24 results on '"Packalen M"'
Search Results
2. Trends in osteoporotic fracture and related in-hospital complications during the COVID-19 pandemic in Alberta, Canada
- Author
-
Oliveira, T., Kendler, D. L., Schneider, P., Juby, A. G., Wani, R. J., Packalen, M., Avcil, S., Li, S., Waters-Banker, C., Graves, E., McMullen, S., and Brown, J.
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. P-28 Real-world observational study of MVASI in metastatic colorectal cancer patients in Canada: Baseline patient characteristics
- Author
-
Cheung, W., primary, Samimi, S., additional, Kassam, S., additional, Colwell, B., additional, Meyer, P., additional, Knight, G., additional, Ma, K., additional, Eberg, M., additional, Mancini, J., additional, Alemayehu, M., additional, Martinez, D., additional, Packalen, M., additional, Wani, R., additional, Ngan, E., additional, Du, Y., additional, and Inam, N., additional
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. COVID-19 PANDEMIC INDUCED DISRUPTIONS IN TROPONIN AND LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL LABORATORY TEST VOLUMES ACROSS ALBERTA
- Author
-
Goodman, S, primary, Mackinnon, E, additional, Gregoire, J, additional, Raggi, P, additional, Wani, R, additional, Packalen, M, additional, Avcil, S, additional, Farris, M, additional, Graves, E, additional, Cowling, T, additional, and Anderson, T, additional
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. Using Water Table Depths Inferred From Testate Amoebae to Estimate Holocene Methane Emissions From the Hudson Bay Lowlands, Canada
- Author
-
Davies, M. A., primary, McLaughlin, J. W., additional, Packalen, M. S., additional, and Finkelstein, S. A., additional
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. Differences in lipid treatment patterns in women versus men in a large cohort of patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in Ontario, Canada
- Author
-
Fairbairn, M, primary, Goeree, R, additional, Goodman, S.G, additional, Rogoza, R.M, additional, Packalen, M, additional, Motsepe-Ditshego, P, additional, Pericleous, L, additional, and Oh, P, additional
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
7. Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol goal attainment and treatment patterns in a cohort of >143,000 patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in Ontario, Canada
- Author
-
Fairbairn, M, primary, Oh, P, additional, Goeree, R, additional, Rogoza, R.M, additional, Packalen, M, additional, Pericleous, L, additional, Motsepe-Ditshego, P, additional, Colgan, S, additional, and Goodman, S.G, additional
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
8. PCV32 ECONOMIC BURDEN OF ATHEROSCLEROTIC CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE AND SPECIFIC EVENTS IN ONTARIO, CANADA
- Author
-
Rogoza, R., primary, Oh, P., additional, Goodman, S.G., additional, Fairbairn, M., additional, Packalen, M., additional, Motsepe-Ditshego, P., additional, Pericleous, L., additional, and Goeree, R., additional
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
9. Designing seamless learning activities for school visitors in the context of Fab Lab Oulu
- Author
-
Laru, J. (Jari), Vuopala, E. (Essi), Megumi, I. (Iwata), Pitkänen, K. (Kati), Sanchez, I. (Ivan), Mäntymäki, A. (Antti), Packalen, M. (Markus), and Näykki, J. (Jussi)
- Abstract
Maker culture has expanded from its traditional niches (people with an interest in computers, programming and the digital world in general) to other, more general fields such as education, business and government. However, “despite the interest in the Maker Movement and its connection to formal and informal education, there has been little research concerning the direction it is taking, the opportunities it could present for education, and why” (Papavlasopoulou in Entertainment Computing 18, 57–78, 2017). In this chapter, we developed a pedagogical framework for seamless learning in Fab Lab activities based on the multiple levels of interactivity that different tools, activities and the contexts enable. The aim is to use age-appropriate activities and appropriate tools, as suggested by Blikstein (FabLab: Of Machines, Makers and Inventors. Transcript, Bielefeld, Germany, pp. 173–180, 2013). In this chapter, we introduce the theoretical principles of the framework—computational thinking, computational making and design-driven education—as a model to teach twenty-first-century skills. We also illustrate the pedagogical principles with a case study in a primary school (K-12) as an example of designing integrated educational activities to align with the maker activities being performed in the Fab Lab context.
