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Age‐related weight gain prevention may reduce population overweight/obesity. Emerging adulthood is a crucial time to act, as rate of gain accelerates and health habits develop. Evidence supports self‐weighing (SW) for preventing weight gain; however, how SW impacts psychological states and behaviors in vulnerable groups is unclear. This study assessed daily SW effects on affective lability, stress, weight‐related stress, body satisfaction, and weight‐control behaviors. Sixty‐nine university females (aged 18–22) were randomized to daily SW or temperature‐taking (TT) control. Over 2 weeks, participants completed five daily ecological momentary assessments with their intervention behavior. A graph of their data with a trendline was emailed daily, with no other intervention components. Multilevel mixed models with random effect for day assessed variability in positive/negative affect. Generalized linear mixed models assessed outcomes pre‐ and post‐SW or TT and generalized estimating equations assessed weight‐control behaviors. Negative affective lability was significantly greater for SW versus TT. While general stress did not differ between groups, weight‐related stress was significantly higher and body satisfaction was significantly lower post‐behavior for SW but not TT. Groups did not significantly differ in the number or probability of weight‐control behaviors. Caution is advised when recommending self‐weighing to prevent weight gain for emerging adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Eating Disorders In weight-related Therapy (EDIT) Collaboration brings together data from randomised controlled trials of behavioural weight management interventions to identify individual participant risk factors and intervention strategies that contribute to eating disorder risk. We present a protocol for a systematic review and individual participant data (IPD) meta-analysis which aims to identify participants at risk of developing eating disorders, or related symptoms, during or after weight management interventions conducted in adolescents or adults with overweight or obesity. We systematically searched four databases up to March 2022 and clinical trials registries to May 2022 to identify randomised controlled trials of weight management interventions conducted in adolescents or adults with overweight or obesity that measured eating disorder risk at pre- and post-intervention or follow-up. Authors from eligible trials have been invited to share their deidentified IPD. Two IPD meta-analyses will be conducted. The first IPD meta-analysis aims to examine participant level factors associated with a change in eating disorder scores during and following a weight management intervention. To do this we will examine baseline variables that predict change in eating disorder risk within intervention arms. The second IPD meta-analysis aims to assess whether there are participant level factors that predict whether participation in an intervention is more or less likely than no intervention to lead to a change in eating disorder risk. To do this, we will examine if there are differences in predictors of eating disorder risk between intervention and no-treatment control arms. The primary outcome will be a standardised mean difference in global eating disorder score from baseline to immediately post-intervention and at 6- and 12- months follow-up. Identifying participant level risk factors predicting eating disorder risk will inform screening and monitoring protocols to allow early identification and intervention for those at risk., Competing Interests: I have read the journal’s policy and the authors of this manuscript have the following competing interests: AS owns 50% of the shares in Zuman International, which receives royalties for books AS has written and payments for presentations. AS additionally reports receiving presentation fees and travel reimbursements from Eli Lilly and Co, the Pharmacy Guild of Australia, Novo Nordisk, the Dietitians Association of Australia, Shoalhaven Family Medical Centres, the Pharmaceutical Society of Australia, and Metagenics, and serving on the Nestlé Health Science Optifast VLCD advisory board from 2016 to 2018. ALA is Principal Investigator on two publicly funded trials where the intervention is provided by WW (formerly Weight Watchers) at no cost. KS has received in kind support as meals from ‘Lite and Easy’ for a clinical trial of weight stigma in young women in the last 5 years. ER has previously received research funding from Unilever and the American Beverage Association for unrelated work. JAY reports unrelated grant funds to NICHD supporting his research from Soleno Therapeutics, Rhythm Pharmaceuticals, and Hikma Pharmaceuticals. HFS has previously received a salary from Novo Nordisk unrelated to the present work. YSD has previously received a salary from Novo Nordisk unrelated to the present work. HAR has received funding from the National Institutes of Health in the area of adult and pediatric weight management. HAR is a committee member for the evidence-based practice guidelines for pediatric weight management for the American Psychological Association and for the Evidence Analysis Library for the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics for the topic of adult weight management and the prevention of type 2 diabetes. MIC is an employee and shareholder at WW International, Inc. TKK has received professional fees from Novo Nordisk, Nutrisystem, Gelesis and Johnson & Johnson. CKM has received research grants and research agreements from Commission on Dietetic Registration, Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, Ohio State University (InFACT), Novartis, University of Michigan’s Michigan Institute for Clinical and Health Research, Elizabeth Blackwell Institute for Health Research, Egg Board, PCORI, Department of Defense, Access Business Group International LLC, IDEA Public Schools, Louisiana LIFT Fund, WW, Pack Health, American Society for Nutrition, RAND Corporation, Richard King Mellon Foundation (RKMF), The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Evidation Health, Leona M. and Harry B. Helmsley Charitable Trust, State of Louisiana- Federal American Rescue Plan (ARP), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), National Science Foundation (NSF), Lilly, National Institutes of Health (NIH). CKM has served on advisory boards for EHE Health, Wondr Health, and the Nutrition Obesity Research Center at the University of Alabama Birmingham and consulted to Kitchry, Metagenics, WW, Florida Hospital, Gila Therapeutics, Zafgen, OpenFit/MXCXM Health Inc. CKM developed intellectual property (IP) to quantify dietary adherence and his institution has licensed this IP, resulting in receiving royalties via the institution from the licensing fees. CKM is part of US and European patent applications for a weight loss approach called the Body weight Management and activity tracking system and also occasionally gives lectures and talks where he is provided with an honorarium, including talks to the Obesity Action Coalition and Indiana University Bloomington. Finally, CKM serves as a developer and facilitator for continuing education events sponsored by the Commission on Dietetic Registration, and is a Planning Committee Member for the Bray Course. The opinions and assertions expressed herein are those of the authors and are not to be construed as reflecting the views of the Public Health Service, the Department of Health and Human Services, USUHS, or the U.S. Department of Defense., (Copyright: © 2023 Jebeile et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.)

