92. And the second cycle obtain both categories with an average value of 73.84.

The research aimed to know the effectiveness of problem-based learning combined with local wisdom in Acehnese called Hukum Adat Laot. The local wisdom is oriented to socio-scientific issues to improving conceptual knowledge and environmental literacy. This study adopted a quasi-experimental with pretest-posttest control group design. In the experimental class, treatment was given using the problem-based learning model with local wisdom oriented to socio-scientific issues. In contrast, the control class was given by applying traditional learning. The population used in this study were all high school students in Aceh Besar, Indonesia. A cluster sampling technique is applied to obtain 54 students from the 2019/2020 academic year as samples. Data collection uses a test instrument conceptual knowledge and environmental literacy validated based on the Aiken index. Meanwhile, the instrument reliability is determined based on Cronbach's alpha coefficient. The data were analyzed by using Manova. The results indicate significant differences in the mean scores of the results related to conceptual knowledge and environmental literacy. The conclusion states that applying problem-based learning with local wisdom oriented to socio-scientific issues significantly impacts students' conceptual knowledge and environmental literacy.

It should be noted that learning outcomes are not students' only achievement; attitude is also the main output in learning. This research explores students' attitudes toward science learning based on gender and the grade level of schools in Aceh, Indonesia. The participants are 1,023 students from the sixth grade of primary schools and the eighth grade of secondary schools. The total sample includes 16 schools spread across the province. The data have been collected using TOSRA. By using the Likert scale, this questionnaire is useful for obtaining descriptions of the students' attitudes and assigning scores for a certain group of participants. Based on gender, the results show females reflect more positive attitudes toward science than male students do. According to the grade level of the schools, the data reflect the equality of students' attitudes toward science between primary and secondary schools. Nevertheless, when primary school students enter secondary school, the majority of students enjoy learning science less. This fact is meaningful feedback for science teachers. This result supports the scholars seeking ways to avoid the gender gap in learning activities. Pedagogical implications are also discussed.

An evaluation of the national curriculum by practitioners suggests that learning materials across school levels still overlap, are irrelevant to student development phases and competencies required, too challenging for students to learn, too broad in terms of topics, and lacking in depth. This evaluation encourages the needs for special studies regarding the sequence of the materials -- known as a learning continuum -- to be taught to students to fit students' learning development, so that learning becomes more effective. The study aims to develop a biology learning continuum on the biodiversity topic for elementary school (ES) students. In this developmental research, the learning continuum was developed based on (1) the survey results regarding the cognitive ability of the 240 participating teachers, (2) group discussion results considering the stages of student cognitive development, cognitive levels and dimensions of materials, and (3) Biological science curriculum study (BSCS) as the standardized biology learning materials. The study has successfully developed 32 sub-topics in the learning continuum which were transformed into only 31 sub-topics at the cognitive level of C1 and C2, and the cognitive dimensions of fact and concept knowledge. This learning continuum is expected to help the development of a spiral curriculum in ES for more effective learning.

The retina, behind the transparent optics of the eye, is the only neural tissue whose physiology and pathology can be non-invasively probed by optical microscopy. The aberrations intrinsic to the mouse eye, however, prevent high-resolution investigation of retinal structure and function in vivo. Optimizing the design of a two-photon fluorescence microscope (2PFM) and sample preparation procedure, we found that adaptive optics (AO), by measuring and correcting ocular aberrations, is essential for resolving putative synaptic structures and achieving three-dimensional cellular resolution in the mouse retina in vivo. Applying AO-2PFM to longitudinal retinal imaging in transgenic models of retinal pathology, we characterized microvascular lesions with sub-capillary details in a proliferative vascular retinopathy model, and found Lidocaine to effectively suppress retinal ganglion cell hyperactivity in a retinal degeneration model. Tracking structural and functional changes at high-resolution longitudinally, AO-2PFM enables microscopic investigations of retinal pathology and pharmacology for disease diagnosis and treatment in vivo.

