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Reseña a Karina Busto Ibarra, El Pacífico mexicano y sus transformaciones. Integración marítima y terrestre en la configuración de un espacio internacional, 1848-1927

Se han registrado más de 150 especies de aves para el Archipiélago de Revillagigedo, pero hasta este trabajo no existe registro de una especie de colibrí. En noviembre del 2017, durante una expedición de monitoreo estacional de aves terrestres en Isla Socorro, observamos tres individuos de colibrí. Distinguimos a los individuos del género Archilochus de colibríes pequeños migratorios, principalmente por su estructura corporal pequeña al vuelo y su largo pico. Además, presentaron el morfo semejante al de la hembra adulta o un juvenil del colibrí barba negra (Archilochus alexandri), que inverna en el continente al oeste de México. Observamos a uno de los individuos alimentándose del néctar de las flores de amole (Ipomoea triloba) dentro de la vegetación de tipo matorral mixto de la isla. Este es el primer registro de un colibrí en el Archipiélago de Revillagigedo, y primer registro del colibrí barba negra en Isla Socorro, aumentando la riqueza biológica de isla, así como la distribución del colibrí barba negra.

Copyright of Huitzil: Journal of Mexican Ornithology / Revue d'Ornithologie Mexicaine is the property of Sociedad para el Estudio y Conservacion de las Aves en Mexico and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction: Coral reef structures in Zihuatanejo, Guerrero are well-preserved. The coverage of living corals, near 60 % at several locations, makes them comparable to other coral reefs in the states of Oaxaca, Jalisco, and Nayarit and with high potential to promote their conservation. Objective: To present the outcome of 12 years of research in coral communities from Zihuatanejo, Guerrero, as a justifying argument for the current conservation efforts in the area. Methods: We developed a baseline on the conservation status of the reef structures, bioerosion processes and the source of major natural and anthropogenic impacts. We assessed the genetic diversity of the coral zooxanthellae symbionts, the outcome of a technique of coral transplantation to recover the coverage of living corals and the local ecological knowledge to involve local inhabitants to promote conservation. Results: At least five coral reefs remain exposed to a medium-low level of impact by bioerosion and anthropization. Coral transplantation experiments made in the area showed records of transplant survival nearing 90 %. Although the warming of the sea surface temperature that occurred during the El Niño of 2015-2016 caused coral bleaching and mortality in several coral populations in this area, there were no affectations attributed to this phenomenon in other locations. This response was not related to the level of exposure to anthropogenic impacts, and the presence of thermal resistant zooxanthellae was assessed using molecular tools, confirming the existence of zooxanthellae of the genus Durusdinium. The analysis of local ecological knowledge of the inhabitants of Zihuatanejo showed that they keep elaborate knowledge on the ecology of coral reefs. This is complemented with scientific knowledge that will encourage community participation in conservation strategies. Conclusions: A long-term multidisciplinary strategy is required for coral reef conservation that encompasses: 1) assessing the role of the overall holobiont in the thermal resistance of corals from this area and 2) establishing restoration strategies of coral reefs that include the local knowledge about marine ecology, for the establishment of coral reef protection and management schemes put in place by local inhabitants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad is the property of Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Instituto de Biologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction: Underwater visual censuses are the basis of many studies on fish ecology, however, a series of limitations and errors influence the traditional visual estimation of fish richness and abundance. Video techniques have been proposed to mitigate such errors, but there are few studies that compare the effectiveness of both methods. Objective: To compare the estimates obtained through the traditional census and the video census of the fish community of two localities in the central Mexican Pacific. Methods: We studied the fish community of two bays of Huatulco, Oaxaca, Mexico. We established sampling points in each bay and applied a traditional census and a diver-operated video census. We used comparison tests and analysis of similarity tests to compare richness, abundance and diversity by locality; and permutation tests for the same parameters at each sampling point. Results: Both censuses provide similar estimates regarding the richness, abundance, and diversity by locality and by sampling points. There were no statistically significant differences between traditional census and a diver-operated video census in terms of richness, abundance, and diversity. Conclusions: Video census using the diver-operated video technique can be used as a complement or as an alternative to traditional census. Its use can provide a more complete assessment, increase data acquisition, and implement long-term monitoring programs in areas where there are economic limitations for its operation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

En México, el recurso pesquero más importante es Penaeus stylirostris (camarón azul), siendo aprovechado a su máximo sustentable. P. stylirostris es considerada por sus tallas máximas registradas, la especie de camarón prioritaria para la alimentación humana y muy cotizada en los mercados nacional (México) e internacional. El objetivo fue determinar las relaciones biométricas y talla de migración del camarón azul en tres zonas de pesca (bahía, ribera y altamar) del sistema lagunar Santa María La Reforma (SMLR), Sinaloa, México. Estas zonas son utilizadas como áreas de protección, alimentación y crecimiento del camarón azul. Se analizaron las temporadas 2016 a 2018. La captura de camarón en aguas protegidas se realizó mediante embarcaciones menores a 8 metros (m) de eslora utilizando atarraya suripera. En ribera, en embarcaciones de 12 m y en altamar en barcos (CRIAP Mazatlán) en la plataforma continental frente a SMLR. A los especímenes se les diferenció el sexo y se determinó la proporción sexual (χ2), se les determinó la longitud total (LT) en milímetros (mm) y el peso total (PT) g. Se obtuvieron las relaciones biométricas y se estimó el tipo de crecimiento relativo del camarón azul. Por zona de pesca, se estimó la talla de longitud de migración (LT50%) de P. stylirostris por el método logístico. Se analizaron 32.346 organismos, con una variación mínima y máxima de LT de 65 y 245 mm, respectivamente, los mayores ejemplares en promedio correspondieron a altamar (183,03 mm) y los menores a bahía (144,18 mm). Se encontraron diferencias significativas en las tallas medias entre las zonas (P < 0,0001) y sexos (P < 0,001). La proporción de hembras respecto a machos, resultó mayor en casi todas las zonas. Se obtuvo una alta dependencia entre la longitud y peso, se presentó un crecimiento alométrico positivo (P = 0,05) y se estimó una talla promedio de migración de 159,2 mm, además por su tallas y abundancia de P. stylirostris, representa una especie de interés comercial y alimenticia para los pescadores de la costa de Sinaloa, México.

