Search

Trapezionida aequispina sp. nov. (Figures 2 (e), 10, Supplementary Figure S3) Material examined Holotype. Ovigerous female (7.0 mm PCL, 6.0 mm CW) (IO/SS/ANO/00137), Andaman Sea, off Car Nicobar Island, FORVSS stn 355II04, 9.31°N 92.82°E, 109 m depth, Naturalist ̍s dredge, coll. Vimal Kumar K. G., 12. January 2017. Paratypes. 1 male (3.9 mm PCL, 3.5 mm CW) (IO/SS/ANO/00138), same data as holotype; 1 ovigerous female (6.6 mm PCL, 6.0 mm CW) (IO/SS/ANO/00139), Andaman Sea, off Car Nicobar Island, FORVSS stn 334II05, 9.24°N, 92.92°E, 315 m depth, Naturalist ̍s dredge, coll. Vinu Jacob, 28 January 2015. Etymology The species name is derived from two Latin terms ′ aequalis ̍ (adjective for ′equal̍) meaning equal-sized and ′ spina ̍ meaning spines, denoting the almost equal size of the distal spines of antennular peduncle article 1. Diagnosis Carapace with 6 pairs of epigastric spines and 2 median spines; hepatic, parahepatic, anterobranchial and postcervical regions each with 1 small spine; frontal margin transverse; anterolateral spine reaching sinus between rostrum and supraocular spines; branchial margins with 5 spines. Rostrum spiniform, 0.4 times as long as PCL, supraocular spines 0.4 times as long as rostrum. Pterygostomian flap with anterior margin terminating in 1 spinule. Thoracic sternite 4 with 2 pairs of oblique striae, anterior pair shorter, anterior margin widely contiguous to sternite 3. Sternites 5–7 each with 1 short stria anterolaterally, sternite 5 with 1 longitudinal stria midlaterally. Pleonal tergite 2 with 1–2 lateral spines on anterior ridge. Eye wider than sinus between rostrum and supraocular spine. Antennular peduncle article 1 bearing subequal distal spines. Distomesial spine of antennal peduncle article 1 reaching distal margin of article 3; distomesial spine of article 2 overreaching distal margin of article 4, mesial margin with short spine, distolateral spine not reaching distal margin of article 3; article 3 with minute distolateral spine. Mxp 3 merus with 3 flexor spines, extensor margin with distal spine. P1 length 2.7–3.1 times PCL, merus 4.1 times as long as wide, with 10 spines on dorsal surface, 3 spines on mesial margin, 2 rows of spines on ventral surface; palm 3.1 times as long as wide, dorsal surface with 2 rows of small spines, dorsomesial margin spinose; fingers subequal to palm length, fixed finger with 2 spines on dorsolateral surface, 2 subdistal spines on lateral margin, dactylus with short proximal spine, 2 subdistal spines on mesial margin, 2 spines on dorsomesial surface. P2–4 squamate with iridescent setae on margins; dactyli 0.7–0.8 times as long as propodi, proximal one-fifth of flexor margins unarmed, distal one-third only with slender subterminal spine closely appressed to unguis. Description of holotype Carapace. PCL 1.2 times width, dorsal surface slightly convex transversely; main transverse ridges mostly uninterrupted; ridges and striae with dense short setae and a few longer setae. Gastric region with 6 pairs of epigastric spines and 2 median spines. Cervical grooves distinct. Hepatic, parahepatic, anterobranchial and postcervical regions each with 1 small spine; lateral part of posterior branchial region with 8 transverse ridges including posterior submarginal ridge. Intestinal region without stria. Frontal margin transverse. Anterolateral spine reaching sinus between rostrum and supraocular spines, followed by 3 shorter spines on anterolateral margin. Branchial margins with 5 spines (Figures 2 (e), 10(a,b)). Rostrum spiniform, 0.4 times as long as PCL, directed nearly horizontally in lateral view; lateral margins slightly crenulated distally; supraocular spines moderately long, slender, parallel in dorsal view, 0.4 times as long as rostrum (Figures 2 (e), 10(a,b)). Pterygostomian flap with long and short transverse ridges, anterior margin terminating in 1 spinule (Figure 10 (b)). Sternum. Sternal plastron widest at sternite 7. Thoracic sternite 3 4.3 times as wide as long, half as wide as sternite 4; anterior margin granulate, with 2 lobes separated by wide V-shaped median notch. Sternite 4 with 2 pairs of oblique striae, anterior pair shorter than posterior pair, anterior margin widely contiguous to sternite 3. Sternite 5 with 1 short transverse stria anterolaterally and 1 short, longitudinal stria midlaterally; sternites 6 and 7 with 1 short transverse stria anterolaterally; each sternite with row of short setae on anterior ridge (Figure 10 (e)). Pleon. Smooth (Figure 10 (d)), tergites 2–4 each with deep median transverse groove; tergite 2 with 1 lateral spine on each side of anterior ridge, 1 uninterrupted transverse stria anterior to, and 2 uninterrupted striae posterior to, transverse groove; tergite 3 with 2 uninterrupted transverse striae each anterior and posterior to transverse groove; tergite 4 with 2 uninterrupted transverse striae anterior to, and 1 medially interrupted stria posterior to, transverse groove. Tergite 5 with 4 uninterrupted transverse ridges, posterior ridge shortest. Tergite 6 with 2 squamiform ridges interrupted medially and laterally. Telson wider than long, longer squamiform ridges on anterior half (Figure 10 (e)). Eye. Eye moderately large; cornea dilated; maximum diameter 2.9 times distance between rostrum and supraocular spine, 0.4 times distance between anterolateral spines, 0.2 times PCL. Ocular peduncle with 1 stria on dorsal surface; eyelash long (Figure 10 (a)). Antennule. Antennular peduncle article 1 2.0 times as long as wide; reaching distal corneal margin; distal spines subequal in length; lateral margin with 2 spines, first lateral spine distinctly overreaching distal spines, second lateral spine very short, located anterior to midlength of article; ventral surface with a few scattered, short squamiform ridges (Figure 10 (f)). Antenna. Antennal peduncle reaching distal margin of cornea. Article 1 with distomesial spine reaching distal margin of article 3. Article 2 with distomesial spine overreaching distal margin of article 4, mesial margin armed with short spine; distolateral spine not reaching distal margin of article 3. Article 3 with minute distolateral spine. Article 4 unarmed (Figure 10 (f)). Mxp 3. Ischium 1.9 times as long as merus, disto-flexor and disto-extensor angles terminating in sharp spine. Merus flexor margin with 3 spines decreasing in size distally, extensor margin with distal spine. Carpus, propodus and dactylus unarmed (Figure 10 (g)). P1. Length 3.1 times PCL, surfaces with numerous squamiform ridges of various sizes bearing short setae. Ischium unarmed. Merus 4.1 times as long as wide; dorsal surface with irregular row 10 spines increasing in size distally; mesial margin with 3 spines increasing in size distally; ventral surface with 2 rows of spines, first row with 2 large spines under mesial row of spines, second row with 5 smaller spines; distal margin with 4 spines (dorsal, mesial, ventromesial and lateral spines; dorsomesial spine strongest, ventromesial spine smallest); lateral margin unarmed. Carpus 2.4 times as long as wide, 0.9 times as long as palm; dorsal surface with 1 row of 6 spines; mesial margin with 5 alternately large and small spines, flanked by dorsomesial row of 6 spines; lateral margin unarmed; ventral surface with 2 spines, ventrolateral distal angle produced in rounded lobe, armed with blunt spinule (Figure 10 (h)). Palm 3.1 times as long as wide; dorsal surface with 2 rows of 5–6 small spines and 1 spine at dactylar articulation; ventral surface with 1 spine at dactylar articulation; dorsomesial margin with 5 large and 3 small spines; dorsolateral margin unarmed. Fingers subequal to palm length, terminating in sharp claws crossing distally; dorsal surfaces with scattered short setae; fixed finger with 1 row of 2 spines on dorsolateral surface, 2 subdistal spines on lateral margin, occlusal margin denticulate, with slightly larger teeth at regular intervals. Dactylus with short proximal spine, 2 subdistal spines on mesial margin, dorsomesial surface with 2 spines (Figure 10 (i)). P2–4. Compressed, lengths 2.1, 1.7 and 1.7 times PCL, respectively, surfaces squamate with iridescent setae on margins. Meri 0.8, 0.5 and 0.5 times as long as PCL, respectively, 6.4, 4.2 and 3.3 times as long as high, respectively; extensor margins with 9, 6 and 6 spines, respectively, distal spine longest; flexor margins with 3 spines on P2, 1 spine and 2 spinules on P3, 1 spine and 3 spinules on P4, distal spine longest. Carpi with 4, 3 and 3 spines on extensor margin, distal spine longest, flexor margin with 1 spine. Propodi 6.8, 5.0 and 5.4 times as long as wide, respectively, extensor margins unarmed, flexor margins with 11, 11 and 10 movable spines (including distal pair of spines), respectively. Dactyli 0.7, 0.8 and 0.8 times as long as propodi, respectively, flexor margins with 9, 8 and 7 movable spines, respectively, proximal one-fifth unarmed; distal one-third only with slender subterminal spine closely appressed to unguis (Figure 10 (j–l, p)). P2 dactylus 4.2 times as long as wide. Variation in paratypes Carapace with 2 spines posterior to anterolateral spine in both paratypes. In the female paratype, tergite 2 with 1 (right) to 2 (left) spines on anterior ridge. In both paratypes, the antennal peduncle article 3 has a short, distinct distolateral spine. In the female paratype, P1 length 2.7 times PCL. Distribution Presently known only from Andaman Sea, 109–315 m depth (Figure 1). Remarks Trapezionida aequispina sp. nov. shares the presence of spines only on lateral portions of the anterior ridge of the pleonal tergite 2, large corneas, 5 marginal branchial spines, antennular peduncle article 1 with subequal distal spines and the distomesial spine of antennal peduncle article 2 overreaching the article 4 with T. canopus Macpherson, Rodriguez-Flores and Machordom, 2020b, T. disiunctus Komai, 2011 and T. japonica Stimpson, 1858 from Japan. Additionally, T. aequispina sp. nov., T. canopus and T. japonica share the presence of 3 flexor spines and 1 disto-extensor spine on the merus of Mxp 3; T. aequispina sp. nov., T. canopus and T. disiunctus further share the presence of a spine-like seta appressed to unguis of P2–4 dactyli. Nevertheless, the new species can be distinguished from the latter 3 species in the following characters: (1) Carapace armed with 2 median epigastric spines and 1 hepatic spine (vs median epigastric spine absent in T. canopus; hepatic spines absent in T. canopus and T. japonica); (2) Thoracic sternite 4 with anterior margin widely contiguous to sternite 3 (vs sternite 4 with anterior margin contiguous along one-third of its length in T. japonica); (3) Thoracic sternites 5–7 each with a few transverse striae (vs striae absent in T. disiunctus and T. japonica); (4) Pleonal tergite 2 with 1 or 2 spines on each side of anterior ridge (vs anterior ridge unarmed in M. disiunctus; 2 spines on each side in T. canopus and T. japonica); (5) Mxp 3 merus with distinct disto-extensor spine (vs disto-extensor margin unarmed in T. disiunctus); (6) P2–4 dactyli relatively shorter, broader (4.0 times as long as wide), with distinctly curved tips, flexor margins only with spine-like seta appressed to unguis along distal third (vs P2–4 dactyli relatively longer (> 5 times as long as wide), narrower, gently curved in T. canopus, T. disiunctus and T. japonica; flexor margins unarmed along distal two-fifths in M. japonica).

Grimothea sp. (Figures 2 (c), 7) Material examined 1 female (3.2 mm PCL, 2.7 mm CW) (IO/SS/ANO/00143), south-eastern Bay of Bengal, off South Andaman Island, FORVSS stn 334I09, 11.79°N, 92.34°E, 147 m depth, Naturalist̍s dredge, coll. Vinu Jacob, 14 January 2015. Description Carapace. PCL 1.2 times width, dorsal surface gently convex transversely; main transverse ridges mostly uninterrupted; ridges and striae with dense short setae and a few longer iridescent setae. Gastric region with 5 pairs of epigastric spines and 1 median spine. Cervical grooves distinct. Hepatic region with 2 spines, posterior spine located adjacent to parahepatic spine; anterobranchial and postcervical regions each with 1 small spine; lateral part of posterior branchial region with 7 transverse ridges including posterior submarginal ridge. Intestinal region without stria. Frontal margin sinuous, strongly oblique, with sharp ridge running obliquely from lateral base of supraocular spine up to level of parahepatic spine. Anterolateral spine not reaching sinus between rostrum and supraocular spines, followed by 1 distinctly shorter spine on anterolateral margin. Lateral margins subparallel; branchial margins with 5 spines (3 on anterior branchial margin, third spine minute; 2 on posterior branchial margin); third spine smallest (Figures 2 (c), 7(a,b)). Rostrum spiniform, 0.4 times as long as PCL, directed nearly horizontally in lateral view; dorsal surface sparsely covered with short scales, lateral margins slightly crenulated along distal portion; supraocular spines moderately long, slender, parallel in dorsal view, half as long as rostrum (Figures 2 (c), 7(a,b)). Pterygostomian flap inflated, partially visible in dorsal view, with long and short transverse ridges, anterior margin terminating in 1 spinule (Figure 7 (a,b)). Sternum. Sternal plastron widest at sternite 7. Thoracic sternite 3 4.8 times as wide as long, 0.4 times as wide as sternite 4; anterior margin serrated, with 2 sinuous lobes separated by wide V-shaped median notch. Sternite 4 with anterior margin contiguous to sternite 3 along half of its length. Sternites 4–6 smooth; sternite 7 lateral portion with granular patch (Figure 7 (c)). Pleon. Smooth, tergites 2 and 3 each with deep median transverse groove; tergite 2 with 8 spines on anterior ridge (Figure 7 (a)); tergite 4 smooth, with 1 pair of minute submedian pits anteriorly; tergite 5 with 2 pairs of minute submedian pits alternating with 2 uninterrupted transverse ridges, posterior ridge longer; tergite 6 with 1 medially interrupted squamiform ridge. Telson wider than long (Figure 7 (d)). Eye. Moderately large; cornea dilated, lightly pigmented; maximum diameter 4.2 times distance between rostrum and supraocular spine, 0.4 times distance between anterolateral spines, 0.3 times PCL. Ocular peduncle without striae on dorsal surface; eyelash short (Figure 7 (a)). Antennule. Antennular peduncle article 1 2.2 times as long as wide, distinctly overreaching distal corneal margin; distomesial spine shorter than distolateral spine; lateral margin with 2 spines, first lateral spine distinctly overreaching distal spines, second lateral spine very short, located anterior to midlength of article; ventral surface with a few scattered, short squamiform ridges (Figure 7 (e)). Antenna. Antennal peduncle insertion visible in dorsal view, peduncle not reaching distal corneal margin. Article 1 fused with lateral margin of epistome (Figure 7 (e)), distomesial spine reaching distal margin of article 2. Article 2 with distomesial spine overreaching distal margin of article 4, mesial margin armed with short spine; distolateral spine overreaching distal margin of article 3. Articles 3 and 4 unarmed (Figure 7 (e, f)). Mxp 3. Ischium length 1.8 times as long as merus, disto-flexor and disto-extensor angles terminating in sharp spine; crista dentata with 20–21 denticles. Merus flexor margin with 2 spines, proximal spine located at midlength distinctly longer, disto-extensor angle unarmed. Carpus, propodus and dactylus unarmed (Figure 7 (g)). P1–4. Missing. Distribution Presently known only from Andaman Sea, 147 m depth (Figure 1). Remarks The unidentified specimen is here assigned to Grimothea because of the fusion of the first antennal peduncle article with the lateral margin of the epistome, and the unarmed, inflated pterygostomian flap visible in the dorsal view (although the latter character is seen only in a few congeneric species) (Machordom et al. 2022). Like G. krishaha sp. nov., this specimen is morphologically close to G. lipkeholthuisi (Hendrickx and Ayón-Parente, 2010) and M. macrobrachia (Hendrickx, 2003) from the Eastern Pacific Ocean. Further, Grimothea sp. differs from G. krishaha sp. nov. in the following characters: (1) Carapace with 2 hepatic spines (vs 1 spine in G. krishaha sp. nov.); (2) Frontal margin sinuous, strongly oblique with sharp ridge running obliquelyposteriorly from lateral base of supraocular spine to parahepatic spine (vs frontal margin slightly oblique, without sharp ridge in G. krishaha sp. nov.); (3) Anterolateral spine not reaching sinus between rostrum and supraocular spines (vs reaching sinus in G. krishaha sp. nov.); (4) Pleonal tergites 2–3 with deep median transverse groove; tergite 4 smooth (vs tergites 2–4 with deep median transverse groove in G. krishaha sp. nov.); (5) Distomesial spine of antennular peduncle shorter than distolateral spine (vs distal spines subequal in length in G. krishaha sp. nov.). In addition to the above, it resembles G. lipkeholthuisi in the presence of a granular patch laterally on thoracic sternite 7 and a transverse row of spines on pleonal tergite 2. Moreover, it shares the absence of spines on the posterior margin of carapace with G. macrobrachia. Morphological differences from the Eastern Pacific species are mentioned above in the ′Remarks̍ for G. krishaha sp. nov., Published as part of Tiwari, Shivam, Padate, Vinay P. & Cubelio, Sherine Sonia, 2023, Chirostyloid and galatheoid squat lobsters (Decapoda: Anomura) from Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India, with three new species, pp. 520-556 in Journal of Natural History 57 (9 - 12) on pages 534-536, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2023.2192429, http://zenodo.org/record/7975359, {"references":["Machordom A, Ahyong ST, Andreakis N, Baba K, Buckley D, Garcia-Jimenez R, McCallum AW, Rodriguez-Flores PC, Macpherson E, Wolfe J. 2022. Deconstructing the crustacean squat lobster genus Munida to reconstruct the evolutionary history and systematics of the family Munididae (Decapoda, Anomura, Galatheoidea). Invertebr Syst. 36 (10): 926 - 970. doi: 10.1071 / IS 22013.","Hendrickx ME, Ayon-Parente M. 2010. A new species of Munida Leach (Decapoda, Galatheidae) from off the West coast of Baja California, Mexico. In: Fransen CHJM, De Grave S, Ng PKL, editors. Studies on Malacostraca: lipke Bijdeley Holthuis Memorial Volume. Crustaceana Monographs. Vol. 14; p. 305 - 314. doi: 10.1163 / 9789047427759 _ 020.","Hendrickx ME. 2003. The temperate species of the genus Munida Leach (Crustacea, Decapoda, Galatheidae) in the east Pacific, with the description of a new species and additional records for tropical-subtropical species. Bull Inst R Sci Nat Belg. 73: 115 - 136."]}

Grimothea krishaha sp. nov. (Figures 2 (b), 6) Material examined Holotype. Female (3.5 mm PCL, 2.7 mm CW) (IO/SS/ANO/00134), Andaman Sea, off Car Nicobar Island, FORVSS stn 334II05, 9.29°N, 92.91°E, 315 m depth, Naturalist ̍s dredge, coll. Vinu Jacob, 28 January 2015. Paratypes. 2 males (3.8, 3.8 mm PCL, 3.0, 3.2 mm CW) (IO/SS/ANO/00135), 1 female (3.1 mm PCL, 2.4 mm CW) (IO/SS/ANO/00136), same data as holotype. Etymology The species name is derived from the Sanskrit term ′ krśah ̍ meaning slender, denoting the relatively narrow carapace. Diagnosis Carapace with dorsal ridges mostly uninterrupted, a few ridges bearing long iridescent setae. Gastric region with 5 pairs of epigastric spines and 1 median gastric spine; hepatic, parahepatic, anterobranchial and postcervical regions each with 1 small spine; frontal margin slightly oblique; anterolateral spine reaching sinus between rostrum and supraocular spines; branchial margins with 5 spines; posterior margin unarmed. Rostrum spiniform, 0.4–0.5 times as long as PCL, supraocular spines 0.4 times as long as rostrum. Pterygostomian flap laterally inflated, partially visible in dorsal view, anterior margin terminating in 1 spinule. Thoracic sternite 4 with 2 short median striae and 1 pair of long submedian striae, anterior margin widely contiguous to sternite 3. Sternite 7 with granular patch laterally. Pleonal tergites 2–4 each with deep median groove, tergite 2 with 4 pairs of spines on anterior ridge. Eye wider than sinus between rostrum and supraocular spine. Antennular peduncle article 1 bearing subequal distal spines, first lateral spine overreaching distal spines. Antennal peduncle insertion visible in dorsal view, article 1 fused with lateral margin of epistome; distomesial spine of article 1 overreaching distal margin of article 2; distomesial spine of article 2 overreaching distal margin of article 4, mesial margin with short spine, distolateral spine overreaching distal margin of article 3. Mxp 3 merus with 2–3 flexor spines, extensor distal margin unarmed. P1 length> 2.0 times PCL, merus 5.5 times as long as wide, with 8 spines on dorsal surface, 2 spines on mesial margin, 3 spines on ventral surface; palm 3.0 times as long as wide, dorsal surface with 6–8 spines, dorsomesial margin spinose; fingers 1.3 times as long as palm, fixed finger with 3 spines on dorsolateral margin, 2 subdistal spines on lateral margin, dactylus with distinct proximal spine, 4 spines on mesial margin including subdistal spine. Description of holotype Carapace. PCL 1.3 times width, dorsal surface gently convex transversely; main transverse ridges mostly uninterrupted; ridges and striae with dense short setae and a few longer iridescent setae. Gastric region with 5 pairs of epigastric spines and 1 median spine. Cervical grooves distinct. Hepatic, parahepatic, anterobranchial and postcervical regions with 1 small spine; lateral part of posterior branchial region with 7 transverse ridges including posterior submarginal ridge. Intestinal region with short stria. Frontal margin slightly oblique. Anterolateral spine reaching sinus between rostrum and supraocular spines, followed by 1 distinctly shorter spine on anterolateral margin. Lateral margins subparallel; branchial margins with 5 spines (3 on anterior branchial margin, third spine minute; 2 on posterior branchial margin, second spine appressed to carapace); third spine smallest (Figures 2 (b), 6(a,b)). Rostrum spiniform, half as long as PCL, directed nearly horizontally in lateral view; dorsal surface sparsely covered with short scales, lateral margins slightly crenulated along distal portion; supraocular spines moderately long, slender, parallel in dorsal view, 0.4 times as long as rostrum (Figure 2 (b), 6(a,b)). Pterygostomian flap visible in dorsal view, with long and short transverse ridges, anterior margin terminating in 1 spinule (Figure 6 (b)). Sternum. Sternal plastron widest at sternite 7. Sternite 3 4.4 times as wide as long, 0.4 times as wide as sternite 4; anterior margin serrated, with 2 sinuous lobes separated by wide V-shaped median notch. Sternite 4 with 2 short median striae, 1 pair of short submedian striae, anterior pair shorter than posterior pair, anterior margin widely contiguous to sternite 3 width (Figure 6 (c)). Sternites 5–6 smooth; sternite 7 with granular patch laterally (Figure 6 (d)). Pleon. Smooth, tergites 2–4 each with deep median transverse groove (Figure 6 (a)); tergite 2 with 8 spines on anterior ridge; tergite 4 with 2 pairs of minute pits in anterior half portion; tergite 5 with 2 pairs of minute submedian pits alternating with 2 uninterrupted transverse ridges, posterior ridge longer; tergite 6 with 1 squamiform ridge interrupted medially and laterally. Telson wider than long (Figure 6 (e)). Eye. Moderately large; cornea dilated, well pigmented; maximum diameter 3.8 times distance between rostrum and supraocular spine, 0.4 times distance between anterolateral spines, 0.3 times PCL. Ocular peduncle without striae on dorsal surface; eyelash short (Figure 6 (a,b)). Antennule. Antennular peduncle article 1 2.4 times as long as wide, distinctly overreaching distal corneal margin; distal spines subequal in length; lateral margin with 2 spines, first lateral spine distinctly overreaching distal spines, second lateral spine very short, located anterior to midlength of article; ventral surface with a few scattered, short squamiform ridges (Figure 6 (f)). Antenna. Antennal peduncle insertion visible in dorsal view, peduncle not reaching distal corneal margin. Article 1 fused with lateral margin of epistome (Figure 6 (f)), distomesial spine overreaching distal margin of article 2. Article 2 with distomesial spine overreaching distal margin of article 4, mesial margin armed with short spine; distolateral spine overreaching distal margin of article 3. Articles 3 and 4 unarmed (Figure 6 (f,g)). Mxp 3. Ischium length 1.7 times as long as merus, disto-flexor and disto-extensor angles terminating in sharp spine; crista dentata with 20–21 denticles. Merus flexor margin with 2 spines, posterior spine distinctly longer, disto-extensor angle unarmed. Carpus to dactylus unarmed (Figure 6 (h)). P1–4. Missing. Variation in paratypes Female paratype with rostrum 0.4 times PCL. Ratio of width to length of thoracic sternite 3 3.8 in the smaller male paratype, 4.8 in the larger male paratype and 4.7 in the female paratype. Antennular peduncle article 1 2.1 times as long as wide in the female paratype. Mxp 3 ischium 1.9 times as long as merus in the smaller male paratype; larger male paratype with Mxp 3 merus bearing 3 spines on flexor margin. Description of P1 of unknown host Length> 2.0 times PCL (judging from available specimens), moderately slender, surfaces of merus to palm covered with distinct rows of squamae, bearing long iridescent setae. Ischium unarmed. Merus 5.5 times as long as wide; dorsal surface with 2 irregular rows of 8 spines increasing in size distally; mesial margin with 2 spines increasing in size distally; ventral surface with 1 row of 3 spines; distal margin with 4 spines (dorsal, mesial, ventromesial and lateral spines), dorsomesial spine strongest, ventromesial spine smallest; lateral margin unarmed. Carpus 2.5 times as long as wide, 0.8 times as long as palm; dorsal surface with 1 row of 4 spines; mesial margin with 3 spines, second spine largest, flanked by dorsomesial row of 3 spines; lateral margin unarmed; ventral surface unarmed, ventromesial margin with row of 3 spinules, ventrolateral distal angle produced in rounded lobe, armed with acuminate spine (Figure 6 (i, k)). Palm 3.0 times as long as wide; dorsal surface with 1 row of 6–8 spines and 1 spine at dactylar articulation; ventral surface with 1 spine at dactylar articulation; dorsomesial surface with row of 6 spines; ventromesial surface with 4 spines, dorsolateral surface with 5 spines. Fingers 1.3 times as long as palm, terminating in sharp claws crossing distally; dorsal surfaces with scattered long setae; fixed finger with 1 row of 3 spines on dorsolateral surface, 2 subdistal spines on lateral margin, occlusal margin denticulate, with slightly larger teeth at regular intervals, 2 excavations along proximal half portion. Dactylus with distinct proximal spine, 4 well-spaced spines along mesial margin including subdistal spine (Figure 6 (j, l)). Distribution Presently known only from Andaman Sea, 315 m depth (Figure 1). Remarks Grimothea krishaha sp. nov. is assigned to Grimothea owing to the fusion of the antennal peduncle article 1 with the lateral margin of the epistome, and an unarmed, inflated pterygostomian flap visible in dorsal view (although the latter character is seen only in a few congeneric species) (Machordom et al. 2022). Among the species recently transferred to Grimothea by Machordom et al. (2022), only G. lipkeholthuisi (Hendrickx and Ayón-Parente, 2010) and M. macrobrachia (Hendrickx, 2003) from the Eastern Pacific Ocean were relatively closely related to G. krishaha sp. nov. The new species shares with G. lipkeholthuisi the presence of a granular patch laterally on the thoracic sternite 7 and transverse row of spines on the anterior ridge of the pleonal tergite 2; and with G. macrobrachia the absence of spines on the posterior margin of carapace. However, the new species differs from G. lipkeholthuisi in the following characters: (1) Epigastric spines 5 pairs (vs 3 pairs of spines in G. lipkeholthuisi); (2) Posterior marginal ridge of carapace unarmed (vs 12 spines in G. lipkeholthuisi); (3) Thoracic sternite 3 almost as wide as, and widely contiguous to, sternite 4 (vs narrowly contiguous in G. lipkeholthuisi); (4) Pleonal tergite 2 with 4 pairs of spines on the anterior ridge (vs 7–8 pairs of spines in G. lipkeholthuisi); (5) Pleonal tergites 3 and 4 with unarmed anterior ridge (vs 10 and 2 spines on tergites 3 and 4, respectively, in G. lipkeholthuisi); (6) First lateral spine of the antennular peduncle article 1 distinctly overreaching distal spines (vs overreaching distomesial spine and not reaching distolateral spine in G. lipkeholthuisi); (7) Antennal peduncle article 2 with 1 spine on mesial margin (vs absent in G. lipkeholthuisi); (8) Distomesial spine of antennal peduncle article 2 overreaching distal margin of article 4 (vs not reaching distal margin of article 3 in G. lipkeholthuisi); (9) Mxp 3 merus with 2 flexor spines, disto-extensor margin unarmed (vs 2 flexor spines, series of small spines including disto-extensor in G. lipkeholthuisi). Moreover, it differs from G. macrobrachia in the following characters: (1) Epigastric spines 5 pairs (vs 2 pairs of spines in G. macrobrachia); (2) Thoracic sternite 3 almost as wide as, and widely contiguous to, sternite 4 (vs thoracic sternite 3 wider than and not contiguous with sternite 4 in G. macrobrachia); (3) Pleonal tergite 2 with 4 pairs of spines on the anterior ridge (vs unarmed in G. macrobrachia); (4) First lateral spine of antennular peduncle article 1 distinctly overreaching distal spines (vs not reaching level of distal spines in G. macrobrachia); (5) Distomesial spine of antennal peduncle article 2 overreaching distal margin of article 4 (vs not reaching distal margin of article 3 in G. macrobrachia); (6) Mxp 3 merus with 2 flexor spines, disto-extensor margin unarmed (vs 2 flexor spines and additional spinules, disto-extensor spine present in G. macrobrachia).