- Published
- 2019
10. Evolution of Palsas and Peat Plateaus in the Hudson Bay Lowlands: Permafrost Degradation and the Production of Greenhouse Gases
- Author
-
Kirkwood, A., primary, Roy-Léveillée, P., additional, Packalen, M., additional, McLaughlin, J., additional, and Basiliko, N., additional
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
11. Evolution of Palsas and Peat Plateaus in the Hudson Bay Lowlands: Permafrost Degradation and the Production of Greenhouse Gases.
- Author
-
Kirkwood, A., Roy-Léveillée, P., Packalen, M., McLaughlin, J., and Basiliko, N.
- Abstract
Peatlands in the Hudson Bay Lowlands (HBL) extend from the sporadic to the continuous permafrost zones. They store ~30 Pg of soil carbon, ~10% of which is sequestered in permafrost. Palsa fields and peat plateaus are dominant features in the HBL of northern Ontario, but pronounced warming trends in the area are associated with accelerated degradation of these features. This research investigated greenhouse gas production potential (CO2 and CH4) from HBL peatlands near Peawanuck, ON, in the context of rapid palsa degradat ion. Active layer and permafrost samples from palsas, and samples from fens adjacent to the palsas were collected at sites exhibiting different degradation rates and patterns, identified via the sequential analysis of historical aerial photographs and recent satellite imagery. The samples were incubated anaerobically at 4°C and 14°C to assess CO2 and CH4. In general, CO2 production potential was higher than CH4, however the production of CH4 was extremely sensitive to increased temperatures. Between 4°C and 14°C CH4 production increased by factors ranging from 6 to 90, whereas CO2 production consistently increased by a factor of ~2. The production of both gases was higher from fen peat then from permafrost and active layer peat at either temperature when incubated in anaerobic conditions for 225 days. This suggests that higher production rates of CO2 and CH4 from thermokarst features compared to intact permafrost landscapes are not only the result of environmental conditions such as wetness and increased temperatures, but also likely a result of organic matter chemistry and bioavailability associated with increased sedge growth following permafrost degradation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
12. A Retrospective Observational Study of Osteoporosis Management After a Fragility Fracture in Primary Care.
- Author
-
Bell, A., Kendler, D. L., Khan, A. A., Shapiro, M., Morisset, A., Leung, J.-P., Reiner, M., Colgan, S. M., Packalen, M., and Slatkovska, L.
- Subjects
OSTEOPOROSIS ,PRIMARY care ,BONE fractures ,PATIENT management ,RISK assessment ,MEDICAL records - Abstract
Introduction: A fragility fracture is a clinical manifestation of osteoporosis and a major risk factor for subsequent fracture in adults aged 50+, yet adherence to secondary prevention strategies is lacking internationally. This retrospective observational study aimed to characterize post-fracture management in the Canadian primary care setting. Methods: A cohort of 778 patients with an index fragility fracture occurring between January 1, 2014 and December 1,2016 was identified from medical records reviewed at 76 primary care centers in Canada, with follow-up until January 2018. Fragility fracture was defined as a fracture occurring without major trauma at any skeletal site other than the skull, face, cervical spine, hand, metatarsus, phalanges or patella. Patients were excluded if they had a history of fragility fracture in the five years prior to their index fracture. Results: Of all 778 patients identified (80.5% female, median age [IQR] 73 [64-80]), 215 were on osteoporosis treatment and 269 had osteoporosis diagnosis recorded prior to their index fracture. The median follow-up after index fracture was 363 (IQR 91-808) days. Of patients not on osteoporosis treatment at their index fracture, 60.2% (n = 339 of 563) remained untreated after their index fracture and 62.2% (n = 23 of 37) continued untreated after their subsequent fracture. After their index fracture, fracture risk assessment (FRAX or CAROC) was not performed in 83.2% (n = 647 of 778) of patients, and 59.9% (n = 466 of 778) of patients did not receive BMD testing. Of patients with available data who did not have osteoporosis diagnosis recorded prior to their index date, 61.3% (n = 300 of 489) remained undiagnosed over the interval from index fracture to the end of follow-up. At least one subsequent fracture occurred in 11.5% (n = 86 of 778) of patients after their index fracture until the end of study follow-up. Conclusion: In the primary care setting, fragility fracture infrequently resulted in osteoporosis treatment and very infrequently led to fracture risk assessment. Even after experiencing multiple fragility fractures over a relatively short follow-up, the majority of patients remained untreated. These results suggest a fragility fracture is not recognized as a major risk factor for subsequent fracture and its occurrence does not prompt primary care physicians to intervene. These data call forth initiatives to identify and overcome obstacles to primary care physicians' effective management of patients after fragility fractures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
13. 3T external phased-array magnetic resonance imaging in detection of obstetric anal sphincter lesions: a pilot study.