Objetivo. Se analizó la proporción de sexos, hembras ovígeras, talla de primera madurez sexual y fecundidad del cangrejo roca Grapsus grapsus en islas Lobos, Venados y Pájaros (sureste del Golfo de California). Material y métodos. Los muestreos fueron mensuales entre marzo 2011 y febrero 2012, las colectas fueron nocturnas durante la bajamar, se obtuvieron en un cuadrante (25 m2) por isla 30 organismos al azar, se les determinó el AN (mm) y PT (g). Se estimó la proporción de sexos y talla de primera madurez sexual (AN50%), se analizaron en hembras grávidas, las fases embrionarias y la fecundidad (método gravimétrico). Resultados. La proporción de M:H fue 1:1.3. La talla media de primera madurez fue AN50% 34.9 mm. Es evidente la presencia de hembras ovígeras (71.3%) y todas las fases embrionarias, la fase rojo-naranja fue la mayor representada en 48%. La variación del diámetro del huevo fue 1.1 a 5 µm y el promedio de 3.05 µm. La fecundidad media fue 24339.3 cigotos. El máximo y mínimo peso de hembras ovígeras fue 69.9 y 15.2 g, respectivamente. Conclusiones. Con base a las características biológicas del recurso tales como la proporción de sexos, hembras ovígeras, talla de primera madurez sexual y fecundidad en la población de G. grapsus, representa un efecto favorable en su posterior administración y manejo de este recurso en esta zona.

Se registraron por primera vez especímenes de un alga parda con una morfología que coincide con Colpomenia tuberculata en Nayarit. Se recolectaron muestras en dos localidades, playa Islitas y playa Platanitos, el material fue identificado empleando caracteres morfológicos vegetativos y reproductivos. Estos nuevos registros representan la expansión hacia el sur a zonas tropicales de una especie previamente considerada de distribución en aguas subtropicales, templadas y frías.

El presente trabajo se centra en la franja del Pacífico mexicano desde una perspectiva regional, es decir, analiza al grupo de entidades federativas que colindan con el Océano Pacífico con objeto de identificar y contrastar su dinamismo y relevancia en la economía nacional, a partir de una serie de indicadores de carácter económico y social, pero también tratando de identificar el potencial y las oportunidades de la región en el marco de las relaciones comerciales de México con el exterior.

