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The article discusses the prevalence of Internet Gaming Disorder (IGD) in India, highlighting the risks associated with excessive gaming, such as cyber-victimization, cyber-bullying, and medico-legal issues. The study presents four cases of individuals with IGD, detailing their socio-demographic, clinical, and psychosocial profiles, as well as their treatment outcomes. The findings suggest that early interventions and comprehensive management are crucial in addressing the complex psychosocial background of IGD, which can lead to serious consequences like violence, suicide, and cyber-crime. The article emphasizes the need for further research to better understand and manage IGD in vulnerable individuals. [Extracted from the article]

Polycyclic heterocycles are the most common and critical structural motifs found in a variety of natural products, medicines, fertilizers, and advanced materials. Because of their widespread use in biologically active compounds and material chemistry, functionalised dibenzo heterocyclic compounds, especially dibenzofuran, dibenzothiophene, and carbazole derivatives, garnered much attention over time. Scientists are especially interested in elucidating more efficient techniques for developing these industrially essential compounds. Dibenzo‐fused heterocycles can rapidly be synthesised using highly efficient transition metal‐catalysed strategies as well as by economic metal‐free reaction conditions. This review includes a detailed overview of the most recent significant synthetic techniques, both metal‐catalysed and metal‐free, to produce these industrially significant and medicinally important dibenzo‐fused heterocycles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Derek J Van Booven,1 Manish Kuchakulla,2 Raghav Pai,2 Fabio S Frech,2 Reshna Ramasahayam,2 Pritika Reddy,2 Madhumita Parmar,2 Ranjith Ramasamy,2,3 Himanshu Arora1– 3 1John P Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA; 2Department of Urology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA; 3The Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USACorrespondence: Himanshu Arora Email Hxa287@miami.eduAbstract: The diagnosis and management of prostate cancer involves the interpretation of data from multiple modalities to aid in decision making. Tools like PSA levels, MRI guided biopsies, genomic biomarkers, and Gleason grading are used to diagnose, risk stratify, and then monitor patients during respective follow-ups. Nevertheless, diagnosis tracking and subsequent risk stratification often lend itself to significant subjectivity. Artificial intelligence (AI) can allow clinicians to recognize difficult relationships and manage enormous data sets, which is a task that is both extraordinarily difficult and time consuming for humans. By using AI algorithms and reducing the level of subjectivity, it is possible to use fewer resources while improving the overall efficiency and accuracy in prostate cancer diagnosis and management. Thus, this systematic review focuses on analyzing advancements in AI-based artificial neural networks (ANN) and their current role in prostate cancer diagnosis and management.Keywords: prostate cancer, active surveillance, clinical trials, artificial intelligence

Daniel C Gonzalez,1 Kajal Khodamoradi,1 Raghav Pai,1 Kristopher Guarch,2 Zachary M Connelly,3 Emad Ibrahim,1 Himanshu Arora,1 Ranjith Ramasamy1 1Department of Urology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA; 2Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA; 3Louisiana State University Health Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA; 4The Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USACorrespondence: Ranjith RamasamyDepartment of Urology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, 1120 NW 14th St, #1551, Miami, FL 33136, USATel +1 (305)-243-7200Email Ramasamy@miami.eduBackground: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a virus that is present in most bodily fluids. However, whether SARS-CoV-2 is present in the semen remains underexplored. Thus, we systematically reviewed the existing studies on the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in semen.Methods: A literature search of the PubMed, Embase, Cochrane, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and Ovid databases was performed for articles from the dates of their inception to August 2020 using the following keywords: COVID-19, SARS-CoV2, seminal, semen, and sperm. After excluding non-human studies and articles that were not in the English language, we identified 19 relevant studies. The full text of the articles were reviewed and a total of eight articles remained after applying our selection criteria.Results: After reviewing the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in the eight different studies using semen samples, only one reported the presence of the virus. Six out of 160 total semen samples with SARS-CoV-2 positive demonstrated the presence of viral RNA, of which 2 were from males in the recovery phase and 4 from the acute phase of the infection.Conclusion: The novel nature of SARS-CoV-2 has limited the number and size of studies on semen. Nevertheless, the current literature, while limited, has confirmed the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in semen in one out of the eight reported studies and totaling 4.3% of the population screened. Taken together, the risk of the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in semen appears to be extremely low and likely negligible in recovered men. Future studies need to focus on whether complete viral particles can be seen in semen and the possibility of sexual transmission.Keywords: COVID-19, coronavirus, semen, semen parameters