- Author
-
Pinta T, Ruohonen J, Kallio-Packalen M, Zhabin I, and Kirss J
- Subjects
- Pregnancy, Humans, Female, Pilot Projects, Reproducibility of Results, Magnetic Resonance Imaging methods, Endosonography methods, Anal Canal diagnostic imaging, Anal Canal injuries, Fecal Incontinence diagnosis
- Abstract
Background: Three-dimensional endoanal ultrasound (3D EAUS) has been the gold standard for detecting anal sphincter lesions in patients with a history of obstetric anal sphincter injury (OASI). Advances in imaging technologies have facilitated the detection of these lesions with external phased-array magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), which could offer an alternative imaging modality for the diagnosis of residual OASI (ROASI) in centers where 3D EAUS imaging is not available., Purpose: To compare two diagnostic modalities: the 3D EAUS and 3T external phased-array MRI in the detection of residual anal sphincter lesions., Material and Methods: A total of 24 women with a history of OASI were imaged with both 3D EAUS and 3T external phased-array MRI after primary repair of the injury. Intraclass correlation (ICC) and interrater reliability (IRR) values were calculated for the grade and circumference of the sphincter lesion. Sphincter lesions were graded according to the Sultan classification., Results: There was an almost perfect agreement between 3D EAUS and 3T external phased-array MRI in determining the extent of the sphincter lesions according to the Sultan classification (κ = 0.881; P < 0.001) and the circumference of the external anal sphincter defects, measured in degrees (κ = 0.896; P < 0.001)., Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that 3T external phased-array MRI and 3D EAUS yield comparable results in the diagnosis of ROASI. These findings suggest that 3T external phased-array MRI could serve as an alternative diagnostic modality to 3D EAUS in the diagnosis of ROASI.
