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Phyllogomphoides Belle, 1970 Phyllogomphoides Belle, 1970: 112 [Studies on the Fauna of Suriname and other Guyanas 11 (43)] Type species by original designation: Gomphoides fuliginosa Hagen in Selys, 1854. Description. Relatively large-sized Gomphidae with short legs and clear wings except for yellow at wing base. Body color pattern mostly dark brown to black, with three to five complete pale stripes on pterothorax and pale, creamy yellow spots on abdomen. Male. Head: Face mostly pale covered with few to numerous long, dark, stiff setae; labium mostly pale, submentum pale to light brown; labrum mostly pale with a thin to wide, light brown to blackish-brown stripe on anterior border, posterior border pale to brown, sometimes with a small, brown medial U-shaped spot; mandibles pale basally, tips reddish-brown to black; ante-, postclypeus and frons pale to dark brown (Fig. 1); antennal scape dark brown with apical rim creamy pale, pedicel brown to black, sometimes with a minute apical rim creamy pale and flagellum brown to black; vertex pale to dark brown, depressed area between ocelli with a pale spot variable in size, ocelli yellow; occiput dark brown with a medium to large, trapezoid, central pale spot, its posterior border fringed with long, stiff, reddish-brown to black setae (Fig. 2). Thorax: Pronotum pale to reddish-brown, with a pale middorsal twin-spot on posterior margin of middle and posterior lobes. Pterothorax reddish-brown, with three to five stripes; middorsal thoracic carina pale to dark brown; antealar crest dark; first antehumeral stripe variable, connected or not to pale mesothoracic collar, forming an inverted ���7��� and reaching border of antealar crest superiorly; second antehumeral stripe complete or discontinuous; mesepimeral stripe wider than second antehumeral stripe covering 70���90% of mesepimeron, more or less parallel-sided, gradually widening above; metepisternal stripe complete or discontinuous, usually encircling spiracle; metepimeral stripe usually forming and inverted ���L��� reaching subalar carina; metaposternum and pectus pale to brown (Figs. 3���4). Legs: coxae and trochanters ventrally pale, dorsally light brown; femora mostly light brown, distally dark reddish-brown, anterior femora broadly pale ventrally; tibiae, tarsi and pretarsal claws reddish-black to black; armature black, protibiae with modified scale-like spines on distal half of external border, long and slender spines on internal borders. Wings: hyaline, tinged with yellow to brown at extreme base, venation light brown to black, anterior margin of costae yellow to entirely black in all wings. Basal subcostal crossveins present; second primary antenodal crossvein the 6th, 7th or 8th in fore wings, the 6th or 7th in hind wings; antenodal crossveins in both Fw and Hw 16���25; postnodal crossveins in both Fw and Hw 10���17. Triangles 2���4-celled, usually 3-celled, in both wings; subtriangles 0���4-celled, usually 2-celled; supratriangles 2���4 celled, usually 3-celled; anal triangle 4���5- celled. Pterostigmata yellowish-brown to dark brown (Fig. 5). Abdomen: Dark color reddish-brown to black on dorsum, light brown laterally. Pale coloration creamy yellow as follows: a stripe middorsally and ventrally on tergum on S1; a middorsal stripe, auricles, and a posteroventral, narrow, vertical spot on S2; a middorsal stripe and a broad basoventral spot on S3���6, and basal half of S7; S8 with pale streaks. Foliation on S8 and S9 reduced (Fig. 7) to well-developed (Fig. 6), smooth or scalloped, with the edge smooth or spiny. Accessory genitalia: Anterior lamina entire, and its anterior margin is variable in each species: straight (Figs. 45, 47), undulate (Fig. 51), widely or shortly convex at middle or middle part projected ventrally as a subtrapezoid tubercle (Fig. 55, 61); anterior hamule tricolored, broad anteriorly, with mesal margin and apex entire (Figs. 67���68), or with mesal margin notched (Figs. A���D) or broadly emarginate (E���F) or with mesal margin entire but apex cleft forming two branches (Figs. G���H); posterior hamule subcylindrical, uniformly colored, with a blunt or sharply pointed apical spine directed mesally, with abundant long and short whitish hairs (Figs. 8���10). Vesica spermalis: V1 bifid with a small to large tooth on middle, V2���3 of usual type as described Garrison et al. 2006 and Needham et al. 2014; V4 with 2 short or long flagella not reaching or surpassing well beyond the posterior margin of V1. Caudal appendages: Cerci, in dorsal view, semicircular-forcipate, a dorsomesal basal tooth or dorsomesal apical tooth directed medially, tips flattened laterally, with a dorsal spine variable, and a ventral spine present or absent; a short to moderately developed, subbasal, ventrolateral spine present or absent; ventral surface and apices with pale to black coloration. Epiproct brown, V-shaped, tips sharp with few, short, whitish hairs (Figs. 11���14). Total length: P. bifasciatus, P. duodentatus and P. pacificus are small to medium-sized (55���63 mm); while P. albrighti, P. enriquei, P. indicatrix, P. luisi, P. nayaritensis and P. pugnifer are medium-sized (58���68 mm). Furthermore, P. apiculatus, P. danieli, P. stigmatus and, P. suasus are medium to large-sized (64���73 mm). Female. Similar to male but stouter. Vulvar lamina: bifid with a deep cleft; tip of lobes rounded to slightly acute, reaching 1/4 the length of S9 or shorter; a tuft of scarce to abundant hairs under lamina; some species with a posterodorsal tubercle (Figs. 15���16). Caudal appendages: Cerci, in dorsal view, cone-shaped, wide at the base and gradually narrowing posteriorly, usually with abundant long setae; tips very acute. Distribution. Phyllogomphoides has been registered in 20 out of 32 states of the Mexican republic, representing 62.5% of the states. According to its presently known distribution, Phyllogomphoides has two principal distribution patterns in Mexico: the fauna of East Coast (Gulf of Mexico), and the fauna of West Coast (Pacific Coast) (Gonz��lez-Soriano & Novelo-Guti��rrez 1985; Gonz��lez-Soriano & Novelo-Guti��rrez 1990). Likewise, Phyllogomphoides is mainly a lowlands genus, whose maximum altitude record does not exceed 1700 masl. Natural history. Most of species inhabit running watersincluding rocky streams and rivers with muddy or sandy banks with decayed leaves. Larval microhabitats is usually characterized by the presence of black detritus and litter along margins of slow flowing or still water bodies. Phyllogomphoides larvae can be classified ecologically as sluggish hiders: slow movement individuals that conceal themselves usually under a cover of leaf and/or leaf detritus combined with fine sediment such as silt and mud (Novelo-Guti��rrez et al. 2018; Tennessen 2019)., Published as part of Torres-Pach��n, M��nica, Novelo-Guti��rrez, Rodolfo & Ruiz-Sanchez, Eduardo, 2019, A synopsis of Phyllogomphoides Belle, 1970 (Odonata: Gomphidae) of Mexico: taxonomy and distribution, pp. 1-67 in Zootaxa 4634 (1) on pages 5-10, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4634.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3335052, {"references":["Belle, J. (1970) Studies on South American Gomphidae (Odonata) with special reference to the species from Surinam. Studies on the Fauna of Suriname and other Guyanas, 11 (43), 1 - 158.","Garrison, R. W., von Ellenrieder, N. & Louton, J. A. (2006) Dragonfly genera of the New World. An illustrated and annotated key to the Anisoptera. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland, xiv + 368 pp.","Needham, J. G., Westfall, M. J. & May, M. L. (2014) Dragonflies of North America. The Odonata (Anisoptera) fauna of Canada, the continental United States, Northern Mexico and the Greater Antilles. 3 rd Edition. Scientific Publishers, Gainesville, 657 pp.","Gonzalez-Soriano, E. & Novelo-Gutierrez, R. (1985) Notes on Phyllogomphoides pugnifer Donnelly, 1979, with a description of the female (Anisoptera: Gomphidae). Odonatologica, 14 (2), 147 - 150.","Gonzalez-Soriano, E. & Novelo-Gutierrez, R. (1990) Dos nuevas especies de Phyllogomphoides Belle 1970 (Odonata: Gomphidae) del estado de Morelos, Mexico. Folia Entomologica Mexicana, 79, 33 - 44.","Novelo-Gutierrez, R., Ramirez, A. & Gonzalez-Soriano, E. (2018) Section 14.2. Superfamily Gomphoidea. In: Hamada, N., Thorp, J. H. & Rogers, C. D. (Eds.), Keys to Neotropical Hexapoda. Vol. III. 4 th Edition. Academic Press, San Diego, pp. 377 - 397. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / B 978 - 0 - 12 - 804223 - 6.00016 - 0","Tennessen, K. J. (2019) Dragonfly nymphs of North America. An identification guide. Springer, Cham, xiv + 620 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 3 - 319 - 97776 - 8"]}