Trapezionida bharuchai sp. nov. (Figures 2 (f), 11, Supplementary Figure S4) Material examined Holotype. Male (4.7 mm PCL, 3.9 mm CW) (IO/SS/ANO/00130), Andaman Sea, off Little Andaman Island, FORVSS stn 38806, 10.72°N, 92.70°E, 53 m depth, chain dredge, coll. Vinay P. Padate, 10 August 2019. Paratypes. 1 female (3.6 mm PCL, 3.1 mm CW) (IO/SS/ANO/00131), same data as holotype; 1 male (5.1 mm PCL, 4.4 mm CW) (IO/SS/ANO/00132), Andaman Sea, off Great Nicobar Island, FORVSS stn 38818, 6.64°N, 93.82°E, 56 m depth, chain dredge, coll. Vinay P. Padate, 16 August 2019. 1 male (parasite attached to pleon) (4.6 mm PCL, 4.0 mm CW) (IO/SS/ANO/00154), south-eastern Bay of Bengal, off Car Nicobar Island, FORVSS stn 292II60, 9.28°N, 92.70°E, 50 m depth, Smith-McIntyre grab, coll. Aiswarya Gopal, 06 December 2011; 2 males (2.4–3.8 mm PCL, 2.2–3.1 mm CW) (IO/SS/ANO/00155), 2 ovigerous females (3.1–3.5 mm PCL, 3.4–3.8 mm CW) (IO/SS/ANO/00156), south-eastern Bay of Bengal, off Great Nicobar Island, FORVSS stn 292II86, 7.13°N, 93.54°E, 50 m depth, Smith-McIntyre grab, coll. Aiswarya Gopal, 11 December 2011. Etymology The species is named in honour of Dr. Erach Bharucha, a pioneer of environmental education in India. Diagnosis Carapace with main transverse ridges mostly uninterrupted; gastric ridges with 5 pairs of epigastric spines and 1 median spine; hepatic region with 1 or 2 spines; parahepatic, anterobranchial, postcervical regions each with 1 small spine; frontal margin strongly oblique; anterolateral spine not reaching sinus between rostrum and supraocular spines; branchial margins with 5 spines; posterior margin unarmed. Rostrum spiniform, half as long as PCL, supraocular spines one-fourth of rostral length. Pterygostomian flap with anterior margin terminating in 1 spinule. Thoracic sternite 4 with 1 pair of long oblique submedian striae and 1 pair of short submedian striae at midlength, anterior margin widely contiguous to sternite 3. Pleonal tergites 2–4 each with deep median groove, tergites 2 and 3 with 1 uninterrupted transverse ridge anterior and posterior to median groove, tergite 4 with 1 interrupted anterior ridge. Eye wider than sinus between rostrum and supraocular spine. Antennular peduncle article 1 bearing subequal distal spines, first lateral spine overreaching distal spines. Distomesial spine of antennal peduncle article 1 reaching distal margin of article 2; distomesial spine of article 2 not reaching distal margin of article 4, mesial margin with short spine, distolateral spine not reaching distal margin of article 3. Mxp 3 merus with 3 flexor spines, disto-extensor spine present. P1 length 3.5 times PCL, merus 5.2 times as long as wide, with 2 rows of 4–9 spines on dorsal surface, 2 rows of 3–4 spines on mesial face; palm 3.4 times as long as wide, dorsal surface with 6 spines, dorsomesial margin spinose; fingers 0.7 times as long as palm, fixed finger with 5 spines on dorsolateral surface, 2 subdistal spines on lateral margin, dactylus with short proximal spine, 2 spines on mesial margin and 2 subdistal spines. P2–4 smooth with iridescent setae on extensor margin; dactyli 0.6–0.7 times as long as propodi, flexor margins bearing 7 movable spines, distal tips corneous, with slender subterminal spine closely appressed to unguis. Description of holotype Carapace. PCL 1.2 times width, dorsal surface slightly convex transversely; main transverse ridges mostly uninterrupted; ridges and striae with dense short setae and a few longer setae. Gastric region with transverse row of 5 pairs of epigastric spines and 1 median spine. Cervical grooves distinct. Hepatic region with 1 or 2 spines; parahepatic, anterobranchial and postcervical regions each with 1 small spine; lateral part of posterior branchial region with 9 transverse ridges including posterior submarginal ridge. Intestinal region without distinct transverse stria. Frontal margins strongly oblique. Lateral margins moderately convex in dorsal view. Anterolateral spine not reaching sinus between rostrum and supraocular spines, followed by 1 or 2 distinctly shorter spines on anterolateral margin. Branchial margins with 5 spines (Figures 2 (f), 11(a,b)). Rostrum spiniform, half as long as PCL, directed slightly upwards in lateral view; lateral margins slightly crenulated distally; supraocular spines short, slender, parallel in dorsal view, one-fourth length of rostrum (Figures 2 (f), 11(a,b)). Pterygostomian flap with long and short transverse ridges, anterior margin terminating in 1 spinule (Figure 11 (b)). Sternum. Thoracic sternite 3 3.1 times as wide as long, half width of sternite 4; anterior margin undulate, granulate, with wide V-shaped median notch. Sternite 4 with 1 pair of oblique submedian striae anteriorly and 1 pair of transverse striae at midlength, anterior margin contiguous and equal to sternite 3 width (Figure 11 (c)). Sternites 5–7 smooth, with row of short setae on anterior ridge. Pleon. Smooth, tergites 2–4 with deep median transverse groove, tergites 2 and 3 each with 1 uninterrupted transverse ridge anterior and posterior to median groove, tergite 4 with interrupted anterior ridge only. Tergite 5 with uninterrupted anterior and posterior transverse ridges. Tergite 6 with 2 squamiform ridges, posterior ridge interrupted laterally (Figure 11 (d)). Telson wider than long, with short squamiform ridges (Figure 11 (e)). Eye. Moderately large; cornea dilated, maximum diameter 3.8 times distance between rostrum and supraocular spine, about 0.3 times distance between anterolateral spines, 0.2 times PCL. Ocular peduncle with 1 stria on dorsal surface; eyelash long (Figure 11 (a)). Antennule. Antennular peduncle article 1 2.1 times as long as wide, overreaching distal corneal margin; distal spines subequal in length; lateral margin with 2 spines, first lateral spine distinctly overreaching distal spines, second lateral spine short, located anterior to midlength of article; ventral surface with a few scattered, short squamiform ridges (Figure 11 (f)). Antenna. Antennal peduncle not reaching distal margin of cornea. Article 1 with distomesial spine reaching distal margin of article 2. Article 2 with distomesial spine not reaching distal margin of article 4, mesial margin armed with short spine; distolateral spine not reaching distal margin of article 3. Articles 3 and 4 unarmed (Figure 11 (f)). Mxp 3. Ischium 1.6 times as long as merus, disto-flexor angle terminating in spine. Merus flexor margin with 3 spines, extensor margin with distal spine. Carpus, propodus and dactylus unarmed (Figure 11 (g)). P1. Length 3.5 times PCL, surfaces with numerous squamiform ridges of various sizes bearing short setae. Ischium with small spine on distolateral margin. Merus 5.2 times as long as wide, dorsal surface with 9 spines in lateral row, 4 spines in mesial row; mesial face with 4 spines in upper row, 3 spines in lower row; distal margin with 4 spines (dorsomesial, dorsolateral, ventrolateral, ventromesial spines; dorsomesial spine strongest, ventromesial spine smallest) (Figure 11 (h)). Carpus 2.3 times as long as wide, 0.6 times as long as palm; dorsolateral margin with 4–6 spines; dorsal surface with 0–3 spinules; ventrolateral distal angle produced in rounded lobe, with 1 spine (Figure 11 (h,i)). Palm 3.4 times as long as wide; dorsal surface with median row of 6 spines and 1 spine at dactylar articulation; dorsomesial margin with 7 spines; dorsolateral margin with 6 spines. Fingers 0.7 times as long as palm, terminating in sharp claws crossing distally; dorsal surfaces with scattered short setae. Fixed finger with 1 row of 5 spines on dorsolateral surface, 2 subdistal spines on lateral margin, occlusal margin denticulate, with 1 rounded tooth on proximal one-third portion (Figure 11 (j)). Dactylus with short proximal spine, 2 subdistal spines on mesial margin, and 2 spines on dorsomesial surface (Figure 11 (j)). P2–4. P2 missing; P3–4 surfaces smooth with iridescent setae on extensor margin. P3 and P4 lengths 1.9 and 1.7 times PCL, respectively; meri with lengths 0.6 and 0.5 times PCL, respectively, 5.1 and 4.7 times as long as high, extensor margins with 8 spines, distal spine longest, flexor margin with 1 strong distal spine followed by 2 small spines and transverse ridges; P3 carpus extensor margin with 1 distal spine and 2 spinules, flexor margin with 1 distal spine, P4 carpus with only distal spines; propodi 6.7 and 6.4 times as long as wide, respectively, extensor margins unarmed, flexor margins with 14 and 10 movable spines, respectively; dactyli 0.6 and 0.7 times as long as propodi, respectively, flexor margins with 7 movable spines along entire margin, distal tips corneous, with slender subterminal spine closely appressed to unguis. Variation in paratypes PCL 1.1 times width. P2–4 with lengths 2.4, 2.1 and 1.8 times PCL, respectively; meri extensor margins with 6, 8 and 5 spines, respectively; P2–3 carpi extensor margins with 1 large distal, 3 small spines, P4 carpus with large distal spine; propodi flexor margins with 9, 10 and 9 spines, respectively; dactyli flexor margins with 7 movable corneous spines (Figure 11 (k–m, q)). Distribution Presently known only from Andaman Sea, 53–56 m depth (Figure 1). Remarks Trapezionida bharuchai sp. nov. shares the oblique frontal margins of carapace, large eyes, subequal distal spines of antennular peduncle article 1, unarmed antennal peduncle article 3, lobes of thoracic sternite 3 separated anteriorly by wide V-shaped notch, abruptly inclined anterolateral margins of sternite 4, and unarmed pleonal somites with T. clinata Macpherson, 1994 from Western Pacific Ocean, T. munin Komai, 2011 from Japan and T. roshanei Tirmizi, 1966 from Gulf of Oman. The new species closely resembles T. munin in the armature of the third maxilliped and the presence of a slender subterminal spine closely appressed to the unguis of P2–4 dactyli (Komai 2011). The new species can be distinguished from the latter in the following characters: (1) Carapace lateral margins moderately convex in dorsal view (vs feebly convex in T. munin); (2) Pterygostomian flap with anterior margin terminating in 1 spinule (vs unarmed in T. munin); (3) Pleonal tergite 4 with interrupted anterior ridge only (vs anterior ridge and 3–4 striae in T. munin); (4) Antennal peduncle article 2 bearing spine on mesial margin (vs unarmed mesial margin in T. munin); (5) P1 palm 3.4 times as long as wide, dorsolateral margin with 6 spines (vs palm 2.8 times as long as wide; dorsolateral margin with 2–4 spines in T. munin); (6) P1 fixed finger with 1 rounded tooth on proximal one-third portion of occlusal margin (vs rounded tooth absent proximally on occlusal margin in T. munin); (7) P4 merus with 5 spines on extensor margin (vs P4 merus with disto-extensor spine only in T. munin). The new species closely resembles T. roshanei in the antennal peduncle article 2 with distomesial spine overreaching distal margin of article 3, and distolateral spine not reaching distal margin of article 3 (Tirmizi 1966). The new species can be distinguished from closely related species in the following characters: (1) Carapace lateral margins moderately convex in dorsal view (vs feebly convex in T. roshanei); (2) Antennal peduncle article 2 with spine on mesial margin (vs mesial spine absent in T. clinata and T. roshanei); (3) Distomesial spine of antennal peduncle article 2 overreaching distal margin of article 3, and distolateral spine not reaching distal margin of article 3 (vs distomesial spine overreaching distal margin of article 4, distolateral spine overreaching distal margin of article 3 in T. clinata); (4) P2–4 dactyli with slender subterminal spine closely appressed to unguis (vs absent in T. clinata and T. roshanei)., Published as part of Tiwari, Shivam, Padate, Vinay P. & Cubelio, Sherine Sonia, 2023, Chirostyloid and galatheoid squat lobsters (Decapoda: Anomura) from Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India, with three new species, pp. 520-556 in Journal of Natural History 57 (9 - 12) on pages 546-550, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2023.2192429, http://zenodo.org/record/7975359, {"references":["Macpherson E. 1994. Crustacea Decapoda: studies on the genus Munida Leach, 1820 (Galatheidae) in New Caledonian and adjacent waters with descriptions of 56 new species. In: A Crosnier, editor. Resultates des Campegnes MUSORSTOM, 12. Mem Mus Natl Hist Nat. Vol. 161; p. 421 - 569.","Komai T. 2011. Squat lobsters of the genus Munida (Crustacea: Decapoda: Anomura: Munididae) from the Ogasawara Islands, with descriptions of four new species. Mem Natl Mus Nat Sci Tokyo. 47: 339 - 365.","Tirmizi NM. 1966. Crustacea: Galatheidae. John Murray Exped Sci Rep. 11 (2): 167 - 234."]}

Gastroptychus valdiviae (Balss, 1913) (Figures 2 (a), 3, 4, 5, Supplementary Figure S1) Ptychogaster valdiviae Balss, 1913: 225 (type locality: ′ Valdivia ̍ station 208, SW of Great Nicobar, 6°54´N, 93°28´E, 296 m) Chirostylus valdiviae: Doflein and Balss 1913: 133, fig. 3; pl. 17, fig. 1 Gastroptychus valdiviae: Baba 2005: 212 (key to species), 214 (synonymies); Baba et al. 2008: 24 (synonymies) Material examined Type material. Syntype male (PCL 11.5 mm, CW 7.5 mm) (ZMB 17479), ′ Valdivia ̍ stn 208, SW of Great Nicobar, 296 m depth, 7 February 1899. Other material: 1 male (6.0 mm PCL, 4.2 mm CW) (IO/SS/ANO/00127), 2 females (3.5, 4.1 mm PCL, 2.2, 2.6 mm CW) (IO/SS/ANO/00128), south-eastern Bay of Bengal, off Car Nicobar Island, FORVSS stn 355II02, 9.22°N, 92.67°E, 250 m depth, Naturalist ̍s dredge, coll. Vimal Kumar K.G., 11 January 2017. Description Carapace. PCL 1.4–1.6 times width, dorsal surface spinulose, with 1 pair of large submedian epigastric spines, 5 moderately large spines along midline (including 1 each on epigastric and metagastric regions, 2 on the cardiac region, and 1 on intestinal region); on either side of the midline, small-sized spines including 3 submedian gastric spines, 2 lateral gastric spines, 1 post-cervical spine, 1 cardiac spine, 2 posterior branchial spines. Lateral margin of carapace with irregular longitudinal row of 5 spines increasing in size anteriorly (including 1 anterior branchial, 4–5 posterior branchials). Branchial regions with randomly scattered spinules. Gastric and branchial regions moderately inflated, distinct cervical groove separates gastric region from the anterior branchial and cardiac regions, branchiocardiac groove shallow. Lateral margins gently convex on hepatic region, convex on branchial region, anterolateral spine short, lateral orbital angle blunt (Figures 2 (a), 3(a,b)). Rostrum spine-like, 0.3–0.4 times as long as PCL (Figures 2 (a), 3(a,b)), directed dorsad. Pterygostomian flap rounded anteriorly, surface with a few scattered spines (Figure 3 (b)). Sternum Sternal plastron 1.1 times as long as broad, broadened posteriorly. Sternite 3 width half as wide as sternite 7, anterior margin with 4–7 spines, with medially shallow excavations; sternite 4 slightly wider than sternite 5, lateral margin with strong spine, transverse row of 2–3 pairs of submedian spines; sternite 5 with 2 pairs of spinules on anterior margin, 2–3 spinules on lateral margin (Figure 3 (c)); sternites 6–7 each with 1 or 2 spinules on anterior margin. Pleon Tergites 1–5 smooth dorsally, tergite 6 with 1 spine near each lateral extremity; pleura tapering (Figure 2 (a), 3(a,b, d)). Telson 0.8 times as long as broad, consisting of 2 laterally lobular plates; posterior plate 2.0 times longer than anterior plate (Figure 3 (d)). Eyes Ocular peduncle nearly reaching distal quarter of rostrum, strongly constricted on mesial margin; cornea dilated (Figure 3 (a,b)). Antennule Antennular peduncle article 1 with unequal distal spines (Figure 3 (e)). Antenna Antennal peduncle overreaching eye. Article 2 with small distolateral spine, article 4 unarmed, article 5 length 1.6 times article 4 length (measured along lateral margin), with elongated distoventral spine. Antennal acicle reaching midlength of article 5, slender, breadth half that of article 5 (Figure 3 (e)). Mxp 3 Endopods slender, bases widely separated; ischium with crista dentata with 23–24 denticles; merus 1.4 times longer than ischium, with distolateral spine; carpus with 3–4 lateral spines; propodus unarmed (Figure 3 (f)). P1 Length 4.0 times PCL, subcylindrical, sparsely setose. Ischium dorsal margin with distal spine, ventral margin with 1 spine at midlength (Figure 4 (a)); merus, carpus and palm with spines in 6, 6 and 5 rows, respectively (Figure 4 (b–d)). Merus length 1.2 times as long as carpus. Carpus subequal to palm length. Palm 6.3 times as long as wide, 1.6 times dactylus length. Fingers more densely setose than other articles, gaping moderately, tips corneous, fixed finger with subdistal corneous tooth; occlusal margins of fingers dentate, dactylar occlusal margin with 1 proximal tooth, corresponding margin of fixed finger with 2 teeth flanking dactylar tooth (Figure 4 (e)). P2–4 Slender, coarsely setose, merus to propodus with extensor and flexor rows of spines. Meri 2.0, 1.4–1.8 and 1.7 times as long as carpi, respectively, with extensor spines larger than flexor spines (Figure 4 (f, i, l)). Carpi 0.9, 0.8–1.0 and 0.8 times as long as propodi, respectively, in the Indian male specimen, extensor margins with more numerous slender spines than flexor margins (Figure 4 (g, j, m)). Propodi 3.3, 2.7–3.5 and 3.2 times as long as dactyli, extensor margins with numerous inclined spines, flexor margins with row of 11–14 slender, movable spines, distal 2 paired, subequal, smaller than antepenultimate spine (Figure 4 (h, k, n)). Dactyli short, terminating in strong corneous spine, preceded by 9 progressively smaller flexor spines (Figure 4 (o–q)). P2 overreaching P1 carpus. Distribution South-eastern Bay of Bengal off the Nicobars, 250–296 m depth (Balss 1913; present study) (Figure 1). Remarks During this study, we examined digital images of a syntype of Gastroptychus valdiviae (Balss, 1913) (ZMB 17479), kindly provided by Dr C.O. Coleman. Our specimens differ from this syntype in the presence of 3–4 spines on the maxilliped 3 carpus (vs only 1 spine in the syntype). Doflein and Balss (1913, fig. 3) reported the presence of 3 carpal spines in their specimen. Gastroptychus valdiviae shares the presence of numerous gastric spines in addition to epigastric spines, and P2–4 propodi being much longer than carpi, with G. sternoornatus (Van Dam, 1933) from the western Pacific Ocean. The former, however, differs from the latter in the following characters: (1) Anterolateral angle of carapace rounded and unarmed (vs armed with 1 small but distinct spine in G. sternoornatus); (2) Pleonal tergite 6 with 1 spine near each lateral extremity (vs unarmed in G. sternoornatus); (3) Mxp 3 carpus with a few lateral marginal spines other than distolateral one (vs only distolateral spine in G. sternoornatus); (4) P1 palm 1.6 times as long as fingers (vs 2.0 times in G. sternoornatus); (5) P2–4 propodi slightly longer than carpi, with 14 movable flexor spines including the distal pair (vs distinctly longer than carpi, with 3 or 4 movable spines including distal pair in G. sternoornatus); (6) P2–4 dactyli with 10 movable flexor spines (vs 4–5 spines in G. sternoornatus)., Published as part of Tiwari, Shivam, Padate, Vinay P. & Cubelio, Sherine Sonia, 2023, Chirostyloid and galatheoid squat lobsters (Decapoda: Anomura) from Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India, with three new species, pp. 520-556 in Journal of Natural History 57 (9 - 12) on pages 523-529, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2023.2192429, http://zenodo.org/record/7975359, {"references":["Balss H. 1913. Neue Galatheiden aus der Ausbeute der deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition. ' Valdivia ̍. Zool Anz. 41: 221 - 226.","Doflein F, Balss H. 1913. Die Galatheiden der deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition., and Chun C, editor. Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition auf dem Dampfer ̎ Valdivia \" 1898 - 1899. Vol. 20. Jena: Verlag von Gustav Fischer. p. 125 - 184. doi: 10.5962 / bhl. title. 2171.","Baba K. 2005. Deep-sea chirostylid and galatheid crustaceans (Decapoda: Anomura) from the IndoWest Pacific, with a list of species. Galathea Rep. 20: 1 - 317.","Baba K, Macpherson E, Poore GCB, Ahyong ST, Bermudez A, Cabezas P, Lin CW, Nizinski M, Rodrigues C, Schnabel KE. 2008. Catalogue of squat lobsters of the world (Crustacea: Decapoda: Anomura - families Chirostylidae, Galatheidae and Kiwaidae). Zootaxa. 1905 (1): 1 - 220. doi: 10.11646 / zootaxa. 1905.1.1.","Alcock A. 1901. A descriptive catalogue of the Indian deep-sea Crustacea Decapoda Macrura and Anomala, in the Indian Museum. Being a revised account of the deep-sea species collected by the Royal Indian Marine Survey Ship Investigator. Calcutta: Trustees of the Indian Museum. doi: 10. 5962 / bhl. title. 30840.","Van Dam AJ. 1933. Die Chirostylidae der Siboga-expedition. Decapoda VIII: Galatheidea: Chirostylidae. Siboga Expeditie. 39 (A 7): 1 - 46."]}

Leiogalathea sp. (Figures 2 (g–h), 12) Material examined 1 specimen of undetermined sex (2.9 mm PCL, 2.2 mm CW) (IO/SS/ANO/00126), Andaman Sea, off Middle Andaman Island, FORVSS stn 38619, 12.83°N, 93.06°E, 202 m depth, Naturalist̍s dredge, coll. Vinay P. Padate, 26 July 2019. Description Carapace. PCL 1.3 times width; dorsal surface bearing mostly medially interrupted transverse striae with dense short setae and lacking dorsal spines. Cervical grooves distinct. Lateral margins straight and subparallel, with 2 spines including 1 strong anterolateral and 1 small anterobranchial spine; posterior branchial region with 6 transverse ridges including posterior submarginal ridge. Intestinal region without transverse ridges. Frontal margins oblique. Rostrum triangular, 0.4 times half as long as PCL and 1.2 times as long as broad; lateral margins with 5 small teeth decreasing in size distally (Figure 12 (a)). Pterygostomian flap with long and short transverse ridges, anterior margin blunt (Figure 12 (b)). Sternum. Thoracic sternite 3 width 4.4 times as wide as long, anterolaterally produced, anterior margin minutely serrated, with moderately deep median notch flanked by 2 distinct lobes. Sternites 4–7 smooth; sternite 4 2.4 times as wide as sternite 3, 2.5 times as wide as long, anterior margin widely contiguous to sternite 3 (Figure 12 (c)). Pleon. Smooth; tergite 2 with 2 transverse ridges, tergites 3 and 4 each with 1 transverse ridge; tergite 5 smooth; tergite 6 and telson missing (Figure 12 (d)). Eye. Ocular peduncle longer than wide; cornea subglobular; moderately large; cornea dilated, as wide as eyestalk (Figure 12 (e)). Antennule and antenna. Missing. Mxp 3. Ischium as long as merus; flexor margin terminating in sharp spine, extensor margin unarmed (Figure 12 (f)); crista dentata bearing 20 teeth (Figure 12 (g)). Merus flexor margin with 1 strong median spine, extensor margin with distal spine. Carpus, propodus and dactylus unarmed (Figure 12 (g)). P1. Length 2.8 times PCL, with scattered short striae, and densely covered by uniramous long setae on merus, carpus, palm and fingers. Merus length subequal to PCL, 2.2 times as long as carpus, with strong mesial and distal spines, and scattered dorsal spines. Carpus 0.8 times as long as palm, 2.2 times as long as wide, dorsal surface with 2 irregular rows of 4–5 spines,mesial and lateral margins with 2–3 spines. Palm twice as long as wide, with spines in irregular longitudinal rows on mesial and lateral margins, dorsal surface unarmed. Fingers 1.3 times as long as palm; fixed finger with 2 well-developed lateral proximal spines; movable finger with 1 well-developed proximal spine on mesial margin (Figure 12 (h)). P2–4. Missing. Distribution Andaman Sea, 202 m (present study) (Figure 1). Remarks The present specimen agrees with Leiogalathea laevirostris (Balss, 1913) in having 4–6 rudimentary teeth on the rostral lateral margin and the unarmed posterior margin of the carapace (Rodriguez-Flores et al, 2019). Nevertheless, the following discrepancies prevent us from referring our specimen to L. laevirostris: (1) Ventrally deflected rostrum, 1.2 times as long as wide, length 0.4 times PCL (vs horizontal rostrum, 1.5 times as long as wide, length 0.3 times PCL in L. laevirostris); (2) Thoracic sternite 3 4.4 times as wide as long, anterolaterally produced, with distinct median notch flanked by 2 shallow lobes (vs sternite 3 3.0 times as wide as long, slightly produced anterolaterally, with shallow median notch in L. laevirostris); (3) Thoracic sternite 4 2.4 times as wide as sternite 3, 2.5 times as wide as long (vs sternite 4 3.3 times as wide as sternite 3, 2.2 times as wide as long in L. laevirostris); (4) P1 carpus 2.2 times as long as wide (vs 1.6 times in L. laevirostris); (5) P1 fingers 1.3 times as long as palm (vs subequal to palm length in L. laevirostris). The present specimen also resembles L. evander Rodriguez-Flores, Macpherson and Machordom, 2019 in the similar rostral armature and direction, the proportion of the carapace and of P1. However, it exhibits some discrepancies that prevent us from assigning it to L. evander, as follows: (1) Carapace with longer transverse ridges laterally on posterior branchial regions, lateral margins sinuous (vs short, laterally interrupted ridges on posterior branchial regions, lateral margins slightly convex in L. evander); (2) Thoracic sternite 3 4.4 times as wide as long (vs 2.6–2.8 times in L. evander); (3) P1 covered with long setae, merus length subequal to PCL, carpus with 2 rows of 4 spines each on dorsal surface (vs P1 lacking setae, merus length 0.7 times PCL, carpus with 1 or 2 dorsal spines, in L. evander). Although our specimen possibly represents an undescribed species of Leiogalathea, it is far from a complete condition, lacking antennules, antennae and P2–4. A formal description is deferred in the hope of collection of additional material., Published as part of Tiwari, Shivam, Padate, Vinay P. & Cubelio, Sherine Sonia, 2023, Chirostyloid and galatheoid squat lobsters (Decapoda: Anomura) from Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India, with three new species, pp. 520-556 in Journal of Natural History 57 (9 - 12) on pages 551-553, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2023.2192429, http://zenodo.org/record/7975359, {"references":["Balss H. 1913. Neue Galatheiden aus der Ausbeute der deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition. ' Valdivia ̍. Zool Anz. 41: 221 - 226.","Rodriguez-Flores PC, Macpherson E, Machordom A. 2019. Revision of the squat lobsters of the genus Leiogalathea Baba, 1969 (Crustacea, Decapoda, Munidopsidae) with the description of 15 new species. Zootaxa. 4560 (2): 201 - 256. doi: 10.11646 / zootaxaotaxa. 4560.2.1."]}