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
14. A retrospective observational study of osteoporosis management after a fragility fracture in primary care.
- Author
-
Bell A, Kendler DL, Khan AA, Shapiro C M M, Morisset A, Leung JP, Reiner M, Colgan SM, Slatkovska L, and Packalen M
- Subjects
- Adult, Canada epidemiology, Female, Humans, Male, Primary Health Care, Retrospective Studies, Bone Density Conservation Agents therapeutic use, Osteoporosis complications, Osteoporosis drug therapy, Osteoporosis epidemiology, Osteoporotic Fractures epidemiology, Osteoporotic Fractures etiology
- Abstract
In many countries, osteoporosis is predominantly managed by primary care physicians; however, management after a fragility fracture has not been widely investigated. We describe osteoporosis care gaps in a real-world patient cohort. Our findings help inform initiatives to identify and overcome obstacles to effective management of patients after fragility fracture., Purpose: A fragility fracture is a major risk factor for subsequent fracture in adults aged ≥ 50 years. This retrospective observational study aimed to characterize post-fracture management in Canadian primary care., Methods: A total of 778 patients with an index fragility fracture (low-trauma, excluding small bones) occurring between 2014 and 2016 were identified from medical records at 76 primary care centers in Canada, with follow-up until January 2018., Results: Of 778 patients (80.5% female, median age [IQR] 73 [64-80]), 215 were on osteoporosis treatment and 269 had osteoporosis diagnosis recorded prior to their index fracture. The median follow-up was 363 (IQR 91-808) days. Of patients not on osteoporosis treatment at their index fracture, 60.2% (n = 339/563) remained untreated after their index fracture and 62.2% (n = 23/37) continued untreated after their subsequent fracture. After their index fracture, fracture risk assessment (FRAX or CAROC) was not performed in 83.2% (n = 647/778) of patients, and 59.9% (n = 466/778) of patients did not receive bone mineral density testing. Of patients without osteoporosis diagnosis recorded prior to their index date, 61.3% (n = 300/489) remained undiagnosed after their index fracture. At least one subsequent fracture occurred in 11.5% (n = 86/778) of patients., Conclusion: In the primary care setting, fragility fracture infrequently resulted in osteoporosis treatment or fracture risk assessment, even after multiple fragility fractures. These results suggest a fragility fracture is not recognized as a major risk factor for subsequent fracture and its occurrence does not prompt primary care physicians to intervene. These data urge initiatives to identify and overcome obstacles to primary care physicians' effective management of patients after fragility fractures., (© 2022. The Author(s).)
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
15. Increasing Prevalence and Incidence of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease in Adult Patients in Ontario, Canada From 2002 to 2018.
- Author
-
Mackinnon ES, Goeree R, Goodman SG, Rogoza RM, Packalen M, Pericleous L, Motsepe-Ditshego P, and Oh P
- Abstract
Background: Cardiovascular disease is the second-leading cause of death in Canada. However, limited data are available on the prevalence of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) in Canada. The study objective was to describe the incidence and prevalence of ASCVD in adult patients in Ontario, Canada, and to evaluate temporal trends for subsequent ASCVD events among those with new-onset ASCVD., Methods: This retrospective, observational study identified ASCVD incidence and prevalence data from the Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences Data Repository for adults from Ontario. Overall prevalence was established for the period from 2002 to 2018. Incident cases from April 1, 2005 to March 2016 were then identified, and followed up to 2018. Primary outcomes were date and type of index event/procedure, patient characteristics/baseline demographics, and comorbidities. Secondary outcomes assessed were time from first to second ASCVD event, subsequent event(s) and/or mortality, and type of subsequent event(s) relative to the type of index/primary event., Results: A total of 1,042,621 eligible prevalent ASCVD cases were identified; of these, 743,309 patients (69%) were newly diagnosed with incident ASCVD. The 10-year prevalence rates for all ASCVD subtypes increased over the study period. Overall event incidence rates per 1000 person-years were mostly stable or increased. Among incident cases, 50% experienced subsequent events over the study period., Conclusions: This observational study demonstrated increasing prevalence and high incidence of new ASCVD diagnoses in adults from Ontario, over the study period. These data, together with the substantial number of subsequent events in ASCVD patients, demonstrate significant clinical burden of this disease in Ontario., (© 2021 The Authors.)
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
16. Fragility fracture identifies patients at imminent risk for subsequent fracture: real-world retrospective database study in Ontario, Canada.