Introduction: Cucumarids are a cosmopolitan group of sea cucumbers that inhabit rocky-sandy sediments, from the intertidal zone to the hadal zone. Objective: To present new records for the Mexican Pacific. Methods: We applied stereoscope and scanning electron microscopy to external and internal morphology of specimens in the collection of the National Autonomous University, Mexico. Results: We present a taxonomic synopsis of cucumarids in the Mexican Pacific and review their taxonomy on the ossicles. The taxonomic identity of Pseudocnus curatus, Pseudocnus dubiosus and Pseudocnus lubricus is confirmed, and the presence of Trachythyone peruana is ruled out. Conclusions: Four new records are presented for the Mexican Pacific: Leptopentacta nina, Pseudocnus curatus, Pseudocnus dubiosus and Pseudocnus lubricus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Chamela bay is located in the central portion of the coast from the Jalisco state, Mexico and is an important protected natural area. Despite this, the study of echinoderms in the area is incipient. Objective: To provide an updated checklist, descriptions of the species and a taxonomic key of the ophiuroids from Chamela bay. Methods: We collected specimens from 1998 to 2018, and also analyzed information from the literature and specimens deposited at international scientific collections from Chamela bay. Results: 19 species of ophiuroids are reported for the study area, distributed in two orders, seven families, and 11 genera. Seven of these correspond to new records for the area, one to a new record for Jalisco state, and two possibly represent new species. The biodiversity of ophiuroids in Chamela bay represents 15.2 % of ophiuroid species from the Mexican Pacific and 73 % from Jalisco. The number of known echinoderms in Chamela bay is increased to 48 species. Conclusions: The most complete checklist of the class Ophiuroidea in Chamela bay, Jalisco, is presented. The information provided can be used for other areas of the eastern Pacific. Chamela bay is important in terms of species richness due to its environmental heterogeneity and numerous islands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Cientifica de la Facultade de Veterinaria is the property of Universidad del Zulia, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Specimens of a brown algae with a morphology that coincides with Colpomenia tuberculata in Nayarit were registered for the first time. Samples were collected in two locations, Islitas beach and Platanitos beach, the material was identified using vegetative and reproductive morphological characters. These new records represent the expansion southward to tropical areas of a previously considered species of distribution in subtropical, temperate and cold waters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: From a global point of view, polychaetes that inhabit in the pelagic community have been little studied, although they are an important link in the food chains of marine ecosystems. Objective: to analyze the local richness and density of polychaetes. Methods: Plankton samples were taken in 17 localities during May and December 2013, through surface trawls in a barge with an outboard motor. We used a net with 0.3 m mouth diameter, 1.30 m long and a 0.3 mm aperture mesh. From each collected sample, polychaetes were separated and determined at the lowest possible taxonomic level. Results: We collected a total of 1 873 individuals, with an important variation in relative density, since in May 7 952.0 ind/100m3 were recorded, while in December there were only 882.1 ind/100m3. The differences in the composition and density of the determined polychaetes, were analyzed, of which the highest proportion belongs to the larval forms of the benthic (meroplankton) populations, and the lowest proportion to holoplankton organisms. During the two periods of study were observed thirteen families, from which Sabellariidae, Spionidae, Chaetopteridae, Magelonidae, Iospilidae and Typhloscolecidae were common in both periods, while Aphroditidae, Syllidae, Phyllodocidae and Alciopidae were observed only in May, and Serpulidae, Sabellidae and Lopadorhynchidae were observed only in December. Conclusions: It is important to point out that the observed variations provide valuable information about the life cycles and the biogeographic aspects of the polychaetes in the study area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad is the property of Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Instituto de Biologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Brazilian Journal of Oceanography is the property of Instituto Oceanografico da Universidade de Sao Paulo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Coral reef fish may adapt to their habitat characteristics and the particular system intrinsic factors, may cause different fish compositions and structures. The present study aimed to determine the variation in number of species, abundance and diversity of fish communities in Huatulco bays of San Agustin, Riscalillo, Chachacual, Cacaluta, Maguey, Organo, Violín and La Entrega, from Oaxaca, Mexico. Fish communities were characterized between January 2009 and December 2010, with the use of visual census techniques. A total of 351 transects (10 x 2.5 m) were made and for each one we analyzed the ichthyofauna species number, abundance and diversity. The analysis showed that for all variables, the highest values corresponded to Maguey, La Entrega, Órgano and Violín bays, while the lowest values corresponded to the San Agustín, Riscalillo, Chachacual and Cacaluta bays. The study identified significant differences in diversity (Kruskal-Wallis= 18.71, P= 0.0091), and in the composition and structure of fish communities in the bays (ANOSIM= 0.278, P= 0.001). We observed a relationship between the number of fish species and number of coral species (Spearman= 0.591, P< 0.05), while no relationship was found between the coral reef area and the number of fish species or their abundances. The number of coral species and the patchy arrangement of the coral cover created habitats that are structurally more complex, which affects the number of fish species. In areas with developed tourist infrastructure, recreational aquatic activities were found to affect the ichthyofauna behavior, abundance and diversity. The new information of this study may contribute to create and improve management, conservation and protection strategies for this important area as a whole interconnected complex. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The coastal strip of the Mexican Pacific and Gulf of California includes 11 states, and considering Isla Guadalupe and the Revillagigedo archipelago, Mexico has 2 364 200 km2 of marine extension in the Pacific Ocean. Studies of deep benthic macroinvertebrates for this area began with the Albatross, which traveled from the Guadalupe Islands to Guaymas in 1891. To date, 26 species of echinoids have been reported, with a bathymetric range that exceeds 200 m. In the present work, the previous bibliographic records for echinoids that were collected within the limits of the Mexican Pacific were corroborated. The taxonomic identity of the 26 species reported was also corroborated by 11 689 specimens deposited in four scientific collections: two Mexican collections (3 322 specimens in the National Collection of Echinoderms "Dra. M. E. Caso" of the ICML, UNAM and 6 673 specimens deposited in the Invertebrate Reference Collection of the Mazatlán Station - ICML, UNAM) and two international collections (1 420 specimens deposited at the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, and 140 specimens deposited at the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University). No collection records were found at depths greater than 200 m for the species Lytechinus pictus (Verrill, 1867), Clypeaster europacificus H.L. Clark, 1914, Dendraster excentricus (Eschscholtz, 1831), Lovenia cordiformis A. Agassiz, 1872 and Brissus obesus Verrill, 1867. No records were found for Kamptosoma asterias (A. Agassiz, 1881), Araeolampas fulva (A. Agassiz, 1879) and Nacospatangus depressus H.L. Clark, 1917, which belonged to specimens collected within the limits of the Mexican Pacific. Within the material examined in the scientific collections specimen records were found only for 18 of the 26 species of sea urchins that were collected at a depths greater than 200 m in the Mexican Pacific. No bibliographic record or specimens were found to validate geographic or bathymetric distribution for eight species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de Biologia Marina y Oceanografía (RBMO) is the property of Universidad de Valparaiso, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The genus Bathypterois (tripod fish) comprises 19 species of deep-sea fishes distributed worldwide. The biology and distribution of the species of this genus are relatively poorly known throughout the Eastern Central Pacific (ECP). This work aims to update the geographic and bathymetric distribution of species of Bathypterois throughout the ECP. To describe the influence of depth, temperature and dissolved oxygen concentrations (DO) on latitudinal and depth distribution of members of the genus throughout the Mexican Pacific, 51 specimens of B. atricolor (12 trawls) and 112 of B. ventralis (18 trawls), collected during TALUD project, were analyzed. Bathypterois atricolor had broader environmental niches (depth: 0.47, temperature: 0.46, DO: 0.39), and inhabits deeper and colder sites (Electivity positives: > 1 000 m, < 3.2 °C, 1.0-1.62 mL/L) than B. ventralis, which had narrow environmental niches (depth: 0.34, temperature: 0.32, DO: 0.28), with high affinity to warmer sites and lower DO concentrations (Electivity positives: 778-1 400 m, 3.3-5.8 °C, < 1.0 mL/L). Both species used different environmental strata (niche overlap; depth: 0.34, temperature: 0.32, DO: 0.28). The adaptation of B. atricolor to live in a broad range of DO concentrations explains its almost circumglobal distribution, while B. ventralis lives almost permanently in the Oxygen Minimum Zone (< 0.05 mL/L), so the DO could be a limiting factor, reducing its potential geographic and bathymetric distributions. None of these species had been previously recorded in the central Gulf of California, and B. ventralis had not been recorded along the West coast of Baja California. This study confirms that both species have a continuous distribution within the ECP, our new records extended the known northernmost range for B. atricolor by 886 km (from 22°46' N to 30°45' N) and for B. ventralis by 645 km (from 21°18' N to 27°07' N). Rev. Biol. Trop. 65 (1): 89-101. Epub 2017 March 01. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gorgonians are important components of coastal ecosystems, as they provide niches, natural compounds with medical applications and are used as bioindicators. Species composition and assemblage structure of gorgonians (Anthozoa: Octocorallia) were studied along a bathymetric profile in the Southern Mexican Pacific coast. Species composition was based on specimens collected within a depth range of 0-70m in 15 sites. The relative abundance of species was determined in six sites at four depths (5, 10, 20 and 25m) using three 10m2 transects at each depth level. Twenty-seven species of gorgonians belonging to six genera and three families were registered. The species composition varied with depth: 11 species were distributed between 0-25m depth, while 17 species were found between 40-70m depth interval. The shallow zone is characterized by a relatively large abundance of gorgonians, dominated by colonies of Leptogorgia cuspidata and L. ena. In contrast, the deepest zone was characterized by relatively low abundance of gorgonians, dominated by L. alba, the only species observed in both depth intervals. The similarity analysis showed differences in the composition and abundance of species by depth and site, suggesting that the main factor in determining the assemblage structure is depth. Results of this study suggest that the highest richness of gorgonian species in the study area may be located at depths of 40-70m, whereas the highest abundances are found between 5 and 10m depth. This study represents a contribution to the poorly known eastern Pacific gorgonian biota.