Phyllogomphoides danieli Gonz��lez & Novelo, 1990 Phyllogomphoides danieli Gonz��lez-Soriano & Novelo-Guti��rrez, 1990: 40���44 [Folia Entomol��gica Mexicana (79)] (♂) Type. Paratype 1♂: M��xico, Morelos, Mpo. Xochitepec, Km 18.3 Ruta 95, 5km S Acatlipa, 26 June 1985, E. Gonzalez leg. (RWG); 1♂: M��xico, Morelos, Km. 18.3 Ruta 95 a 5 km al S de Acatlipa, 16 August 1986, E. Gonz��lez and P. Sinaca leg. (FSCA). (Material examined). Type repository. CNIN, UNAM (Not examined). Material studied: Total specimens: 48♂♂, 6♀♀, distributed like thus: 19♂♂, 3♀♀ (FSCA), 3♂♂ (IEXA), 1♂ (RWG), 25♂♂, 3♀♀ (UNAM). MEXICO: Colima; Stream 24.2 mi. S Colima, 21 August 1965, D. Paulson leg., 1♂. Guerrero; Acahuizotle [Acahuizotla], 6 September?, leg?., 2♂♂; Huajantalin [Huajintl��n], MX ruta 55 behind Desarrollo Fruticola, trib to Rio Amacuzad [Amacuzac], 23 July 1992, W. F. Mauffray leg., 7♂♂, 1♀; Mun. Chilpancingo, Acahuizotla Puente el Rayado (17��21���29.5������N, 99��27���46.4������W), elevation 780m, 2 July 2008, E. Gonzalez Soriano leg., 1♂; same locality but: 5 July 2008, 1♂; same locality but: 31 July 2008, 1♂; same locality but: 28 september 2008, 1♂; ���Tierra Colorada���, no date, leg:?, 1♂. Morelos; Km 18.3 Ruta 95, 5km S Acatlipa, 12 August 1986, E. Gonzalez leg., 1♂; same locality but: 16 August 1986 (Paratype), 3♂♂; same locality but: 19 August 1987, 3♂♂; Mpo. Xochitepec, Jardines de Xochitepec, R��o Sabinos, 26 June 1985, R. Novelo leg., 1♂; Km. 18.3 carr. 95 a 5 km al Sur de Acatlipa (18��46���8������N, 99��14���15������W), elevation 1100m, 26 June 1985, E. Gonzalez et al. leg., 1♂ (Paratype); same locality but: 12 July 1986, 3♀♀; same locality but: 19 July 1986, V. Garcia et al. leg., 1♂; Rio Amacuzac at Rt 95, 22 July 1992, K. J. Tennessen leg., 2♂♂; Rio Amacuzac at Tehuixtla, stream at Balneario Las Palmas, 20 July 1992, S.W. Dunkle leg., 1♂, 2♀♀; Rio Sabinos, 5 km S of Acatlipa, 21 July 1992, K. J. Tennessen leg., 1♂; small tributary of Rio Amacuzac, at Balnearios Las Palmas, S of Tehuixtla, 20 July 1992, K. J. Tennessen leg., 1♂; tributary of Rio Amacuzac, Hwy. 95, 22 July 1992, K. J. Tennessen leg., 4♂♂. Oaxaca; San Pedrito Chicozapote (17��46���20������N, 96��56���40������W), elevation 670m, 20 June 1998, E. Gonzalez et al. leg., 1♂; same locality but: 21 August 1998, 1♂; Santiago Dominguillo (17��38���56������N, 96��54���42������W), elevation 760m, 19 June 1998, E. Gonzalez et al. leg., 1♀; same locality but: 23 June 1998, 1♂; same locality but: 20 July 1998, 8♂♂, 1♀; same locality but: 20 August 1998, 1♂. San Luis Potos��; Municipio Ciudad Valles, R��o Coy, 24 June 1990, R. Novelo leg., 1♂. Description of male. Body brown to dark brown, with five pale stripes on pterothorax. Head: Face mostly pale; labium pale and submentum light brown; labrum pale with a wide blackish-brown band on anterior border, posterior border brown, with a small, brown U-shaped median spot; mandibles pale, tips black; anteclypeus pale and sometimes brown inferiorly; postclypeus pale with small brown spot on middle; lower surface of antefrons brown, upper of antefrons and postfrons mostly pale, a blackish-brown stripe at the union with vertex; antennal scape and pedicel dark brown with apical rim creamy pale, flagellum brown; vertex dark brown, depressed area between ocelli with a long, quadrate pale spot, ocelli yellow; occiput dark brown with a large, trapezoid, central pale spot, posterior border fringed with long, stiff, reddish-brown setae (Fig. 20). Thorax: Pronotum reddish-brown, with a pale middorsal spot on anterior and middorsal lobes, posterior lobe completely pale. Pterothorax reddish-brown, with five pale stripes as show in Fig. 20; middorsal thoracic carina pale; first antehumeral stripe connected to pale mesothoracic collar forming an inverted ���7��� and reaching border of antealar crest superiorly; second antehumeral stripe continuous, ending at upper end in a circular spot close to antealar crest; mesepimeral stripe two times wider than second antehumeral stripe, covering most of mesepimeron (90���95%), more or less parallel-sided and gradually widening at upper