- Author
-
Adachi JD, Brown JP, Schemitsch E, Tarride JE, Brown V, Bell AD, Reiner M, Packalen M, Motsepe-Ditshego P, Burke N, and Slatkovska L
- Subjects
- Aged, Humans, Ontario epidemiology, Retrospective Studies, Secondary Prevention, Bone Density Conservation Agents therapeutic use, Osteoporosis diagnosis, Osteoporosis epidemiology, Osteoporotic Fractures epidemiology
- Abstract
Background: The secondary fracture prevention gap in the osteoporosis field has been previously described as a 'crisis'. Closing this gap is increasingly important in the context of accumulating evidence showing that an incident fragility fracture is associated with an increased risk of subsequent fracture within 1-2 years, known as imminent fracture risk. The objective of this study was to use health services data to characterize the time between index fragility fractures occurring at different osteoporotic sites and subsequent fractures., Methods: This retrospective observational study used de-identified health services data from the publicly funded healthcare system in Ontario, the largest province of Canada. Patients aged > 65 with an index fragility fracture occurring between 2011 and 2015 were identified from the ICES Data Repository using International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-10 codes. We examined median time to subsequent fragility fractures for osteoporotic fracture sites until the end of follow-up (2017). BMD assessment and use of osteoporosis therapies following index fracture were also characterized., Results: Among 115,776 patients with an index fragility fracture, 17.8% incurred a second fragility fracture. Median time between index and second fracture occurring at any site was 555 days (interquartile range: 236-955). For each index fracture site examined, median time from index to second fracture was < 2 years. The proportion of patients with BMD assessment was 10.3% ≤1 year prior to and 16.4% ≤1 year post index fracture. The proportion of patients receiving osteoporosis therapy was 29.8% ≤1 year prior, 34.6% ≤1 year post, and 25.9% > 3 years post index fracture., Conclusions: This cohort of Canadian patients aged > 65 years who experienced a fragility fracture at any site are at imminent risk of experiencing subsequent fracture within the next 2 years and should be proactively assessed and treated.
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
17. Large stocks of peatland carbon and nitrogen are vulnerable to permafrost thaw.
- Author
-
Hugelius G, Loisel J, Chadburn S, Jackson RB, Jones M, MacDonald G, Marushchak M, Olefeldt D, Packalen M, Siewert MB, Treat C, Turetsky M, Voigt C, and Yu Z
- Abstract
Northern peatlands have accumulated large stocks of organic carbon (C) and nitrogen (N), but their spatial distribution and vulnerability to climate warming remain uncertain. Here, we used machine-learning techniques with extensive peat core data ( n > 7,000) to create observation-based maps of northern peatland C and N stocks, and to assess their response to warming and permafrost thaw. We estimate that northern peatlands cover 3.7 ± 0.5 million km
2 and store 415 ± 150 Pg C and 10 ± 7 Pg N. Nearly half of the peatland area and peat C stocks are permafrost affected. Using modeled global warming stabilization scenarios (from 1.5 to 6 °C warming), we project that the current sink of atmospheric C (0.10 ± 0.02 Pg C⋅y-1 ) in northern peatlands will shift to a C source as 0.8 to 1.9 million km2 of permafrost-affected peatlands thaw. The projected thaw would cause peatland greenhouse gas emissions equal to ∼1% of anthropogenic radiative forcing in this century. The main forcing is from methane emissions (0.7 to 3 Pg cumulative CH4 -C) with smaller carbon dioxide forcing (1 to 2 Pg CO2 -C) and minor nitrous oxide losses. We project that initial CO2 -C losses reverse after ∼200 y, as warming strengthens peatland C-sinks. We project substantial, but highly uncertain, additional losses of peat into fluvial systems of 10 to 30 Pg C and 0.4 to 0.9 Pg N. The combined gaseous and fluvial peatland C loss estimated here adds 30 to 50% onto previous estimates of permafrost-thaw C losses, with southern permafrost regions being the most vulnerable., Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing interest., (Copyright © 2020 the Author(s). Published by PNAS.)- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
