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Loss of developmental stability can lead to deviations from bilateral symmetry (i.e. Fluctuating Asymmetry ‐ FA), and is thought to be caused by environmental and genetic factors associated with habitat loss and stress. Therefore, levels of FA might be a valuable tool to monitor wild populations if FA serves as an indicator of exposure to stress due to impacts of habitat loss and fragmentation. In studies examining FA and habitat fragmentation, FA levels are often explained by loss of genetic variation, though few studies have addressed FA’s use as indicator of environmental impact. Here, we investigated whether habitat loss, genetic variation, and/or inbreeding affect the developmental instability in Brazilian Atlantic forest populations of a Neotropical water rat (Nectomys squamipes). We sampled individuals from eight sites within Atlantic forest remnants with different amounts of available forest habitat and assessed FA levels with geometric morphometric techniques using adult mandibles. We used observed heterozygosity (Ho) and inbreeding coefficient (Fis), from seven microsatellite markers, as a proxy of genetic variation at individual and population levels. Populations were not significantly different for shape or size FA levels. Furthermore, interindividual variation in both shape and size FA levels and interpopulational differences in size FA levels were best explained by chance. However, habitat amount was negatively associated with both interpopulational variance and average shape FA levels. This association was stronger in populations living in areas with, We used geometric morphometric data to asses whether fluctuating asymmetry (FA) on mandibles of Neotropical water rats (Nectomys squamipes) from eight sites within Brazilian Atlantic forest remnants would be related to habitat amount, genetic diversity, and/or inbreeding on individual and populational level. FA might be a valuable tool to monitor wild populations, as it might serve as an indicator of exposure to stress due to impacts of habitat loss and fragmentation. We used observed heterozygosity and inbreeding coefficient from seven microsatellite markers, as a proxy of genetic variation. We found that habitat availability rather than genetic or biological factors was negatively associated with both inter‐populational variance and average shape FA levels, which are higher in populations living in areas with

We present a new assessment of the genetic and morphological variation within Oxymycterus quaestor Thomas, 1903, which currently includes the junior synonyms O. judex Thomas, 1909 and O. misionalis Sanborn, 1931. We integrate distinct lines of evidence, including variation of mitochondrial (Cytochrome b [Cytb]) and nuclear (intron 7 of beta fibrinogen gene [Fgb]) sequences, and the assessment of skull quantitative traits based on geometric morphometrics, throughout the Atlantic Forest of Southeastern-Southern Brazil, Argentina, and Paraguay. Phylogenetic relationships based on Cytb indicate that O. quaestor is structured in four well-supported clades (lineages A–D), one of them (lineage C) including topotypes of a previously associated nominal form (O. judex). However, these Cytb lineages exhibit lower levels of differentiation based on the Fgb locus, and are not recovered in the genealogies of this nuclear marker, representing a case of mitonuclear discordance. The Cytb lineages also broadly overlapped in the morphospace both in skull shape and size, which sustain the current wider concept of O. quaestor as one single young species (0.947 Myr) that is recently expanding, and ultimately branching out, in the Atlantic Forest.

Brevoortia Gill 1861 is a genus of the Clupeidae (Teleostei) that includes six species of fishes commonly known as menhadens in eastern North America and "savelhas" or "saracas" in southeastern South America. Species of Brevoortia are important components of the marine food web of coastal ecosystems in the Atlantic and contribute significantly to fisheries. In this study, the first phylogenetic and biogeographic hypotheses including all species of Brevoortia are presented. A total of 113 specimens were analyzed using three molecular markers (two mitochondrial: COI and 16s; and one nuclear: RAG2). Maximum Parsimony, Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian Inference were employed to estimate phylogenetic relationships. A Bayesian multispecies coalescent approach was used to estimate a dated phylogeny, which supported biogeographic analyses of ancestral geographic ranges. Results corroborate previous hypotheses that the four North Atlantic species are grouped in two clades, one composed of B. tyrannus (Latrobe, 1802) and B. patronus Goode, 1878, and the second including B. smithi Hildebrand, 1941 and B. gunteri Hildebrand, 1948. The South Atlantic B. aurea (Spix and Agassiz, 1829) and B. pectinata (Jenyns, 1842) form a third clade, which is sister to the clade composed of B. smithi and B. gunteri. The monophyly and validity of the six nominal species of Brevoortia were not supported. Results also indicate that Brevoortia originated in the North Atlantic during the middle Miocene (about 15 Mya). A cooling event of the tropical Atlantic at around 10 Mya likely facilitated the range expansion of the genus to the South Atlantic, whereas a significant warming of the tropical Atlantic waters during the late Miocene at 6-7 Mya possibly promoted the isolation between the northern and southern counterparts of that ancestral lineage. The relevance of the Florida Peninsula in association with sea level fluctuations for the diversification within Brevoortia is also discussed.