Leptonida vigiliarum (Alcock, 1901) (Figures 2 (d), 8, 9, Supplementary Figure S2) Munida vigiliarum Alcock, 1901: 243 (type locality: Bay of Bengal, off west coast of Andamans near Sentinel Islands, 173–290 fathoms (= 317–531 m) depth); Baba 2005: 255 (key to species), 276 (synonymies); Baba et al. 2008: 127 (compilation) Not Munida vigiliarum: Doflein and Balss 1913: 147, pl. 13, fig. 2 (SW of Great Nicobar, 362 m (see ′Remarks̍); Tirmizi 1966: 201, fig. 20 [= Gonionida shaula (Macpherson and de Saint Laurent, 2002)], Published as part of Tiwari, Shivam, Padate, Vinay P. & Cubelio, Sherine Sonia, 2023, Chirostyloid and galatheoid squat lobsters (Decapoda: Anomura) from Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India, with three new species, pp. 520-556 in Journal of Natural History 57 (9 - 12) on page 537, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2023.2192429, http://zenodo.org/record/7975359, {"references":["Alcock A. 1901. A descriptive catalogue of the Indian deep-sea Crustacea Decapoda Macrura and Anomala, in the Indian Museum. Being a revised account of the deep-sea species collected by the Royal Indian Marine Survey Ship Investigator. Calcutta: Trustees of the Indian Museum. doi: 10. 5962 / bhl. title. 30840.","Baba K. 2005. Deep-sea chirostylid and galatheid crustaceans (Decapoda: Anomura) from the IndoWest Pacific, with a list of species. Galathea Rep. 20: 1 - 317.","Baba K, Macpherson E, Poore GCB, Ahyong ST, Bermudez A, Cabezas P, Lin CW, Nizinski M, Rodrigues C, Schnabel KE. 2008. Catalogue of squat lobsters of the world (Crustacea: Decapoda: Anomura - families Chirostylidae, Galatheidae and Kiwaidae). Zootaxa. 1905 (1): 1 - 220. doi: 10.11646 / zootaxa. 1905.1.1.","Doflein F, Balss H. 1913. Die Galatheiden der deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition., and Chun C, editor. Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition auf dem Dampfer ̎ Valdivia \" 1898 - 1899. Vol. 20. Jena: Verlag von Gustav Fischer. p. 125 - 184. doi: 10.5962 / bhl. title. 2171.","Tirmizi NM. 1966. Crustacea: Galatheidae. John Murray Exped Sci Rep. 11 (2): 167 - 234."]}

Galathea nicobarica sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: E56310EE-74D4-4753-8A10-75CF2F159007 (Figs. 2A, 3) Type material. Holotype: ovigerous female (IO /SS/ANO/00144; PCL 3.8 mm, CW 3.6 mm), Andaman Sea, off Car Nicobar Island, FORVSS stn. 334II05, 9.24°N, 92.92°E, 315 m depth, Naturalist’s dredge, coll. Vinu Jacob, 28 January 2015. Diagnosis. Carapace slightly longer than wide; dorsal surface glabrous in general, with transverse rows of interrupted ridges (epigastric row composed of short scaly ridges, 1 complete row on protogastric region, 2 rows on mesogastric region, 3 irregular rows on posterior half), no spines on gastric region and on hepatic regions and margins; anterolateral spine overreaching tip of lateral limit of orbit, but not reaching tip of basal lateral tooth of rostrum; lateral margin with no small spine between anterolateral spine and anteriormost spine of branchial margin; branchial margin with 4 spines. Rostrum broadly triangular, with 4 shallowly incised small teeth. Pterygostomian flap without spines on upper margin and surface. Abdominal tergite 2 with 2 long transverse ridges, tergite 3 with 1 long transverse ridge, tergites 4–6 smooth. Antennular article 1 with well-developed distomesial spine. Antennal article 1 with distomesial spine reaching distal end of article 4. Mxp3 merus with 2 flexor marginal spines and small disto-extensor spine, distal spine larger than proximal spine; dactylus roundly truncate. P1 palm relatively broad, 1.4 times as long as wide, dorsomesial margin with row of small spines; fingers equal in length to palm, opposable margins of fingers spooned. Epipods absent from P1–4. Description. Carapace (PCL) 1.1 times as long as wide, surface nearly horizontal from anterior to posterior. Dorsal surface without setae; epigastric ridge composed of 2 short scales, without spines; 1 complete protogastric ridge, 2 indistinct mesogastric ridges interrupted medially, metagastric ridges apparently absent. Mid-transverse ridge uninterrupted, preceded by shallow cervical groove, and followed by 3 irregular transverse rows of short ridges on posterior half; median ridge of anteriormost row longest. Anterior branch of cervical groove poorly developed. Lateral margins gently convex, with 5 spines decreasing in size posteriorly; first anterolateral, well-developed, overreaching tip of lateral limit of orbit, not reaching tip of proximalmost lateral tooth of rostrum; 2 anterior and 2 posterior branchial spines. Lateral limit of orbit ending in small spine; infraorbital margin unarmed (Figs. 2A, 3A, B). Rostrum broadly triangular; length 1.1 times width, 0.4 PCL; width 0.4 CW; distance between distalmost lateral incisions 0.3 of that between proximalmost incisions; dorsal surface nearly horizontal in lateral view, without setae; lateral margins with 4 shallowly incised small teeth (Figs. 2A, 3A, B). Pterygostomian flap unarmed but with undulate ridges bearing short setae on surface; dorsal margin unarmed; anterior margin rounded, with slightly longer setae (Fig. 3B). Thoracic sternum as long as wide, lateral extremities gently divergent posteriorly. Sternite 3 2.5 times as wide as long, with 2 lobes anteriorly separated by V-shaped, shallow median notch; anterior margins of lobes faintly crenulated. Sternite 4 weakly concave on anterior margin; anterior width approximately as large as sternite 3; surface with pair of short striae anterolaterally and 1 undulate stria posteromedially (Fig. 3C). Abdominal tergite 2 with 2 long transverse ridges, anterior ridge corresponding to dorso-anterior margin. Tergite 3 with 1 transverse ridge (Fig. 3A). Tergites 4–6 smooth on surfaces. Tergite 6 with posteromedian margin gently concave (Fig. 3D). Telson incompletely subdivided (Fig. 3D). Ocular peduncle about 1.2 times as long as wide, maximum corneal diameter 0.8 times rostrum width (Fig. 3A). Antennular article 1 with 3 well developed distal spines; distomesial and distolateral spines subequal in size, distodorsal spine largest (Fig. 3E). Antennal article 1 with distomesial spine reaching distal margin of article 4; article 2 with well-developed distomesial and distolateral spines subequal in size, not reaching distal margin of article 3; article 3 with small distomesial spine; article 4 unarmed (Fig. 3E). Mxp3 ischium with small distoflexor spine; extensor margin ending in acute angle; crista dentata with 26 denticles. Merus slightly longer than ischium (measured on lateral midline); flexor margin with 2 spines, distal spine distinctly longer than proximal; extensor margin with 1 distal spine and smaller subdistal spine. Carpus to dactylus unarmed. Propodus relatively broad. Dactylus short, roundly truncate; distal margin broad (Fig. 3F). P1 unequal (left and right P1 1.6 and 1.4 PCL, respectively) covered with finely setiferous scales and with sparse long plumose setae. Merus 0.6 (left) and 0.5 (right) PCL, 1.7 (left) and 1.8 (right) times length of carpus; dorsal surface with 3 dorsolateral spines arranged in arc, dorsomesial margin with 3 spines, distomesial spine strongest, dorsodistal margin with 1 median spine; mesial surface with strong subdistal spine; ventral surface with distomesial spine followed by smaller spine. Carpus 0.9 (left) and 1.2 (right) times length of palm, 1.5 (left) and 1.6 (right) times longer than wide; dorsal surface with row of 5 and 4 spines, distomesial spine strongest; mesial surface with 2 spines, distal spine larger; ventrodistal margin with row of 3 small spines. Palm relatively broad, 1.4 (left) and 1.3 (right) times as long as wide, lateral and mesial margins subparallel, gently converging proximally; dorsal surface with small spine at dactylar articulation, dorsomesial margin with row of 4 small spines, lateral margin with 2 distal spines; ventral surface with 1 spinule at dactylar articulation. Fingers equal in length to palm (left) and 1.2 times longer than palm (right), spooned; opposable margins slightly gaping, each with low blunt tooth on proximal half; distal margin rounded, with row of small blunt teeth; dactylus with 1 proximal spinule on dorsomesial surface (Fig. 3G, H). P2–4 missing. Epipods absent from P1–4. Etymology. The species name is derived from the type locality. Remarks. Although the present specimen is partially damaged and lacks all ambulatory legs, we treat it as a new species because of the different morphological characters of the carapace and third maxilliped. Galathea nicobarica sp. nov. is morphologically close to G. rubromaculata Miyake & Baba, 1967a, known from Japan, Korea and the Philippines, in having the carapace with only a few long transverse ridges but no spines or covering of short setae on the gastric region and no small spine between the anterolateral and anteriormost branchial spines, the rostrum being relatively broad and with four shallowly incised small teeth on each lateral margin, the antennular article 1 with 3 well developed distal spines, the antennal article 1 with the distomesial spine reaching the distal end of the article 4, and the P1 without an epipod (cf. Miyake & Baba 1967a; Baba 1988; Kim et al. 2016). However, the present new species is distinguishable from G. rubromaculata by the branchial margin of the carapace with four instead of five spines. The flexor marginal armature of Mxp3 merus of G. rubromaculata varies between the holotype from Japan (southwest off Nagasaki, Kyushu; Miyake & Baba 1967a) and specimens from Japan (Sagami Bay, comparative material for the present study) and Korea (Kim et al. 2016). The two flexor marginal spines of Mxp3 merus are equal in size in the holotype, but the distal spine is distinctly larger than the proximal spine in the other Japanese and Korean specimens, which is similar to the holotype of the present new species (cf. Miyake & Baba 1967a; Kim et al. 2016; present study). Galathea nicobarica sp. nov. has a roundly truncate Mxp3 dactylus which has been only known in G. kuboi Miyake & Baba, 1967b recorded from Japan, Philippines, and Indonesia, among the congeneric species (Miyake & Baba 1967b; Baba 1988, 2005). Galathea kuboi is clearly different from the new species by numerous short setae and no distinct transverse ridges on the carapace (cf. Baba 2005). The Japanese specimens of G. rubromaculata examined in the present study also have a comparatively wide Mxp3 dactylus, but the shape of the article is oblong (Fig. 3J) rather than truncate as in G. nicobarica sp. nov. and G. kuboi. Distribution. Presently only known from Andaman Sea, 315 m depth (Fig. 1)., Published as part of Tiwari, Shivam, Padate, Vinay P., Cubelio, Sherine Sonia & Osawa, Masayuki, 2022, Two new species of the genus Galathea Fabricius, 1793 (Crustacea: Decapoda Anomura: Galatheidae) from the Andaman Sea, India, pp. 175-184 in Zootaxa 5219 (2) on pages 177-180, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5219.2.6, http://zenodo.org/record/7413415, {"references":["Miyake, S. & Baba, K. (1967 a) Galatheids of the East China Sea (Chirostylidae and Galatheidae, Decapoda, Crustacea). Journal of the Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 14 (2), 225 - 246. https: // doi. org / 10.5109 / 22758","Baba, K. (1988) Chirostylid and galatheid crustaceans (Decapoda: Anomura) of the \" Albatross \" Philippine Expedition, 1907 - 1910. Researches on Crustacea, Special Number 2, 1 - 203. https: // doi. org / 10.18353 / rcrustaceasn. 2.0 _ 1","Kim, J. N., Kim, M. H., Choi, J. H. & Im, Y. J. (2016) Galatheoid squat lobsters (Crustacea: Decapoda: Anomura) from Korean waters. Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 19, 34. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / s 41240 - 016 - 0034 - 8","Miyake, S. & Baba, K. (1967 b) Descriptions of new species of galatheids from the Western Pacific (Crustacea, Decapoda). Journal of the Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 14 (2), 203 - 212. https: // doi. org / 10.5109 / 22756","Baba, K. (2005) Deep-sea chirostylid and galatheid crustaceans (Decapoda: Anomura) from the Indo-West Pacific, with a list of species. Galathea Reports, 20, 1 - 317."]}

Galathea tirmiziae sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 00DAEA78-4A2A-4C17-A1E9-0E691DD153B1 (Figs. 2B, 4) Type material. Holotype: female (IO /SS/ANO/00129; PCL 3.0 mm, CW 2.9 mm), Andaman Sea, off Little Andaman Island, FORVSS stn. 38806, 10.72°N, 92.7°E, 53 m depth, chain dredge, coll. Vinay P. Padate, 10 August 2019. Diagnosis. Carapace with distinct transverse ridges; anterior protogastric ridge gently convex medially; scalelike median ridge behind anterior protogastric ridge; mesogastric ridge between anteriormost branchial marginal spines long but interrupted laterally; anterior metagastric ridge not medially interrupted; 2 epigastric, 1 hepatic, and 1 parahepatic spines; lateral margin with small spine between anterolateral spine and anteriormost spine of branchial margin; anterolateral spine not reaching tip of lateral limit of orbit; branchial margin with 5 spines. Rostrum 1.5 times longer than wide, triangular; lateral margins nearly straight, each with 4 deeply incised teeth. Pterygostomian flap unarmed on surface and upper margin. Antennular article 1 with 3 well-developed distal spines. Mxp3 merus with 2 subequal spines on flexor margin, disto-extensor margin unarmed. P1 fingers distally spooned. Epipods absent from P1–3. Description. Carapace (PCL) approximately as long as wide; transverse ridges anteriorly bearing dense short setae, few scattered long non-plumose setae. Gastric region with 6 transverse ridges: 1 epigastric ridge with pair of spines; 2 protogastric ridges, anterior ridge uninterrupted, convex medially, bearing parahepatic spine laterally, posterior ridge short, scale-like; uninterrupted mesogastric ridge, not extending laterally to anterior-most branchial marginal spine; 2 metagastric ridges, anterior ridge not interrupted medially, extending laterally to anterior branchial ridge, posterior ridge short, scale-like. Mid-transverse ridge uninterrupted, preceded by shallow cervical groove, followed by 6 ridges including submarginal ridge, first and fifth ridges widely separated medially, second to fourth and sixth ridges uninterrupted. Hepatic region with 1 small spine behind anterolateral spine. Lateral margins gently convex, with 7 spines; first anterolateral, well-developed, not reaching tip of lateral limit of orbit; second spine minute, located at midlength between anterolateral spine and anteriormost branchial spine; 2 anterior branchial and 3 posterior branchial spines, last spine smallest. Lateral limit of orbit ending in distinct spine; infraorbital margin with strong spine (Figs. 2B, 4A, B). Rostrum 1.5 times longer than wide, length 0.4 times PCL, width 0.3 times CW; distance between distalmost lateral incisions 0.3 of that between proximalmost incisions; dorsal surface nearly horizontal in lateral view, bearing few setose scales; lateral margins nearly straight, each with 4 deeply incised sharp teeth (Fig. 4A). Pterygostomian flap unarmed but with undulate ridges bearing short setae on surface; dorsal margin unarmed; anterior margin ending in small slender spine (Fig. 4B). Sternal plastron 0.8 times as long as wide, lateral extremities gently divergent posteriorly. Sternite 3 2.2 times as wide as long; anterior margin minutely serrated, with 2 lobes separated by narrow median notch. Sternite 4 distinctly concave on anterior margin; anterior width distinctly larger than sternite 3 width; surface with pair of submedian striae anteriorly and short median stria posteriorly (Fig. 4C). Abdominal tergites 2–4 each with 2 uninterrupted transverse ridges, anterior ridge corresponding to dorsoanterior margin. Tergites 5–6 each with 2 medially interrupted ridges (Fig. 4A). Tergite 6 with posteromedian margin nearly transverse (Fig. 4D). Telson wider than long, not distinctly subdivided, with scale-like striae (Fig. 4D). Ocular peduncle 1.3 times as long as wide, maximum corneal diameter 0.7 rostrum width (Fig. 4A). Antennular article 1 with 3 well-developed distal spines, distomesial spine subequal in size to distoventral spine, distodorsal largest (Fig. 4E). Ultimate article with few short fine setae not in tuft on distodorsal margin. Antennal article 1 with distomesial spine reaching distal margin of article 3; article 2 with distomesial and distolateral spines reaching midlength of article 3; article 3 with small but distinct distomesial spine; article 4 unarmed (Fig. 4E). Mxp3 ischium with small distal spine each on flexor and extensor margins, crista dentata with 23 denticles. Merus slightly longer than ischium (measured on lateral midline); flexor margin with 2 subequal spines; distoextensor margin unarmed. Carpus with low protuberances on extensor surface. Propodus moderately slender. Dactylus oblong (Fig. 4F). P1 2.2 times PCL, covered with finely setose scales and with sparse long setae (Fig. 4G). Merus 0.6 times PCL, 1.6 times longer than carpus, with spines arranged roughly in row each on dorsomesial and dorsolateral margins; dorsomesial spines stronger, distalmost spine prominent; mesial surface with submedian spine; lateral surface with few small spines distally; ventral surface with spine each at distomesial and distolateral angles. Carpus 0.8 length of palm, 1.4 times width; dorsal surface with 2 and 3 spines on dorsomesial and dorsolateral margin, respectively; lateral surfaces with some small spines; mesial surface with 4 spines increasing in size distally, distal second largest. Palm 2.3 times as long as wide; dorsal surface with dorsolateral and dorsomesial rows of irregular spines; mesial and lateral margin each with row of larger spines, lateral row extending to fixed finger; lateral margin almost straight; mesial margin gently convex. Fingers 0.9 length of palm, spooned distally; opposable margins slightly gaping proximally, dactylus bearing 1 large tooth proximally; distal margins rounded, each with row of small blunt teeth; dactylus with dorsomesial row of sparse spinules (Fig. 4G). P2–4 moderately slender, with setose striae and sparse long plumose setae (Fig. 4H–J). P2–4 2.1, 2.0, and 1.8 times PCL, respectively. Meri successively shorter posteriorly (P3 merus 0.9 times length of P2 merus, P4 merus 0.8 times length of P3 merus); P2 merus 0.7 times PCL, 5.3 times longer than high, 1.4 times P2 propodus length; extensor margins each with row of 5 (P4) and 6 (P2 and P3) proximally diminishing spines; flexor margins each with strong distal spine followed proximally by 1 small spine and few eminences; P4 lateral surface with 1 submedian spine adjacent to extensor margin. Carpi with extensor row of 4 spines on P2 and P3 and 1 disto-extensor spine on P4; distoflexor margins subacute. Propodi 4.1–4.3 times as long as high; extensor margins each with 2 small spines on proximal half; flexor margins with 5 (P3 and P4) and 6 (P2) corneous spines on P2, 5 spines on P3–4. Dactyli each ending in curved strong spine, length 0.7 of propodal length; flexor margins each with 5 (P3 and P4) and 6 (P2) proximally diminishing teeth, each tooth bearing slender corneous spine (Fig. 4H–J). Epipods absent from P1–4. Etymology. The species name honours the eminent crustacean taxonomist, Nasima Masoom Tirmizi, for her great contribution to the taxonomy of anomuran crustaceans in the Indian Ocean. Remarks. Galathea tirmiziae sp. nov. is morphologically closest to G. consobrina De Man, 1902 from Vanuatu to Western Australia and Indonesia and G. tagaro Macpherson & Robainas-Barcia, 2015 from Vanuatu and the Solomon Islands (cf. Macpherson & Robainas-Barcia 2015). The three species share the following characters: carapace with distinct transverse ridges, including anterior protogastric ridge gently convex medially, scale-like median ridge behind anterior protogastric ridge, long but laterally interrupted anterior mesogastric ridge between anteriormost branchial marginal spines, and anterior metagastric ridge medially uninterrupted; two epigastric spines, absence of cardiac spines; lateral carapace margin with small but distinct spine between anterolateral spine and anteriormost spine of five branchial spines; rostrum triangular, with four deeply incised teeth; pterygostomian flap unarmed on upper margin; antennular article 1 with three well-developed distal spines; Mxp3 merus with 2 subequal spines on flexor margin; P1 fingers distally spooned; and epipod absent from P1. However, Galathea tirmiziae sp. nov. is distinguished from both of G. consobrina and G. tagaro by the Mxp3 merus without a distoextensor spine, which is present in the latter two species, the proportionally more slender P2 merus (5.3 vs 4.5 and 3.7 times longer than high in G. consobrina and G. tagaro, respectively), and the intermediate proportion of P2–4 propodi (4.1–4.3 times longer than high vs 3.5–4.0 times in G. consobrina and 4.5–4.8 times in G. tagaro). Further, the new species differs from G. tagaro in the anterior margin of the thoracic sternite 4 being much wider than, rather subequal in width to the sternite 3, and the antennal article 3 with a small distomesial spine which is absent in the latter species. Distribution. Presently only known from Andaman Sea, 53 m depth (Fig. 1).