18. NIH funding and the pursuit of edge science.
- Author
-
Packalen M and Bhattacharya J
- Subjects
- Humans, Science economics, United States, Biomedical Research economics, Financing, Organized trends, National Institutes of Health (U.S.) economics, National Institutes of Health (U.S.) trends
- Abstract
The National Institutes of Health (NIH) plays a critical role in funding scientific endeavors in biomedicine. Funding innovative science is an essential element of the NIH's mission, but many have questioned the NIH's ability to fulfill this aim. Based on an analysis of a comprehensive corpus of published biomedical research articles, we measure whether the NIH succeeds in funding work with novel ideas, which we term edge science. We find that edge science is more often NIH funded than less novel science, but with a delay. Papers that build on very recent ideas are NIH funded less often than are papers that build on ideas that have had a chance to mature for at least 7 y. We have three further findings. First, the tendency to fund edge science is mostly limited to basic science. Papers that build on novel clinical ideas are not more often NIH funded than are papers that build on well-established clinical knowledge. Second, novel papers tend to be NIH funded more often because there are more NIH-funded papers in innovative areas of investigation, rather than because the NIH funds innovative papers within research areas. Third, the NIH's tendency to have funded papers that build on the most recent advances has declined over time. In this regard, NIH funding has become more conservative despite initiatives to increase funding for innovative projects. Given our focus on published papers, the results reflect both the funding preferences of the NIH and the composition of the applications it receives., Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing interest., (Copyright © 2020 the Author(s). Published by PNAS.)
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
19. Comparison of 3D endoanal ultrasound and external phased array magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of obstetric anal sphincter injuries.
- Author
-
Kirss J Jr, Huhtinen H, Niskanen E, Ruohonen J, Kallio-Packalen M, Victorzon S, Victorzon M, and Pinta T
- Subjects
- Adult, Female, Humans, Pilot Projects, Postpartum Period, Pregnancy, Prospective Studies, Reproducibility of Results, Rupture, Anal Canal diagnostic imaging, Anal Canal injuries, Delivery, Obstetric adverse effects, Endosonography methods, Imaging, Three-Dimensional methods, Magnetic Resonance Imaging methods
- Abstract
Objectives: The gold standard of postpartum anal sphincter imaging has been the 3D endoanal ultrasound (EAUS). Development of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has allowed anal sphincter evaluation without the use of endoanal coils. The aim of this study is to compare these two modalities in diagnosing residual sphincter lesions post obstetric anal sphincter injury (OASI)., Methods: Forty women were followed up after primary repair of OASI with both 3D EAUS and external phased array MRI. Details of the anal sphincter injury and sphincter musculature were gathered and analysed., Results: There was a moderate interrater reliability (κ = 0.510) between the two imaging modalities in detecting sphincter lesions, with more lesions detected by MRI. There was a moderate intraclass correlation (ICC) between the circumference of the tear (κ = 0.506) and a fair ICC between the external anal sphincter thickness measurements at locations 3 and 9 on the proctologic clock face (κ = 0.320) and (κ = 0.336)., Conclusions: The results of our study indicate that the use of external phased array MRI is feasible for detecting obstetric anal sphincter lesions postpartum. This allows for imaging of the sphincter defects in centres where EAUS imaging is not available., Key Points: • A two centre prospective study that showed external phased array MRI to be a valid imaging modality for diagnosing obstetric anal sphincter injuries.
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
20. Age and the Trying Out of New Ideas.
- Author
-
Packalen M and Bhattacharya J
- Abstract
The aging of the scientific workforce and graying of grant recipients are central policy concerns in biomedicine. These trends are potentially important because older scientists are often seen as less open to new ideas than younger scientists. In this paper, we put this hypothesis to an empirical test. Using a measure of new ideas derived from the text of nearly all biomedical scientific articles published since 1946, we compare the tendency of younger and older researchers to try out new ideas in their work. We find that papers published in biomedicine by younger researchers are more likely to build on new ideas. Collaboration with an experienced researcher matters as well. Papers with a young first author and a more experienced last author are more likely to try out newer ideas than papers published by other team configurations. Given the crucial role that the trying out of new ideas plays in the advancement of science, our results buttress the case for funding scientific work by young researchers but also provide a caution against unconditional idolatry of youth over experience.
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
21. Edge Factors: Scientific Frontier Positions of Nations.
- Author
-
Packalen M
- Abstract
A key decision in scientific work is whether to build on novel or well-established ideas. Because exploiting new ideas is often harder than more conventional science, novel work can be especially dependent on interactions with colleagues, the training environment, and ready access to potential collaborators. Location may thus influence the tendency to pursue work that is close to the edge of the scientific frontier in the sense that it builds on recent ideas. We calculate for each nation its position relative to the edge of the scientific frontier by measuring its propensity to build on relatively new ideas in biomedical research. Text analysis of 20+ million publications shows that the United States and South Korea have the highest tendencies for novel science. China has become a leader in favoring newer ideas when working with basic science ideas and research tools, but is still slow to adopt new clinical ideas. Many locations remain far behind the leaders in terms of their tendency to work with novel ideas, indicating that the world is far from flat in this regard.