Incluye contenido parcial de los autores Abstract.Mammalian carnivores are considered a key group in maintaining ecologicalhealth and can indicate potential ecological integrity in landscapes where they occur. Carni-vores also hold high conservation value and their habitat requirements can guide managementand conservation plans. The order Carnivora has 84 species from 8 families in the Neotropicalregion: Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Otariidae; Phocidae; Procyonidae; andUrsidae. Herein, we include published and unpublished data on native terrestrial Neotropicalcarnivores (Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Procyonidae; and Ursidae). NEOTRO-PICAL CARNIVORES is a publicly available data set that includes 99,605 data entries from35,511 unique georeferenced coordinates. Detection/non-detection and quantitative data wereobtained from 1818 to 2018 by researchers, governmental agencies, non-governmental organi-zations, and private consultants. Data were collected using several methods including cameratrapping, museum collections, roadkill, line transect, and opportunistic records. Literature(peer-reviewed and grey literature) from Portuguese, Spanish and English were incorporated inthis compilation. Most of the data set consists of detection data entries (n=79,343; 79.7%) butalso includes non-detection data (n=20,262; 20.3%). Of those, 43.3% also include count data(n=43,151). The information available in NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES will contribute tomacroecological, ecological, and conservation questions in multiple spatio-temporal perspec-tives. As carnivores play key roles in trophic interactions, a better understanding of their distri-bution and habitat requirements are essential to establish conservation management plans andsafeguard the future ecological health of Neotropical ecosystems. Our data paper, combinedwith other large-scale data sets, has great potential to clarify species distribution and relatedecological processes within the Neotropics. There are no copyright restrictions and no restric-tion for using data from this data paper, as long as the data paper is cited as the source of theinformation used. We also request that users inform us of how they intend to use the data.

Neotropical cricetid rodents of the subfamily Sigmodontinae constitute an incredibly diverse and ubiquitous clade of mammals in South America. In spite of recent advances in sigmodontine systematics, a variable collection of genera from eastern South America with no clear tribal affiliations and well-differentiated morphologies has been pervasive in most classification attempts, being generally listed as Sigmodontinae incertae sedis. Here, we assess the phylogenetic relationships of these incertae sedis genera based on supermatrix and multispecies coalescent analyses of a multilocus molecular dataset (one mitochondrial and five nuclear loci) for 76 genera, calibrated with ten fossil-based node dates. Both analytical approaches provided concordant and unprecedented resolution of suprageneric clades within the large Oryzomyalia clade (constituted by most sigmodontine genera), recovering a natural group constituted by the genera Wiedomys, Wilfredomys, and the Atlantic Forest endemics Juliomys and Phaenomys - here redefined as the Wiedomyini tribe - and a sister-relationship between this group and the tribe Abrotrichini. The enigmatic spiny rodent genus Abrawayaomys was recovered as sister to Akodontini in three of four analyses, but pending higher support. Morphological comparisons performed among the four wiedomyine genera highlighted a number of shared external, cranial, and dental similarities useful to emend the tribe diagnosis, such as the presence of chromo-genetic fields associated with the muzzle, pinnae, and rump, the long and narrow rostrum flanked by shallow and narrow zygomatic notches, and the asymmetrically divided procingulum of M1, among other characters. Molecular dating coupled with fossil evidence suggests Wiedomyini as one of the oldest sigmodontine tribes with a late Miocene autochthonous origin in eastern South America, highlighting the relevance of this region as an ancient cradle of sigmodontine lineages.