Se documentó una lista sistemática de los peces en la Reserva de la Biosfera La Encrucijada (REBIEN), durante un periodo comprendido de 2004 a 2009. El elenco sistemático consta de 153 especies, que se incluyen en 2 clases, 20 órdenes, 52 familias y 107 géneros. Se registran por primera vez 9 especies para los ambientes continentales del estado de Chiapas, 4 en hábitat estuarino-lagunar en México: Cathorops cf. fuerthii, Trichiurus nitens, Guavina micropus y Gobionellusliolepis, las 2 últimas con distribución ahora extendida para el Pacífico mexicano. Destaca la presencia del cíclido exótico Oreochromis niloticus. Las familias más representativas fueron Carangidae (14 especies), Sciaenidae (11), Gobiidae (10) y Ariidae (9). Por su origen ecogeográfico, 4 especies (2.6%) son dulceacuícolas primarias, 13 (8.5%) dulceacuícolas secundarias y 134 (88.9%) periféricas; del conjunto periférico,3 especies (2%) son catádromas, 11 (7.2%) residentes estuarinas, 56 (36.6%) marinas eurihalinas y 66 (43.1%) marinas estenohalinas. Desde el punto de vista biogeográfico, 91.2% de las especies se distribuyen en el Pacífico oriental, de las cuales el 47.7% se encuentran en la Provincia Californiana, 65.4% en la Provincia de Cortés, 80.4% en la Provincia Panámica y 41.2% en la Provincia Peruviana. La REBIEN contiene una riqueza íctica comparativamente mayor a la registrada en ambientes estuarino-lagunares de otras regiones costeras del Pacífico mexicano.We provided a systematic checklist of fishes recorded on La Encrucijada Biosphere Reserve (REBIEN), during the period from 2004 to 2009. The systematic list is composed by 153 species that are included in 2 classes, 20 orders, 52 families and 107 genera. Nine species are added to the known continental environments of the state of Chiapas, 4 of them are registered by first time in estuarine-lagoon biotopes of México: Cathorops cf. fuerthii, Trichiurus nitens, Guavina micropus and Gobionellus liolepis, the last 2 species are reported for the first time in the Mexican pacific; the presence of the exotic cichlid Oreochromis niloticus is also reported. The best represented families in species richness were Carangidae (14), Sciaenidae (11), Gobiidae (10) and Ariidae (9). Based on its ecogeographical derivation, 4 species (2.6% ) are freshwater primary; 13 (8.5%) freshwater secondary, and 134 (88.9%) peripheral; the last group is ecologically composed by 3 catadromous species (2%), 11 estuarine residents (7.2%), 56 marine euryhalines (36.6%) and 66 marine stenohalines (43.1%). Biogeographically, 91.2% of the species are distributed in Eastern Pacific, 47.7% are from the Californian province, 65.4% from Cortés province, 80.4% from Panamian province, and 41.2% from Peruvian province. Comparatively, the REBIEN contains the highest fish richness in all the estuarine-lagoon systems along the Mexican Pacific.

Se presentan nuevos registros de ofiuroideos para localidades de Zihuatanejo, Guerrero y de Puerto Escondido, Oaxaca en el Pacífico mexicano. Mediante recolectas realizadas en diversos sustratos se obtuvieron 12 especies, de las cuales Ophiocoma alexandri Lyman, 1860 y Ophiothela mirabilis (Verrill, 1867) fueron las más ampliamente distribuidas. Este número de especies, el más alto registrado respecto a trabajos previos, se atribuye a la mayor amplitud espacial del esfuerzo de muestreo y a la mayor diversidad de sustratos explorados. Se dan a conocer nuevos sustratos habitados por O. mirabilis y Ophioderma panamensis Lütken, 1859. Se presenta el primer registro de asociación de un organismo juvenil de O. alexandri con un hidrozoo del orden Leptothecata en el Pacífico oriental. A pesar del incremento en el número de especies reconocidas para las localidades, se sugiere llevar a cabo una prospección más amplia del Pacífico tropical mexicano y un mayor esfuerzo de muestreo en diversos sustratos con el fin de incrementar el conocimiento de la biodiversidad de ofiuros en la zona.New records of ophiuroids from localities at Zihuatanejo, Guerrero and Puerto Escondido, Oaxaca in the Mexican Pacific are presented. Based on specimens collected on diverse substrata, 12 species were identified; Ophiocoma alexandri Lyman, 1860 and Ophiothela mirabilis (Verrill, 1867) being the most widely distributed. The larger number of recorded species compared to previous studies may result from a spatially broader sampling and a more thorough survey involving a larger variety of substrata. New substrata for O. mirabilis and Ophioderma panamensis Lütken, 1859 are reported. We document, for first time, the relationship between a juvenile of O. alexandri and a hydrozoan of the order Leptothecata in the Eastern Pacific. Although this paper documents a significant increase in the number of recorded species in the study area, we highlight the need for a large scale survey in the tropical Mexican Pacific, along with a more thorough sampling on a larger number of substrata in order to increase our knowledge about ophiuroids in the area.