end; metepisternal stripe covering the fulllength of metepisternum, almost encircling the spiracle, and forming a circular spot superiorly; metepimeral stripe forming and inverted ���L��� and reaching subalar carina; metaposternum light brown; pectus mostly grayish-yellow, with a large, distal, quadrate brown spot. Legs: Femora light brown, distally dark reddish-brown, anterior femora broadly pale ventrally; tarsi and pretarsal claws black. Wings: Hyaline, tinged with light brown at extreme base, venation black, anterior margin of costae with a continuos well-defined yellow line in all the wings; second primary antenodal crossvein the 6th (left), the 7th (right) in FW, the 7th (left), the 6th (right) in HW; antenodal crossveins: FW 17���22, HW 13���15; postnodal crossveins: FW 10���14, HW 10���14; second serie antenodal crossveins in 18���22 in FW, 14���18 in HW; triangles 2 or 3-celled, rarely 4-celled; subtriangles 2 or 3-celled in FW, usually 2-celled in HW; supratriangles 2 or 3-celled in both wings, rarely 4-celled; anal triangle 4-celled; pterostigma dark brown. Abdomen: Reddish-brown on S1���2, black on S3���7, S8���10 blackish-brown on dorsum and sometimes light brown at sides. Pale coloration creamy yellow as follows: a middorsal stripe and ventral 0.60���0.70 of tergum on S1; a middorsal stripe, auricles, and a posteroventral, narrow, vertical spot on S2; a middorsal stripe on basal 0.80���0.90 constricted at basal 0.85 of its length, and a broad basoventral spot on basal 0.25���0.30 of S3; a middorsal stripe on basal 0.80���0.90 tapering posteriorly, a slightly broad basoventral spot on basal 0.25���0.30 of. S4; a middorsal stripe on basal 0.90���0.95 tapering posteriorly, a broad spot on basal 0.20���0.25 of S5; a middorsal spot on basal 0.15���0.20, and a broad basoventral spot on basal 0.15���0.20 of S6; basal half of S7; S8���10 without pale spots, sometimes with a light brown coloration on dorsum and sides. Foliation on S8���9 wide and scalloped, foliation on S8 increasing gradually in width caudally, ending in a wide rounded lobe which surpasses by 0.40���0.60 mm the anterior margin of S9, its edge with a row of small spines on apical 0.40���0.50 of its length, maximum width of foliation 0.60���0.80 mm; foliation on S9 0.30���0.50 mm wide and of the same width along the entire margin, its edge smooth (Fig. 33). Accessory genitalia: Anterior lamina thick, entire, anterior margin almost straight; in ventral view anterior hamuli tumid basally, mesal margin notched at midle (notch 0.02���0.03 mm width) with a large, semicircular, excavate area on the posteroexternal surface, posterior margin entire; posterior hamuli subcylindrical, its inner edge convex, ending in a long, sharp tip directed anteriorly, with abundant long and short yellowish hairs (Figs. 49���50). Vesica spermalis: V1 bifid with a small tooth on middle, V2���3 of usual type, V4 with 2 relatively short flagella not reaching posterior margin of V1. Caudal appendages: Cerci, with moderately long setae, pale dorsally on apical 0.70���80 its length, and on basal 0.20���0.30 of ventral surface, apices mostly black; a dorsomesal acutely pointed tooth at basal 0.60���0.70, directed mesally, 0.33���0.43 mm length; in lateral view tip of cercus produced in a dorsal wide spine, and a ventral acuminate spine, 0.15���0.25 mm length; in ventrolateral view with a short, subbasal spine 0.01���0.25 mm length, at basal 0.15���0.20. Epiproct brown, sometimes with small dorsoapical pale spots, V-shaped, tips sharp, separate from each other by a distance of 0.50���0.90 mm; in lateral view branches strongly up-curved (Figs. 78���80). Measurements (measures are an average): TL, 62.1���65.35 (63.13); AL, 44���46.5 (45.61); MWh, 8.1���8.5 (8.3); FwL, 37���38.5 (38); HwL, 35���38 (36.16); FwW, 7.5���9.0 (8.41); HwW, 9.87���10 (10); HfL, 6.3���6.6 (6.43); cerci length, 2.90���3.35 (3.18). Female hitherto unknown. Similar to male, with the following differences: Head: Labium and submentum pale. Thorax: Second antehumeral stripe continuous, thinner than in male. Wings: Antenodal crossveins: FW 19���24, HW 14���17; postnodal crossveins: FW 12���15, HW 11���14; triangles 3-celled, rarely 4-celled; supratriangles 2 or 3- celled in both wings, rarely 4-celled; anal triangle 6 to 9-celled. Abdomen: Pale