Pre-service biology teachers' environmental literacy is still generally low. It is necessary to improve their environmental literacy through the innovation of open inquiry learning kits. There are two primary aims of this study: (1) to develop appropriate open inquiry learning kits that can foster pre-service biology teachers' environmental literacy in environmental education courses, (2) to examine the effectiveness of open inquiry learning kits in improving environmental literacy. This study used the procedure of the 4-D Thiagarajan model, i.e., four stages: (1) define; (2) design; (3) develop; and (4) disseminate. The products produced are open inquiry lesson plans, student worksheets, and environmental literacy test instruments. The product validation was carried out by experts in the field of environmental education and biology teaching and learning. The preliminary field testing and the main field testing were carried out in environmental education courses. The data were collected through observation, questionnaires, and written tests. The data were analyzed in a quantitative descriptive way through the calculation of the gain score. The results obtained from the research and development are open inquiry learning kits to improve the environmental literacy of students, which as a whole are suitable to use in environmental education lectures based on expert judgment. These open inquiry learning kits are not very effective in improving students' environmental literacy based on the calculations of the gain score due to various shortcomings.

This research aim was to reveal the profile of competence in cognitive process and knowledge of grade 11 students of Indonesia's senior high school (SHS) on Biology in relation to the types of the curriculum implemented by the schools. The data were collected using test and self-report inventory technique. The research sample included 1,827 students spread across in five regions/districts of Indonesia. The data were analyzed descriptively using central-tendency and dispersion, and inferentially using independent sample t-test. The findings showed that the students' competence in cognitive process and knowledge in Biology subject is not satisfactory. With regards to the high-level cognitive process of analyzing, evaluating, and creating (C4, C5, and C6), there is a tendency that Curriculum 2013 is more effective than Curriculum 2006. Curriculum 2013 was also (tend to) more effective to develop the metacognitive knowledge especially for aspect of regulation of cognitive, Curriculum 2013 was also more effective than Curriculum 2006.

The mastery of Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPACK) is very important for teachers in order to achieve qualified learning. Analyzing the mastery of TPACK by teachers in Indonesia seems to be imperative to provide baseline data to Indonesian government. This study aimed to examine the mastery of TPACK, in particular among biology teachers in terms of their teacher certification status, educational level, and academic background. This research involved 68 biology teachers obtained through proportional random sampling in five districts of Yogyakarta Special Region, Indonesia. The data collection was conducted through a multiple-choice test consisting of 33 items. The results showed that although the teacher's mastery of TPACK was categorized as fair (60.13), it does not meet the work performance standards as a good teacher in Indonesia which has a minimum score of 76.00. Using Mann Whitney U and Kruskal Wallis Tests (p< 0.05), the evidence revealed that the mastery of TPACK among biology teachers is likely influenced by the academic background, educational level, and teacher certification status.

This research aims to investigate the effect of socio-scientific issues (SSI) based instruction on preservice science teachers' soft skills and environmental awareness. By applying cluster random sampling, 83 preservice science teachers (PSTs) were selected from the Department of Science Education at a university in Indonesia. The participants were divided into two groups which comprised the experimental group who were taught using SSI-based instruction, while the control group received direct instruction. The quasi-experimental study was carried out through a pre- and posttest control group design. Data was gathered quantitatively using soft skills and environmental awareness questionnaires. The soft skills questionnaire comprised six sub-skills questions: communication, collaboration, problem-solving, creativity, teamwork, and social interaction. The environmental awareness questionnaire contained questions about the PSTs' attitudes, behavior, and willingness to act. These sub-skills were developed based on literature studies and reviews of previous studies. Face validity was conducted by the experts, and Cronbach's alpha coefficients of 0.84 (for soft skills) and 0.86 (for environmental awareness) were obtained. The data were analyzed using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. The result showed that SSI-based instruction had a significant effect on improving preservice science teachers' soft skills and environmental awareness. After being taught using SSI-based instruction, all the sub-skills of the soft skills of the experimental group had increased compared to before. A similar trend was also found in their scores for environmental awareness. All the components of environmental awareness, after lecturing using SSI-based instruction, showed a significant increase compared to before. These results support the claim that SSI-based instruction fosters soft skills and promotes environmental awareness.

