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Avoiding deforestation in the United States cools in some places but warms in others., Storing carbon in forests is a leading land-based strategy to curb anthropogenic climate change, but its planetary cooling effect is opposed by warming from low albedo. Using detailed geospatial data from Earth-observing satellites and the national forest inventory, we quantify the net climate effect of losing forest across the conterminous United States. We find that forest loss in the intermountain and Rocky Mountain West causes net planetary cooling but losses east of the Mississippi River and in Pacific Coast states tend toward net warming. Actual U.S. forest conversions from 1986 to 2000 cause net cooling for a decade but then transition to a large net warming over a century. Avoiding these forest conversions could have yielded a 100-year average annual global cooling of 0.00088°C. This would offset 17% of the 100-year climate warming effect from a single year of U.S. fossil fuel emissions, underscoring the scale of the mitigation challenge.

We documented the occurrence of Eira barbara in the municipalities of Tecpan de Galeana and Petatlan, state of Guerrero, Mexico. Our records represent a 450-km range expansion from the most recent northern occurrences of this species in the Mexican Pacific coast states.

The purpose of this article is to present an overarching analysis of key trends in presidential politics over the past 28 years, 1980 to 2008. The three trends that will be looked at are: the ending of party dealignment but the still continuing inability of either the Democrats or the Republicans to build an enduring majority party coalition, even after some lopsided elections; a geographic realignment that made the south solidly Republican and the northeast and pacific coast states solidly Democratic; and the volatility that took place in loyalties of major politically relevant social and demographic groups. Most of the longitudinal analysis rests on data and analysis from articles on each of these eight elections that appeared in Political Science Quarterly,1

Habitats supporting novel floras often have been created by geologic processes. Distinctive landforms and lithologies are the major sources of such habitats. However their conservation has been uneven (Kruckeberg, 2002). Unique landforms fare best in gaining preservation: e.g., yosemite and Grand Canyon National Parks in the United States. Less successful has been the preservation of unique lithologies, like serpentines, that often harbor endemic taxa. In eastern North America, conservation of serpentine areas has been poor; the best of the few preserves there include the Gaspe Peninsula (Mt. Albert National Park) in Canada. Some progress in recent years has been made to preserve serpentine habitats in the Pacific Coast states of California, Oregon, and Washington. Examples are cited. The level of protection varies as does the type of agency (local, state, or federal) enforcing the preservation status.

An annotated list is presented describing sixteen periodicals that cover significant aspects of the Pacific Coast states and their culture in whole or in part. The titles included are a selective and representative sampling. The entry for each periodical includes the following information: periodical title, publisher/editor and address, basic information, publication data, content, Internet information and an abstract/annotation.

The Clean Power Plan (CPP) is the centerpiece of the US efforts to reduce carbon emissions, introducing regulation of greenhouse gas emissions from existing power plants for the first time on a national basis. These regulations may interact with existing initiatives, for example, in California, where the state has a comprehensive economy-wide cap with emissions allowance trading in place. In addition, three Pacific coast states and British Columbia have supported the idea of comprehensive pricing. This paper provides a summary of a workshop that examined the interaction of these policy approaches. A main observation in the workshop was that the forthcoming CPP will likely facilitate and complicate the prospect of comprehensive carbon pricing. Multistate coordination in complying with the CPP could be key to making simultaneous progress on both the national and regional policy efforts and could provide a pathway from regulation to carbon pricing.

The experience of the three Pacific Coast states provides ample lessons on the strategies that need to be adopted to survive opposition from those motivated by “NIMBY,” environmental values, and opportunism.

The literature on national capital market integration in nineteenth-century America has overlooked the role of markets at a regional level. Such markets were important in reducing the possible burden of isolation by efficiently recycling local savings, and in promoting eventual integration into a national financial market. This article presents evidence that a commercial market centered on San Francisco extended into the Pacific Coast states and formed the basis for a regional financial market. The degree of market integration is measured through tests of interest rate covariability and convergence.

Pears are the second most important deciduous fruit produced by U.S. farmers. They are particularly important in the Pacific Coast states of California, Oregon, and Washington, which have increased their share of total U.S. production in the last quarter century from 89.3% in 1949-51 to 94.5% in 1975-77. About half of all pears are shipped fresh to distant markets, while the remainder are canned or dried so that pear production is of concern to fruit packing, freight and distribution firms throughout the United States, and to processing firms in scattered localities throughout the Pacific Coast states.