Aún cuando la sedimentación en arrecifes es importante pues sus efectos alteran procesos como la simbiosis, reproducción, reclutamiento y crecimiento, se carece de estudios en el Pacífico mexicano. Debido a lo anterior, se evaluó la tasa de sedimentación y su variación espacio-temporal en seis comunidades coralinas de Oaxaca. Durante febrero 2006- enero 2007 (exceptuando abril, julio y agosto), instalamos al azar dos estructuras con cuatro recolectores de sedimento cada una. Los recolectores fueron reemplazados aproximadamente cada 38 días y los sedimentos fueron enjuagados, filtrados, secados y pesados. La tasa de sedimentación fue heterogénea entre localidades 7.06, P < 0.01); fue alta en Isla Montosa (653.31 (F5,36 = kg m-2 año-1) e Isla Cacaluta (450.09 kg m-2 año-1), inter-media en San Agustín, Jicaral-Chachacual y Dos Hermanas (155.18-92.53 kg m-2 año-1) y baja en La Entrega (14.33 kg m-2 año-1). La tasa de sedimentación no varió a lo largo del año (F7,34 = 0.85, P > 0.5); no obstante, durante la temporada de secas (noviembre-marzo) la tasa de sedimentación en la zona osciló entre 6.8-73.5 mg cm-2 día-1, mientras que durante lluvias (mayo-octubre) osciló entre 74.5-147.6 mg cm-2 día-1, es decir, durante la temporada de lluvias la tasa de sedimentación fue 141-1088 % mayor que durante secas (Mann-Whitney U = 137, n = 42, P = 0.03). La relación entre la cantidad de sedimento y la precipitación pluvial fue significativa (Spearman R = 0.83, n = 8, P = 0.009), sugiriendo que el aporte de sedimento está relacionado con la escorrentía regional. La tasa de sedimentación registrada en Isla Montosa (366.64 mg cm-2 día-1) e Isla Cacaluta (366.03 mg cm-2 día-1) durante la temporada de lluvias, puede ser considerada como letal-subletal en función de la tolerancia y de la capacidad de rechazo de sedimento por parte de los corales; no obstante, la ausencia de mortalidad coralina, en respuesta a los niveles de sedimentación registrados durante la época de lluvias, y el desarrollo coralino observado en la región pudiera estar relacionado al efecto combinado de: a) la eficiencia de la remoción activa de sedimento, b) el posible incremento en la tolerancia fisiológica al sedimento por parte de los corales pétreos de Bahías de Huatulco, y c) la remoción pasiva de sedimentos vía la turbulencia de la zona. No obstante, el efecto combinado de la sedimentación natural aunado a la sedimentación resultado de actividades antropogénicas en la región, podría promover un cambio en la estructura arrecifal provocando la eventual pérdida de las comunidades coralinas en Bahías de Huatulco.Sedimentation on reef communities at Bahías de Huatulco, Oaxaca, Mexico. Although coral reef sedimentation is important because it modifies processes like symbioses, reproduction, recruitment and coral growth, Mexican Pacific studies are lacking. On this regard, spatio-temporal variations in sedimentation rate were investigated in six coral reef communities from Oaxaca. During February 2006-January 2007 (excluding April, July and August) two sediment structures, with four sediment traps each, were randomly installed. Sediment traps were replaced with a mean periodicity of 38 days, and the sediments were washed, filtered, dried and weighted in order to calculate sedimentation rate. Sedimentation rate was heterogeneous among localities 7.06, P < 0.01). It was high at Isla Montosa (653.31 kg m-2 year-1) and Isla Cacaluta (450.09 kg m-2 (F5,36 = year-1), intermediate at San Agustín, Jicaral-Chachacual and Dos Hermanas (155.18-92.53 kg m-2 year-1) and low at La Entrega (14.33 kg m-2 year-1). Sedimentation rate was homogeneous through time (F7,34 = 0.85, P > 0.5); nonetheless, during the dry season (November-March) sedimentation rate in the area oscillated between 6.8-73.5 mg cm-2 day-1, whereas during the rainy season (May-October) the values were 141-1088 % higher (74.5-147.6 mg cm-2 day-1, Mann-Whitney U = 137, n = 42, P = 0.03). There was a significant relationship between sedimentation rate and pluvial precipitation (Spearman R = 0.83, n = 8, P = 0.009), suggesting that the amount of sediment reaching coral communities is closely tied to regional precipitation. Sedimentation rates recorded at Isla Montosa (366.64 mg cm-2 day-1) and Isla Cacaluta (366.03 mg cm-2 day-1) during the rainy season can be considered lethal-sublethal considering sediment tolerance and rejection efficiency of stony corals. The absence of coral mortality during the rainy season may result from: a) high efficiency of active sediment removal, b) increased physiological tolerance to sediments, and c) a high degree of passive sediment removal via turbulence. Nonetheless, the combined effect of natural and anthropogenic induced sedimentation may cause a shift in coral community structure and eventually a loss of the reef areas in Bahías de Huatulco. Rev. Biol. Trop. 56 (3): 11791187. Epub 2008 September 30.