Raymunida shraddhanandi sp. nov. (Figures 2 (a–), 3(a–3), Figure 4 and Figure 5) urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 4A3E0887-2772-4221-9734-ADB4C4D9328D Type material Holotype. India • ♂ (PCL 9.7 mm, CW 8.2 mm); Andaman Sea, off Little Andaman Island; FORVSS stn. 38806; 10.72°N, 92.7°E; 53 m depth; Chain dredge; 10 August 2019; Vinay P. Padate leg.; CMLRE IO /SS/ANO/00141. Paratype. India • 1 ♀ (PCL 5.8 mm, CW 4.9 mm); same data as for holotype; CMLRE IO /SS/ ANO/00140. Type locality India: Andaman Sea, off Little Andaman Island; 10.72°N, 92.7°E; 53 m depth. Etymology The species is named in honour of the Swami Shraddhanand College, University of Delhi, the alma mater of the first author. Diagnosis Carapace (exclusive of rostrum) 1.2 times as long as wide; dorsal surface with sparse long iridescent setae, 5 pairs of epigastric spines, 0–1 anterior branchial spine, 1 parahepatic spine and 1 post-cervical spine on either side; frontal margin with short spine mesial to anterolateral spine; branchial margin with 4 spines (2 on each of anterior and posterior margins). Rostrum 0.4 times PCL, 2 times longer than supraocular spines. Anterior margin of thoracic sternite 4 as wide as sternite 3, sternites 5–7 smooth or with few short oblique striae on lateral portions. Pleonal tergites 2 and 3 each with or without row of interrupted, short striae between 2 transverse ridges. Antennular peduncle article 1 (excluding distal spines) not reaching distal corneal margin. Antennal peduncle article 1 with distomesial spine slightly overreaching distal margin of article 3, not reaching distal margin of antennular peduncle article 1; article 2 with distomesial spine reaching distal margin of article 3, unarmed on mesial margin; article 3 with short distomesial spine. Mxp3 merus with dorsodistal spine, ventral margin with 2 slender spines;carpus with 1 or 2 distal spines on ventral margin. P1 3.1–3.6 times PCL,with numerous long, simple setae; chela 4.6 (paratype female) to 7.5 (holotype male) times as long as wide, with dorsolateral row of sparsely arranged spines; fingers each with distinct rounded crest along dorsal midline. P2–4 meri squamate on lateral surface, P4 mero-carpal articulation reaching level of lateral end of anterior cervical groove of carapace. Description of holotype Carapace (Figures 2 (a), 2(a), 2(a, 2)) (exclusive of rostrum) 1.2 times as long as wide, bearing a few long iridescent setae dorsally; transverse striae with dense short setae; gastric region with 6 transverse striae and 5 pairs of spines (epigastric spines); cardiac region with 2 complete transverse striae followed by 2 median striae and 1 pair of lateral striae; intestinal region with 3 transverse striae, first and third complete, second interrupted medially. One parahepatic and 1 postcervical spine present on each side; anterior branchial spines absent. Frontal margin moderately oblique, with 1 small spine between supraocular spine and anterolateral spine. Lateral margin gently convex. Anterolateral spine distinct, but falling far short of level of sinus between rostrum and supraocular spine, followed by small spine anterior to cervical groove. Anterior and posterior branchial margins each with 2 spines, posteriormost spine smallest. Rostrum spiniform, 0.4 times PCL, 2 times longer than supraocular spines, directed slightly downward. Supraocular spines horizontal, subparallel, overreaching distal margin of cornea. Thoracic sternite 3 (Figure 4 (c)) 3.3 times as wide as long, with 2 flattened lobes separated by shallow V-shaped notch on anterior margin, anterior margins of lobes faintly granulate, lateral angle with distinct acute projection. Sternite 4 with anterior margin as wide as sternite 3, with 2 transverse striae, anterior stria medially interrupted, bearing sparse setae, posterior stria uninterrupted. Sternites 5 and 6 with short oblique stria on each lateral portion. Sternite 7 with few short striae laterally. Pleonal tergites (Figure 4 (d)) with few moderately long iridescent setae and row of short plumose setae on transverse ridges; tergites 2 and 3 each with row of short, interrupted striae between 2 transverse ridges, tergite 4 without striae between 2 transverse ridges; tergites 5 and 6 with 2 medially interrupted ridges, those on tergite 5 longer and nearly straight, those on tergite 6 somewhat squamiform. Eye (Figure 4 (a)) moderately large, corneal diameter 0.3 times distance between mesial bases of anterolateral spines, eye lashes simple and relatively short, long stout seta on rounded dorsodistal margin of peduncle. Antennular peduncle article 1 (Figure 4 (f)) (distal spines excluded) only reaching proximal margin of cornea; distomesial spine distinctly shorter than distolateral spine; 2 lateral spines, anterior spine distinctly overreaching tip of distolateral spine, posterior spine much shorter than anterior spine. Antennal peduncle article 1 (Figure 4 (f)) with long distomesial spine slightly overreaching distal margin of article 3, not reaching distal margin of antennular article 1; article 2 with distomesial spine reaching distal margin of article 3, distolateral spine nearly reaching distal margin of article 3, mesial margin unarmed; article 3 with short distomesial spine; article 4 unarmed. Mxp3 (Figure 4 (g)) ischium subequal in length to merus measured along dorsal margin, with strong spine each at dorsodistal and ventrodistal angles; crista dentata consisting of 33 denticles. Merus with small dorsodistal spine; ventral margin with 3 spines, second spine much smaller than other 2 slender main prominent spines. Carpus with 2 spines distally on ventral margin. Epipod present. P1 (Figure 4 (h,)) subequal from right to left, massive, 3.6 times PCL, moderately depressed, with numerous long, iridescent setae; surfaces of merus, carpus and palm of chela squamate. Merus 1.1 times PCL; dorsal and ventral surfaces each with 2 irregular rows of spines, distomesial spine strongest; mesial surface with 2 spines distal to mid length, distal spine much larger than proximal spine; lateral surface with 1 subdistal spine, ventrolateral margin with 1 small distal spine. Carpus with 2 irregular rows of spines on dorsal surface and with 1 spine each on ventral surface, mesial margin and lateral margin; mesial margin also with elongated spine on distal one-third. Chela 4.6 (left) or 4.8 (right) times as wide as long. Palm 1.3 times longer than carpus, 2.1 (right) or 2.3 (left) times as long as wide; dorsal surface with 2 irregular rows of spines and small spine at dactylar articulation; ventral surface with 1 mesial spine at mid length; mesial surface with longitudinal row of 4 spines; lateral margin with row of sparsely arranged spines extending to entire length of fixed finger. Fingers distally broken, but distinctly longer than palm at least, each with rounded longitudinal crest on dorsal surface; fixed finger curved on proximal half; dactylus with 3 spines on proximal one-third portion, 1 median spine and small, unevenly spaced spinules on distal portion of mesial margin; occlusal margins minutely dentate, dactylus with blunt teeth on proximal one-third fitting into large concavity on proximal half of fixed finger. P2–4 (Figure 4 (j–)) somewhat compressed laterally, 2.1 (P2, P3) and 1.7 (P4) times PCL; P4 mero-carpal articulation reaching only level of first branchial spine (lateral end of anterior cervical groove of carapace) (Figure 2 (a)); meri 6.3 (P2), 4.5 (P3) and 3.5 (P4) times as long as wide, 0.9 (P2), 0.8 (P3) and 0.6 (P4) times PCL, 3.0 (P2), 2.6 (P3) and 2.2 (P4) times longer than carpi; propodi 7.5 (P2), 6.7 (P3) and 5.7 (P4) times as long as wide, 2.1 (P2), 2.0 (P3) and 1.9 (P4) times longer than carpi, 2.3 (P2), 2.2 (P3) and 2.0 (P4) times longer than dactyli. Meri covered with distinct squamiform ridges on lateral and mesial surfaces; dorsal margins each with row of 10 (P2), 6 (P3) and 3 (P4) spines randomly arranged and increasing in size distally; lateral surfaces each with dorsal row of 3 (P2), 9 (P3) and 8 (P4) spines; ventral margins with 4 (P2), 3 (P3) and 2 (P4) spines on distal one-third. Carpi with 5 (P2), 4 (P3) and 1 (P4) dorsal spines; ventral margins each with 1 distal spine. Propodi dorsally unarmed; ventral margins with 7 (P2), 4 (P3) and 4 (P4) slender corneous spines. Dactyli with 6 (P2), 5 (P3) and 4 (P4) slender corneous spines on ventral margins. Epipods present on P1–3. Male with G1 (Figure 4 (n)) and G2 (Figure 4 (o)) as illustrated. Uropodal protopod (Figure 4 (e)) with 1 distal spine and proximal produced portion on lateral margin; endopod broader than exopod, lateral and distal margins each with row of spines (lateral spines damaged); exopod also spinose on lateral and distal margins. Variations The female paratype differs from the male holotype in the following points, although the difference in the P1 represents sexual dimorphism. Carapace (Figure 5 (a)) bearing 1 anterior branchial spine on dorsal surface. Thoracic sternites 5–7 (Figure 5 (b)) smooth. Pleonal tergites 2 and 3 (Figure 5 (a)) without striae. Antennal peduncle article 2 with distomesial spine feebly overreaching distal margin of article 3 (Figure 5 (c)). Mxp3 (Figure 5 (d)) merus with only 2 main spines on ventral margin, carpus with 1 distal spine on ventral margin. P1 slender, 3.1 times PCL, chela 7.5 times as long as wide; palm subequal in length to carpus, ventral surface with 2 irregular longitudinal rows of spines, lateral margin with row of spines extending to distal one-fourth of fixed finger; fingers about 1.9 times as long as palm, parallel to each other, occlusal margins minutely dentate, each with slightly larger acute teeth at regular intervals. P2–4 (Figure 5 (f–i)) 1.9 (P2), 2.2 (P3) and 1.7 (P4) times PCL; meri with 4 (P2), 4 (P3) and 2 (P4) spines on dorsal margins, lateral surfaces with dorsal row of 6 (P2) and 6 (P4) spines, P4 ventral margin with only 1 distal spine; carpi with 4 (P2), 3 (P3) and 2 (P4) spines on dorsal margins; P2 propodus and dactylus each with 5 ventral spines. Remarks Among the known congeners, R. shraddhanandi sp. nov. is morphologically closest to R. formasanus (known from Taiwan and the south-eastern Australia, 104–300 m depths) in having the carapace with some long setae on the dorsal surface, the frontal carapace margin with a small spine mesial to the anterolateral spine, the antennal peduncle article 2 without a small spine on the mesial margin, the P1 bearing numerous long simple setae, the P1 fixed finger with a row of relatively sparse spines on the dorsolateral margin, and the P1 dactylus with a distinct longitudinal crest along the dorsal midline. However, the new species differs from R. formasanus) in the following characters (see Ahyong and Poore 2004; Lin et al. 2004). (1) The anterior branchial carapace region is unarmed or has only one spine, instead of three to five spines as in R. formasanus. (2) The distomesial spine of the antennal peduncle article 2 reaches only or feebly overreaches the distal margin of the article 3, while it clearly overreaches that margin in R. formasanus based on the re-examination of the holotype. (3) The antennal peduncle article 3 has a short distomesial spine, which is absent in R. formasanus. (4) The Mxp3 merus has a small but distinct dorsodistal spine, which is absent in R. formasanus. (5) The P4 mero-carpal articulation reaches only the lateral end of the anterior cervical groove of the carapace, whereas it overreaches the frontal margin of the carapace in R. formasanus. Munida alcocki Southwell,1906 was described from the Gulf of Mannar (Dutch Modragam Paar and Aripu Reef,off western coast of Sri Lanka),in shallow water to a depth of 66 m. The identity of the taxon is not clear, although it has been questionably included in the synonymy of Raymunida elegantissima (see Baba et al. 2008). Southwell (1906) described Munida alcocki as having seven spines on the carapace lateral margin; the number agrees only with that of R. iranica;in the other known Raymunida species,only five or six spines are present (Osawa and Safaie 2014). It is unlikely that Munida alcocki is conspecific with the present new taxon. Geographical distribution So far known only from the Andaman Sea, 53 m depth., Published as part of Tiwari, Shivam, Padate, Vinay P., Cubelio, Sherine S. & Osawa, Masayuki, 2022, Squat lobsters of the genera Raymunida Macpherson & Machordom, 2000 and Munidopsis Whiteaves, 1874 (Decapoda: Anomura: Galatheoidea) from the Indian Exclusive Economic Zone, with descriptions of three new species, pp. 1819-1839 in Journal of Natural History 56 on pages 1822-1829, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2022.2138600, http://zenodo.org/record/7380764, {"references":["Macpherson E. 2009. New species of squat lobsters of the genera Munida and Raymunida (Crustacea, Decapoda, Galatheidae) from Vanuatu and New Caledonia. Zoosystema. 31 (3): 431 - 451. doi: 10. 5252 / z 2009 n 3 a 3.","Ahyong ST, Poore GCB. 2004. Deep-water Galatheidae (Crustacea: Decapoda: Anomura) from southern and eastern Australia. Zootaxa. 472: 1 - 76. doi: 10.11646 / zootaxa. 472.1.1.","Lin CW, Chan TY, Chu KH. 2004. A new squat lobster of the genus Raymunida (Decapoda: Galatheidae) from Taiwan. J Crustac Biol. 24 (1): 149 - 156. doi: 10.1651 / C- 2432.","Southwell T. 1906. Report on Anomura collected by Professor Herdman, at Ceylon, 1902. Report to the Government of Ceylon on the Pearl Oyster Fisheries of the Gulf of Mannar. Supplementary Report. 5: 211 - 224.","Baba K, Macpherson E, Poore GCB, Ahyong ST, Bermudez A, Cabezas P, Lin CW, Nizinski M, Rodrigues C, Schnabel KE. 2008. Catalogue of squat lobsters of the world (Crustacea: Decapoda: Anomura - Families Chirostylidae, Galatheidae and Kiwaidae). Zootaxa. 1905 (1): 1 - 220. doi: 10.11646 / zootaxa. 1905.1.1.","Osawa M, Safaie M. 2014. Two squat lobster species (Crustacea: Decapoda: Anomura) from the Persian Gulf, with description of a new species of Raymunida Macpherson & Machordom, 2000. Zootaxa. 3861 (3): 265 - 274. doi: 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3861.3.4."]}

Raymunida vittata Macpherson, 2009 (Figures 2 (c), 2(c) 2 2) Raymunida vittata Macpherson, 2009: 446, figure 7 (type locality: Vanuatu, SANTO 2006, stn DB16, 15.59°S, 167.26°E, 32–40 m depth); Osawa 2012: 140, 143 (key), figures 3, 4(b); Poupin et al. 2022: 21, figure 9(f). Material examined India • 1 ♀ (PCL 9.0 mm, CW 7.7 mm); Andaman Sea, off Little Andaman Island; FORVSS stn. 38806; 10.72°N, 92.7°E; 53 m depth; Chain dredge; 10 August 2019; Vinay P. Padate leg.; CMLRE IO /SS/ANO/00142. Remarks Morphological characters of the present specimen, including the carapace armature (Figure 6 (a,)), the striations on thoracic sternites and pleonal tergites (Figure 6 (c)), the relative lengths of spines on the antennal peduncle articles 1 and 2 (Figure 6 (e)), and the armatures of Mxp3 (Figure 6 (e)) and P3–4 (Figure 6 (g–)), fall within the range of intraspecific variations of the type material from Vanuatu (Macpherson 2009) and subsequently reported material from south-western Japan (Osawa 2012). Geographical distribution Vanuatu (Macpherson 2009), Ryukyu Islands, south-western Japan (Osawa 2012), Mayotte Island, south-western Indian Ocean (Poupin et al. 2022), Andaman Islands, India (present study); bathymetric range: 32–123 m depth (Macpherson 2009; Osawa 2012). The present occurrence of R. vittata in the eastern Indian Ocean suggests that the species is widely distributed in the Indo-West Pacific although literature records are still scattered., Published as part of Tiwari, Shivam, Padate, Vinay P., Cubelio, Sherine S. & Osawa, Masayuki, 2022, Squat lobsters of the genera Raymunida Macpherson & Machordom, 2000 and Munidopsis Whiteaves, 1874 (Decapoda: Anomura: Galatheoidea) from the Indian Exclusive Economic Zone, with descriptions of three new species, pp. 1819-1839 in Journal of Natural History 56 on pages 1829-1830, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2022.2138600, http://zenodo.org/record/7380764, {"references":["Macpherson E. 2009. New species of squat lobsters of the genera Munida and Raymunida (Crustacea, Decapoda, Galatheidae) from Vanuatu and New Caledonia. Zoosystema. 31 (3): 431 - 451. doi: 10. 5252 / z 2009 n 3 a 3.","Osawa M. 2012. Raymunida Macpherson & Machordom, 2000 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Anomura: Munididae) from the KUMEJIMA 2009 Expedition in the Ryukyu Islands, Japan. Zootaxa. 3367 (1): 134 - 144. doi: 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3367.1.13.","Poupin J, Barathieu G, Konieczny O, Mulochau T. 2022. Crustaces (Decapoda, Stomatopoda) dans la zone meso-photique corallienne de Mayotte (Sud-Ouest Ocean Indien). Naturae. 2022 (8): 133 - 167. doi: 10.5852 / naturae 2022 a 8."]}

Munidopsis kadal sp. nov. (Figures 3 (e), 3) urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 04C22864-27A5-4DFF-BF50-83D50DDBD984 Type material Holotype. India • ♂ (PCL 5.2 mm, CW 5.0 mm); south-eastern Arabian Sea, off Kerala; FORVSS stn. 341I06; 10.99°N, 74.98°E; 1018 m depth; naturalist’s dredge; 17 June 2015; N. Saravanane leg.; CMLRE IO /SS/ANO/00146. Type locality India: South-eastern Arabian Sea, off Kerala; 10.99°N, 74.98°E; 1018 m depth. Etymology The species name is derived from the Malayalam word for ‘sea’. The name is used as noun in apposition. Diagnosis Anoplonotus group. Carapace dorsally uneven,covered with numerous granules and low small tubercles; epigastric bulges blunt, each bearing tuberculate ridge anteriorly; posterior cardiac region widely triangular; lateral margins subparallel, unarmed, each with rounded anterolateral angle. Rostrum narrow subtriangular, nearly horizontal, with mid-dorsal granular carina extending between epigastric bulges; width at base about 0.4 of distance between anterolateral angles of carapace. Thoracic sternite 4 broad, 2.6 times wider than, and not contiguous to, sternite 3; anterolateral margins gently concave. Pleonal tergites unarmed, tergites 2–4 each with elevated transverse ridge anteriorly, tergites 2 and 3 with posterior transverse ridge. No eye spines. Antennular article 1 with 2 strong distal spines, ventrodistal spine larger than dorsodistal spine. Antennal peduncle overreaching distal corneal margin by half length of article 4, article 1 with small subacute ventromesial projection. Mxp3 with 2 ventral spines, dorsal margin distally with distinct spine. P1 slender, 3.3–3.4 times PCL, unarmed, with numerous coarse granules; fingers 0.9 length of palm, not gaping when closed, dactylus with low tooth proximally on cutting edge. Epipods absent from P1–4. Description of holotype Carapace (Figures 3 (e), 3(a, 3)) (exclusive of rostrum) quadrangular in general outline, 1.1 times as long as wide; lateral margins subparallel, each with small notch at lateral end of anterior cervical groove. Dorsal surface with regions well delineated by deep depressions, uneven in lateral view, unarmed, covered with granules and low small tubercles. Hepatic region not elevated. Gastric region strongly convex, with pair of blunt epigastric bulges, each bulge delimited anteriorly by tuberculate ridge. Cervical grooves deep. Cardiac region subdivided into anterior and posterior parts by deep transverse groove; posterior part widely triangular, more elevated than gastric region. Posterior branchial region subdivided into 2 parts by deep transverse groove. Frontal margin behind ocular peduncles oblique, gently convex between ocular and antennal peduncles; antennal spine absent; no submarginal protuberance between ocular and antennal peduncle. Anterolateral angle rounded. Posterior submarginal ridge elevated, sharp, unarmed. Rostrum (Figure 8 (a,)) about 0.3 times PCL, narrow, distinctly tapering distally in dorsal view, terminating in blunt tip, nearly horizontal; dorsal surface with median granular carina extending between epigastric bulges; surfaces lateral to carina minutely granulate; width at base about 0.4 of distance between anterolateral angles of carapace. Pterygostomian flap (Figure 8 (b)) covered with short rows of granules; anterior margin bluntly subtriangular. Sternum (Figure 8 (c)) 1.2 times as wide as long, maximum width at sternite 7. Sternite 3 divided into 2 ovate lobes with distinctly sinuous anterior and posterior margins. Sternite 4 2.6 times wider than, and not contiguous to, sternite 3; surface smooth except for scattered granules, with subcircular median depression behind posterior margin of sternite 3; anterolateral margins gently concave, each with granulated ridge. Sternites 5–7 nearly smooth, each side with elevated anterior margin. Pleon (Figure 8 (a,,)) unarmed, surfaces of tergites and pleura smooth. Tergites 2–4 each with elevated transverse ridge anteriorly, tergites 2 and 3 each with posterior transverse ridge. Tergites 5 and 6 without transverse ridges, distomedian margin of tergite 6 flattish. Telson (Figure 8 (e)) 1.3 times as wide as long, composed of 8 calcified plates. Ocular peduncle (Figure 8 (a)) short, stout, movable, unarmed. Cornea subglobular, not dilated, weakly pigmented, slightly longer than remaining peduncle, reaching 0.4 length of rostrum. Antennular article 1 (Figure 8 (f)) distally armed with 2 strong, well-separated spines, ventrodistal spine larger than dorsodistal spine. Antennal peduncle (Figure 8 (f)) overreaching distal corneal margin by half length of article 4; article 1 with small subacute distomesial projection; articles 2–4 unarmed. Mxp3 (Figure 8 (g)) ischium 0.8 merus length; dorsal margin sharply ridged, with small distolateral spine, crista dentata consisting of 19 corneous denticles. Merus with 2 spines on ventral margin,distal spine smaller than proximal spine;dorsal margin with strong distal spine. P1 subequal (Figure 8 (h)), 3.3–3.4 times PCL, unarmed, covered with numerous coarse granules. Merus somewhat concave on mesial surface; lateral surface with short subdistal ridge. Carpus and chela slightly compressed dorsoventrally. Palm 1.8 times longer than carpus. Fingers 0.9 length of palm, not gaping when closed; cutting edges each with row of small blunt teeth, also with low tooth proximally on dactylus. P2–4 missing. Epipods absent from P1–4. Remarks As discussed above in the Remarks section for M. bengala sp. nov., M. kadal sp. nov. is morphologically similar to M. bengala sp. nov., M. bruta, M. shulerae and M. truculenta. However, M. kadal sp.nov. is distinguished from the other four species by the proportionally shorter antennal peduncle which overreaches the distal corneal margin by half the length of article 4, rather than by at least the full length of article 4 as in the other species. Munidopsis kadal sp. nov. is morphologically closest to M. shulerae in having the combination of the following characters: the carapace lateral margins are subparallel; the epigastric bulges each have a tuberculate ridge anteriorly; and the rostrum has a middorsal carina. However, the new species differs from M. shulerae in lacking dense short setae along the cutting edges of the P1 finger, in addition to having a proportionally shorter antennal peduncle. The new species further differs from M. bruta in the dorsal margin of the Mxp3 merus being unarmed exclusive of a strong distal spine, instead of being crenulated or having one or two small spines; and from M. truculenta in the lateral carapace margins being subparallel, rather than divergent posteriorly, and the dorsal surface of the carapace with coarse granules and small tubercles, rather than being distinctly tuberculate, particularly on the branchial region. Munidopsis kadal sp. nov. and M. bengala sp. nov. are distinguishable by the following characters. (1) The dorsal surface of the carapace is more strongly uneven and more tuberculate in M. kadal sp. nov. than in M. bengala sp. nov. (2) The lateral margins of the carapace are subparallel in M. kadal sp. nov., but they are gently divergent posteriorly along the anterior three-fourths in M. bengala sp. nov. (3) The pair of epigastric bulges on the carapace are each delimited anteriorly by a tuberculate ridge in M. kadal sp. nov., whereas the anterior margin of the epigastric bulges is rounded and such ridge is absent in M. bengala sp. nov. (4) The rostrum is wider at the base and tapers more strongly in M. kadal sp. nov. than in M. bengala sp. nov. The basal width of the rostrum is about 0.4 and 0.3 of the distance between the anterolateral angles of the carapace in M. kadal sp. nov. and M. bengala sp. nov., respectively. (5) The Mxp3 merus has a strong dorsodistal spine in M. kadal sp. nov.; the spine is absent in M. bengala sp. nov. Geographical distribution So far known only from the type locality, south-eastern Arabian Sea, off Kerala, India, 1018 m depth (Figure 1).

Munidopsis bengala sp. nov. (Figures 3 (d), 3) urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: EC51F9A5-0565-4502-A2C0-2D40A3794D48 Type material Holotype. India • ♀ (PCL 8.0 mm, CW 7.7 mm); south-western Bay of Bengal, off Tranquebar, Tamil Nadu; FORVSS stn. 346, leg 1–03; 11.03°N, 80.26°E; 524 m depth; naturalist’s dredge; 5 December 2015; Chippy Khader leg; CMLRE IO /SS/ANO/00145. Type locality India: South-western Bay of Bengal, off Tranquebar, Tamil Nadu; 11.03°N, 80.26°E; 524 m depth. Etymology The species name is derived from the type locality, the Bay of Bengal. Diagnosis Anoplonotus group. Carapace (exclusive of rostrum) dorsally uneven, covered with small, unevenly scattered granules; epigastric bulges blunt, posterior cardiac region narrowly triangular; lateral margins gently diverging posteriorly in anterior three-fourths length, unarmed, each with rounded anterolateral angle. Rostrum narrowly subtriangular, gently deflexed ventrally, with mid-dorsal granular carina extending nearly to epigastric region, lateral margins gently tapering; width at base about 0.3 of distance between anterolateral angles of carapace. Thoracic sternite 4 broad, 2.8 times wider than, and not contiguous to, sternite 3; anterolateral margins gently concave. Pleonal tergites unarmed, tergites 2–4 each with elevated transverse ridge anteriorly, tergites 2 and 3 each with posterior transverse ridge. No eye spines. Antennular peduncle article 1 with 2 strong distal spines, ventrodistal spine larger than dorsodistal spine. Antennal peduncle overreaching distal corneal margin by combined length of articles 3 and 4, all articles unarmed. Mxp3 with 3 ventral spines, distalmost smallest; dorsal margin distally with small blunt projection. Epipods absent from P1–4. Description of holotype Carapace (Figures 3 (d), 3(a, 3)) (exclusive of rostrum) quadrangular in general outline, 1.1 times as long as wide; lateral margins gently diverging posteriorly in anterior threefourths length and subparallel on posterior one-fourth. Dorsal surface with regions well delineated by deep depressions, uneven in lateral view, unarmed, covered with small, unevenly scattered granules. Hepatic region not elevated. Gastric region strongly convex, with pair of blunt epigastric bulges. Cervical grooves deep. Cardiac region subdivided into anterior and posterior parts by deep transverse groove; posterior part narrowly triangular, more elevated than gastric region. Posterior branchial region subdivided into 2 parts by deep transverse groove. Frontal margin behind ocular peduncles oblique, gently convex behind antennal peduncle; antennal spine absent; no submarginal protuberance between ocular and antennal peduncle. Anterolateral angle rounded. Posterior submarginal ridge elevated, sharp, unarmed. Rostrum (Figure 7 (a,)) 0.3 times PCL, narrow, gently tapering distally in dorsal view, terminating in blunt tip, gently deflexed ventrally; dorsal surface with median granular carina extending nearly to epigastric region; surfaces lateral to carina minutely granulate; width at base about 0.3 of distance between anterolateral angles of carapace. Pterygostomian flap (Figure 7 (b)) covered with short rows of granules; anterior margin bluntly subtriangular. Sternum (Figure 7 (c)) 1.1 times as wide as long, maximum width at sternite 7. Sternite 3 divided into 2 ovate lobes with distinctly sinuous anterior and posterior margins. Sternite 4 2.8 times wider than, and not contiguous to, sternite 3; surface smooth except for scattered granules, with subcircular median depression behind posterior margin of sternite 3; anterolateral margins gently concave, each with granulated ridge. Sternites 5 and 6 nearly smooth, each side with elevated anterior margin. Pleon (Figure 7 (a,)) unarmed, surfaces of tergites and pleura smooth. Tergites 2–4 each with elevated, transverse ridge anteriorly, tergites 2 and 3 each with posterior transverse ridge. Tergites 5 and 6 without transverse ridges, distomedian margin of tergite 6 flattish. Telson (Figure 7 (e)) about 1.4 times as wide as long, composed of 8 calcified plates. Ocular peduncle (Figure 7 (a)) short, stout, movable, unarmed. Cornea subglobular, not dilated, weakly pigmented, slightly longer than remaining peduncle, reaching 0.4 length of rostrum. Antennular peduncle article 1 (Figure 7 (f)) distally armed with 2 strong, well separated spines, ventrodistal spine larger than dorsodistal spine. Antennal peduncle (Figure 7 (f)) overreaching distal corneal margin by combined length of articles 3 and 4; article 1 wider than articles 2–4, distomesial projection indistinct, rounded; articles 2–4 unarmed. Mxp3 (Figure 7 (g)) ischium 0.7 merus length; dorsal margin sharply ridged, with small distal spine, crista dentata consisting of 24 corneous denticles. Merus with 3 blunt spines on ventral margin, distalmost smallest; dorsal margin unarmed, but with small blunt projection distally. P1–4 missing. Epipods absent from P1–4. Remarks Among the Anoplonotus group of the genus Munidopsis (see Ahyong et al. 2011; VázquezBader et al. 2014), M. bengala sp. nov. and M. kadal sp. nov., described later in this paper, are similar to M. bruta (Taiwan, Philippines, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea and Solomon Islands, 329–1203 m depths), M. shulerae (Gulf of Mexico and western Caribbean off the Mexican coast of Yucatan, 320–787 m depths) and M. truculenta (off Congo, Africa, 800– 900 m depth) in having the dorsal surface of carapace with a pair of blunt bulges on the epigastric region and entirely covered with coarse granules or small tubercles, the frontal margins of the carapace gently convex, and the absence of an anterolateral spine on each side of the carapace. Furthermore, the presence of a distinct mid-dorsal carina on the rostrum may link M. bengala sp. nov. and M. kadal sp. nov. more closely to M. shulerae than to M. bruta and M. truculenta. Meanwhile, M. bengala sp. nov. resembles M. truculenta rather than M. bruta and M. shulerae in that the carapace lateral margins are gently divergent posteriorly in the anterior three-fourths; the lateral margins are subparallel in M. bruta and M. shulerae as well as in M. kadal sp. nov. Furthermore, M. bengala sp. nov. is distinctive in lacking a dorsodistal spine on the Mxp3 merus; the spine is present in the latter three species. In addition, M. bengala sp. nov. is distinguished from M. bruta, M. shulerae and M. truculenta by the following characters. From M. bruta (see Macpherson 2007; Osawa et al. 2013): 1.The antennal peduncle overreaches the corneal distal margin by the combined length of the article 3 and 4 vs only by the length of article 4 in M. bruta. 2.The Mxp3 merus is unarmed on the dorsal margin, whereas it is crenulated or has one or two small spines on the dorsal margin in addition to a strong dorsodistal spine in M. bruta. From M. shulerae (see Vázquez-Bader et al. 2014): 1.The epigastric bulges of the carapace are rounded on the anterior margins, vs being each delimited anteriorly by a semi-circular tuberculate ridge in M. shulerae. 2.The mid-dorsal carina of the rostrum extends nearly to the epigastric carapace region, whereas it continues as a row of small tubercles between the epigastric bulges in M. shulerae. From M. truculenta (see Macpherson and Segonzac 2005): 1.The dorsal surface of the carapace is coarsely granular, rather tuberculate, particularly on the branchial region, as in M. truculenta. The characters that distinguish between M. bengala sp. nov. and M. kadal sp. nov. are discussed below under the Remarks on the latter new species. Geographical distribution So far known only from south-western Bay of Bengal, off Tamil Nadu, India, 524 m depth (Figure 1)., Published as part of Tiwari, Shivam, Padate, Vinay P., Cubelio, Sherine S. & Osawa, Masayuki, 2022, Squat lobsters of the genera Raymunida Macpherson & Machordom, 2000 and Munidopsis Whiteaves, 1874 (Decapoda: Anomura: Galatheoidea) from the Indian Exclusive Economic Zone, with descriptions of three new species, pp. 1819-1839 in Journal of Natural History 56 on pages 1830-1834, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2022.2138600, http://zenodo.org/record/7380764, {"references":["Macpherson E. 2009. New species of squat lobsters of the genera Munida and Raymunida (Crustacea, Decapoda, Galatheidae) from Vanuatu and New Caledonia. Zoosystema. 31 (3): 431 - 451. doi: 10. 5252 / z 2009 n 3 a 3.","Ahyong ST, Nikos A, Taylor J. 2011. Mitochondrial phylogeny of the deep-sea squat lobsters, Munidopsidae (Galatheoidea). Zool Anz. 250 (4): 367 - 377. doi: 10.1016 / j. jcz. 2011.06.005.","Macpherson E. 2007. Species of the genus Munidopsis Whiteaves, 1784 [sic.] from the Indian and Pacific Oceans and reestablishment of the genus Galacantha A. Milne-Edwards, 1880 (Crustacea, Decapoda, Galatheidae). Zootaxa. 1417 (1): 1 - 135. doi: 10.11646 / zootaxa. 1417.1.1.","Osawa M, Lin C-W, Chan T-Y. 2013. Munidopsidae Ortmann, 1898 (Crustacea, Decapoda, Anomura) collected by the PANGLAO 2005 and Aurora expeditions to the Philippines, with descriptions of four new species from the Philippines and one new species from Taiwan. In: Ahyong ST, Chan T-Y, Corbari L, Ng PKL, editors. Tropical deep-sea Benthos (Vol. 27). Paris: Museum national d'Histoire naturelle; p. 231 - 286.","Vazquez-Bader AR, Gracia A, Lemaitre R. 2014. A new species of Munidopsis Whiteaves, 1874 (Crustacea: Anomura: Galatheoidea: Munidopsidae) from the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea. Zootaxa. 3821 (3): 354 - 362. doi: 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3821.3.4.","Macpherson E, Segonzac M. 2005. Species of the genus Munidopsis (Crustacea, Decapoda, Galatheidae) from the deep Atlantic Ocean, including cold-seep and hydrothermal vent areas. Zootaxa. 1095 (1): 1 - 60. doi: 10.11646 / zootaxa. 1095.1.1."]}