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
22. Neophilia Ranking of Scientific Journals.
- Author
-
Packalen M and Bhattacharya J
- Abstract
The ranking of scientific journals is important because of the signal it sends to scientists about what is considered most vital for scientific progress. Existing ranking systems focus on measuring the influence of a scientific paper (citations)-these rankings do not reward journals for publishing innovative work that builds on new ideas. We propose an alternative ranking based on the proclivity of journals to publish papers that build on new ideas, and we implement this ranking via a text-based analysis of all published biomedical papers dating back to 1946. In addition, we compare our neophilia ranking to citation-based (impact factor) rankings; this comparison shows that the two ranking approaches are distinct. Prior theoretical work suggests an active role for our neophilia index in science policy. Absent an explicit incentive to pursue novel science, scientists underinvest in innovative work because of a coordination problem: for work on a new idea to flourish, many scientists must decide to adopt it in their work. Rankings that are based purely on influence thus do not provide sufficient incentives for publishing innovative work. By contrast, adoption of the neophilia index as part of journal-ranking procedures by funding agencies and university administrators would provide an explicit incentive for journals to publish innovative work and thus help solve the coordination problem by increasing scientists' incentives to pursue innovative work.
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
23. The other ex ante moral hazard in health.
- Author
-
Bhattacharya J and Packalen M
- Subjects
- Humans, Models, Econometric, Morals, Obesity prevention & control, Primary Prevention statistics & numerical data, Taxes, United States epidemiology, Health Behavior, Insurance Coverage economics, Medicare economics, Obesity epidemiology
- Abstract
It is well-known that pooled insurance coverage can induce people to make inefficiently low investments in self-protective activities. We identify another ex ante moral hazard that runs in the opposite direction. Lower levels of self-protection and the associated chronic conditions and behavioral patterns such as obesity, smoking, and malnutrition increase the incidence of many diseases and consumption of treatments to those diseases. This increases the reward for innovation and thus benefits the innovator. It also increases treatment innovation which benefits all consumers. As individuals do not take these positive externalities into account, their investments in self-protection are inefficiently high. We quantify the lower bound of this externality for obesity. The lower bound is independent of how much additional innovation is generated. The results show that the externality we identify offsets the negative Medicare-induced insurance externality of obesity. The Medicare-induced obesity subsidy is thus not a sufficient rationale for "soda taxes", "fat taxes" or other penalties on obesity. The quantitative finding also implies that the other ex ante moral hazard that we identify can be as important as the ex ante moral hazard that has been a central concept in health economics for decades., (Copyright © 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
24. Opportunities and benefits as determinants of the direction of scientific research.
- Author
-
Bhattacharya J and Packalen M
- Subjects
- Humans, Organizational Innovation, Prevalence, Public Health, Biomedical Research organization & administration, Private Sector organization & administration
- Abstract
Scientific research and private-sector technological innovation differ in objectives, constraints, and organizational forms. Scientific research may thus not be driven by the direct practical benefit to others in the way that private-sector innovation is. Alternatively, some - yet largely unexplored - mechanisms drive the direction of scientific research to respond to the expected public benefit. We test these two competing hypotheses of scientific research. This is important because any coherent specification of what constitutes the socially optimal allocation of research requires that scientists take the public practical benefit of their work into account in setting their agenda. We examine whether the composition of medical research responds to changes in disease prevalence, while accounting for the quality of available research opportunities. We match biomedical publications data with disease prevalence data and develop new methods for estimating the quality of research opportunities from textual information and structural productivity parameters., (Copyright © 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
Catalog
Discovery Service for Jio Institute Digital Library
For full access to our library's resources, please sign in.