Se describe la composición específica de equinodermos del Parque Nacional Isla Isabel, ubicado en el Pacífico central mexicano. Los muestreos y recolectas se realizaron durante octubre de 2004, marzo y julio de 2005 mediante búsqueda directa en diferentes playas rocosas y mediante transectos en banda en los sustratos rocoso y arenoso del submareal hasta los 19 m de profundidad. Se incluyen también ejemplares recolectados con redes de arrastre en el barco camaronero "América" en aguas adyacentes. Se registraron 299 individuos correspondientes a 31 especies y 19 familias de equinodermos. La mayor abundancia se registró en las regiones norte (43%) y este (39%) de la isla donde existe mayor heterogeneidad de sustratos y la menor en la oeste (3%). La mayor riqueza de especies correspondió a las zonas este (36%), norte (31%) y sur (29%) de la isla. Los holoturoideos fueron los más diversos con 10 especies. Las especies más importantes de acuerdo al índice de valor biológico son: Diadema mexicanum, Toxopneustes roseus, Phataria unifascialis, Pharia pyramidatus, Ophiocoma alexandri, Holothuria lubrica, Isostichopus fuscus y Eucidaris thouarsii representando el 60% de los individuos. La afinidad de especies es mayor con el golfo de California que con la región centro-sur del Pacífico.This study describes the species composition of echinoderms from Isla Isabel National Park, in the central Mexican Pacific. The samplings and collection transects band were made in October 2004, March and July 2005 by direct search on several rocky beaches, and on rocky and sandy substrates in subtidal areas to 19 m depth. The specimens collected with a trawling net from the shrimp vessel "America" in adjacent waters were also included. A total of 299 organisms belonging to 31 species and 19 families of echinoderms were registered. The greatest abundance was recorded in the nothern (43%) and eastern (39%) regions of the island where there is greater substrate heterogeneity, and the lowest was in the western region (3%). The highest richness of species was recorded in the eastern (36%), northern (31%) and southern (29%) zones of the island. The holothuroids were the most diverse with 10 species. The most important species according the biological value index are: Diadema mexicanum, Toxopneustes roseus, Phataria unifascialis, Pharia pyramidatus, Ophiocoma alexandri, Holothuria lubrica, Isostichopus fuscus and Eucidaris thouarsii representing the 60% of all individuals. The species affinity is greater with the Gulf of California than the Pacific center-south region.

An updated checklist of the polychaete species described for the Mexican Pacific and an historic review of their study are presented. The taxonomic list includes nomenclature references, data of the type locality and synonyms based on systematic revisions. In the study area, 313 species of polychaetes and 21 genera have been described, of which 278 species are currently valid. Several descriptions (28%) of the valid species failed to indicate the habitat of the type locality. The remaining 199 valid species were described for a large variety of habitats: algae (11 species), mangroves (2), hard bottoms (22), soft bottoms (continental shelf = 65 species; deep sea = 78 species), hydrothermal vents (17), and others (parasites, larval planktonic forms, epitokes) (4). The species descriptions for the Mexican Pacific can be divided into four main periods: the first, during the 1910s, includes mainly Chamberlin's studies of deep sea fauna. The second, in the 1940s, comprises studies carried out by Rioja (intertidal zone) and Hartman (including specimens from the Allan Hancock Foundation collection). The third period began around the 1970s when Fauchald's studies were published and 77 currently valid species were described for western Mexico. The fourth period began in the 1980s and continues to date, being characterized by descriptions of species done mainly by Mexican scientists. The differences in the number of species described during each period and for the different regions of the Mexican Pacific are directly related to the sampling effort carried out along these coasts.Se presenta una lista taxonómica de las especies de poliquetos descritos en el Pacífico mexicano y una revisión histórica de su estudio. El listado incluye referencias nomenclaturales, información sobre la localidad tipo y sinonimias basadas en revisiones sistemáticas. Un total de 313 especies y 21 géneros han sido descritos en el área de estudio, de ellas, 278 especies son actualmente válidas. El 28% de las descripciones de las especies válidas no incluyeron el habitat de la localidad tipo. Las 199 especies válidas restantes fueron descritas en una amplia variedad de habitats: algas (11 especies), manglares (2), fondos duros (22), fondos blandos (plataforma continental = 65 especies; mar profundo = 78 especies), ventilas hidrotermales (17) y otros (parásitos, formas larvales planctónicas, epitocas) (4). La descripción de especies en el Pacífico Mexicano puede ser dividida en cuatro periodos principales: el primero en la década de 1910 incluye principalmente los trabajos de Chamberlin sobre la fauna de aguas profundas. El segundo, en la década de 1940, comprende los estudios realizados por Rioja en la zona intermareal y por Hartman que incluyó especímenes de la colección de la Allan Hancock Foundation. El tercer periodo se inició alrededor de 1970 en que se publicaron los estudios de Fauchald que describen 77 especies actualmente válidas del oeste de México. El cuarto periodo se inició en la década de 1980 y continúa hasta la fecha, caracterizado por la descripción de especies realizada por científicos mexicanos. Las diferencias observadas en el número de especies descritas en cada periodo y en cada región del Pacífico mexicano están asociadas con el esfuerzo de muestreo llevado a cabo a lo largo de estas costas.