Tiwari, Shivam, Padate, Vinay P., Cubelio, Sherine S., Osawa, Masayuki (2022): Squat lobsters of the genera Raymunida Macpherson & Machordom, 2000 and Munidopsis Whiteaves, 1874 (Decapoda: Anomura: Galatheoidea) from the Indian Exclusive Economic Zone, with descriptions of three new species. Journal of Natural History 56: 1819-1839, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2022.2138600, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2022.2138600

Guyanacaris keralam sp. nov. (Figs 2���5) urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 6FE055EC-2D4E-46C7-80ED-4C30F540F940 Material examined. Holotype. Male (CMLRE / IO /SS/AXI/00001, CL 50.0 mm, TL 119.0 mm), Arabian Sea, west off Kasaragod, Kerala, India, FORVSS station 31810, 12.10��N, 74.32��E, 316���326 m depth, 26 August 2013, Expo model trawl, coll. Dr. Rajool Shanis C.P. Diagnosis. Rostrum with 4 or 5 lateral spines. Lateral gastric carina with 5 spines; submedian gastric carina with 6 spines; median gastric carina with 3 anterior spines, 1 tubercle and 4 posterior spines. Eyestalk short of midlength of rostrum. Antennular peduncle not reaching to distal margin of antennal article 4. Antennal article 4 longer than article 2, scaphocerite overreaching midlength of article 4. Chelipeds subequal, major P1 dactylus with 6 erect dorsal spines, minor P1 dactylus with 5 erect dorsal spines; fingers at least 3 times palm length. P3���4 propodi and dactyli with corneous movable spines. Description of holotype. Carapace minutely granular, sparsely setose (Figs 1A, C, 2A, B). Rostrum acute, 0.19 times post-rostral carapace length, 0.45 times length of front-to-cervical groove, acute, short of base of distalmost antennular article, and midlength of penultimate antennal article (article4), bearing 4lateral spines on the right margin, 5 lateral spines on the left margin anterior to supraocular spine, weakly continuous with lateral gastric carinae (Figs 1A, C, 2A, B, D). Supraocular spine slightly shorter than rostral spines, anterolateral margin with 1 antennal spine. Lateral gastric carina bearing 5 spines; submedian gastric carina bearing 6 spines; median gastric carina bearing 3 anterior spines, 1 tubercle and 4 posterior spines; cervical groove distinct, extending anteriorly up to hepatic region, unarmed; post-cervical and branchiostegal regions unarmed, low median longitudinal post-cervical carina present (Figs 1A, C, 2A, B, D). Thoracic sternite 7 (P4) deeply divided in midline over posterior two-thirds, bearing sharp oblique lateral ridge; sternite 8 (P5) with setose semicircular flap on anterior face at base of P5 (Figs 1B, 2C). Pleonal 1 pleuron twice as deep as middorsal length, bearing 1 ventral spine; pleuron 2 broad, lateral length 1.6 times dorsal length, gently convex anteroventrally, bearing 13 marginal spines ventrally; pleura 3���5 ventrally subquadrate, posterior margins almost straight, pleura 3���4 bearing 6 marginal spines each, pleuron 5 bearing 5 marginal spines; pleuron 6 bluntly triangular, bearing 1 ventral spine (Figs 1A, C, 2A); pleura 1���5 with lateral crease (Figs 1C, 2A). Ocular peduncle 0.46 times rostral length; cornea lightly pigmented (Fig. 2B, D). Antennular peduncle not reaching to distal margin of penultimate antennal article (article 4) (Fig. 2B, D, E, F). Antennal article 1 bearing 1 spine on distoventral margin, ventral margin with 1 row of blunt spinules; article 2 distal spine (stylocerite) slender, directed anteriorly, short of midlength of antennal article 4; scaphocerite gently curved, overreaching midlength of article 4, bearing mesial spine at base; article 3 with broad mesiodistal spine on ventral margin; article 4 length 1.40 times length of article 2 (excluding distal spine); article 5 0.46 times length of article 4 (Fig. 2B, D, E, F). Pleurobranch gills absent; well-developed epipods and podobranch gills on maxillipeds 2���3 and pereopods 1���4; 2 arthrobranch gills each on maxilliped 3 and pereopods 1���4. Maxilliped 3 coxa bearing 1 spine; basis bearing 1 spine; ischium ventral margin bearing 3 spines, crista dentata with 17���21 teeth (Fig. 2G); right merus ventral margin bearing 4 spines (Fig. 3G), left merus with 3 spines; right carpus ventral margin bearing 1 subdistal spine, left carpus spine damaged; exopod with well-developed flagellum, reaching distal end of merus (Fig. 2H). Chelipeds (PI) subequal in length, propodus of right P1 slightly more swollen, ornamentation slightly dissimilar. Major (right) P1 coxa bearing 1 curved spine proximally, 2 spines distally on ventral margin, lateral margin bearing 1 spine and 3 spinules; basis ventral surface bearing 1 spine, terminal spine on lateral margin behind ischial articulation; ischium ventral margin bearing 2 rows of 3���5 spines (Fig. 3A, B); merus dorsal margin bearing 5 spines, anterior 2 forming 1 pair with spinule at carpal articulation, outer ventral margin bearing 10 small spines and 8 spinules, inner ventral margin bearing 5 large spines, distoventral lobule with large hook-like spine, lateral surface sparsely spinose distally, mesial surface smooth (Fig. 3A, B); carpus dorsal surface bearing 3 spines, lateral surface bearing 12 spinules including 2 on distal margin, mesial surface bearing 1 pair of blunt spinules distally, ventral margin bearing 3 spinules distally (Fig. 3A, B); propodus dorsal margin bearing 2 irregular rows of 3���5 spines, ventral margin bearing 13 spines in lateral row, mesial surface inflated (Fig. 1B), bearing 13 spines (anterior largest), pollex (fixed finger) inner surface bearing 5 spines dorsally, lateral surface sparsely spinose, 2 irregular rows of 3 spines each proximally; pollex 3.00 times as long as upper palm, cutting edge straight with 30 bluntly triangular teeth (Fig. 3A, B); dactylus dorsal margin with 6 spines, lateral and mesial surfaces unarmed, cutting edge bearing 30 bluntly triangular teeth (Fig. 4A, B); both fingers heavily setose (Fig. 1A, B, C). Minor (left) P1 coxa bearing 1 curved spine proximally, 2 spines distally on ventral margin, lateral margin bearing 1 spine and 3 spinules; basis ventral surface bearing 1 spine, terminal spine on lateral margin behind ischial articulation; ischium ventral margin bearing 2 rows of 3���5 spines; merus dorsal margin bearing 5 spines, 1 spinule at carpal articulation, outer ventral margin bearing 9 small spines and 8 spinules, inner ventral margin bearing 4 large spines, distoventral lobule with large hook-like spine, lateral surface sparsely spinose distally, mesial surface smooth; carpus dorsal surface bearing 2 spines, lateral surface bearing 11 spinules including 2 on distal margin, mesial surface bearing 1 pair of blunt spinules distally, ventral margin bearing 2 spinules distally; propodus dorsal margin bearing 2 irregular rows of 3���4 spines, ventral margin bearing 14 spines in lateral row, mesial surface gently inflated (Fig. 1B), bearing 10 spines (anterior largest), pollex (fixed finger) inner surface bearing 3 spines dorsally, lateral surface sparsely spinose, 2 oblique rows of spines proximally, 2 spines in upper row, 5 spines in lower row; pollex 3.20 times as long as upper palm, cutting edge straight with approximately 29 bluntly triangular teeth (Fig. 3C, D); dactylus dorsal margin with 5 spines, lateral and mesial surfaces unarmed, cutting edge bearing 33 bluntly triangular teeth (Fig. 4C, D); both fingers heavily setose (Fig. 1A, B, C). P2 ischium bearing 1 large subdistal and 4 proximal spinules ventrally; merus bearing 1 large subdistal and 2 smaller proximal spines ventrally; carpus 0.78 times as long as chela; propodus upper margin 0.77 length of dactylus (Fig. 4A), fingers bearing pectinate teeth on cutting margins (Fig. 4A, B). P3 ischium bearing 5 proximal spinules ventrally; merus bearing 1 distoventral spine; propodus 1.22 times as long as dactylus, lateral surface bearing transverse sets of corneous spines (Fig. 4C); dactylus curved, lateral surface bearing 2 rows of 5���10 corneous spines, distal tip corneous, tapering to a claw (Fig. 4C, D). P4 ischium bearing 5 proximal spinules ventrally; merus bearing 1 distoventral spine; propodus 3.04 times as long as dactylus, lateral surface bearing transverse sets of corneous spines (Fig. 4E); dactylus curved, lateral surface bearing 2 rows of 6���11 corneous movable spines, distal tip corneous, tapering to a claw (Fig. 4E, F). P5 propodus 2.55 times as long as dactylus, subchelate, with short fixed finger (Fig. 4G); dactylus unarmed, heavily setose proximally, distal tip corneous (Fig. 4G, H). Pleopod 1 present, bearing 2 long setae distally (Fig. 4I). Pleopod 2 endopod bearing appendix masculina and appendix interna attached at proximal one-thirds portion, appendix interna 0.33 times length of endopod, subequal to appendix masculina (Fig. 4J). Pleopods 3���5 appendix interna 0.36 times length of endopod. Telson 1.31 times as long as broad, lateral margin bearing 3 spines in the middle third portion, 1 spine in the posterior third portion, posterior margin broadly convex, densely setose with posteromedian spine, posterolateral angle unarmed; dorsal surface with 1 pair of submedian subcircular depressions anteriorly, 2 spines in each oblique row (Fig. 4K). Uropodal endopod 1.06 times as long as wide, with 3 lateral spines, longitudinal ridge bearing 5 spines. Uropodal exopod 1.34 times as long as wide, with 3 lateral spines, dorsal surface bearing 2 longitudinal ribs, inner rib unarmed, outer rib with 2 spines, posterolateral angle with 1 fixed spine; transverse suture with 9 spines (Fig. 4K). Preserved colouration (in formalin for 7 years and recently transferred to 70% ethanol) is brown with dark yellow setae; PI chelae and carpi light grey (Fig. 1A, B, C). Etymology. The species name is derived from the vernacular Malayalam word ���Keralam��� denoting the southwestern Indian state of Kerala; used as noun in apposition. Remarks. Poore & Collins (2009) commented that Calocaris (Calastacus) hirsutimana Boesch & Smalley, 1972, Axiopsis (Axiopsis) caespitosa Squires, 1979 referred to Acanthaxius by Sakai and de Saint Laurent (1989), and Acanthaxius polychaetes Sakai, 1994, differed from the typical Acanthaxius in the presence of male pleopod 1, absence of prominent supraocular spine, comparatively more compact propodus on the major cheliped with few lateral spines, and presence of prominent lateral spine on the telson; additionally, Acanthaxius spinulicauda (Rathbun, 1902) reportedly differed from the type species A. pilocheira K. Sakai, 1987 in possessing a less spinose carapace. They further suggested the creation of new genera to accommodate these species. Sakai (2011) retained A. spinosissima in Acanthaxius due to the absence of male pleopod 1. He erected a new genus, Guyanacaris, for C. hirsutimana (as type species) and A. caespitosa, owing to an elongate, forwardly directed antennal scaphocerite and the presence of uniramous, bisegmented male pleopod 1. He erected another genus, Bruceaxius K. Sakai, 2011, for A. polychaetes (as type species), owing to the presence of uniramous, bisegmented male pleopod 1, with a digitiform distal segment, carapace with anterolateral spine and postcervical carina, P1 chela with unarmed dorsal margin and thickly setose lateral surfaces, fingers of larger cheliped shorter than palm, those of smaller cheliped distinctly longer than palm, and pleonal 1���5 tergites and pleura separated by longitudinal carina. Moreover, he transferred A. spinulicauda to another genus Leonardsaxius K. Sakai, 2011, owing to smooth submedian and lateral gastric carinae on the carapace. Dworschak (2013) and Dworschak and Poore (2018) recognized Guyanacaris for G. hirsutimana and G. caespitosa. Moreover, Dworschak and Poore (2018) considered Sakai���s (2011) definition of Guyanacaris to be weak. Sakai (2015) described a second species of Bruceaxius, B. thailandensis. Poore (2020) commented that A. polychaetes K. Sakai, 1994 and A. spinosissima (Rathbun, 1906) probably belonged to Guyanacaris owing to the presence of multi-spinate lateral gastric carinae converging anteriorly on small supraocular spines, and a mesial spine at the base of scaphocerite. If A. polychaetes, type species of Bruceaxius, is considered to be a Guyanacaris, then Bruceaxius should be considered to be a synonym of Guyanacaris. With regards to B. thailandensis, it was noted that the line illustration of the antennal peduncle (Sakai 2015: Fig. 3A) did not clearly indicate the presence of a mesial spine at the base of scaphocerite. In view of this, it is herein considered that B. thailandensis differs from the typical Guyanacaris in the absence of a mesial spine at the base of scaphocerite, major P1 carpus, propodus and dactylus with tuberculate upper margins, male pleopod 2 with tri-segmented appendix masculina (Table 2). It is therefore suggested that this species may be tentatively retained in Bruceaxius. ......continued on the next page ......continued on the next page ......continued on the next page In view of this, Guyanacaris K. Sakai, 2011, is presently considered to represent 5 species��� G. caespitosa (Squires, 1979), G. hirsutimana (Boesch & Smalley, 1972), G. keralam sp. nov., G. polychaetes (K. Sakai, 1994) and G. spinosissima (Rathbun, 1906), with known geographical distribution in the Atlantic and Indo-Pacific Oceans. This genus differs from Acanthaxius Sakai & de Saint Laurent, 1989, in having short supraocular spine, the presence of post-cervical carina on the carapace, dentate margins of pleura 1���2, angular to almost straight posterior margins of pleura 3���5, scaphocerite with mesial spine at base, and the presence of male pleopod 1 (Sakai 2011; Poore 2020; present study). Morphological comparisons among the species of Guyanacaris and Bruceaxius are provided in Table 2. Distribution. Southeastern Arabian Sea, India ��� 326 m., Published as part of Padate, Vinay P., Cubelio, Sherine Sonia & Takeda, Masatsune, 2022, Two axiidean ghost shrimps (Crustacea: Decapoda) from India, Guyanacaris keralam sp. nov. (Axiidae) and Paragourretia galathea (K. Sakai, 2017) (Ctenochelidae), pp. 195-217 in Zootaxa 5093 (2) on pages 200-209, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5093.2.4, http://zenodo.org/record/5905225, {"references":["Poore, G. C. B. & Collins, DJ. (2009) Australian Axiidae (Crustacea: Decapoda: Axiidea. Memoirs of Museum Victoria, 66 (2), 221 - 287. https: // doi. org / 10.24199 / j. mmv. 2009.66.20","Boesch, D. F. & Smalley, A. E. (1972) A new axiid (Decapoda, Thalassinidea) from the Northern Gulf of Mexico and tropical Atlantic. Bulletin of Marine Science, 22 (1), 45 - 52.","Squires, H. J. (1979) Axiopsis caespitosa (Thalassinidea, Axiidae), a new species from the Pacific coast of Colombia. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 57, 1584 - 1591. https: // doi. org / 10.1139 / z 79 - 207","Sakai, K. & Saint Laurent, M. de (1989) A check list of Axiidae (Decapoda, Crustacea, Thalassinidea, Anomura), with remarks and in addition descriptions of one new subfamily, eleven new genera and two new species. Naturalists, Publications of Tokushima Biological Laboratory, Shikoku University, 3, 1 - 104.","Sakai, K. (1994) Eleven species of Australian Axiidae (Crustacea: Decapoda: Thalassinidea) with descriptions of one new genus and five new species. The Beagle, Occasional Papers of the Northern Territory Museum of Arts and Sciences, 11, 175 - 202.","Rathbun, M. J. (1902) Descriptions of new decapod crustaceans from the west coast of North America. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 24 (1272): 885 - 905. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00963801.1272.885","Sakai, K. (1987) Two new Thalassinidea (Crustacea: Decapoda) from Japan, with the biogeographical distribution of the Japanese Thalassinidea. Bulletin of Marine Science, 41 (2), 296 - 308.","Sakai, K. (2011) Axioidea of the world and a reconsideration of the Callianassoidea (Decapoda, Thalassinidea, Callianassida). Crustaceana Monographs, 13, 1 - 616. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 9789047424185","Dworschak, P. C. (2013) Axiidea and Gebiidea (Crustacea: Decapoda) of Costa Rica. Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien, Serie B, 115, 37 - 55.","Dworschak, P. C. & Poore, G. C. B. (2018) More cautionary tales: family, generic and species synonymies of recently published taxa of ghost and mud shrimps (Decapoda: Axiidea and Gebiidea). Zootaxa, 4394 (1), 61 - 76. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4394.1.3","Sakai, K. (2015) Two new species, Colemanaxius andamanensis sp. nov. and Bruceaxius thailandensis sp. nov. from the Andaman Sea, Thailand (infraorder Axiidea de Saint Laurent, 1979). Crustaceana, 88 (7 - 8), 867 - 880. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1163 / 15685403 - 00003440","Poore, G. C. B. (2020) Axiid and micheleid lobsters from Indo-West Pacific deep-sea environments (Crustacea: Decapoda: Axiidea: Axiidae, Micheleidae). In: Corbari, L., Ahyong, S. T. & Chan, T. - Y. (Eds), Deep-Sea Crustaceans from Papua New Guinea. Tropical Deep-Sea Benthos 31. Memoires du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris, 213, 259 - 367.","Rathbun, M. J. (1906) The Brachyura and Macrura of the Hawaiian islands. Bulletin of the United States Fish Commission, 23 (3), 827 - 930, pls. I - XIV.","Hendrickx, M. (1987) The species of Axiidae (Crustacea: Thalassinidea) from the Pacific coast of Mexico, with a key for their identification. Revista de Biologia Tropical, 32 (2), 355 - 358","Hendrickx, M. (2004) Additional records of Acanthaxius caespitosus (Squires, 1979) (Decapoda, Thalassinoidea, Axiidae) from the Eastern Tropical Pacific, Crustaceana, 77 (10), 1277 - 1278. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 1568540043166065","Heard, R. W., King, R. A., Knott, D. M., Thoma, B. P. & Thornton-DeVictor, S. (2007) A guide to the Thalassinidea (Crustacea: Malacostraca: Decapoda) of the South Atlantic bight. NOAA Professional Paper NMFS 8, Seattle, Washington, 30 pp. [https: // spo. nmfs. noaa. gov / sites / default / files / pp 8. pdf]","Sakai, K. (2017 a) One new species of a new genus, Neoaxius gen. nov., in a new family, Neoaxiidae fam. nov., from the Gulf of Nicoya, Costa Rica (Decapoda, Axioidea). Crustaceana, 90 (4), 503 - 510. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 15685403 - 00003650","Man, J. G. de (1925) The Decapoda of the Siboga-Expedition. Part VI. The Axiidae collected by the Siboga-Expedition. Siboga Expeditie, 39 a 5, 1 - 127.","Ngoc-Ho, N. (2005) Thalassinidea (Crustacea, Decapoda) from French Polynesia. Zoosystema, 27 (1), 47 - 83."]}

Paragourretia galathea (K. Sakai, 2017) (Figs 5���7) Tuerkaygourretia galathea K. Sakai, 2017b: 1133, figs 4, 5 (in part); Poore et al. 2019: 121 (synonymy, see remarks for Paragourretia Sakai, 2004). Paragourretia galathea. Poore et al. 2019: 137 (Table 1), 146 (Table 2). Material examined. Male (CMLRE / IO /SS/AXI/00002, CL 8.5 mm, TL 25.6 mm), Arabian Sea, west off Koyilandi (Quilon), Kerala, India, FORVSS station 34013, 11.36��N, 74.91��E, 100 m depth, 25 May 2015, Naturalist���s dredge, coll. Dr. K.U. Abdul Jaleel; male (CMLRE / IO /SS/AXI/00003, CL 9.0 mm, TL 29.0 mm), Arabian Sea, west off Panaji, Goa, India, FORVSS station 34003, 15.47��N, 73.07��E, 105 m depth, 22 May 2015, Naturalist���s dredge, coll. Dr. K.U. Abdul Jaleel. Diagnosis. Rostrum triangular, distal tip short of distal margin of ocular lobes (Figs 5A���B, 6A���D). Carapace smooth, unarmed; dorsal oval absent; cervical groove located in posterior third portion of carapace; linea thalassinica entire, cardiac prominence present (Figs 5A���B, 6A���B, D). Pleomeres smooth, glabrous dorsally; pleomeres 1���2 relatively longer than pleomeres 3���5; pleomere 6 subquadrate dorsally; pleomeres 3���6 pleural margins convex (Figs 5A���B, 6D). Ocular lobes triangular, dorsal surface gently convex, directed obliquely downwards; distal tip obtuse, extending to midlength of basal antennular article; cornea distal, darkly pigmented (Fig. 6A���C). Antennular peduncle shorter than antennal peduncle by length of distal antennular article, terminal article slightly longer than penultimate article (Fig. 6A���C). Scaphocerite small, triangular; terminal article shorter than penultimate one (Fig. 6A���C). Maxilliped 3 endopodal ischium sub-rectangular, unarmed (Fig. 6E), crista dentata with 15 teeth and 4 minute denticles (Fig. 6F); merus sub-rectangular, bearing 1 spine mesiodistally; carpus narrow proximally, ventral margin widened distally, unarmed; propodus subovate, ventral margin widened proximally; dactylus digitiform; exopod short, flagellum not reaching base of endopodal merus, bearing long distal setae (Fig. 6E). P1 unequal, dissimilar. Major (right) cheliped ischium elongate, dorsal margin convex distally, ventral margin bearing 1 distinct subdistal denticle; merus deeper than ischium, dorsal margin gently convex, ventral margin bearing 1 sharp tooth proximally, distal portion rough, blade-like. Carpus posteroventral angle convex, rough, blade-like, carpal margins bearing long setae. Chela dorsal margin smooth, ventral margin up to proximal portion of pollex rough, blade-like, both margins bearing long setae; dactylus gently curved, dactylar occlusal margin with high sharp ridge in proximal half, that of pollex finely denticulate proximally, distal portions of both fingers smooth, unarmed, distal tips crossed in closed position (Fig. 7A). Minor (left) cheliped slender; ischium slender, dorsal margin convex distally, margins unarmed; merus deeper than ischium, dorsal margin gently convex, ventral margin bearing 1 sharp tooth proximally, distal portion rough, blade-like. Carpus posteroventral angle convex, rough, blade-like, margins bearing long setae. Chela dorsal margin smooth, ventral margin up to proximal portion of pollex rough, blade-like, both margins bearing long setae; dactylus elongate, distal one-third portion gently curved, evenly tapering, occlusal margin of both fingers unarmed, distal tips crossed in closed position (Fig. 7B). P2 chelate, ischial ventral margin protruding distally; meral ventral margin convex bearing closely-set long setae; carpal height subequal to that of merus; chela margins bearing long setae; dactylus elongate, tapering, distal tip curved, occlusal margin unarmed, fingers crossed in closed position (Fig. 7C). P3 simple; ischial ventral margin protruding distally; meral dorsal margin convex in distal half; carpal distal margin bearing long setae; propodus elongate, dorsal margin gently convex, ventral margin nearly straight, all surfaces and margins bearing setal tufts; dactylus slender, triangular (Fig. 7D). P4 simple; merus slender; carpus slender; propodus subovate, bearing closelyset setal tufts on all surfaces and margins; dactylus slender, triangular (Fig. 7E). P5 sub-chelate; acute disto-ventral extension of propodus forming sub-chela with dactylus; dactylus narrow, dorsal margin convex, ventral margin distinctly concave, distal tip blunt (Fig. 7F). Male pleopod 1 uniramous, bi-articulate; proximal article longer than distal article; distal article widened and chelate distally, curved acute apex and broadly triangular subdistal lobe separated by deep notch (Fig. 7G, J). Pleopod 2 endopod bearing appendix masculina and appendix interna attached at distal one-thirds portion (Fig. 7H, K). Pleopods 3���5 exopods shorter than ovate endopods, appendices internae slender. Telson trapezoid, lateral margins parallel along anterior two-fifths portion, gently tapering distally, distal margin broadly convex, setose, bearing acuminate median spine; dorsal surface with median longitudinal groove (Fig. 7I). Uropodal endopod subquadrate, convex distally, dorsal surface bearing low median ridge (Fig. 7I). Uropodal exopod bearing blunt spinule proximally, broadly expanded distally, dorsal surface bearing transverse elevation medially divided by groove, lateral notch present (Fig. 7I). Colouration (preserved in formalin for six years and recently transferred to 70% ethanol) is off-white (Fig. 5A���B). Remarks. Ghost shrimps of the genus Paragourretia K. Sakai, 2004 resemble those of the genus Gourretia de Saint Laurent, 1973, but clearly differ from the latter in the absence of teeth on the occlusal margin of the minor cheliped fingers, tapering lower proximal margin of the major cheliped carpus, the presence of marginal notch and dorsal plate on the uropodal exopod, and the mesial position of the appendices interna and masculina on the endopod of the male pleopod 2 (Poore et al. 2019).Recently, Sakai (2017b) described a new genus and species Tuerkaygourretia galathea from one female and two males collected from the southwest Bay of Bengal off Tranquebar, India, two females from the northwest Bay of Bengal and one male off Singapore. However, Poore et al. (2019) opined that the illustrations of the chelipeds and the male pleopods indeed represented separate species from hitherto-known genera Gourretia and Paragourretia, which were confounded into a single morphological description, and therefore resulted in synonymizing Tuerkaygourretia with Paragourretia. According to Poore et al. (2019), the holotype was depicted only in figures 4A���C, E, F and 5A���C, E, G (Sakai 2017), and were used to compare the present material. In view of the above, the genus Paragourretia is now represented by eight extant species namely Paragourretia aungtonyae (K. Sakai, 2002), P. biffari (Blanco Rambla & Li��ero Arana, 1994), P. coolibah (Poore & Griffin, 1979), P. crosnieri (Ngoc-Ho, 1991), P. galathea (K. Sakai, 2017b), P. laevidactyla (WL Liu & RY Liu, 2010), P. phuketensis (K. Sakai, 2002) and P. portsudanensis (K. Sakai, 2005), with known circumtropical distribution. The ambiguous description of the type specimens of P. galathea (deposited in the Zoological Museum, University of Copenhagen) necessitated a redescription. The present specimens from the Arabian Sea were compared carefully with the eight known species about the relative lengths of the rostrum, ocular lobe and antennular peduncle, the armature of the third maxilliped merus, and the shape and armature of the telson. They were identified as P. galathea in spite of the following two differences from the holotype from the Bay of Bengal. 1) The terminal antennular article in the present specimens is slightly longer than the penultimate article [vs. terminal article is slightly shorter than the penultimate article in the holotype], but this character may be delicate, with possible individual or developmental variation; 2) A distomedian spine is present on the telson in the present specimens [vs. telson is unarmed in the holotype], but the spine is small, semi-transparent and partly disguised under the marginal hairs, with unavoidable omission. This problem on such differences may be settled with examination of the additional topographical specimens. Distribution. Bay of Bengal, off Tranquebar (11.10��N, 80.08��E) at 94 m, 20.62��N, 87.55��E at 50 m depth (Sakai 2017b); Arabian Sea, off Quilon at 100 m, off Panaji at 105 m., Published as part of Padate, Vinay P., Cubelio, Sherine Sonia & Takeda, Masatsune, 2022, Two axiidean ghost shrimps (Crustacea: Decapoda) from India, Guyanacaris keralam sp. nov. (Axiidae) and Paragourretia galathea (K. Sakai, 2017) (Ctenochelidae), pp. 195-217 in Zootaxa 5093 (2) on pages 209-213, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5093.2.4, http://zenodo.org/record/5905225, {"references":["Sakai, K. (2017 b) A second report on material from Dr. Mortensen's collection of Thalassinidea and Callianassidea (Decapoda) in the Zoological Museum, Copenhagen. Crustaceana, 90 (7 - 10), 1117 - 1144. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 15685403 - 00003583","Poore, G. C. B., Dworschak, P. C., Robles, R., Mantelatto, F. L. & Felder, D. L. (2019) A new classification of Callianassidae and related families (Crustacea: Decapoda: Axiidea) derived from a molecular phylogeny with morphological support. Memoirs of Museum Victoria, 78, 73 - 146. https: // doi. org / 10.24199 / j. mmv. 2019.78.05","Sakai, K. (2004) Dr. R. Plante's collection of the families Callianassidae and Gourretiidae (Decapoda, Thalassinidea) from Madagascar, with the description of two new genera and one new species of the Gourretiidae Sakai, 1999 (new status) and two new species of the Callianassidae Dana, 1852. Crustaceana, 77, 553 - 602. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 1568540041718019","Saint Laurent, M. de (1973) Sur la systematique et la phylogenie des Thalassinidea: definition des familles des Callianassidae et des Upogebiidae et diagnose de cinq genres nouveaux (Crustacea Decapoda). Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires de Seances de l'Academie des Sciences, Paris, Serie D, 277, 513 - 516.","Sakai, K. (2002) Callianassidae (Decapoda, Thalassinidea) in the Andaman Sea, Thailand. Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication, 23 (2), 461 - 532.","Blanco Rambla, J. P. & Linero Arana, I. (1994). New records and new species of ghost shrimps (Crustacea: Thalassinidea) from Venezuela. Bulletin of Marine Science, 55, 16 - 29.","Poore, G. C. B. & Griffin, D. J. G. (1979) The Thalassinidea (Crustacea: Decapoda) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum, 32, 217 - 321. https: // doi. org / 10.3853 / j. 0067 - 1975.32.1979.457","Ngoc-Ho, N. (1991) Sur quelques Callianassidae et Upogebiidae de Nouvelle-Caledonie (Crustacea, Thalassinidea). In: Richer de Forges, B. (Ed.), Le benthos des fonds meubles des lagons de Nouvelle-Caledonie. ORSTOM Editions, Paris, pp. 281 - 311, figs 1 - 11.","Liu, W. L. & Liu, R. Y. (2010) Two new species of the axiidean genus Gourretia de Saint Laurent, (Decapoda: Ctenochelidae) from the South China Sea. Journal of Crustacean Biology, 30 (4), 745 - 756. https: // doi. org / 10.1651 / 10 - 3282.1","Sakai, K. (2005) Callianassoidea of the world (Decapoda: Thalassinidea). Crustaceana Monographs, 1 - 285."]}