Xenarthrans -anteaters, sloths, and armadillos- have essential functions for ecosystem maintenance, such as insect control and nutrient cycling, playing key roles as ecosystem engineers. Because of habitat loss and fragmentation, hunting pressure, and conflicts with domestic dogs, these species have been threatened locally, regionally, or even across their full distribution ranges. The Neotropics harbor 21 species of armadillos, 10 anteaters, and 6 sloths. Our data set includes the families Chlamyphoridae (13), Dasypodidae (7), Myrmecophagidae (3), Bradypodidae (4), and Megalonychidae (2). We have no occurrence data on Dasypus pilosus (Dasypodidae). Regarding Cyclopedidae, until recently, only one species was recognized, but new genetic studies have revealed that the group is represented by seven species. In this data paper, we compiled a total of 42,528 records of 31 species, represented by occurrence and quantitative data, totaling 24,847 unique georeferenced records. The geographic range is from the southern United States, Mexico, and Caribbean countries at the northern portion of the Neotropics, to the austral distribution in Argentina, Paraguay, Chile, and Uruguay. Regarding anteaters, Myrmecophaga tridactyla has the most records (n = 5,941), and Cyclopes sp. Have the fewest (n = 240). The armadillo species with the most data is Dasypus novemcinctus (n = 11,588), and the fewest data are recorded for Calyptophractus retusus (n = 33). With regard to sloth species, Bradypus variegatus has the most records (n = 962), and Bradypus pygmaeus has the fewest (n = 12). Our main objective with Neotropical Xenarthrans is to make occurrence and quantitative data available to facilitate more ecological research, particularly if we integrate the xenarthran data with other data sets of Neotropical Series that will become. Fil: Marques Santos, Paloma. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Instituto de Ciências Biológicas; Brasil Fil: Bocchiglieri, Adriana. Universidade Federal de Sergipe; Brasil Fil: Garcia Chiarello, Adriano. Universidade de Sao Paulo; Brasil Fil: Pereira Paglia, Adriano. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Instituto de Ciências Biológicas; Brasil Fil: Moreira, Adryelle. Amplo Engenharia e Gestão de Projetos ; Brasil Fil: Abba, Agustin Manuel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectores. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectores; Argentina Fil: Paviolo, Agustin Javier. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Instituto de Biología Subtropical; Argentina Fil: Gatica, Ailin. Universidad Nacional de San Luis; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - San Luis. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas de San Luis. Universidad Nacional de San Luis. Facultad de Ciencias Físico Matemáticas y Naturales. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas de San Luis; Argentina Fil: Ochoa, Ana Cecilia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - San Luis. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas de San Luis. Universidad Nacional de San Luis. Facultad de Ciencias Físico Matemáticas y Naturales. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas de San Luis; Argentina Fil: de Angelo, Carlos Daniel. Universidad Nacional de Rio Cuarto. Facultad de Cs.exactas Fisicoquimicas y Naturales. Instituto de Ciencias de la Tierra, Biodiversidad y Ambiente. - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas. Centro Cientifico Tecnologico Conicet - Cordoba. Instituto de Ciencias de la Tierra, Biodiversidad y Ambiente.; Argentina Fil: Tellaeche, Cintia Gisele. Universidad Nacional de Jujuy. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Centro de Estudios Ambientales Territoriales y Sociales; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Jujuy. Instituto de Ecorregiones Andinas. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Salta. Instituto de Ecorregiones Andinas; Argentina Fil: Varela, Diego Martin. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Puerto Iguazú | Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Puerto Iguazú; Argentina Fil: Vanderhoeven, Ezequiel Andres. Ministerio de Salud. Instituto Nacional de Medicina Tropical; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina Fil: Caruso, María Flavia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Administración de Parques Nacionales. Delegación Regional del Noroeste; Argentina Fil: Arrabal, Juan Pablo. Secretaria de Gobierno de Salud. Instituto Nacional de Medicina Tropical - Sede Puerto Iguazú Misiones; Argentina. Centro de Investigaciones del Bosque Atlántico; Argentina Fil: Iezzi, María Eugenia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Puerto Iguazú | Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Puerto Iguazú; Argentina Fil: Di Bitetti, Mario Santiago. Centro de Investigaciones del Bosque Atlántico; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Puerto Iguazú | Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Puerto Iguazú; Argentina Fil: Cruz, Paula Andrea. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Puerto Iguazú | Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Puerto Iguazú; Argentina. Centro de Investigaciones del Bosque Atlántico; Argentina Fil: Reppucci, Juan Ignacio. Administración de Parques Nacionales. Delegación Regional del Noroeste; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina Fil: Benito Santamaria, Silvia. Centro de Investigaciones del Bosque Atlántico; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Puerto Iguazú | Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Puerto Iguazú; Argentina Fil: Quiroga, Verónica Andrea. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto de Diversidad y Ecología Animal. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Instituto de Diversidad y Ecología Animal; Argentina Fil: Di Blanco, Yamil Edgardo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Puerto Iguazú | Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Puerto Iguazú; Argentina Fil: Marás, Gustavo Arnaldo. Administración de Parques Nacionales. Delegación Regional del Noroeste; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina Fil: Camino, Micaela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Centro de Ecología Aplicada del Litoral. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Centro de Ecología Aplicada del Litoral; Argentina Fil: Perovic, Pablo Gastón. Administración de Parques Nacionales. Delegación Regional del Noroeste; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina Fil: Martínez Pardo, Julia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Puerto Iguazú | Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Puerto Iguazú; Argentina Fil: Costa, Sebastián Andrés. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Puerto Iguazú | Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Puerto Iguazú; Argentina Fil: Pinheiro, Fabiana. Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; Brasil Fil: Volkmer de Castilho, Pedro. Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina; Brasil Fil: Bercê, William. Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho; Brasil Fil: Camara Assis, Julia. Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho. Faculdade de Engenharia.; Brasil Fil: Rodrigues Tonetti, Vinicius. Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho; Brasil Fil: Alves Eigenheer, Milene. Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho; Brasil Fil: Chinem, Simonne. Universidade de Sao Paulo; Brasil Fil: Honda, Laura K.. Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho; Brasil Fil: Bergallo, Helena de Godoy. Universidade do Estado de Rio do Janeiro; Brasil Fil: Alberici, Vinicius. Universidade de Sao Paulo; Brasil Fil: Wallace, Robert. Wildlife Conservation Society; Estados Unidos Fil: Ribeiro, Milton Cezar. Universidade de Sao Paulo; Brasil Fil: Galetti, Mauro. Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho; Brasil

The genus Potos (Procyonidae) is currently recognized as a monotypic genus comprising the single species Potos flavus, the kinkajou. Kinkajous are widely distributed throughout forested habitats of tropical Central and South America, extending from eastern Brazil across central Bolivia, eastern Peru, northern Ecuador, Guianas, Suriname, Venezuela, Colombia, and then through Central America and into western Mexico. The taxonomic history of the species is complex, with seven or eight subspecies historically recognized to acknowledge the phenotypic variation among populations. In this study, the systematics and the evolutionary history of Potos flavus were investigated based on the mitochondrial gene cytochrome b, including specimens from a large range of localities, covering most of the distribution of the species, from central Middle America (Costa Rica and Panama) through South America (Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil, Guyana, and French Guiana). Analyses of 30 Potos flavus sequences showed 27 haplotypes that were grouped in five main clades in all phylogenetic analyses. These clades suggested a high geographic structure with specimens from (1) Costa Rica, (2) Guianas and North Brazil, (3) North Peru, (4) Ecuador and Panama, (5a) interfluves Branco-Negro rivers in the Brazilian Amazon, (5b) Eastern Atlantic Forest, (5c) Amazonian lowlands east Negro river including Bolivia, Peru, and West Brazil. Each of these clades differs from 4.5 % to 9.3 % in their genetic distance estimates, which suggests that the specific status of some of these lineages should be reconsidered. Divergence dating and biogeographic analysis suggested that crown Potos diversified in the Miocene-Pliocene in South America, and geographic barriers, such as savannas and rivers, may have played a significant role in the kinkajou diversification.