No forest insect in the United States has been the target of more research and control than the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.). Eradication of this pest was last attempted in the northeastern United States in the late 1950s (Dunlap 1980). Management efforts there now seek to provide foliage protection of high-value trees. Some states more distant from the general infestation, most notably the Pacific Coast states, are pursuing a policy of total elimination of sparse infestations as they are identified. This eradication policy is controversial because of its failure in the eastern United States and because of citizen opposition to repeated applications of the broad-spectrum insecticides typically used in eradication programs.

The predominance of B. botulinus, type A, in the Pacific Coast States is in striking contrast to that of type B in the Atlantic States, England and Europe. These differences in the distribution of types cannot be attributed to any topographic factors but coincide amazingly with the density of the population and agricultural activity. It naturally suggests itself to compare these observations with those found in specimens collected in other portions of the Western Hemisphere and in certain parts of the Eastern Hemisphere. The Hawaiian Islands have been chosen on account of their mountainous surface and their

Blister rust control, as is well known, consists of the destruction of the alternate hosts, currant and gooseberry plants (Ribes spp.), in and near stands of susceptible five-needle or white pines. The ribes population must be reduced to a very small figure in order to accomplish the protection of the pine. Making sure, either before or after eradication, that the ribes in a stand are so few as not to menace the pine involves systematically checking the stand and its environs. The checking procedure used in the Rocky Mountain and Pacific Coast States is described by Harris ('41). The checkers are usually required to cover either 4 per cent or 5 per cent of the land area under examination and to report the number and location of the ribes discovered. Considerable attention has recently been given to the problem of evaluating the sampling data obtained by 4 per cent, 5 per cent, and 8 per cent checks, respectively. Their significance involves three phases: (1) The reliability of the checking record as an estimate of the total ribes population on unit areas of various sizes; (2) determining how ac

Renewed activity in the placer gold mining country of the Pacific Coast States has raised the question of how much harm silt does to salmon and trout. The effect silt may have on migrating adult fish, on the selection of spawning places, and on the survival of fish food, is discussed. The conclusion is drawn that silt, whether from placer mining or natural erosion, is harmful to salmon and trout if it is heavy enough to form a layer on the stream bottom or if it persists during periods between floods.

A pressing problem in many large high schools is that of aiding and directing pupils in their choice of subjects. The increasing extent and variation of the curricular offering, the heterogeneity of the present-day student body, and the growing concern over rates of failure and elimination are factors which lend urgency to the quest for a solution of the problem. It is the purpose of this paper to show how the problem is being met in large high schools. To make this survey of practices, the writers submitted a check list to the heads of the departments of mathematics in five hundred of the larger senior and four-year high schools in eastern, middle western, and Pacific coast states. Usable replies were received from 51 high schools enrolling from 500 to 999 pupils and from 8i schools enrolling i,ooo pupils or more. As the data reported in this article indicate, the inquiry called for information concerning general practices in curricular guidance and concerning special practices in guiding elections of mathematics in the tenth, eleventh, and twelfth grades. The problem of guiding elections of mathematics may be considered as typifying the larger problem of curricular guidance because the courses in mathematics have generally been dropped from the core curriculum and given an elective status and because the need for guidance is attested to by the high rate of failure in mathematics. A recent summary' of subject failures in nineteen large high schools in the vicinity of Chicago shows that, in the percentage of pupils failing, mathematics exceeded all other subjects.

The data used in this comparison of requirements for admission to higher institutions in our seven northeasternmost states with those in eleven western and Pacific coast states were drawn from two chief sources, (1) the printed statements of admission requirements, and (2) responses to a questionnaire. Copies of the questionnaire were directed to the registering officers, who were requested to supply the printed statement at the time the blank of inquiry was being returned. The lists of institutions used in sending out the questionnaire were those appearing in the Educational Directory (1916-17) of the United States Bureau of Education, published as Bulletin No. 43, 1916, and issued early in 1917. The lists of colleges and universities in this directory totaled seventy-three for the New England states and New York and fifty-one for the eleven western and Pacific Coast states of Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona, Idaho, Utah, Nevada, Washington, Oregon, and California. Thus the schools whose admission requirements are represented in the tabulations were not selected, except as to locality, and except in so far as there is selection in making up the lists appearing in the directory. The extent of selection for the latter purpose may be inferred from a quotation from a letter directed to the writer by a member of the bureau staff

Pileo e convexo subplano, 17.5 cm' lato, viscido glabro vel leviter fibrilloso-squamoso, albo flavescenti-maculato, siccitate toto flavido, margine integro veli fragmentis ornato; carne crassa alba flavescenti, grata sapore et odore; lamellis liberis, confertis, inaequalibus, circa 10 mm. crassis, " grayish pink," maturis fuligino-nigricantibus; stipite 5-9 cm. longo, 2-2.5 cm. crasso, basi incrassato, supra annulum innato-fibrilloso, infra leviter lacerato, firmo, supra leviter farcto, albido flavescenti; annulo supero, subtenui duplicique, infra squamoso, amplo, 1.5 cm. lato, albido, siccitate flavido; sporis ovoideis vel ellipsoideis, levibus, 5-6 (7) X 3.5-4.6 A. Solitarius vel gregarius, ad terram in silvis, prope oram maritimam, Oregon et California, Amer. bor.