Genus Guyanacaris K. Sakai, 2011 Guyanacaris K. Sakai, 2011: 119. Type species: Calocaris (Calastacus) hirsutimana Boesch & Smalley, 1972, by original designation, gender feminine. Neoaxius Sakai, 2017a: 504. Type species: Neoaxius nicoyaensis Sakai, 2017, by original designation and monotypy, gender masculine. Diagnosis: Carapace smooth or spinose. Rostrum spine-like, narrow, slightly shorter to slightly longer than eyestalks, slightly depressed, continuous with lateral carinae laterally denticulate; supraocular spines short; gastric carinae spinose, lateral gastric carina converging anteriorly on supraocular spines; postcervical carina present. Pleonal 1 pleuron acute (or obtuse), margin dentate; pleuron 2 broad, less rounded anteriorly and posteriorly, ventral margin truncate, margins dentate or smooth; posterior margins of pleura 3���5 angular to almost straight, dentate or smooth; pleonal 1���5 terga and pleura separated by weak longitudinal carinae. Eyestalk cylindrical, articulating; cornea pigmented. Antennal scaphocerite short, gently curved, with mesial spine at base; distal spine on antennal article 2 directed anteriorly (or anteromesially) and acute. Maxilliped 3 exopod not clearly bent at base of flagellum. Pleurobranchs absent; podobranchs and arthrobranchs well developed; epipods present on maxilliped 2 to P4. P1 unequal or subequal, asymmetrical, with propodus subcylindrical; carpus-dactylus upper margins prominently spinose (or unarmed). P3���5 propodi with (or without) transverse rows of robust setae; dactyli tapering, with or without longitudinal row of robust setae. Pleopods 3���5 appendix interna present. Male pleopod 1 present; pleopod 2 with appendix masculina. Uropodal exopod with transverse suture. Telson with lateral fixed spines, posterolateral robust setae absent (or present); apex truncate-rounded to nearly straight (Sakai 2011; Poore 2020)., Published as part of Padate, Vinay P., Cubelio, Sherine Sonia & Takeda, Masatsune, 2022, Two axiidean ghost shrimps (Crustacea: Decapoda) from India, Guyanacaris keralam sp. nov. (Axiidae) and Paragourretia galathea (K. Sakai, 2017) (Ctenochelidae), pp. 195-217 in Zootaxa 5093 (2) on page 196, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5093.2.4, http://zenodo.org/record/5905225, {"references":["Sakai, K. (2011) Axioidea of the world and a reconsideration of the Callianassoidea (Decapoda, Thalassinidea, Callianassida). Crustaceana Monographs, 13, 1 - 616. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 9789047424185","Boesch, D. F. & Smalley, A. E. (1972) A new axiid (Decapoda, Thalassinidea) from the Northern Gulf of Mexico and tropical Atlantic. Bulletin of Marine Science, 22 (1), 45 - 52.","Sakai, K. (2017 a) One new species of a new genus, Neoaxius gen. nov., in a new family, Neoaxiidae fam. nov., from the Gulf of Nicoya, Costa Rica (Decapoda, Axioidea). Crustaceana, 90 (4), 503 - 510. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 15685403 - 00003650","Poore, G. C. B. (2020) Axiid and micheleid lobsters from Indo-West Pacific deep-sea environments (Crustacea: Decapoda: Axiidea: Axiidae, Micheleidae). In: Corbari, L., Ahyong, S. T. & Chan, T. - Y. (Eds), Deep-Sea Crustaceans from Papua New Guinea. Tropical Deep-Sea Benthos 31. Memoires du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris, 213, 259 - 367."]}

Genus Paragourretia K. Sakai, 2004 Paragourretia K. Sakai, 2004: 568. Type species: Gourretia phuketensis K. Sakai, 2002, by original designation and monotypy., Published as part of Padate, Vinay P., Cubelio, Sherine Sonia & Takeda, Masatsune, 2022, Two axiidean ghost shrimps (Crustacea: Decapoda) from India, Guyanacaris keralam sp. nov. (Axiidae) and Paragourretia galathea (K. Sakai, 2017) (Ctenochelidae), pp. 195-217 in Zootaxa 5093 (2) on page 209, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5093.2.4, http://zenodo.org/record/5905225, {"references":["Sakai, K. (2004) Dr. R. Plante's collection of the families Callianassidae and Gourretiidae (Decapoda, Thalassinidea) from Madagascar, with the description of two new genera and one new species of the Gourretiidae Sakai, 1999 (new status) and two new species of the Callianassidae Dana, 1852. Crustaceana, 77, 553 - 602. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 1568540041718019","Sakai, K. (2002) Callianassidae (Decapoda, Thalassinidea) in the Andaman Sea, Thailand. Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication, 23 (2), 461 - 532."]}

Tiwari, Shivam, Padate, Vinay P., Venugopalan, Vishnu K., Cubelio, Sherine Sonia, Takeda, Masatsune (2022): Paralomis White, 1856 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Anomura) from India, with morphological variability in Paralomis indica Alcock & Anderson, 1899. Zootaxa 5091 (2): 301-329, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5091.2.4

Paralomis ceres Macpherson, 1989 (Figs. 2���5, Tab. 1) Paralomis ceres Macpherson 1989: 117, figs. 1, 2.��� Kazmi & Siddiqui 2006: fig. 6.��� Ahyong 2010: 108 (list).��� Hall & Thatje 2010: 520 (list, Appendix 1), fig. 15A.��� McLaughlin et al. 2010: 13 (list). Material examined. Three females (IO /SS/ANO/00047; PCL 79.0 mm, CW 81.0 mm, PCL 81.0 mm, CW 84.1 mm, PCL 91.0 mm, CW 95.0 mm), Arabian Sea, FORVSS stn. 31609, 8.41��N, 75.89��E, 1237���1245 m depth, HSDT (CV), coll. Dr. Vinu Jacob, 17 July 2013. One male (IO /SS/ANO/00122; PCL 96.8 mm, CW 101.8 mm), Arabian Sea, FORVSS stn. 39901, 8.64��N, 76.10��E, 1065 m depth, HSDT (CV), coll. Dr. Aneesh Kumar K. V., 23 September 2020. Description. Carapace sub-pentagonal, PCL subequal to CW; regions distinct (Figs. 2A, C, 3A). Surface and margins uniformly covered mostly with rounded papilliform tubercles bearing a crown of thin, stiff setae (Fig. 3A��� B, D���F); elongated tubercles on carapace include 1 at anterior end of each branchial region; coalesced tubercles on carapace include 1 anterior median and 1 pair of posterior submedians on gastric region, 1 anterior and 1 posterior on each branchial region, and 2 submedian pairs on cardiac region; cervical groove distinct. Pterygostomian region tapering anteriorly, anterior margin with prominent conical spine bearing thin, stiff setae; surface of anterior third covered with smaller, well-spaced minute rounded tubercles, posterior two-thirds covered with relatively closely spaced larger rounded tubercles (Fig. 3D). Rostrum trispinous, 0.1 PCL; broad basally, median spine elongate conical, gently curved upwards, ventral lobe bluntly triangular, covered with granules; dorsal spines short conical, directed obliquely upwards (Fig. 3B). Posterior orbital margin concave, sharply granular; outer orbital spine slender, directed anteriorly, not extending to posterior corneal margin. Anterolateral spine conical, shorter than outer orbital spine; distance between outer bases of anterolateral spines of both sides 0.3���0.4 CW. Ocular peduncle longer than cornea, with sharp granules dorsally, anterior 7 granules spiniform, arranged in arcuate row above cornea, median spine longest, overreaching cornea by more than half length of cornea (Fig. 3C). Antennular peduncle unarmed, reaching anteriorly beyond apex of antennal peduncle by full length of distal antennular peduncle article (Fig. 4B). Basal antennal article covered dorsally with scattered granules, anterolateral corner with curved spine followed by two spiniform granules. Article 2 dorsally and laterally granular, lateral granules spiniform; distolateral spine elongated, overreaching apex of article 4. Article 3 ventrally with irregular row minute granules (Fig. 4B). Scaphocerite a long slender spine distinctly overreaching distal peduncular article, bearing 5 mesial and 5 lateral spines, 4 short spines and 3 or 4 granules dorsally, irregularly granular ventrally (Fig. 4C). Article 4 unarmed, about half length of article 5 (Fig. 4B). Abdominal somite 2 covered with rounded tubercles similar to carapace (Figs. 2C, 3E). Somites 3���6 covered with rounded tubercles progressively smaller in size, margins spinulate, marginal plates subdivided into smaller plates (Fig. 2B, D). Somite 6 1.2 times longer than wide in male, 1.3 in females. Telson bluntly triangular, slightly wider than long, with 1 submedian pair of spiniform granules in addition to tubercles (Fig. 2B, D). Maxilliped 3 pediform, widely separated basally (Fig. 4D). Ischium with crista dentata consisting of 16 teeth; accessory tooth present. Merus, carpus with single row of setae on mesial margin. Propodus triangular in crosssection, with thick bunches of grooming setae on mesial margin, outer base of triangle with row of setae. Dactylus flattened with thick bunches of grooming setae along mesial margin. Chelipeds unequal in both sexes, covered with well-spaced rounded tubercles (Fig. 2A, C). Coxae minutely tuberculate, mesial margins with dense tufts of setae (Figs. 2B, D, 4A). Ischiobasis with tufts of setae on mesial surface, larger tubercles bearing setal tufts. Merus with conical tubercles on lateral surface and dorsal margin, dorsal margin with 4 subdistal progressively smaller spines (Fig. 5A). Carpus with 1 row of spines on dorsal margin, fourth spine longest, mesial margin with large spine (Fig. 5A). Propodus with 1 pair of distal spines followed by 3 spines on dorsal margin, largest spines bearing setal tufts; mesial and lateral surfaces with tubercles bearing setal tufts anteriorly, extending onto proximal portion of pollex (Fig. 5A���B). Dactylus and pollex with conical tubercles proximally (Fig. 5A���B). Major cheliped 1.5 PCL in male, 1.1���1.2 PCL in females; upper palm length 0.9 times height in male, 0.9���1.1 in females; occlusal margins of fingers corneous for distal fourth, proximally with 3 calcareous nodules, proximal nodule largest; dactylus dorsal margin broadly convex, with tufts of golden setae and small proximal spine (Fig. 5A���B), 1.1 times longer than dorsal margin of palm in both sexes. Minor cheliped 1.4 PCL in male, 1.0���1.1 PCL in females; upper palm length 0.9 times height in male, 1.0��� 1.1 in females; occlusal margins of fingers corneous for more than distal half, proximally crenulate; dactylus dorsal margin broadly convex, with tufts of golden setae and small proximal granule (Fig. 5C), 1.9 times longer than dorsal margin of palm in male, 1.4���1.7 in females. Pereopods 2���4 similar, elongate, covered with well-spaced small tubercles (Fig. 5D���F). P3 longest. Coxae with setose rounded tubercles. Ischiobasis with distinct conical tubercles, distal ones larger. Merus triangular in crosssection; dorsal and ventral surfaces with small rounded tubercles, flexor surface with short conical spines, extensor surface with a row of 8���10 spines. Carpus with small rounded tubercles on dorsal and ventral surfaces, flexor margin with short conical setose tubercles, extensor margin with 5���7 spines. Propodus with small rounded tubercles on dorsal and ventral surfaces, flexor margin with 10���11 spines, extensor margin with 11���13 spines. Dactylus gently curved, laterally compressed, longer than carpus and extensor margin of propodus (Fig. 5G); flexor margins of male with 12, 13, 16 fixed corneous spines, respectively; 13, 16, 15 spines in smallest female, 15, 12, 12 in medium-sized female, and 17, 15, 15 in largest female; extensor margins of P2, P3 and P4 with 4, 5, 5 proximal spines in male, 4, 5, 5 in smallest female, 5, 5, 7 in medium-sized female and 4, 4, 4 in largest female; apex corneous. Pereopod 2 length 2.2 PCL in male, 1.4���1.5 PCL in females. Merus 0.7 PCL in male, 0.4 PCL in females; length: height ratio 3.7 in male, 2.4���2.8 in females. Carpus 0.6 merus length in male, 0.7���0.8 in females. Propodus 0.8 merus length in both sexes; length: height ratio 4.4 in male, 3.4���3.5 in females. Dactylus 1.1 propodus length in both sexes. Pereopod 3 length 2.2 PCL in male, 1.5 PCL in females. Merus 0.7 PCL in male, 0.5 PCL in females; length: height ratio 3.7 in male, 2.5���2.7 in females. Carpus 0.6 merus length in male, 0.7 in females. Propodus 0.8 merus length in male, 0.8���0.9 in females; length: height ratio 4.7 in male, 3.3���4.1 in females. Dactylus 1.0 propodus length in male, 1.0��� 1.1 in females. Pereopod 4 length 2.2 PCL in male, 1.5 PCL in females. Merus 0.6 PCL in male, 0.4 PCL in females; length: height ratio 3.8 in male, 2.7���2.8 in females. Carpus 0.6 merus length in male, 0.7 in females. Propodus 0.9 merus length in male, 0.8���0.9 in females; length: height ratio 4.7 in male, 3.5���3.9 in females. Dactylus 1.1 propodus length in both sexes. Genetic data. COI sequence GenBank accession number: MW291128. 16S rRNA GenBank accession number: MW362253. Remarks. Paralomis ceres was originally described by Macpherson (1989) based on a male specimen (BMNH 1989.926) from off Oman in the Arabian Sea during the John Murray Expedition and deposited in the British Museum of Natural History. A distinctive feature of this species originally recognised in the type description is the carapace dorsal surface being thickly covered with rounded granules of varying sizes (Macpherson 1989: figs. 1, 2A, B). Hall & Thatje���s (2010) comparative study of carapace ornamentation in lithodids standardized the description to ���several rounded tubercles with a roughly defined ring of single setae towards the top. It has conical lateral spines or tubercles, which have many setae towards their base���. The morphological description and illustrations of the holotype were found to be adequate for comparison with the present material. The present specimens agree with the description and resemble the illustrations of the holotype in the shape and ornamentation of the carapace, chelipeds and pereopods as well as the armature on the antennal scaphocerite. However, the present specimens exhibit higher P4 length/PCL ratio of 2.2 in the male, 1.5 in the females [vs. 1.5 in the holotype]; P4 merus length: width ratio of 3.8 in the male, 2.7���2.8 in the females [vs. 2.7 in the holotype]; P4 carpus length/merus length of 0.6 in the male, 0.4 in the females [vs. 0.5 in the holotype]; P4 propodus length/merus length ratio of 0.9 in the male, 0.8���0.9 in the females [vs. 0.8 in the holotype]; P4 propodus length: width ratio of 4.7 in the male, 3.5���3.9 in the females [2.4 in the holotype]. The variations between the holotype and the present male specimen appear to be allometric in nature. Sexual dimorphism was observed particularly in the relative lengths of the thoracic appendages. The male possessed the comparatively massive chelipeds than females, and its minor cheliped with a relatively longer dactylus compared to the latter. Secondly, the male possessed the relatively longer P2���P4 with higher pereopod length/PCL and merus length/PCL ratios and lower carpus length/merus length ratio. Thirdly, the male possessed the relatively slender pereopod meri and propodi as evident by higher length/width ratios compared to the females. This species resembles P. dofleini Balss, 1911, P. haigae Eldredge, 1976, P. papua Ahyong, 2020 and P. roeleveldae Kensley, 1981 in the carapace being densely covered with rounded tubercles bearing setae around the apex. However, this species shows the closest resemblance to southwestern Indian Ocean species, P. roeleveldae, in having several rounded tubercles with a ring of short single setae surrounding the apex (Fig. 3F; Hall & Thatje 2010: fig. 15A). In comparison, the western Pacific species, P. dofleini and P. haigae have a thick ring of setae around the apex of the tubercle (Balss 1911: fig. 17 for P. dofleini; Hall & Thatje 2010: fig. 15C for P. haigae); P. papua possesses an uneven ring of setae around the apex of the tubercle (Ahyong 2020: fig. 10D, E). Paralomis ceres shows close affinity with P. papua and P. roeleveldae in the position of the marginal tubercles on the carapace, but these are short and blunt in P. ceres (Figs. 2A, 3A) [vs. long acuminate spines in P. roeleveldae (Kensley 1981: fig. 8A); elongate tubercles in P. papua (Ahyong 2020: figs. 8A, 9A); the absence of anterolateral spines and other prominent marginal ornamentation in P. dofleini (Balss 1911: fig. 16) and P. haigae (Eldredge 1976: fig. 2a, d)]. It shares close resemblance with P. papua in the distomesial cluster of spines on the cheliped merus, mesial spines on the carpus and the prominent spines on the dorsal margin of palm. However, P. ceres differs from P. papua in having a carapace with length subequal to width and a less rounded posterior margin (Figs. 2A, C, 3A) [vs. carapace with length slightly greater than width and an arcuate posterior margin in P. papua (Ahyong 2020: figs. 8A, 9A)], and rounded tubercles on the lateral surface of the cheliped palm (Fig. 5A���C) [vs. conical spines in P. papua (Ahyong 2020: fig. 10A���C)]. Each species possesses a unique number of spines on the antennal scaphocerite: 5 inner and 5 outer spines in P. ceres, 3 or 4 inner and 4 or 5 outer spines in P. papua, 3 inner spines and spinules and 4 outer spines in P. roeleveldae, 14���19 in P. haigae, and 7 in P. dofleini. The ornamentation on the P2���P 4 in P. ceres comprises moderately large spines on the anterior margins of meri, carpi and propodi, and small spines on the posterior margins (Figs. 2A, 5D���F) [vs. large spines on flexor and extensor margins in P. papua (Ahyong 2020: fig. 8A, C) and P. roeleveldae (Kensley 1981: fig. 8A���B); meri with short spines on flexor and extensor margins, carpi and propodi with moderately large spines on anterior margins in P. dofleini (Balss 1911) and P. haigae (Eldredge 1976: fig. 2a, b)]. Distribution. Arabian Sea off Oman at 1189���1354 m depth (Macpherson 1989); southeastern Arabian Sea off India at 1065 and 1237���1245 m depth (present study)., Published as part of Tiwari, Shivam, Padate, Vinay P., Venugopalan, Vishnu K., Cubelio, Sherine Sonia & Takeda, Masatsune, 2022, Paralomis White, 1856 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Anomura) from India, with morphological variability in Paralomis indica Alcock & Anderson, 1899, pp. 301-329 in Zootaxa 5091 (2) on pages 304-310, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5091.2.4, http://zenodo.org/record/5843678, {"references":["Macpherson, E. (1989) A new species of the genus Paralomis (Crustacea, Decapoda, Anomura, Lithodidae) from the Indian Ocean. Scientia Marina, 53 (1), 117 - 120. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1463 - 6409.1988. tb 00087. x","Kazmi, Q. B. & Siddiqui, F. A. (2006) An illustrated key to the Malacostraca (Crustacea) of the Northern Arabian Sea. Part VI. Pakistan Journal of Marine Science, 15 (1), 11 - 79.","Ahyong, S. T. (2010) The marine fauna of New Zealand: king crabs of New Zealand, Australia and the Ross Sea (Crustacea: Decapoda: Lithodidae). NIWA Biodiversity Memoir, 123, 1 - 194.","Hall, S. & Thatje, S. (2010) King crabs up-close: ontogenetic changes in ornamentation in the family Lithodidae (Crustacea, Decapoda, Anomura), with a focus on the genus Paralomis. Zoosystema, 32 (3), 495 - 524. https: // doi. org / 10.5252 / z 2010 n 3 a 10","McLaughlin, P. A., Komai, T., Lemaitre, R. & Rahayu, D. L. (2010) Annotated checklist of anomuran decapod crustaceans of the world (exclusive of the Kiwaoidea and families Chirostylidae and Galatheidae of the Galatheoidea) Part I - Lithodoidea, Lomisoidea and Paguroidea. The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, Supplement, 23, 5 - 107.","Balss, H. (1911) Nue Paguriden aus den Ausbeuten der Deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition \" Valdivia \" und der japonischen Expedition Prof. Dofleins. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 38 (1), 1 - 9.","Eldredge, L. C. (1976) Two new species of lithodids (Anomura, Paguridea, Lithodidae) crabs from Guam. Micronesica, 12, 309 - 315.","Ahyong, S. T. (2020) First King Crabs from Papua New Guinea (Crustacea: Decapoda: Lithodidae). In: Corbari, L., Ahyong, S. T. & Chan, T. - Y. (Eds.), Deep-Sea Crustaceans from Papua New Guinea. Tropical Deep-Sea Benthos 31. Memoires du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris, 213, 121 - 140.","Kensley, B. (1981) The South African Museum's Meiring Naude cruises. Part 12. Crustacea Decapoda of the 1977, 1978, 1979 cruises. Annals of the South African Museum, 83, 49 - 78."]}