This study aims to determine some aspects of the reproduction of Carangoides vinctus, a species caught by the artisanal fishery on the south coast of Jalisco. The captures were made monthly with gillnets from January 1998 to December 2008. The organisms had total length of 17.0 to 41.2 cm, with females averaging 30.1 cm and 30.5 cm males. The sex ratio was 1.0: 1.1 males per females, which is not significantly different from the expected 1:1. A gonadal maturity scale of four stages for both sexes (immature, developing, spawning capable and post-spawning or spent) was used. In the first three stages of the ovary's development, a septum dividing each lobe was present. In the analysis of oogenesis, seven oocyte development phases were identified and the oocytes developed asynchronously within the ovary. Based on the microscopic characteristics observed in the testis, it showed a lobular type development. The maximum values of the gonadosomatic index, the percentage of mature gonads and the oocyte diameter suggest that C. vinctus has a reproductive period from March to May. The length at sexual maturity (L50) was estimated at 26.04 and 23.77 cm for females and males, respectively; these sizes are lower than the average catch size in both sexes, suggesting that organisms are caught commercially when they have reached sexual maturity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Se describe la evolución de una proliferación algal ictiotóxica (julio a diciembre del 2000) causada por el dinoflagelado Cochlodinium catenatum. La multiplicación anormal de este dinoflagelado se presentó a manera de decoloraciones dispersas dentro de un intervalo de temperatura de 25-32 º C y salinidades de 33-35 ups. La densidad de C. catenatum fue desde no detectable hasta 10 841 éls ml-1 . El evento se presentó en grandes extensiones en la Bahía de Banderas, afectando a 13 especies de peces, cuya muerte masiva se debió a sofocación por la obstrucción en las agallas y por excesiva producción de mucus. La población humana aledaña no presentó afecciones respiratorias ni irritaciones en la piel. Las dimensiones de C. catenatum sugieren que pueda presentar una reproducción hologámica y heterotálica. Por sus características morfológicas se sugiere que C. polykrikoides, C. heterolobatum y C. catenatum son una única especie. Esta última parece de reciente introducción en el Pacífico mexicanoThe evolution of an ichthiotoxic algal bloom caused by the dinoflagellate Cochlodinium catenatum was studied from July to December 2000. The abnormal multiplication of this dinoflagellate occurred in the form of a discoloration spreading between a temperature and salinity interval of 25-32°C and 33-35 ups, respectively. The density of C. catenatum reached 10 841 cells ml-1 . The event was observed in large areas of Banderas Bay affecting 13 fish species, whose massive killing was due to suffocation (gill obstruction and excessive mucus production). The human population around the area did not present respiratory affections or skin irritation. The C. catenatum measurements suggest a hologamic and heterothalic reproduction. Their morphological characteristics suggest that C. polykrikoides, C. heterolobatum and C. catenatum are the same species. It is estimated that the species could be a recent introduction in the Mexican Pacific

Los fitoflagelados son un grupo heterogéneo de flagelados autotróficos, heterotróficos y mixotróficos, con importancia ecológica para los niveles tróficos en diferentes ecosistemas. Los fitoflagelados en costas del Pacífico mexicano (y en Latinoamérica en términos generales) son virtualmente desconocidos, sólo se tienen pocos registros. El estudio de los fitoflagelados requiere de métodos complicados de recolección y análisis. Esta es, probablemente, la causa de la escasez de conocimiento de este grupo en áreas tropicales y subtropicales. Material recientemente recolectado a lo largo del Pacífico mexicano sirvió para el estudio de fitoflagelados marinos, incluyendo algunos tóxicos y potencialmente tóxicos. Se usaron muestras de plancton filtradas por gravedad y con bomba de vacío utilizando diferentes métodos de fijación y análisis. Se registran aquellas especies presentes o con posibilidad de estarlo que son potencialmente nocivas para el ecosistema marino pertenecientes a los Phyla Euglenophyta, Heterokontophyta y Haptophyta. Estas especies están distribuidas en el plancton, en aguas oceánicas y costerasThe phytoflagellates are a heterogeneous group of autotrophic, heterotrophic and mixothrophic flagellates of trophic importance in several ecosystems. As in the rest of Latin America, the phytoflagellates that occur in the Mexican Pacific coasts are virtually unknown except for a few records. Their study require complicated collection and analysis methods, a probable cause for the scarce knowledge of this group in tropical and subtropical areas. Material recently collected from various localities along the Mexican Pacific coasts was used to study phytoflagellates, including toxic and potentially toxic species. Plankton samples were treated by gravity and pump filtration, using different methods for fixation and analysis. The phyla Euglenophyta, Heterokontophyta and Haptophyta were found. They occur as plankton in oceanic and shallow coastal waters

Los cangrejos porcelánidos tienen una distribución tropical y subtropical. Son partede la fauna litoral y sublitoral, habitan sobre algas, entre corales, esponjas y una gran variedad de ambientesrocosos. El material aquí registrado provino de las costas mexicanas del Pacífico oriental tropical y está depositado en la Colección Nacional de Crustáceos, Instituto de Biología de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México.Se amplía elintervalo de distribución detres especies, Megalobrachium sinuimanus, Petrolisthes crenulatusy Pachycheles setimanus hacia el sur y una hacia el norte Pachycheles crassus.