An examination is made of the observational data of past years bearing upon the subject. This examination shows clearly that the distribution of precipitation in Pacific Coast States is not, as a rule, of the same order of intensity, indeed fairly heavy precipitation in Washington and Oregon may be associated with deficient rainfall in California, and vice versa. The physical grounds for the difference in distribution are next sought. Three classes of seasonal distribution are distinguished. and these in turn are discussed with reference to their probable causes. The conclusion is reached that a knowledge of the pressure distribution over the northeastern portion of the Pacific Ocean and the Canadian Northwest affords the most hopeful avenue of approach to a rational solution of the problem.

When persons of Japanese ancestry were evacuated from their homes in Pacific Coast states by Army order in the spring of 1942, a civilian agency was created to meet the problems of the displaced population. This agency, the War Relocation Authority, assumed responsibility for (1) administering the 110,000 people in ten camps, called relocation centers, hastily built in western states and Arkansas and (2) planning and carrying out a program for re-establishing the evacuees in normal American communities. The activities of the War Relocation Authority in administering the group extended over four years–from March, 1942, through June, 1946.

Eriophyes pseudoinsidiosus , known from the Pacific Coast States, Utah, and Wisconsin, is described and illustrated. Field and laboratory observations are reported. The species is an efficient blister producer on pear leaves and is of probable economic importance.

In a previous report1it was shown that prior to September, 1917, there had been twenty-two recorded outbreaks of botulism in the United States, in which eighty-one persons were poisoned and fifty-five died. In this collection of cases one important outbreak had been overlooked. In January, 1912, Dr. A. R. McCracken2of Seattle reported a series of six cases of poisoning by home-canned asparagus, in which three of the patients died. In all, therefore, there have been at least twenty-three recorded outbreaks of botulism in this country, of which nineteen occurred in the Pacific Coast States. The mortality of these recorded cases was 66.6 per cent. In addition to the outbreaks in which human beings were affected there were also at least six instances in which domestic fowl were poisoned and showed symptoms which were identical with those produced experimentally by feeding with the toxin of Bacillus botulinus. ETIOLOGIC FACTORS

In discussions of the relationship of climate and geography to health, attention has been especially directed toward communicable diseases. This perhaps is to be expected, since these are the diseases against which most control measures have been directed. Geographic variations in the prevalence of conditions due to other possible factors, however, have not been overlooked. Of particular interest with respect to cancer is the fact that Dr. John S. Billings pointed out the wide geographic variation in cancer mortality as revealed by the United States Census of 1880 (fig. 1). Although the data were admittedly incomplete, they indicated that cancer most frequently occurred among persons living in the states extending from New England to the Great Lakes and in the Pacific Coast states. 1 Among the items taken up for study by the United States Public Health Service after the passage of the National Cancer Institute Act of 1937 was

"Farmers' boys and others who may wish to trap moles will find in this bulletin information regarding the best kinds of traps, with directions where and how to set them, and how to prepare the skins. Moleskins may be sold to local furriers, or, if these skins are not handled by them, information regarding prices and methods of shipment may be obtained from furs houses that do business by mail.... The methods of trapping moles discussed in this bulletin are especially adapted to the Pacific Coast States, but with modifications will apply to all localities where moles are found." -- p. 2