Paralomis indica Alcock & Anderson, 1899 (Figs. 6���16, Tab. 1) Paralomis indica Alcock & Anderson 1899: 15.���Alcock 1899: pl. 43, fig. 2, 2a.��� Alcock 1901: 234.��� Ahyong 2010: 108 (list).��� Hall & Thatje 2010: 522 (list in Appendix 1).��� McLaughlin et al. 2010: 13 (list). Material examined. One male (IO /SS/ANO/00001; PCL 91.2 mm, CW 102.4 mm), Bay of Bengal, FORVSS stn 29283, 6.84��N, 93.05��E, 337 m depth, HSDT (CV), coll. Dr. Usha Parameswaran, 10 December 2011. One male (IO /SS/ANO/00048; PCL 82.5 mm, CW 99.6 mm), Bay of Bengal, FORVSS stn 27924, 17.05��N, 83.30��E, 550 m depth, Expo model trawl net, coll. Dr. R. Raghu Prakash, 2 September 2010. One male (IO /SS/ANO/00049; PCL 80.9 mm, CW 94.9 mm), one ovigerous female (IO /SS/ANO/00050; PCL 64.2 mm, CW 74.0 mm), Bay of Bengal, FORVSS stn 29105, 18.83��N, 85.37��E, 614���643 m depth, HSDT (CV), coll. Dr. Rajeeshkumar M.P., 30 October 2011. One male (IO /SS/ANO/00051; PCL 81.5 mm, CW 92.2 mm), one ovigerous female (IO /SS/ANO/00052; PCL 76.1 mm, CW 90.8 mm), Bay of Bengal, FORVSS stn 29116, 10.92��N, 80.36��E, 645���654 m depth, Expo model trawl net, coll. Dr. Rajeeshkumar M.P., 8 November 2011. Two males (IO /SS/ANO/00053; PCL 74.0 mm, CW 81.2 mm, PCL 73.7 mm, CW 83.4 mm), Bay of Bengal, FORVSS stn 29117, 11.91��N, 80.14��E, 528���777 m depth, Expo model trawl net, coll. Dr. Rajeeshkumar M.P., 9 November 2011. Two males (IO /SS/ANO/00054; PCL 77.3 mm, CW 83.4 mm, PCL 77.6 mm, CW 88.2 mm), Bay of Bengal, FORVSS stn 27901, 11.10��N, 80.32��E, 645 m depth, HSDT (CV), coll. Dr. R. Raghu Prakash, 26 August 2010. Two males (IO /SS/ANO/00055; PCL 54.4 mm, CW 60.7 mm, PCL 65.8 mm, CW 71.6 mm), Bay of Bengal, FORVSS stn 29103, 18.84��N, 85.39��E, 633���655 m depth, Expo model trawl net, coll. Dr. Rajeeshkumar M.P., 29 October 2011. One male (IO /SS/ANO/00057; PCL 85.9 mm, CW 95.0 mm), Arabian Sea, FORVSS stn 31810, 12.10��N, 74.32��E, 315���326 m depth, Expo model trawl net, coll. Dr. Rajool Shanis C.P., 26 August 2013. One male (IO /SS/ANO/00059; PCL 82.4 mm, CW 92.5 mm), one female (IO /SS/ANO/00056; PCL 68.7 mm, CW 70.6 mm), Arabian Sea, FORVSS stn 31801, 12.47��N, 74.15��E, 440���449 m depth, Expo model trawl net, coll. Dr. Rajool Shanis C.P., 24 August 2013. Three males (IO /SS/ANO/00058; PCL 67.0 mm, CW 73.5 mm, PCL 69.0 mm, CW 74.2 mm, PCL 78.1 mm, CW 80.8 mm), four females (IO /SS/ ANO/00060; PCL 62.3, CW 68.1 mm, PCL 67.1 mm, CW 75.1 mm, PCL 67.9 mm, CW 72.9 mm, PCL 70.1 mm, CW 70.0 mm), Arabian Sea, FORVSS stn 39801, 8.24��N, 76.49��E, 610 m depth, Expo model trawl net, coll. Aleesha K. Shaji, 29 February 2020. Four males (IO /SS/ANO/00120; PCL 79.7 mm, CW 84.9 mm, PCL 61.1 mm, CW 63.7 mm, PCL 66.1 mm, CW 70.6 mm, PCL 59.7 mm, CW 68.9 mm), one female (IO /SS/ANO/00121; PCL 62.6 mm, CW 65.1 mm) Arabian Sea, FORVSS stn 39901, 8.64��N, 76.10��E, 1065 m depth, coll. Dr. Aneesh Kumar K. V., HSDT (CV), 23 September 2020. One juvenile male, (IO /SS/ANO/00123; PCL 27.1 mm, CW 29.9 mm), Bay of Bengal, FORVSS stn 27924, 17.05��N, 83.30��E, 550 m depth, coll. Dr. R. Raghu Prakash, Expo model trawl net, 2 September 2010. Description. Carapace broad, pyriform (PCL 0.8���1.0 CW), lateral margins sinuous, subparallel in most specimens, regularly convex in few specimens; regions distinct (Figs. 6A���D, 13A, D, G, J, 14A, D, G, J, 15A, D, G, J). Surface covered with unequal-sized conical tubercles; larger conical tubercles with acuminate apex, surface pitted (Fig. 6A���D); elongated tubercles on carapace including 1 at anterior end of branchial region. Gastric region convex, moderately elevated, with 15���17 moderately large conical tubercles, and few minute interspersed tubercles. Lateral margin of hepatic region with 3 alternately large and small conical spines. Branchial anterior margin with 5���8 alternately large and small spines, lateral margin with 4���7 alternately large and small spines, posterior margin with 9���13 small spines; dorsal surface moderately to distinctly inflated, elevation much more prominent than other regions (moderately prominent in few specimens), covered with unequal-sized conical tubercles and randomly scattered minute tubercles. Cardiac region subtriangular, moderately to distinctly depressed, with 2 submedian pairs followed by 1 median short conical tubercle. Intestinal region with 1 median and 1 pair of submedian short conical tubercles. Pterygostomian region sparsely granular, with prominent anterior spine (Fig. 7A, B). Rostrum trispinous, 0.1���0.2 PCL; broadest basally; median spine elongate conical, gently curved upwards, smooth, ventral lobe triangular, covered with granules; dorsal spines subparallel to diverging, shorter than median spine, directed obliquely upwards, tips acuminate (Fig. 7C, D). Posterior orbital margin concave, armed with short spine at inner base of outer orbital spine; outer orbital spine slender, directed anteriorly, short of or overreaching apex of cornea. Anterolateral spine slightly shorter than outer orbital spine; distance between the outer bases of anterolateral spines 0.3���0.4 CW. Ocular peduncle longer than cornea, with randomly scattered spinules, 1 large median conical spinule flanked by 3 spinules laterally and 1 or 2 spinules mesially above cornea (Fig. 7E, F). Antennular peduncle unarmed, reaching anteriorly beyond apex of antennal peduncle by length of distal antennular peduncle article (Fig. 8A, E, H). Basal antennal article with sparsely granular dorsal surface, with large distolateral spine and 1 lateral spinule. Article 2 with sparsely granular dorsal surface, angular outer margin terminating in a sharp spine, with 2 basal spinules; distolateral spine overreaching distal margin of article 4; inner margin terminating in a sharp spine, with 1 subdistal spine; distomesial spine shorter than distolateral, with one blunt basal spine. Article 3 with sparsely scattered setae (Fig. 8A, E, H). Scaphocerite a long slender spine not reaching apex of distal peduncular article, most specimens bearing 2 inner and 2 outer spines and 1 inner or 1 outer spinule, dorsal surface with 2 blunt spinules, few others bearing 3 inner and 3 outer spines and 1 blunt spinule (Fig. 8B���C, F, I). Article 4 very sparsely setose, less than half length of article 5. Maxilliped 3 pediform, widely separated basally (Fig. 8D, G, J). Ischium with crista dentata consisting of 16 teeth; accessory tooth present. Merus, carpus with single row of setae on mesial margin. Propodus triangular in cross-section, with thick bunches of grooming setae on mesial margin, outer base of triangle with row of setae. Dactylus flattened with thick bunches of grooming setae along mesial margin. Abdominal somite 2 covered with conical tubercles smaller than those on carapace (Fig. 9A, C, G, J). Somites 3���6 arranged almost in a straight line in males (Figs. 13B, E, H, K, 14B, E, H, K), curved towards right in females (Fig. 15B, E, H, K), covered with conical tubercles progressively smaller in size, margins spinose, bearing acute spines in most specimens, blunt spines in few others; marginal plates narrow to wide, indistinctly to distinctly subdivided. In males, somite 6 1.0���1.2 times longer than wide (0.9 in the juvenile male), marginal plates slightly short of or overreaching distal margin of median plate; in females, 1.0���1.4 times longer than wide. Telson bluntly triangular, slightly wider than long, with 1 submedian pair of short conical tubercles (Figs. 13B, E, H, K, 14B, E, H, K, 15B, E, H, K). Pereopods 1 (chelipeds) unequal, spination similar in both sexes. Major cheliped of males moderately to distinctly inflated (Fig. 10A���C), ratio of height of major cheliped and minor cheliped 1.6���2.3 in males, 1.0��� 1.9 in females; minor cheliped slender (Fig. 10D���F). Coxae smooth to sparsely granular in males, distal margins minutely tuberculate (Fig. 9B, D, F, H); in females, coxae smooth, covered with long silky setae (Fig. 8B). Ischiobasis sparsely covered with conical spines, longer and numerous in smaller specimens. Merus sparsely covered with conical spines on mesial and lateral surfaces, distal margin of lateral surfaces with 4 short spines; dorsal margins of larger chelipeds in both sexes with 4 strong spines, those of smaller chelipeds with 4 comparatively smaller spines. Carpus dorsal margins with 4 large and 1 small spines, ventral margin with randomly scattered spinules, mesial surface with sparsely placed spinules (longest in smaller specimens), lateral surfaces with 3 irregular rows of well-spaced shorter spines. Propodus with 1 pair of subdistal spines followed by 1 irregular row of spines on dorsal margin, ventral margin with 1 irregular row of small well-spaced spines, mesial surfaces with 2 rows of well-spaced spinules on lower portion, upper portion with irregular patch of spinules, lateral surfaces with 4 rows of well-spaced small spines and 1 or 2 rows of spinules; mesial and lateral surfaces with spines bearing setal tufts anteriorly, extending onto proximal portion of pollex. Major cheliped 1.0���1.5 PCL in males, 1.0��� 1.1 in females; upper palm length 0.9���1.2 times height in males (2.0 in juvenile male), 0.9���1.3 in females; upper palm length 1.3���1.7 times width in males, 1.3���1.5 in females; occlusal margins of fingers corneous for distal one-fourth, proximally with 4 low calcareous nodules, proximal nodule largest; dactylus dorsal margin broadly convex, with rows of tufts of golden setae and 1 large proximal spine (Fig. 10A���C), 1.1���1.3 times longer than dorsal margin of palm in males (0.6 in juvenile male), 1.2���1.7 in females. Minor cheliped 0.9���1.3 PCL in males, 0.9���1.1 in females; upper palm length 0.9���1.2 times height in males (1.2 in juvenile male), 1.0��� 1.2 in females; occlusal margin corneous in distal half, proximally crenulate; dactylus dorsal margin broadly convex, with rows of tufts of golden setae and 2���3 small proximal spines (Fig. 10D���F), 1.8���2.1 times longer than dorsal margin of palm in males (1.7 in juvenile male), 1.6���1.9 in females. Pereopods 2���4 similar, elongate, spinose (Fig. 11A���C, E���G, I���K). Coxae smooth, very sparsely spinulose, covered with long silky setae, margins bearing tufts of setae. Ischiobases with dorsal surface smooth, sparsely setose, ventral surfaces with proximally setose patch, distal two-thirds with 8���12 randomly scattered short conical tubercles (spines in smaller specimens) bearing a ring of setae around the apex (largest on P4), proximal and distal margins with a row of spinules, anterior and posterior margins with small random tufts of setae. Meri compressed, shorter than carapace in both sexes; extensor margins with 2���6 spinules and 4���6 spines (fewest in smaller specimens), distal margins with 3���4 spines; dorsal surfaces with an irregular row of 3���8 (fewest in smaller specimens) spines and randomly scattered spinules; flexor margins with 2 irregular rows of 4���7 spines (fewest in smaller specimens), ventral surfaces sparsely spinulose; merus of pereopod 3 slightly longer than that of pereopod 2 and pereopod 4. Carpi slightly shorter than to approximately two-thirds meral length, subcircular in cross-section; extensor margins with 5���6 spines; dorsal surfaces with 5���6 spines, and randomly scattered spinules in few specimens; flexor margins sparsely spinulose. Propodi dorsoventrally flattened, shorter than meri, with a distal ring of 5���7 spines; extensor margins with 5���6 spines; dorsal surfaces with 2 rows of 5���6 spines; flexor margins with 5���7 spines, distinct dense setose patch on distal half (in some specimens only on P4); ventral surfaces with 2 irregular rows of 4���7 setose spinules (fewest in smaller specimens). Dactyli broadly curved; slightly longer than extensor margins of propodi; extensor margins with tufts of setae on distal two-thirds to three-fourths, 3 apically corneous spines and a random spinule proximally; lateral proximal surfaces with short, distinct sulcus, flanked ventrally by 1 small, corneous spine; flexor margin lined with 10���12 movable spinules (Fig. 11D, H, L). Pereopod 2 length 1.5���2.5 PCL in males (1.4 in juvenile male), 1.4���1.6 in females. Merus 0.4���0.6 PCL in males (0.4 in juvenile male), 0.4 in females; length: height ratio 2.3���4.5 in males, 2.4���3.1 in females. Carpus 0.6���0.7 merus length in males (0.7 in male juvenile), 0.7 in females. Propodus 0.7���0.9 merus length in males, 0.7���0.8 in females; length: height ratio 3.6���6.6 in males, 3.5���6.1 in females. Dactylus 1.0���1.3 propodus length in males, 1.1���1.3 in females. Pereopod 3 length 1.5���2.5 PCL in males, 1.4���1.6 in females. Merus 0.4���0.7 PCL in males (0.4 in juvenile male), 0.4 in females; length: height ratio 2.6���4.0 in males, 2.5���3.1 in females. Carpus 0.6���0.7 merus length in males (0.6 in juvenile male), 0.7 in females. Propodus 0.7���0.9 merus length in both sexes (0.9 in juvenile male); length: height ratio 3.6���6.8 in males, 3.4���5.0 in females. Dactylus 1.0���1.3 propodus length in males (0.9 in juvenile male), 1.1���1.3 in females. Pereopod 4 length 1.4���2.4 PCL in males, 1.4���1.6 in females. Merus 0.4���0.6 PCL in males, 0.4 in females; length: height ratio 2.6���4.2 in males, 2.6���3.3 in females. Carpus 0.6���0.7 merus length in males (0.6 in juvenile male), 0.7 in females. Propodus 0.7���0.9 merus length in males, 0.8���0.9 in females; length: height ratio 3.5���6.0 in males, 3.4���5.0 in females. Dactylus 1.0���1.4 propodus length in males (0.9 in juvenile male), 1.2���1.3 in females. Morphological variability. The present material of P. indica collected from the southeast Arabian Sea, western Bay of Bengal and southeast Andaman waters (off Great Nicobar Island) exhibited high intraspecific variations (both intersexual and ontogenic) in the form of the carapace and dorsal rostral spines, nature of the branchial and cardiac regions, abdominal marginal spines, and pereopod length: PCL ratios for P2���P4. The present material was classified into 5 geographical regions (Arabian Sea off Trivandrum, Arabian Sea off North Kerala, southwestern Bay of Bengal, northwestern Bay of Bengal and Andaman waters) and 5 size-classes (20���30 mm PCL, 50���60 mm PCL, 60���70 mm PCL, 70���80 mm and 80���90 mm PCL) to infer the morphological and morphometric variations. In the Trivandrum region, the single male in the 50���60 mm size-class was characterized by convex carapace lateral margins, moderate branchial inflation, protruding cardiac region (in posterior view), V-shaped dorsal rostral spines, prominent abdominal marginal spines and lower PL/PCL ratio (for P2���P4) of 1.5. The 60���70 mm size-class of the males (n = 4) was characterized by convex carapace lateral margins, moderate branchial inflation, protruding cardiac region, V-shaped dorsal rostral spines, prominent abdominal marginal spines and slightly higher PL/PCL ratio of 1.5���1.8 (Fig. 13A���C); the females in this size-class (n = 4) differed in the slightly lower PL/PCL ratio of 1.4���1.6. The 70���80 mm size-class of the males (n = 2) was characterized by broadly convex carapace lateral margins, distinct branchial inflation, sunken cardiac region, V-shaped to curved dorsal rostral spines, prominent abdominal marginal spines and PL/PCL ratio of 1.4���2.1 (Fig. 13D���F); the single female in this size-class differed in having convex carapace lateral margins, moderate branchial inflation, protruding cardiac region and PL/PCL ratio of 1.5 (Fig. 15A���C). Off North Kerala, the single female in the 60���70 mm size-class was characterized by sinuous carapace lateral margins, distinct branchial inflation, sunken cardiac region, curved dorsal rostral spines, prominent abdominal marginal spines and PL / PCL ratio of 1.4 (Fig. 15D���F). The 80���90 mm size-class (2 males) was characterized by convex carapace lateral margins, moderate to distinct branchial inflation, protruding to sunken cardiac region, Vshaped to curved dorsal rostral spines, prominent to short abdominal marginal spines and PL / PCL ratio of 1.9���2.1 (Fig. 13H���J). In the southwestern Bay of Bengal, the 70���80 mm size-class of the males (n = 4) was characterized by variations in carapace lateral margins (broadly convex to sinuous), branchial inflation (moderate to distinct), nature of cardiac region (protruding to sunken), curved dorsal rostral spines, abdominal marginal spines (prominent to short) and PL/PCL ratio of 1.7���2.3 (Figs. 13J���L, 14A���C); the single female in the above size-class possessed sinuous carapace lateral margins, distinct branchial inflation, protruding cardiac region, curved dorsal rostral spines, prominent abdominal marginal spines and PL/PCL ratio of 1.4���1.5 (Fig. 15G���I). The single male in the 80���90 size class was characterized by broadly convex carapace lateral margins, moderate branchial inflation, protruding cardiac region, curved dorsal rostral spines, short abdominal marginal spines and PL/PCL ratio of 2.0���2.1. In the northwestern Bay of Bengal, the single juvenile male in the 20���30 mm size-class was characterized by sinuous carapace lateral margins, moderate branchial inflation, protruding cardiac region, V-shaped dorsal rostral spines, short abdominal marginal spines and PL / PCL ratio of 1.4���1.5 (Fig. 14J���L). The single male in the 50���60 mm size-class was characterized by sinuous carapace lateral margins, moderate branchial inflation, protruding cardiac region, V-shaped dorsal rostral spines, short abdominal marginal spines and PL / PCL ratio of 1.7 (Fig. 14G���I). The single male in the 60���70 mm size-class was characterized by broadly convex carapace lateral margins, distinct branchial inflation, sunken cardiac region, V-shaped dorsal rostral spines, (abdomen missing) and PL / PCL ratio of 1.9; the single female in the above size-class differed from the male in having sinuous carapace lateral margins, curved dorsal rostral spines, prominent abdominal marginal spines and PL / PCL ratio of 1.4���1.5 (Fig. 15J���L). The 80���90 mm size class (2 males) was characterized by sinuous carapace lateral margins, distinct branchial inflation, sunken cardiac region, curved dorsal rostral spines, short abdominal marginal spines and PL / PCL ratio of 2.0���2.3 (Fig. 14D���F). In the Andaman waters, the single male in the 80���90 mm size-class was characterized by sinuous carapace lateral margins, distinct branchial inflation, sunken cardiac region, curved dorsal rostral spines, short abdominal marginal spines and PL/PCL ratio of 2.4���2.5. In conclusion: a. The largest males (80���90 mm) were generally characterized by curved dorsal rostral spines, short abdominal marginal spines and PL/PCL ratio> 1.9. b. High variability in the morphological characters among the males in the 50���60 mm size-class, as well as both the sexes in the 60���70 mm and 70���80 mm size-classes. c. All females were characterized by a lower PL/PCL ratio compared to the males in their corresponding sizeclasses. Genetic data., Published as part of Tiwari, Shivam, Padate, Vinay P., Venugopalan, Vishnu K., Cubelio, Sherine Sonia & Takeda, Masatsune, 2022, Paralomis White, 1856 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Anomura) from India, with morphological variability in Paralomis indica Alcock & Anderson, 1899, pp. 301-329 in Zootaxa 5091 (2) on pages 310-325, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5091.2.4, http://zenodo.org/record/5843678, {"references":["Alcock, A. & Anderson, A. R. S. (1899) Natural history notes from H. M. Royal Indian Marine Survey Ship \" Investigator, \" Commander T. H. Heming, R. N., commanding. - Series III, no. 2. An account of the deep-sea Crustacea dredged during the surveying-season of 1897 - 98. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 7, 3, 1 - 27. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222939908678071","Alcock, A. (1901) A descriptive catalogue of the Indian deep-sea Crustacea Decapoda Macrura and Anomala, in the Indian Museum. Being a revised account of the deep-sea species collected by the Royal Indian Marine Survey Ship Investigator. Trustees of the Indian Museum, Calcutta, iv + 286 pp., pls. 1 - 3. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 30840","Ahyong, S. T. (2010) The marine fauna of New Zealand: king crabs of New Zealand, Australia and the Ross Sea (Crustacea: Decapoda: Lithodidae). NIWA Biodiversity Memoir, 123, 1 - 194.","Hall, S. & Thatje, S. (2010) King crabs up-close: ontogenetic changes in ornamentation in the family Lithodidae (Crustacea, Decapoda, Anomura), with a focus on the genus Paralomis. Zoosystema, 32 (3), 495 - 524. https: // doi. org / 10.5252 / z 2010 n 3 a 10","McLaughlin, P. A., Komai, T., Lemaitre, R. & Rahayu, D. L. (2010) Annotated checklist of anomuran decapod crustaceans of the world (exclusive of the Kiwaoidea and families Chirostylidae and Galatheidae of the Galatheoidea) Part I - Lithodoidea, Lomisoidea and Paguroidea. The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, Supplement, 23, 5 - 107.","Takeda, M. & Bussarawit, S. (2007) A new species of the genus Paralomis White, 1856 (Crustacea, Decapoda, Anomura, Lithodidae) from the Andaman Sea. Bulletin of the National Museum of Nature and Science, Series A (Zoology), 33 (2), 51 - 59."]}

Cloridina malaccensis (Manning, 1968) (Figs. 1B, 4A–H, 5A–H) Clorida malaccensis Manning, 1968: 244, fig. 2a–e.— Manning 1978: 26.— Naiyanetr 1980a: 43 (list).— Naiyanetr 1980b: 54.— Moosa 1986: 399.— Moosa 1991: 202. Cloridina malaccensis.— Manning 1995: 24 (list), 180 (remarks), 192 (key).— Moosa 2000: 410 (list), 439.— Ahyong 2001: 230 (list), 231 (key).— Ahyong & Naiyanetr 2002: 306 (list).— Ahyong 2007: 335.— Naiyanetr 2007: 142 (list).— Poupin 2010: 39 (list). Material examined. IO /SS/STO/00016, 2♂ (TL 62.0–68.0 mm), Bay of Bengal, India, off Nagapattinam, Tamil Nadu, 10.79°N, 80.11°E, 56 m, FORVSS 39214, chain dredge, coll. Vinay P. Padate, 30 November 2019. Description of Indian specimens. Body depressed. Eye small, reaching distal end antennular article 1. Eyestalk bulging, widest in proximal half. Cornea bilobed, dark, as wide as eyestalk. Ocular scales fused into single plate, rounded distally; anterior margin of ophthalmic somite rounded. Antennular somite dorsal processes trianguloid, with sharp apices directed anterolaterally. Antennular peduncle 0.69–0.71 CL. Antennal protopod unarmed; antennal scale margins fully setose, length 0.46 CL. Rostral plate subtriangular, longer than wide. Carapace with anterolateral spine, posterolateral margin rounded. Dorsal surface with only marginal carina on posterolateral margin; gastric and cervical groove present. Mandibular palp present, with 3 articles. Maxillipeds 1–4 each with epipod, epipod 1 largest; maxillipeds 1, 3–5 ischium elongate, merus moderately long, carpus short, propodus ovate, dactylus elongated, apposed to propodus. Raptorial claw ischiomeral articulation terminal. Carpus bearing sharp dorsal ridge. Propodus occlusal margin closely pectinate in sinuous row, bearing 3 movable spines proximally. Dactylus outer margin with proximal notch and large triangular lobe; occlusal margin bearing 5 teeth, basal tooth minute. Thoracic somites 5–8 smooth, without carinae; somite 5 lateral process short slender spine, directed anterolaterally, with short ventral spine. Somites 6–7 lateral process rounded, undivided. Abdominal somites 1–5 with intermediate, lateral and marginal carinae; somite 6 with submedian, intermediate and lateral carinae. Abdominal carinae spined as follows: submedian 6, intermediate 5–6, lateral 5–6, marginal 5. Telson trianguloid-subquadrate, inflated, dorsal surface with rows of tubercles, median carina sharp, elevated, with small posterior spine; submedian, intermediate and lateral carinae slender; apices of submedian carinae movable; prelateral lobe slightly shorter than margin of lateral tooth; denticles: submedian 3, intermediate 8–9, lateral 1. Ventral surface with tuberculate postanal-carina. Uropodal protopod bearing 2 curved primary spines, inner spine longer; lobe on outer margin of inner spine wider than adjacent spine; protopod inner margin with row of 7 spines; endopod shorter than exopod; exopod distal article longer than proximal; proximal article with 6 blunt movable spines on outer margin, distalmost not reaching midlength of distal exopod article. Colour (in life). Body (including carapace, thoracic sternites, abdomen, telson, and raptorial claw merus) light brown with brownish mottling; cornea with dark pigmentation; raptorial claw carpus and propodus, as well as pereiopods pale grey; raptorial claw dactylus greyish with basal half reddish; uropodal endopod with distal twothirds black, exopod proximal article with distal half of inner side black, distal segment with inner half black. Remarks. Cloridina malaccensis was originally described (as Clorida malaccensis) from a single female (TL 55.8 mm) from Malacca Strait, Indonesia (Manning 1968: fig. 2a–e) and subsequently from Madagascar (Manning 1978), Thailand (Naiyanetr 1980a, 1980b), the Philippines (Moosa 1986), and New Caledonia (Moosa 1991; Ahyong 2007). Manning (1978) synonymised Clorida malaccensis var. moluccensis Moosa, 1973 with C. malaccensis but Ahyong (2001) showed the two species to be distinct and provided a key to the species of the genus. The present specimens agree well with the original description of C. malaccensis except that the postanal carina is tuberculate rather than smooth. We regard this variation as part of normal intraspecific variation that is often present in members of the Clorida -group of genera (Ahyong 2005; Van Der Wal et al. 2019) including species of Clorida Eydoux & Souleyet, 1842, Cloridina Manning, 1995, Fallosquilla Manning, 1995 and Levisquilla Manning, 1995 (see Ahyong 2001). Geographical distribution and habitat. Malacca Straits (Manning 1968), Madagascar (Manning 1978), Andaman Sea (Naiyanetr 1980a, 1980b), Philippines (Moosa 1986), New Caledonia (Moosa 1991; Ahyong 2007), Gulf of Thailand (Naiyanetr 2007); 42 m in muddy sand (Manning 1978), 36–37 m (Moosa 1986), 29–80 m in mud, fine sandy mud with bryozoans to coarse sand and blocks (Moosa 1991). The present specimens were collected from sandy silt substratum at 56 m depth. The present observation is the first record from the Indian waters., Published as part of Padate, Vinay P., Ahyong, Shane T., Shaji, Aleesha K., Cubelio, Sherine Sonia & Saravanane, Naray- Anane, 2021, First records of two species of reef-associated mantis shrimps (Crustacea Stomatopoda) from India, pp. 557-566 in Zootaxa 5047 (5) on pages 561-564, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5047.5.5, http://zenodo.org/record/5546940, {"references":["Manning, R. B. (1968) Three new stomatopod crustaceans from the Indo-Malayan area. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 81, 241 - 250.","Manning, R. B. (1978) New and rare stomatopod Crustacea from the Indo-West Pacific region. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 264, 1 - 36. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00810282.264","Naiyanetr, P. (1980 a) Stomatopoda of Thailand. Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 95 pp., 35 pls.","Naiyanetr, P. (1980 b) Crustacean fauna of Thailand (Decapoda and Stomatopoda). Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 73 pp. [mimeographed]","Moosa, M. K. (1986) Stomatopod Crustacea. In: Crosnier, A. (Ed.), Resultats des Campagnes MUSORSTOM I et II - Philippines (1976, 1980), Volume 2. Memoires du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, Nouvelle Serie, Serie A, Zoologie, 133, pp. 367 - 416. [for 1985]","Moosa, M. K. (1991) The Stomatopoda of New Caledonia and Chesterfield Islands. In: Richer de Forges, B. (Ed.), Le benthos des fonds meubles des lagons de Nouvelle-Caledonie, Volume 1. Editions de l'ORSTOM, Paris, pp. 149 - 219.","Manning, R. B. (1995) Stomatopod Crustacea of Vietnam: the legacy of Raoul Serene. Crustacean Research, Special No. 4, 1 - 339. https: // doi. org / 10.18353 / crustacea. Special 1995.4 _ 1","Moosa, M. K. (2000) Marine biodiversity of the South China Sea: A checklist of Stomatopod crustacea. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, Supplement 8, 405 - 457.","Ahyong, S. T. (2001) Revision of the Australian Stomatopod Crustacea. Records of the Australian Museum, Supplement 26, 1 - 326. https: // doi. org / 10.3853 / j. 0812 - 7387.26.2001.1333","Ahyong, S. T. & Naiyanetr, P. (2002) Stomatopod crustaceans from Phuket and the Andaman Sea. Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication, 23 (2), 281 - 312.","Ahyong, S. T. (2007) Shallow water Stomatopoda of New Caledonia (0 - 100 m). In: Payri, C. E. & Richer de Forges, B. (Eds.), Compendium of marine species from New Caledonia. 2 nd edition. Institut de recherche pour le developpement, Noumea, pp. 333 - 336.","Naiyanetr, P. (2007) Checklist of crustacean fauna in Thailand (Decapoda, Stomatopoda, Anostraca, Myodocopa, and Isopoda). Office of Natural Resources and Environmental Policy and Planning, Bangkok, 196 pp.","Poupin, J. (2010) Biodiversite de l'Indo-Pacifique tropical francais: 2514 especes de crustaces decapodes et stomatopodes. Rapport scientifique de l'Institut de Recherche de l'Ecole Navale. Institut de Recherche de l'Ecole Navale (IRENav) Ecole Navale et Groupe des Ecoles du Poulmic, Brest Armees, 76 pp.","Moosa, M. K. (1973) The stomatopod Crustacea collected by the Mariel King memorial expedition in Malaku waters. Marine Research in Indonesia, 13, 1 - 30. https: // doi. org / 10.14203 / mri. v 13 i 0.339","Ahyong, S. T. (2005) Phylogenetic analysis of the Squilloidea (Crustacea: Stomatopoda). Invertebrate Systematics, 19, 189 - 208. https: // doi. org / 10.1071 / IS 04037","Van Der Wal, C., Ahyong, S. T., Ho, S. Y. W., Lins, L. S. F. & Lo, N. (2019) Combining morphological and molecular data resolves the phylogeny of Squilloidea (Crustacea: Malacostraca). Invertebrate Systematics, 33, 89 - 100. https: // doi. org / 10.1071 / IS 18035","Eydoux, F. & Souleyet, L. F. A. (1842) Crustaces. In: Voyage autour du Monde execute pendent les annees 1836 et 1837 sur la Corvette La Bonite Commandee par M. Vaillant, Capitaine de Vaiseau. Zoologie 1. Arthus Bertrand, Paris, pp. 219 - 272."]}