coloration creamy yellow as follows: a middorsal stripe and ventral 0.80���0.90 of tergum on S1. Foliation on S8 ending in a wide rounded lobe which surpasses by 0.20���0.50 mm the anterior margin of S9, its edge with a row of small spines on apical 0.50���0.60 of its length, maximum width of foliation 0.50���0.70 mm; foliation on S9 of the same width along the entire margin, 0.25���0.50 mm wide, its edge with a row of tiny setae (Fig. 111). Vulvar lamina: Short, occupying 0.23 of the length of S9; in ventral view (Fig. 125) V-shaped, lobes triangular, black, with the most ventral margin reddish-black and beset with stiff black and yellowish-brown setae, tips separated each other by a distance shorter than the basal width of each lobe, dorsal margin concave without a posterodorsal tubercle; in lateral view as in Fig. 126. Caudal appendages: Cerci long, conical, sharply pointed, longer than S10, yellow, with abundant large setae (Fig. 111). Epiproct brown, laminar widely rounded at tip, directed ventrally, sometimes little visible dorsally; in ventral and dorsal views with few, short, whitish hairs. Measurements (average in parenthesis): TL, 64.16���71.35 (66.43); AL, 46���50 (47.75); MWh, 9.2; FwL, 40.5���44 (41.87); HwL, 38���41 (39.87); FwW, 8.83���10 (9.45); HwW, 10.25���11 (10.68); VlL, 0.4���0.56 (0.49); cerci length, 2.0���2.35 (2.18). Comparative diagnostic notes. This species closely resembles P. apiculatus (see notes under P. apiculatus). Similarily, P danieli can be separated from other species by the mesal margin of anterior hamulus notched (mesal margin and apex entire [P. suasus], mesal margin of anterior hamulus broadly emarginate on distal half [P. pacificus and P. indicatrix]); from P. luisi and P. enriquei by the anterior hamule lacking any kind of tooth or hook on mesal margin (anterior hamule with tooth or hook on mesal margin), and from the remaining species by the anterior hamulus with mesal margin notched and apex entire and rounded (anterior hamulus with mesal margin entire, with the apex cleft forming two subequal branches). Flight season. June, July, August, and September. Distribution. Colima, Guerrero, Morelos, Oaxaca, San Luis Potos�� (Fig. 144). Only in Mexico. Natural history. The type locality is a river with a rocky bottom with some sections of sand, shallow and in some places the surrounding vegetation is a gallery forest (Gonz��lez-Soriano & Novelo-Guti��rrez 1990). According to the records, this species has an altitudinal distribution in Mexico from 33 to 1100masl., Published as part of Torres-Pach��n, M��nica, Novelo-Guti��rrez, Rodolfo & Ruiz-Sanchez, Eduardo, 2019, A synopsis of Phyllogomphoides Belle, 1970 (Odonata: Gomphidae) of Mexico: taxonomy and distribution, pp. 1-67 in Zootaxa 4634 (1) on pages 19-21, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4634.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3335052, {"references":["Gonzalez-Soriano, E. & Novelo-Gutierrez, R. (1990) Dos nuevas especies de Phyllogomphoides Belle 1970 (Odonata: Gomphidae) del estado de Morelos, Mexico. Folia Entomologica Mexicana, 79, 33 - 44."]}

This chapter delves into the topic of contagious laughter, as a little-studied vocalization (with the exception of the pioneering research by Provine), which contributes to the creation, maintenance, and strengthening of social ties. The text offers empirical evidence and arguments that support the thesis that contagious laughter and the laughter provoked by it involve a set of distinctive acoustic and perceptual characteristics and vocal, emotional, and affective effects of possible innate nature. The development of the chapter is also important for offering indirect support to the hypothesis or theories, such as (a) a supposed cerebral mechanism of perception/production of contagious laughter, (b) emotional contagion through vocalizations, and (c) innate behavioral sequences, proposed by the ethological perspective. Based on the reported evidence that supports the formulated thesis, the corresponding theoretical relationships and implications are established. At the end of the chapter, the possible relationships between contagious laughter and happiness are established, as phenomena of phylogenetically ancient origin and related to innate tendencies of positive valence.