IN 1915 I was appointed State Commissioner of Health for the state of Washington. I found that this state showed a remarkably low deathrate of 8.0 per thousand population. I believed that such a death-rate could result only from a lack of complete registration of deaths. However, after checking the death returns in every conceivable manner, I was convinced that they were as complete in Washington as in most, if not in any, of the states in the registration area. My opinion in this matter was confirmed by Dr. C. L. Wilbur, who in the spring of 1916 made a thorough investigation of the registration work in our state. Without his having so stated to me, I am firmly of the opinion that Doctor Wilbur did not find a single death in the state of Washington for which we could not produce a death certificate, with the possible exception of a few that had occurred on the federal reservations, over which we have no control. It is then evident that the low death-rate in Washington, and this applies to most of the Rocky Mountain and Pacific Coast states, is not due to imperfect registration. Having become thoroughly satisfied that the deaths in the state of Washington are being properly recorded, I found myself confronted with this question: "Has the stateof Washington a death-rate of 8.0 per thousand population, or is it barely possible that the Federal Census Bureau is not quite infallible in the matter of estimating populations?" I, therefore, started a search for evidence as to the accuracy or inaccuracy of the estimated populations, and found that in the 1908 report of the Census Bureau, populations for the various states were given at certain figures, these figures being the result of estimates made from the 1890 and 1900 census counts, and from counts made by certain states at various intermediate periods. In the 1909 report of the Census Bureau, I 359 AmericanJournal ofPublic Health Offial Monthly Publication of the American Public Health Association

In comparison with the eastern half of North America, great topographic changes have occurred, in the Pacific Coast States during the last three periods of geological time—the Pliocene, Pleistocene, and Recent. During these later periods of geological history the eastern mountains and plains have apparently suffered only relatively gentle upbowing or downwarping, but since the beginning of the Pliocene the western mountains and plateaus have not merely been uplifted thousands of feet but have been strongly folded and broken by faults. In the West, neighboring areas have moved in opposite directions. Some have gone up great distances and now form the high ranges; others have sunk and now either form the valleys into which the erosional detritus from the ranges is being in part deposited or they form estuaries or sounds if, lying near the Coast, they sank below sea-level.

T HE YEARS 1945 to 1955 usually are designated as the resettlement era for Japanese Americans. The three years preceding 1945 found those persons of Japanese ancestry removed from their homes in the Pacific Coast states and sequestered in ten relocation or concentration camps.1 On the near side of this period, from 1955, arose the use of superlatives imposed upon the Japanese Americans as "Superior Citizens" (1962), the "Model Minority" (1960), and the "Successful Minority" (1971) -all captured in the phrase "out-whiting the whites."2 This middle ten-year period, from 1945 to 1955, is often seen as a transition period from the terrible past to the triumphant present. To view these years as a transition period is from one perspective appropriate. Since scholarly attention has been focused mainly on the cataclysmic war-time occurrences and the miraculous adjustment in the 1960s and after, these quiescent ten years appear to be a transition from the one to the other. However, to dismiss this period so lightly heightens the

The problem of establishing educational facilities for Negroes in the Pacific Coast States was indeed unique for there were only a few Negroes in any of these states. One would have expected them to be absorbed in the school population and taught in the schools with all the other racial elements in the communities and cities where they were located. To understand this condition one has only to observe the part of the United States from which these pioneers came. The largest part of the population of the Pacific states came from the South Atlantic States, Virginia, Georgia, and Florida. They brought with them their attitudes toward Negroes and education which they made a part of their policy in the West. When the pioneers settled first in this far off country they did not concern themselves about schools for they had more pressing problems, providing for subsistence. When they were settled in their new homes, schools became important lest their children grow up in ignorance. They wished to keep alive also the culture they had brought from their former homes. This concern over the establishing of schools did not include the Negro and other foreign elements in these states. These Western states solved this problem in their own peculiar ways. The first state which came into the Union from the territory secured from the Mexican war or the Oregon acquisition was California in 1850. In less than a year after California came in as a state it was faced with the problem of providing educational facilities. A law was passed by the Legislature making provision for apportioning the school funds among the several towns, cities and villages in proportion to the number of children residing in the state, between the ages of five and eighteen years. This law in all probability meant all the children regardless of race. There were at the time whites, Negroes, Mexicans and Indians.

FOSSIL Anura have rarely been reported from the Pacific Coast states. Only a single extinct species (Bufo nestor Camp, 1917) has been described, and mention has been made of three others: Rana and Bufo sp. (Savage, 1951: 226) and the Recent Bufo boreas (Camp, op. cit.). Through the courtesy of Dr. Charles L. Camp, the author has been permitted to examine and describe a fossil Rana from the middle Pliocene of central California.

H _ _ ~OPS represent a very specialized agricultural industry. The bulk of the crop is produced by the never numerous, largescale producers. During the picking season even small-scale growers require very many workers, so that while the number of growers is limited, the hop industry has much importance as an employer of seasonal labor. The price of hops is peculiarly subject to extreme fluctuations. Partly this results from an overextension of the industry during times of high prices. Also markets are variable, depending on demand abroad and consumption by brewers within the United States. The acreage suitable for growing hops on the Pacific Coast could produce vastly more of the product than the market can consume. Such conditions require skillful management on the part of hop growers and only the most efficient can survive the competition.