Virtual laboratory is computer software that has the ability to perform mathematical modeling of computer equipment presented in the form of simulations. Virtual laboratory is not a substitute for real laboratory, but are used to complement and improve the weaknesses of real laboratory. This study aims to determine the effect of virtual laboratory combination with demonstration methods on lower-secondary school students' scientific literacy ability in a science course. The design of this research is quasi-experimental. The sample in this study was 102 students (12-14 years old) in a lower-secondary school in the city of Yogyakarta, Indonesia, used as experiment 1 group 1 (n = 34), experiment 2 group (n = 34), and control group (n = 34). The three groups (experiment 1, experiment 2, and control) were tested with pretest and posttest. Experiment 1 group used virtual laboratory combination with demonstration methods, experiment 2 group used only virtual laboratory, and the control group used only a demonstration method. Scientific literacy ability was measured using multiple-choice tests before and after treatment. Statistical tests on mixed methods ANOVA were used to determine how effective the use of virtual laboratory combination with demonstration methods was in improving scientific literacy ability. The research result based tests of Within-Subjects Effects showed that there is a difference between the pretest-posttest scores of scientific literacy ability (F = 10.50; p < 0.05) in each group. The results based pairwaise comparison show that the significance value is <0.05, and there is a significant increase in the pretest-posttest scores of scientific literacy ability in every group. The result of effect size (partial eta squared) shows that the experiment 1 group to increase scientific literacy ability is 84.5%; experiment 2 group is 78.5%; control group is 74.3%. So, it can be concluded that experiment 1 group (virtual laboratory combination with demonstration methods) provides the most effective contribution to improving scientific literacy ability when compared to experiment 2 group virtual laboratory only) and control group (demonstration methods only).

Social attitudes are needed by students in improving communication and collaboration skills in the 4.0 industrial revolution era. This study aimed to identify the effect of the jigsaw learning model as a community learning strategy on students' social attitudes in digestive system material. This quasi-experimental research was using a non-equivalent pretest-posttest control group design. The population used was eighth-graders in Padang. The samples involved were two groups selected through a simple random sampling technique. The instrument used was observation sheets to measure four aspects of social attitudes, including social discipline, tolerance, self-confidence, and collaboration. Data were analyzed using one-way ANCOVA. The result showed that the jigsaw as a community learning strategy has a significant effect on students' social attitudes (p-value < 0.05). As a recommendation, the jigsaw learning model can be applied to promote students' social attitudes.

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The prospective teachers can effectively master Technological Pedagogical and Content Knowledge (TPACK) through the application of technology-based guided inquiry as an effort to enhance technology literacy, learning quality and also as a medium for problem-solving. This study aimed at analyzing the impact on the implementation of technology-based guided inquiry to improve students' TPACK ability. This study employed a one-group pretest-posttest design. The research population was the students of Biology Education Department, Syiah Kuala University, Indonesia. The research sample was 47 students taken with purposive sampling technique. The research instruments employed a test and a questionnaire. The data were analyzed using a paired sample t-test and quantitative descriptive. The results showed that students' understanding of TPACK according to all assessment aspects can be categorized as "very good." In details, the content knowledge had a higher posttest score than the pretest. Therefore, it can be concluded that the application of technology-based guided inquiry has a significant impact to improve the students' understanding of TPACK including Content Knowledge (CK), Pedagogical Knowledge (PK) and Technological Knowledge (TK). The application of guided inquiry learning on TPACK can restructure teachers' experience for their professional development by designing their own learning materials with technology use.