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Radiation survival of C57B1/6J mice after 650 rads improved from 1.7% to 66% when mice were stressed surgically one week before irradiation. Surgical stress one or three weeks before irradiation increased endogenous CFUs and decreased exogenous CFUs in C57B1/6J and DBA/1J mice. Survival may be related to the proportion of stem cells in different phases of the cell cycle, which was abnormal in C57B1/ 6J mice and compensated for by a greater number of nucleated cells per femur.The technical assistance of Judith Brown, Roz Shapiro, Mary Stone, Jane Lyons, and the editorial assistance of Mary Smith and Marianna Cavill, is gratefully acknowledged.