Key to species of Gonodactylopsis 1. Telson lateral teeth indicated as rounded lobe projecting from telson margin, separated from margin of intermediate teeth by V-shaped incision; submedian denticles absent..................................................... G. herdmani – Telson lateral teeth separated from margin of intermediate teeth by deep V-shaped incision; submedian denticles present... 2 2. Uropodal protopod inner primary spine longer than outer spine..................................... G. komodoensis – Uropodal protopod inner primary spine shorter than outer spine.................................... G. drepanophora, Published as part of Padate, Vinay P., Ahyong, Shane T., Shaji, Aleesha K., Cubelio, Sherine Sonia & Saravanane, Naray- Anane, 2021, First records of two species of reef-associated mantis shrimps (Crustacea Stomatopoda) from India, pp. 557-566 in Zootaxa 5047 (5) on page 561, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5047.5.5, http://zenodo.org/record/5546940

Neolithodes indicus sp. nov. (Figs. 1–5) Lithodes agassizii. — Anderson, 1896: 99.— Alcock & Anderson, 1899: 16.— MacGilchrist, 1905: 243.— Alcock, 1901: 232.— Alcock & MacGilchrist, 1905: pl. 68, 69 fig. 1 [Not N. agassizii (Smith, 1882)]. Neolithodes alcocki Dawson & Yaldwyn, 1985: 101.— Macpherson, 1988: 28 (remarks).— Dawson, 1989: 318. (Nomen nudum) Material examined. HOLOTYPE: Female (IO /SS/ANO/00094; CL 154.0 mm, PCL 140.0 mm, CW 151.0 mm), Arabian Sea, FORVSS stn 31602, 7.79°N, 76.46°E, 1324–1351 m, HSDT (CV), coll. Dr. Vinu Jacob, 15 July 2013. PARATYPES: Female (IO /SS/ANO/00095; CL 188.3 mm, PCL 182.0 mm, CW 169.7 mm), Arabian Sea, FORVSS stn 32701, 7.86°N, 76.41°E, 1060–1067 m, HSDT (CV), coll. Dr. Vinu Jacob, 25 July 2014; female (IO /SS/ANO/00096; CL 149.4 mm, PCL 140.9 mm, CW 152.9 mm), Arabian Sea, FORVSS stn 31909, 8.29°N, 76.03°E, 1275–1311 m, Expo net, coll. Dr. Vinu Jacob, 10 September 2013. Diagnosis. Carapace with numerous small secondary spinules on the carapace and pereopods in addition to the major spines. Cheliped dactyli with convex dorsal margins, rounded in cross section. Antennal peduncle with few, small, scattered granules or minute spinules, not distinctly spinose; scaphocerite simple. P2–4 meri compressed; flexor margin without large spines on P2–3, 4 spines on P4; extensor margin with several upright major spines protruding above level of secondary spines; pereopod 4 dactylus covered with spinules over surfaces of proximal four-fifths; ventral surfaces of coxae with blunt tubercles or granules. Description of holotype (IO/SS/ANO/00094). Carapace (Figs. 1A, 2) pyriform, glabrous, maximum width (excluding spines) subequal to length (0.98 PCL), becoming wider posteriorly; cervical and branchiocardiac grooves deep; gastric region more elevated than other regions, separated laterally from hepatic regions by shallow groove; cardiac region triangular, separated from gastric region by deep, wide groove; branchial regions inflated. Dorsal surface entirely covered with moderately dense short spinules; hepatic region with moderately large spine directed anterolaterally, margin between outer orbital spine and hepatic spine with 2 small spines; gastric region with 6 conical spines (slightly shorter than hepatic spine) arranged in a hexagon, and 1 short spine at centre of hexagon; each branchial region with 7 large and 6 small dorsal spines, branchial margin with 9 large and 8 small spines; cardiac region with 2 pairs of moderately large conical spines, and 1 small posterior spine; intestinal region with 1 pair of posteriorly directed large submedian spines, posterior carapace margin with 1 posteriorly directed median spine. Pterygostomial region evenly spinulose, bearing 1 small submarginal spine anteriorly. Rostrum (Figs. 1A, 2, 3) 0.1 PCL, trifid; median spine conical, inclined dorsally; divergent spines dorsal in position, obliquely directed, shorter than median spine, ventral surface convex with a forwardly directed proximal spine. Orbital margin unarmed. Outer orbital spine slender, not reaching level of cornea. Anterolateral spine shorter than outer orbital spine. Ocular peduncle (Fig. 3A) longer than cornea, bearing tubercles proximally; dorsal surface bearing 5 spinules, distalmost spinule largest. Cornea well-pigmented, positioned distoventrally on peduncle. Antennular peduncle consisting of 3 articles, extending beyond antennal peduncle by less than half length of article 3. Antennal peduncle (Fig. 3A) consisting of 5 articles; basal article bearing 1 small distolateral spinule; article 2 spinulose on dorsal and ventral surfaces, bearing 1 distal spinule dorsally; article 3 bearing 1 distolateral spine and 2 spines on ventral surface; article 4 more than half length of article 5, bearing 4 short subdistal spinules; article 5 cylindrical, bearing 10 scattered spinules, ventral spinules larger; scaphocerite a simple spine, shorter than article 4. Maxilliped 3 pediform, widely separated basally. Ischium with crista dentata consisting of 11 teeth and 1–2 spines on mesial surface; accessory tooth present. Merus with single row of setae on mesial margin. Carpus with mesial groove filled with setae. Propodus triangular in cross-section, with thick bunches of grooming setae on mesial margin, outer base of triangle with row of setae. Dactylus flattened with thick bunches of grooming setae along mesial margin. Thoracic sternite 5 with deep median fissure (Fig. 4A). Pereopod 1 (chelipeds) dimorphic but spination similar; surface of segments glabrous. Coxa with blunt tubercles and tufts of setae, unarmed. Ischiobasis with short conical spines ventrally, ischium with 2 larger spines ventro-distally. Merus dorsal and lateral surfaces spinose, longest spine distally; inner margin with 3 spines, second spine larger; ventral margin with short scattered conical spines. Carpus dorsal margin with 2 irregular rows of 5 slender spines; lateral margin with 2 irregular rows of 7 slender spines shorter than dorsal row; ventrally with small, scattered, acute tubercles. Palm with short conical spines on dorsal, lateral and ventral surfaces, inner surface with very short spines; dorsal margin with 2 irregular rows of 4 short conical spines; midlateral surface with 2 irregular rows of 4 spines shorter than dorsal spines, and a few scattered short spines; ventral surface with 2 rows of 5 spines, smaller than lateral and dorsal spines. Major cheliped 1.05 PCL; upper palm length 1.06 times height; occlusal margins corneous for distal one-thirds, proximally with 3 calcareous nodules; dactylus dorsal margin broadly convex, with rows of tufts of golden setae and proximal cluster of 4 small spines, 1.38 times longer than dorsal margin of palm. Minor cheliped 1.03 PCL; upper palm length 1.27 times height; occlusal margins corneous for more than distal half, proximally crenulate; dactylus dorsal margin broadly convex, with rows of tufts of golden setae and proximal cluster of 5 small spines, 2.04 times longer than dorsal margin of palm. Pereopods 2–4 (walking legs 1–3): Similar; segments spinose, surface between major spines glabrous; length increasing posteriorly, pereopod 4 longest. Distal margins of coxae bluntly spinose. Ischiobasis with short conical spines ventrally, ischium with 2 larger spines ventro-distally. Merus ovate in cross section, shorter than carapace; extensor margin with 6–7 major, in addition to long, paired distal spines; dorsal surface with row of 6–7 spines of similar length to proximal extensor spines (except on pereopod 4 merus with spine near midlength as long as cardiac carapace spines); flexor margins of P2–P3 with short spines only, that of P4 with short spines in addition to 2 irregular rows of 4 spines. Carpus slightly longer than half merus length; extensor margin with 6 spines, distal and third spines slightly longer than other spines; dorsal surface with 4 spines, distal and proximal spine longest. Propodus ovate to subcircular in cross section; with 8 or 9 spines on extensor margin and 8–10 similar spines on dorsal surface; flexor margin with 8–10 smaller spines. Dactylus curved, rounded in cross section, with 4 small proximal spines and several scattered spinules covering proximal half on P2, two-thirds on P3 and four-fifths on P4; apex corneous. P2 length 2.01 PCL. Merus 0.63 PCL; length: height ratio 4.60. Carpus 0.59 merus length. Propodus 0.90 merus length; length: height ratio 8.45. Dactylus 0.64 propodus length. P3 length 2.38 PCL. Merus 0.72 PCL; length: height ratio 4.48. Carpus 0.59 merus length. Propodus 0.97 merus length; length: height ratio 9.25. Dactylus 0.64 propodus length. P4 length 2.48 PCL. Merus 0.73 PCL; length: height ratio 4.31. Carpus 0.60 merus length. Propodus 1.07 merus length; length: height ratio 10.17. Dactylus 0.63 propodus length. P5 (Figs. 1A, 5) cylindrical, chelate, short (P5 length 0.57 PCL), setose, tucked under pleon; fingers spatulate. Pleon (Fig. 1B, 3B) asymmetrical. Somite 1 short, wide, bearing 2 transverse rows of sparsely placed minute tubercles. Somite 2 divided into 5 plates including median, 1 pair of sub-median and 1 pair of marginal plates; median plate bearing 4 large spines, 3–4 small spines and numerous evenly-spaced spinules; submedian plate bearing 4 large spines and numerous evenly-spaced spinules; marginal plates bearing prominent spines on distal and lateral margins. Somites 3–5 with well-developed plates as well as spinules embedded in membrane on right side, well-developed plates on left side, plates covered with evenly-spaced spinules; both margins of somite 3 as well as right margins of somites 4 and 5 bearing longer spines. Somite 6 short, sparsely spinulose, distal margin bearing 5 spinules. Telson semicircular, shorter than somite 6, sparsely spinulose. Pleopods 1 paired; pleopods 2–5 unpaired, left uniramous, pleopod 6 (= uropod) triangular, plate-like. Notes on paratypes. Larger female (IO /SS/ANO/00095). Carapace (Fig. 5A) longer than wide (CW 0.9 PCL); dorsal surface bearing short, conical primary spines, lighter in colour than surrounding carapace, spinules shorter than holotype; rostral spines very short (0.03 PCL); scaphocerite reduced; armature (spination) on chelipeds, pereopods and abdomen less prominent. Smaller female (IO /SS/ANO/00096). Carapace (Fig. 5B) slightly wider than long (CW 1.02 PCL); rostral spine short (0.06 PCL); armature on carapace and appendages similar to that of holotype. The larger paratype possesses relatively shorter rostral spines, scaphocerite, and armature on the carapace and appendages, as compared to the holotype and smaller paratype. The reduction of the armature on the carapace and appendages is generally known in lithodids (e.g., Ahyong 2010b) and the present new species is not exceptional in this regard. Major cheliped 1.10–1.28 PCL; upper palm length 1.09–1.06 times height; occlusal margins corneous for distal one-thirds, proximally with 3 calcareous nodules; dactylus dorsal margin broadly convex, with rows of tufts of golden setae and proximal cluster of 4 small spines, 1.49–1.53 times longer than dorsal margin of palm. Minor cheliped 1.08–1.25 PCL; upper palm length 1.30–1.19 times height; occlusal margins corneous for more than distal half, proximally crenulate; dactylus dorsal margin broadly convex, with rows of tufts of golden setae and proximal cluster of 5 small spines, 1.95–2.18 times longer than dorsal margin of palm. P2 length 1.85 PCL (small paratype; carpus, propodus and merus missing in large paratype). Merus 0.51–0.58 PCL; length: height ratio 4.00–4.47. Carpus 0.57 merus length. Propodus 0.90 merus length; length: height ratio 10.15. Dactylus 0.80 propodus length. P3 length 1.85–2.11 PCL. Merus 0.57–0.65 PCL; length: height ratio 4.52. Carpus 0.59–0.56 merus length. Propodus 1.01–0.97 merus length; length: height ratio 10.43–9.73. Dactylus 0.66–0.75 propodus length. P4 propodi and dactyli missing in both paratypes. Merus 0.58–0.63 PCL; length: height ratio 4.74–4.41. Carpus 0.63 merus length. Etymology. This species is named after the type locality, India. Gender is masculine. Remarks. Neolithodes indicus sp. nov. most closely resembles N. brodiei Dawson & Yaldwyn, 1970 from New Zealand, N. flindersi Ahyong, 2010a from southeastern Australia, and N. nipponensis Sakai, 1971 from Japan in the carapace bearing numerous secondary spines (in addition to major spines), a convex dorsal margin of the cheliped dactylus and P2–P4 with dorsoventrally compressed meri. The carapace and P1–P 4 in the new species differ from these congeners in possessing relatively less numerous, well-spaced secondary spinules (versus the carapace and appendages with more numerous, densely arranged small secondary spinules in N. brodiei (cf. Ahyong 2010a: figs. 43–47), N. flindersi (cf. Ahyong 2010b: figs. 1–3) and N. nipponensis (cf. Sakai 1971: fig. 1a, c). The rostrum (in specimens exceeding 80 mm PCL) of the new species (0.03–0.10 PCL) and N. nipponensis (“one twentieth” or 0.05 PCL) is proportionally shorter as compared to N. brodiei (0.12–0.28) and N. flindersi (0.10–0.19 PCL). The new species differs from its congeners in having a simple scaphocerite (versus the scaphocerite “often with bifid or trifid apex” in N. brodiei and N. flindersi (see Ahyong 2010a, figs. 44D, F–G; 2010b, fig. 3A–B), whereas it is “rudimentary, only represented by a few tiny spinules” in N. nipponensis (see Sakai 1971, fig. 1f). Ahyong (2010a) employed the armature of the pereopods 2–4 coxae and the configuration of the pereopods 2–4 meri as key characters differentiating N. brodiei and N. flindersi. The new species shares low blunt tubercles on P2–P4 coxae with N. brodiei, whereas N. flindersi possesses short, conical spines (in males and juvenile female). The new species differs from the latter three species in the lack of conspicuous spines on the flexor margins of the pereopods 2–3 meri. In the latter species, the pereopods 2–4 meri are armed with several conspicuous spines on the flexor margins, although the number and arrangement of those species are variable according to species and size (cf. Ahyong 2010a: figs. 43A, 46A, 47A–F for N. brodiei; Ahyong 2010b: fig. 1A for N. flindersi; Sakai 1971: pl. 8; Macpherson & Chan 2008: fig. 5a for N. nipponensis). In the new species, the extensor margins of the pereopods 2–4 meri are lined with short, relatively well-spaced spines interspersed by 6–7 distinctly longer spines. In comparison, the pereopod 2–4 meri in N. brodiei are lined with closely-spaced short spines interspersed by 6–9 distinctly longer spines; in N. flindersi and N. nipponensis, the meral extensor spines are of similar size. The spinulation of the walking leg dactyli of the new species extends to the proximal half on P2, the proximal two-thirds on P3 and the proximal four-fifths on P4. In comparison, N. nipponensis has a longer extent of spinulation of the walking leg dactyli; in N. brodiei, the spinulation extends only slightly beyond the proximal half; in N. flindersi, the spinulation covers proximal half to three-quarters (Ahyong 2010a, b). The P4 propodus of the new species (only holotype, missing in paratypes) is comparatively stouter (propodus length: height ratio 7.1, 1.07 merus length). In comparison, in N. brodiei, the P4 propodus length: height ratio is 8.76–9.14 in males, and 8.03–9.33 in females; P4 propodus 0.89–0.93 merus length in males, and 0.98–1.03 in females. In N. flindersi, the P4 propodus length: height ratio is 9.67–12.27 in males, and 8.41–11.42 in females; P4 propodus 1.03–1.10 merus length in males, and 1.08–1.14 in females. MacGilchrist (1905) reported a female lithodid specimen (105 mm PCL, 93 mm CW) erroneously identified as L. agassizii from depths of 1000 fathoms (1829 m) in the north-eastern Arabian Sea (24.63°N, 62.04°E). This specimen, figured by Alcock & MacGilchrist (1905, pl. 68, 69 fig. 1), largely resembles the new species with regards to the pattern of spination of the carapace and the pereopods, but differs from the latter in having comparatively longer rostral spines, primary spines on the carapace dorsal margin, and major spines on P2–P4 meri. The above difference could be attributed to the age-related reduction in armature size. In view of the above-mentioned similarities, it is suggested that MacGilchrist’s specimen indeed represents the new species. The specimen, probably deposited in the collection of the Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, was not available for examination. Neolithodes indicus sp. nov. was collected along with necrophage crustaceans such as the giant isopod Bathynomus keablei Lowry & Dempsey, 2006, and the carnivorous aristeid prawn Aristaeopsis edwardsiana (Johnson, 1868). Distribution. Arabian Sea, off the southwestern coast of India, at 1060–1351 m (present study), 406 fathoms (= 743 m) (Anderson 1896; Alcock 1901); northeastern Arabian Sea, 1829 m (MacGilchrist 1905).

Genus Crocydocinus Lee, Richer de Forges & Ng, 2019 Crocydocinus Lee, Richer de Forges & Ng, 2019: 23, 25 (type species: Crocydocinus ewok Lee, Richer de Forges & Ng, 2019, original designation by Lee et al. (2019)), Published as part of Padate, Vinay P., Lee, Bee Yan & Cubelio, Sherine Sonia, 2020, Description of a new species of deep-sea spider crab from the genus Crocydocinus Lee, Richer de Forges & Ng, 2019, from the south-eastern Arabian Sea (Crustacea Decapoda: Majoidea: Epialtidae), pp. 229-234 in Zootaxa 4816 (2) on page 230, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4816.2.8, http://zenodo.org/record/3954265, {"references":["Lee, B. Y., Richer de Forges, B. & Ng, P. K. L. (2019) Deep-sea spider crabs of the family Epialtidae MacLeay, 1838, from Papua New Guinea, with a redefinition of Tunepugettia Ng, Komai & Sato, 2017, and descriptions of two new genera (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Majoidea). Zootaxa, 4619 (1), 1 - 44. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4619.1.1"]}

Crocydocinus saravananei n. sp. (Figs. 1, 2 A–K, 3A–F) Material examined. Holotype: male (30.8 × 26.7 mm) (IO /SS/BRC/00180), FORVSS stn 36603, off Trivandrum, Arabian Sea, 8.41°N 76.16°E, 959 m, coll. Dr. Usha Parameswaran, 26 October 2017. Paratype: 1 male (23.5 × 18.6 mm) (IO /SS/BRC/00293), FORVSS stn 26707, off Trivandrum, Arabian Sea, 8.46ºN 76.41ºE, 280 m, coll. 1 June 2009. Diagnosis. Carapace pyriform, bearing thick tomentum, long setae tufts along edge of gastric and branchial regions, smooth when denuded. Pseudorostral spines straight, short, diverging in V. Carapace regions well-defined, gastric, cardiac and branchial regions highly elevated; gastric region with median row of 1 conical mesogastric granule, 1 low adjoining elongated granule, and 1 posterior elongated metagastric granule, 1 pair of lateral conical granules, (urogastric granule absent); cardiac region with 1 conical granule, flanked laterally by 1 pair of small granules at base; intestinal region with 1 compressed granule; branchial region with 3 short conical granules; lateral branchial margins of carapace with 2 granules. Pterygostomian region with 3 granules (Fig. 2C, E). G1 relatively straight, laterally flattened, distal tip constricted (Fig. 3 A–D). Description. Carapace pyriform, bearing thick tomentum, long setal tufts along edge of gastric and branchial regions, smooth when denuded (Figs.1, 2A, B). Pseudorostral spines straight, short (0.21 times of maximum carapace length), diverging, V-shaped (Fig. 2 A–E). Supraorbital eave fused to carapace; pre-orbital lobe directed forwards; distinct U-shaped hiatus separating pre-orbital and post-orbital lobes (Fig. 2A, D). Post-orbital lobe cup-like (Fig. 2A, D). Carapace regions well-defined, with granules; gastric, hepatic, branchial and cardiac regions swollen; hepatic lobe with 1 conical granule; gastric with 1 mesogastric granule anteriorly, 1 low adjoining elongated granule, 1 elongated metagastric granule, 2 granules along median row; urogastric region depressed, granule absent; swollen cardiac region with 1 granule medianly, 2 small granules at base of cardiac region; swollen intestinal region with 1 compressed granule; swollen branchial region with 3 granules; 2–4 granules along lateral margin of carapace at branchial region (Fig. 2A). Antennal flagellum nearly equal in length to pseudorostral spines. Antennules completely retractable in deep fossae. Basal antennal article longer than broad, slightly rounded outer margin. Presence of large granule at base of article (Fig. 2C, E). Buccal frame covered by third maxilliped, distal angle of frame slightly protruded; third maxilliped covered with setae, smooth and slightly granulated when denuded; ischium sub-rectangular with sub-median longitudinal depression; merus subquadrate, 0.58 times as long as ischium, antero-external angle slightly rounded (Fig. 2E). Pterygostomian region with 3 granules (Fig. 2B, C, E). Chelipeds subequal; male cheliped with margins of ischium, merus, carpus, and palm of chela carinate; merus triangular in cross-section, with carinate anterior margin; palm of chela inflated; fingers slightly curved, slightly shorter than length of upper margin of palm, tapering distally, distal tips acuminate (Figs. 1, 2F, G). Ambulatory legs covered with setae, with tufts of longer setae on anterior and posterior margins, smooth when denuded; posterior margin of dactylus with single row of 1–8 flattened granules, distal tips corneous, sharp (Figs. 1, 2H, I, J). Male thoracic sternum wide, depressed anteriorly; sternites 3–4 fused, lateral margins slightly constricted, sternite 4 elevated posteriorly, sterno-pleonal cavity extends anteriorly to middle thoracic sternite 4 (Fig. 2C). Male pleon with 6 free somites and telson, widest at somite 3, somite 5 with lateral margins constricted, somite 6 with lateral margins diverging, telson triangular with round distal margin (Fig. 2K). G1 relatively straight, flattened laterally (Fig. 3A, C), distal tip blunt, constricted, slightly bifid (Fig. 3B, D). G2 shorter than G1, distal tip rounded (Fig. 3E, F). Etymology. The species name is dedicated to the Principal Investigator of the research project titled “Resource Exploration and Inventorization System” and scientist at CMLRE, Shri N. Saravanane, who is a distinguished marine scientist in India. Remarks. Crocydocinus saravananei n. sp. was collected from the continental slope that is located off the southwest coast of Thiruvananthapuram (Trivandrum), India. Two male specimens were obtained using a High Speed Demersal Trawl (Crustacean Version) net (HSDT (CV)) on-board the FORVSS cruise number 366 and 267. Crocydocinus saravananei n. sp. (Figs. 1, 2A) resembles C. brevirostris in the general shape of carapace, relative length of the pseudorostral spines and shape of orbit (see Lee et al. 2019: fig. 13B). The new species, however, is morphologically distinct from the other species of Crocydocinus in the absence of urogastric granule on carapace (Figs. 1, 2A) (versus having urogastric granule on C. ewok, C. brevirostris and C. porg; see Lee et al. 2019: figs. 13A, B, 14B); the presence of two granules along lateral margin of carapace at branchial region (Figs. 1, 2A, B, C) (versus a lack of granule on C. brevirostris, C. crosnieri and C. decipiata; one granule on C. ewok and C. panglao; and three granules on C. porg and C. vanuatu; see Lee et al. 2019: fig. 17A–G); the presence of granules on P2–P4 dactyli (Fig. 3H, I, J) (versus lack of granules on the dactyli of the ambulatory legs in the other species of Crocydocinus); and the slightly bifid, blunt and constricted distal tip of the G1 (Fig. 3B, D) (versus G1 with sharp distal tip in C. ewok (see Lee et al. 2019: fig. 18A–D), sharp distal tip with slight constriction in C. crosnieri (see Lee et al. 2019: fig. 18G–J), bilobed distal tip in C. decipiata (see Lee et al. 2019: fig. 19A–D), and sharp distal tip in C. vanuatu; see Lee et al. 2019: fig. 19A–D). Crocydocinus saravananei n. sp. is only known from its type locality, off Trivandrum, Arabian Sea.

Padate, Vinay P., Lee, Bee Yan, Cubelio, Sherine Sonia (2020): Description of a new species of deep-sea spider crab from the genus Crocydocinus Lee, Richer de Forges & Ng, 2019, from the south-eastern Arabian Sea (Crustacea Decapoda: Majoidea: Epialtidae). Zootaxa 4816 (2): 229-234, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4816.2.8

Ng, Peter K. L., Padate, Vinay P., Saravanane, Narayanane (2019): Gordonopsis robusta, a new species of deep-sea porter crab (Crustacea: Brachyura: Homolidae) from the Andaman Sea, India. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 67: 510-516, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2019-0040