Principal Components Analysis is a widely used technique for dimension reduction and characterization of variability in multivariate populations. Our interest lies in studying when and why the rotation to principal components can be used effectively within a response-predictor set relationship in the context of mode hunting. Specifically focusing on the Patient Rule Induction Method (PRIM), we first develop a fast version of this algorithm (fastPRIM) under normality which facilitates the theoretical studies to follow. Using basic geometrical arguments, we then demonstrate how the PC rotation of the predictor space alone can in fact generate improved mode estimators. Simulation results are used to illustrate our findings., 24 pages, 9 figures

Objectives: Obese cats show many similarities to obese people, including insulin resistance and an increased diabetes risk. However, atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease are not seen in cats. In people, they are associated with the development of an inflammatory response, which, we hypothesized, does not occur in cats. Design and Methods: Twenty neutered cats of equal gender distribution were allowed to gain weight by offering food ad libitum and were examined before and at 10, 30, 60, and 100% weight gain. All cats reached 60% of weight gain, 12 cats gained 100 % in 12 months. Results: Fat was equally distributed between subcutaneous and visceral depots. Insulin-independent glucose uptake increased and insulin sensitivity decreased with increasing adiposity. However, baseline glucose concentrations were unchanged suggesting a decrease in EGP. Inflammatory cytokines (Il-1, IL-6, TNFa) and catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase did not change. Insulin, proinsulin, and leptin were positively and adiponectin negatively correlated with adiposity. Heat production increased with obesity, but became less when body weight gain was > 60 %. Conclusions: This indicates that metabolism adapts more appropriately to the higher intake of calories in the initial phase of obesity but slows at higher body fat content. This likely contributes to the difficulty to lose weight. Copyright

Coccolithophores have influenced the global climate for over 200 million years. These marine phytoplankton can account for 20 percent of total carbon fixation in some systems. They form blooms that can occupy hundreds of thousands of square kilometres and are distinguished by their elegantly sculpted calcium carbonate exoskeletons (coccoliths), rendering them visible from space. Although coccolithophores export carbon in the form of organic matter and calcite to the sea floor, they also release CO2 in the calcification process. Hence, they have a complex influence on the carbon cycle, driving either CO2 production or uptake, sequestration and export to the deep ocean. Here we report the first haptophyte reference genome, from the coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi strain CCMP1516, and sequences from 13 additional isolates. Our analyses reveal a pan genome (core genes plus genes distributed variably between strains) probably supported by an atypical complement of repetitive sequence in the genome. Comparisons across strains demonstrate that E. huxleyi, which has long been considered a single species, harbours extensive genome variability reflected in different metabolic repertoires. Genome variability within this species complex seems to underpin its capacity both to thrive in habitats ranging from the equator to the subarctic and to form large-scale episodic blooms under a wide variety of environmental conditions.

Astrocytes are critical for the metabolic, structural and functional modulatory support of the brain. Lipotoxicity or high levels of saturated fatty acid as Palmitate (PA) has been associated with neurotoxicity, the loss or change of astrocytic functionality, and the etiology and progression of neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson or Alzheimer. Several molecular mechanisms of PA’s effect in astrocytes have been described, yet the role of epigenetic regulation and chromatin architecture have not been fully explored. In this study, we developed a multi-omic epigenetic-based model to identify the molecular mechanisms of lipotoxic PA activity in astrocytes. We used data from nine histone modifications, location of Topological Associated Domains (TADs) and transcriptional CTCF regions, where we identified the basal astrocyte epigenetic landscape. Moreover, we integrated transcriptomic data of astrocytic cellular response to PA with the epigenetic multi-omic model to identify lipotoxic-induced molecular mechanisms. The multi-omic model showed that chromatin conformation in astrocytes treated with PA have response genes located within shared topological domains, in which most of them also showed either repressive or enhancing marks in the Chip-Seq enrichment, reinforcing the idea that epigenetic regulation has a huge impact on the lipotoxic mechanisms of PA in the brain.