Existe una relación directa entre el estado de salud y la dieta. y dentro de ésta algunos componentes, como los ácidos grasos (AG.), influyen mayormente en la prevención de ciertas enfermedades (coronarias, respuesta inmune, respuesta inflamatoria, tensión arterial). Una de las principales fuentes de AG esenciales son los productos de origen marino; el atún es un alimento marino de amplio consumo en México dada su acequibilidad y bajo costo. El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar el perfil de ácidos grasos (AG) en atún de tres localidades del Pacifico mexicano, enlatado en aceite y en agua. Se obtuvieron aleatoriamente 7 marcas comerciales de atún en aceite (AA) y 5 de atún en agua (AW) procedentes de las siguientes zonas pesqueras: Baja California Sur (LI), Colima (L2) y Mazatlán (L3). Las muestras sin drenar se licuaron para la posterior obtención de los ésteres metílicos de los ácidos grasos, que se analizaron por cromatografía de gases con FID. En las tres localidades (LI, L2 y L3) y los dos grupos (AA y AW) se identificaron 20 AG (mg/100g); tres AG omega 3 (EPA, DHA y linolénico) y dos omega 6 (linoleico y araquidónico). En los AA de las tres localidades los AG saturados más abundantes fueron el esteárico y palmítico, el monoinsaturado más abundante fue el cis-vaccenico, seguido del oleico. El comportamiento de los omega 3 en los AA de las tres localidades fue similar: niveles bajos de linolénico (447-755), seguidos por el EPA (979-1323) y finalmente elevadas concentraciones de DHA (1862- 3327). En el AW el DHA fue el ácido graso más abundante en todas las localidades (1086-4456), el saturado más abundante fue el palmítico (640-3809). Se observó la presencia de AG trans en ambos grupos, pero en AW la concentración fue muy elevada: linolelaídico (1394-1495) y elaídico (377-1234). La relación omega 3/ omega 6 en los AA fue similar entre las localidades l y 2 y menor en L3; en AW fue similar entre L2 y L3 y menor en L1. En conclusión, existe variación evidente en el contenido de AG entre localidades; se puede considerar al AA de L3 como el más rico en AG omega 3 y omega 6, lo mismo que para el AW de L2. En general, el AW es un alimento más rico en AG omega 3 y omega 6 que el AA, independientemente de la localidadFatty acids of the tuna of different fishing areas of the Mexican Pacific, canned in oil and water. A direct relationship exists between the state of health and the diet, and inside this some components, such as the fatty acids (FA). influence mostly in the prevention of certain illnesses (coronary heart disease, hypertension, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory answer, and arterial pressure). One of the main sources of essential FA are the marine products; the tuna is a marine food of wide consumption in Mexico due its readiness and low cost. The objective of this work was to determine the profile of fatty acids (FA) in tuna canned in oil and in water coming from three fishing areas of the Mexican Pacific. There were randomly obtained 7 oil-tuna commercial marks (AA) and 5 water- tuna (AW) coming from the next fishery areas: Baja California Sur (LI), Colima (L2) and Mazatlán (L3). The samples without draining were liquefied and thereafter it was obtained the methyl esters of fatty acids that were analyzed by gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector. In all the areas were identified 20 FA (mg/100g); three AGomega 3 (EPA, DHA and linolenic) and two omega 6 (linoleic and arachidonic). In the AA of the three areas the most abundant saturated FA were estearic and palmitic acids, the most abundant monounsaturated fatty acid was the cis-vaccenic, followed by the oleic acid. The behavior of those omega 3 in the AA of the three areas were similar: with the less quantity was the linolenic acid (447-755), continued by the EPA (979-1323) and finally high concentrations of DHA (1862-3327). In the AW the DHA was the most abundant fatty acid in all the areas (1086- 4456), the most abundant monounsaturated fatty acid was the palmitic (640-3809). It was observed the presence of trans fatty acids in high quantities in AW: linolelaidic (1394-1495) and elaidic (377-1234). The relationship omega 3/omega 6 in the AA was similar in L1 and L2, and lower in L3; in AW was higher in L2 and L3. In conclusion, evident variation exists in the content of FA among afeas; it could be considered that the AA of L3 and A W of L2 as the richest in omega 3 and omega 6 FA. In general, the tuna in water is a richer food in FA omega 3 and omega 6 that the tuna in oil, independently of the fishery area

Numerosas investigaciones han señalado la importancia que los ácidos grasos tienen en el proceso salud-enfermedad y que los recursos marinos son excelentes fuentes de los ácidos grasos de las series omega 3 y omega 6. En México, la sardina es un producto de origen marino de amplio consumo debido a su alta disponibilidad y bajo costo. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue determinar el perfil de ácidos grasos (AG.) en sardina enlatada en salsa de tomate procedente de diferentes zonas pesqueras del Pacífico mexicano. Se obtuvieron aleatoriamente 8 marcas comerciales de sardina en salsa de tomate (5 latas de cada marca); se clasificaron de acuerdo al lugar en donde se procesaron en sardina de Baja California Sur (L1), Sonora (L2) y Sinaloa (L3). Las muestras sin drenar se licuaron para la posterior obtención de los ésteres metílicos de los ácidos grasos, que se analizaron por cromatografía de gases con FID. En todas las localidades se identificaron y cuantificaron 3 AGomega 3 (linolénico, EPA y DHA) y 2 AGomega 6 (linoleico y araquidónico); este alimento es rico en AG monoinsaturados y también presenta una cantidad considerable de AG trans (18:1n9t y 18:2n6t). El DHA fue el AG más abundante en todas las localidades (3064-4704 mg/100g); finalmente, la relación omega 3/omega 6 fue desde 3.5(L1) hasta 8.9(L3). En conclusión la sardina en salsa de tomate del Pacífico mexicano es una excelente fuente de ácidos grasos omega -3 y omega -6 independientemente del área en donde se proceseFatty acids in sardine canned in tomato sauce from different fishing areas of the Mexcan Pacific. Numerous investigations have pointed out the importance that the fatty acids have in the process health-illness, and that the marine resources are excellent sources of the series omega 3 and omega 6. In Mexico, the sardine is a product of marine origin of wide consumption due to its high readiness and low cost. The objective of the present study was to determine the fatty acids profile (FA) in sardine canned in tomato sauce coming from different fishing areas (A) of the Mexican Pacific. There were randomly obtained 8 commercial mark (5 cans of each mark) of sardine canned in tomato sauce; they were classified in sardine of South Baja California Sur (A1), Sonora (A2) and Sinaloa (A3). The samples without draining were liquified and thereafter were obtained the methyl esters of fatty acids that were analyzed by gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector. In all the areas they were identified and quantified as 3 FAomega 3 (linolenic, EPA and DHA) and 2 AGomega 6 (linoleic and arachidonic); this source is rich in FA monounsaturated and also presents a considerable quantity of trans FA (18:1n9t and 18:2n6t). The DHA was the most abundant AG in all the areas (3064-4704 mg/100g); finally, the relationships omega 3/omega 6 were from 3.5 (A1) up to 8.9 (A3). In conclusion, sardine canned in tomate sauce of the mexican Pacific is a rich food in omega -3 and omega -6 FA, independently of the procesing area

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Copyright of Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad is the property of Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Instituto de Biologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad is the property of Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Instituto de Biologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad is the property of Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Instituto de Biologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad is the property of Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Instituto de Biologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad is the property of Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Instituto de Biologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)