The epidermis on leaves protects plants from pathogen invasion and provides a waterproof barrier. It consists of a layer of cells that is surrounded by thick cell walls, which are partially impregnated by highly hydrophobic cuticular components. We show that the Arabidopsis T-DNA insertion mutants of REDUCED WALL ACETYLATION 2 (rwa2), previously identified as having reduced O-acetylation of both pectins and hemicelluloses, exhibit pleiotrophic phenotype on the leaf surface. The cuticle layer appeared diffused and was significantly thicker and underneath cell wall layer was interspersed with electron-dense deposits. A large number of trichomes were collapsed and surface permeability of the leaves was enhanced in rwa2 as compared to the wild type. A massive reprogramming of the transcriptome was observed in rwa2 as compared to the wild type, including a coordinated up-regulation of genes involved in responses to abiotic stress, particularly detoxification of reactive oxygen species and defense against microbial pathogens (e.g., lipid transfer proteins, peroxidases). In accordance, peroxidase activities were found to be elevated in rwa2 as compared to the wild type. These results indicate that cell wall acetylation is essential for maintaining the structural integrity of leaf epidermis, and that reduction of cell wall acetylation leads to global stress responses in Arabidopsis.

Gastrointestinal ulcer healing is a complex process, involving cell migration, proliferation, angiogenesis and extracellular matrix deposition, all ultimately leading to reconstruction of tissue architecture within the ulcer scar. These processes are controlled by growth factors, cytokines and hormones. Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta), one of the multifunctional peptide growth factors, has been reported to positively regulate gastrointestinal ulcer healing. Although TGF-beta inhibits cell proliferation in a variety of cells, it induces cell migration, angiogenesis, and enhances extracellular matrix production necessary for gastrointestinal ulcer healing. TGF-beta exerts its action by binding to its transmembrane serine/threonine kinase receptors, which in turn triggers activation of various intracellular signaling pathways. Smads are intermediate effector proteins that play key roles in biological activities of TGF-beta by transmitting the signals from the cell surface directly into the nucleus and initiating transcription. New insight into the mechanisms underlying TGF-beta-Smad modulation of gastrointestinal ulcer healing will likely enhance our understanding of the mechanisms controlling the healing processes of gastrointestinal ulcers.

Nitric oxide synthase is overexpressed in the portal hypertensive (PHT) esophagus, suggesting that expression of other vasoactive mediatora could also be affected. Therefore, in the present study we determined the expression of endothelin-1 (ET-1) and endothelin receptors, which could contribute to the regulation of the vascular tone in PHT esophagus. In esophageal specimens of PHT and sham operated rats, expression of ET-1 and its receptors A and B (ET(A)R and ET(B)R) mRNAs was studied by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reactions. ET-1 protein expression was assessed by immunostaining and enzyme immunoassay. In PHT esophagus, expression of ET-1, ET(A)R and ET(B)R mRNAs was significantly increased by 2.2-, 2.5- and 1.5-fold, respectively, compared with sham operated. The ET-1 protein was significantly increased by 2.2-fold vs. controls as measured by enzyme immunoassay. ET-1 protein was predominantly localized to endothelia of submucosal veins. Thus, portal hypertension induces over-expression of ET-1 in endothelia of esophageal submucosal vessels. Since ET-1 and its receptors could promote vascular proliferation and induce mucosal damage, the overexpressed ET-1 may play an important role in the development and rupture of esophageal varices in portal hypertension.

The names of the stars in old Indian texts are listed in the manuals for the use of astrolabes--for example in the Yantrarāja, Sarvasiddhāntarāja and Yantra Kiraṇāvalī--with coordinates and magnitudes. They were forgotten and the names of the stars too were forgotten, leading to confusion in the identification of stars in recent years. Betelgeuse is omitted in the list of 27 bright stars in the old texts. Recent studies have associated it with Ārdrā, while the coordinates from the old manuals clearly point to γ Gem (Alhena). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) presents with a wide variability in clinical progressive syndromes, genetic etiologies, and underlying pathologies. Early diagnosis of combined features of behavioral and language variants of FTD poses a clinical challenge due to its complex heterogeneous clinical presentations, phenotypical overlap, and frequent normal neuroimaging during the initial phase. This masquerading nature has often led to unintended "misdiagnoses," as typical dementia features evolve late. The enigmatic resemblance of early-onset (<65 years of age) FTD with a range of late-onset (>45 years of age) primary psychiatric disorders emphasizes the need for high index of clinical suspicion, thorough family history for neurocognitive disorders, and regular follow-up of such individuals. We describe the clinical profile and management of four cases of combined variant FTD (cvFTD) that clinically mimicked late-onset psychiatric disorders such as catatonia, depressive disorder, psychosis, and personality changes. Parkinsonian-like features and mid-brain atrophy in FTD may indicate phenotypical overlap and shared neuropathology with progressive supranuclear palsy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]