Lay Abstract: Our beliefs and feelings about our bodies and our body weight influence our weight management behaviors, such as physical activity and eating behaviors. These beliefs and feelings are largely shaped by how we interact with, and compare ourselves to, people in our lives. Due to the social traits associated with autism, autistic adults may have different perceptions of body weight, body image, and weight management than neurotypical adults. To explore this, for the first time, we interviewed 11 autistic adults. The participants' perceptions can be summarized in four findings. First, the participants viewed overweight and obesity as just one part of their overall health. Participants described how their mental health and physical health, including overweight/obesity, were closely connected. Second, some traits related to autism made weight management difficult; for example, eating and physical activity were negatively impacted by social anxiety, sensory sensitivity, obsessiveness, and a strong desire for routine. Third, participants were generally dissatisfied with how they looked. This was primarily due to a disconnect between how they felt their body looked and how it actually looked in real life. Other people, including on social media, also negatively influenced how they perceived themselves. Fourth, and finally, participants described how they got most of their weight management-related information online. Medical professionals were frequently described as being unprepared to provide them assistance related to weight management.

Yoga has been proposed as a strategy for improving risk and protective factors for eating disorders, but few prevention trials have been conducted. The purpose of this pilot study was to assess the feasibility and acceptability of a yoga series in female college students (n = 52). Participants were randomized to a yoga intervention (three 50-minute yoga classes/week for 10 weeks conducted by certified yoga teachers who received a 3-day intensive training) or a control group. Risk and protective factors, assessed at baseline, 5 and 10 weeks, included body dissatisfaction, negative affect, loneliness, self-compassion, positive affect, and mindfulness. Mixed models controlling for baseline levels of outcome variables were run. On average, participants attended 20 out of 30 yoga classes, and the majority of participants reported high levels of satisfaction with the yoga series. Appearance orientation decreased and positive affect increased in the yoga group relative to the control group. After controlling for baseline levels, the yoga group had a significantly higher positive affect than the control group. Changes in other outcomes were not statistically significant, as compared to the control condition. Future yoga research directions are discussed including education about body image, measure and sample selection, and use of an implementation science framework.

To assess the precision of the biological control of energy intake we performed a systematic review of studies that measured acute changes in human food intake in response to energetic errors. The imposed errors were grouped into the following categories of studies: alternate day fasting, changes in diet composition, exercise, meal skipping, overfeeding, energy substitutes, underfeeding and changes in portion size. Seven hundred thirty-nine studies published between 1980 and 2017 were identified from which the data from 592 groups from 200 studies were extracted and subjected to analysis consisting of a total of 13,203 participants. For each category of imposing an energetic error, an Energetic Error was calculated as (Observed Mean Energy Intake - Expected Mean Energy Intake)/Expected Mean Energy Intake. In no category of studies was the Energetic Error equal to zero. In studies where participants were expected to increase energy intake, the increase was not sufficient to overcome the deficit. Similarly, in studies where a reduction in energy intake was expected, the reduction was insufficient to restore energy balance to zero. The average energetic error resulting from imposed energetic challenges is about twenty-four percent, a value sufficiently large to account for the increase in body weight observed in the U.S. population over the past 50 years., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

High-protein liquid meal replacements have proven to be effective in reducing caloric intake and body weight. Recently, substituting high fiber breakfast cereals for the more expensive high-protein drinks has been found to be equally effective to reduce weight. The following study tested the hypothesis that the mechanism responsible for the reduced intake was not the dietary composition of the meal replacement, but the controlled portion sized meals. Seventeen volunteers ate all of their meals and snacks from foods provided by the research unit from Monday to Friday for five consecutive weeks. For the first week, all participants selected their food from a buffet where each food was weighed before and after eating. For the next two weeks, half of the group selected their lunch by choosing one food from a selection of six commercially available portion controlled foods. They could eat as much as they wished at other meals or snacks. For final weeks four and five, the conditions were reversed for the two groups. Consuming the portion controlled lunches resulted in about a 250 kcal reduction in energy intake. More importantly, no sign of caloric compensation was evident across the 10 days of testing, an observation substantiated by a significant loss of body weight. The results suggest that the mere substitution of one smaller portioned meal each day is sufficient to cause reduction in daily energy intake and a significant amount of weight., (Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)