Made available in DSpace on 2019-10-06T16:55:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2019-01-01 Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) Primates play an important role in ecosystem functioning and offer critical insights into human evolution, biology, behavior, and emerging infectious diseases. There are 26 primate species in the Atlantic Forests of South America, 19 of them endemic. We compiled a dataset of 5,472 georeferenced locations of 26 native and 1 introduced primate species, as hybrids in the genera Callithrix and Alouatta. The dataset includes 700 primate communities, 8,121 single species occurrences and 714 estimates of primate population sizes, covering most natural forest types of the tropical and subtropical Atlantic Forest of Brazil, Paraguay and Argentina and some other biomes. On average, primate communities of the Atlantic Forest harbor 2 ± 1 species (range = 1–6). However, about 40% of primate communities contain only one species. Alouatta guariba (N = 2,188 records) and Sapajus nigritus (N = 1,127) were the species with the most records. Callicebus barbarabrownae (N = 35), Leontopithecus caissara (N = 38), and Sapajus libidinosus (N = 41) were the species with the least records. Recorded primate densities varied from 0.004 individuals/km 2 (Alouatta guariba at Fragmento do Bugre, Paraná, Brazil) to 400 individuals/km 2 (Alouatta caraya in Santiago, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil). Our dataset reflects disparity between the numerous primate census conducted in the Atlantic Forest, in contrast to the scarcity of estimates of population sizes and densities. With these data, researchers can develop different macroecological and regional level studies, focusing on communities, populations, species co-occurrence and distribution patterns. Moreover, the data can also be used to assess the consequences of fragmentation, defaunation, and disease outbreaks on different ecological processes, such as trophic cascades, species invasion or extinction, and community dynamics. There are no copyright restrictions. Please cite this Data Paper when the data are used in publications. We also request that researchers and teachers inform us of how they are using the data. Departamento de Zoologia Instituto de Biociências Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), CP. 199 Instituto de Biología Subtropical (IBS) Universidad Nacional de Misiones (UNaM) - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), sede Iguazú, Bertoni 85 Asociación Civil Centro de Investigaciones del Bosque Atlántico (CeIBA) Secretaria da Saúde do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul Centro Estadual de Vigilância em Saúde Divisão de Vigilância Ambiental em Saúde. R., Domingos Crescêncio 132 Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Escola de Ciências, Av. Ipiranga, 6681 Pd. 12A Departamento de Ecologia Instituto de Biociências Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), CP. 199 Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro Programa de Pós-Graduação em Botânica Escola Nacional de Botânica Tropical Centro Brasileiro de Estudos em Ecologia de Estradas (CBEE) Universidade Federal de Lavras Mammal Ecology and Behavior Lab Department of Animal Biology Institute of Biology University of Campinas (UNICAMP) Núcleo em Ecologia e Desenvolvimento Socioambiental de Macaé (NUPEM) Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Campus Macaé, Av. São José do Barreto 764 Núcleo de Ciências Ambientais (NCA) Laboratório de Mapeamento e Análise da Paisagem (LabMAP) Universidade de Mogi das Cruzes (UMC) Núcleo de Estudos da Biodiversidade da Amazônia Meridional Instituto de Ciências Naturais Humanas e Sociais Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso (UFMT), Av. Alexandre Ferronato, 1200 Laboratório de Ecologia e Conservação Curso de Ciências Biológicas Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná (PUCPR), Rua Imaculada Conceição 1155 Casa da Floresta Ambiental SS, Av. Joaninha Morganti, Monte Alegre 289 Laboratório de Ecologia Aplicada à Conservação Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Km. 16 Rodovia Jorge Amado Caipora Cooperativa para a Conservação da Natureza Departamento de Biologia Faculdade de Filosofia Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Av. Bandeirantes 3900 Universidade do Estado de Minas Gerais (UEMG), Praça dos Estudantes, 23 Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Av. André Araújo, 2936 Petrópolis Laboratório de Evolução e Genética Animal Universidade Federal do Amazonas (UFAM), Av. Gal. Rodrigo Otávio J. Ramos 3000, Setor Sul, ICB 02, Sala 09 Laboratório de Ecologia e Conservação de Mamíferos Universidade Federal de Lavras Facultad de Ciencias Forestales Universidad Nacional de Misiones (UNaM) Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética Biodiversidade e Conservação Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia (UESB), Av. José Moreira Sobrinho, s/n Centro Nacional de Pesquisa e Conservação de Aves Silvestres (CEMAVE/ICMBIO), BR 230 - KM 10, Floresta Nacional da Restinga de Cabedelo Departamento de Zoologia Programa de Pós Graduação em Zoologia Instituto de Ciências Biológicas Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG) Instituto Itapoty: Desenvolvimento Humano e Conservação Ambiental, 18.690-000 Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde Universidade Federal de São Carlos(UFSCar) Departamento de Ciências Biológicas Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas (Biologia Animal) Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo (UFES), Av. Fernando Ferrari, 514, Goiabeiras Departamento de Ecologia e Zoologia Centro de Ciências Biológicas Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC) Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade (ICMBio), EQSW 103/104, Bloco C, Complexo Administrativo Departamento de Recursos Ambientais (DPRA) Divisão de Meio Ambiente (DVMA) Instituto de Tecnologia para o Desenvolvimento - Institutos Lactec, Rodovia BR-116, km 98, 8813, Jardim das Américas Laboratório de Ecologia Universidade Federal do Amapá (Unifap), Rod. JK, Km 2, Jardim Marco Zero Departamento de Ciências Agrárias Universidade Federal de São João del Rei (UFSJ), Campus Sete Lagoas, Rod. MG-424, km 48 Instituto de Bio y Geociencias del Noroeste Argentino (IBIGEO) CONICET Laboratório de Ecologia e Conservação de Biodiversidade Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia de Ecossistemas Universidade Vila Velha (UVV) R. Comissário José Dantas de Melo, 21, Boa Vista Centre for Virology Research Ribeirão Preto Medical School University of São Paulo (USP) Centro Universitário Norte do Espírito Santo (CEUNES) Programa de Pós-graduação em Biodiversidade Tropical Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo (UFES), Rodovia BR 101 Norte, km 60, Litorâneo R. Esmeralda, 43, CP142 Instituto de Pesquisas Ecológicas (IPÊ), CP 47 Centro de Biociências Departamento de Ecologia Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN) Instituto de Pesquisa e Conservação de Tamanduás no Brasil Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade e Uso de Recursos Naturais (PPG-BURN) Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros (UNIMONTES), CP. 126, Vila Mauricéia Departamento de Engenharia Florestal Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), Av. Purdue, s/n°, Campus Universitário, Edif. Reinaldo de Jesus Araújo Unidade Acadêmica Especial (UAE) de Ciências Biológicas Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG) Regional Jataí, Br364, km 192, n. 3800, Parque Industrial Parque Nacional Iguazú Administracion de Parques Nacionales de Argentina Departamento de Zoologia Setor de Ciências Biológicas Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), CP 19020, Jardim das Américas Laboratório de Biodiversidade de Mamíferos do Sul do Brasil Departamento de Biologia Universidade Estadual do Centro-Oeste do Paraná, Campus CEDETEG, R. Simeão Camargo Varela de Sá, 03, Vila Carli Department of Biological Sciences University of Alberta, 116 St. and 85 Ave Fundación de História Natural Félix de Azara Departamento de Ciências Faculdade de Formação de es Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ) Bicho do Mato Instituto de Pesquisa Departamento de Biologia Geral Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Av. Antonio Carlos Centre for Ecology Evolution and Conservation School of Environmental Sciences University of East Anglia Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA) Núcleo de Pesquisas de Roraima (NPRR), 69.301-150 Instituto Florestal, Rua do Horto 931 Amazonian Mammals Research Group (AMRG) Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA) Laboratório de Ecologia Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia, Av. José Moreira Sobrinho, s/n Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Evolução Universidade Federal de Goiás Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia (PNPD/CAPES) Universidade Estadual de Campinas Programa de Pós Graduação em Ciências Ambientais Universidade Estadual de Mato Grosso (UNEMAT), Av. Santos Dumont, s/n, Cidade Universitária (Bloco II) Instituto de Biociências Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS) Fundación Para La Tierra Centro IDEAL School of Biological Sciences University of Aberdeen Instituto SerraDiCal de Pesquisa e Conservação R. José Hemetério de Andrade, 570, 30.493-180 Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi Programa de Pós-graduação em Zoologia Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA) Faculdade Guairacá, R. XV de novembro, 7050, Centro, 85.010-000 Centro Nacional de Pesquisa e Conservação de Primatas Brasileiros (CPB), Praça Antenor Navarro, 5, Varadouro Centro Histórico Departamento de Ecologia Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Av. Marechal Rondon, s/n. Rosa Elze RUMO S.A Licenciamento Ambiental, Rua Emílio Bertolini, 100, Vila Oficinas Departamento de Zoologia Universidade Federal de Pernambuco Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas João Pessoa Universidade Federal da Paraíba Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Ambientais Universidade Federal de Alfenas Institut universitaire et technologique d'Avignon Université d'Avignon et des Pays du Vaucluse, 337 chemin des Meinajaries, BP 1207 Departamento de Zoologia Instituto de Biociências Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), CP. 199 Departamento de Ecologia Instituto de Biociências Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), CP. 199

Necromys lasiurus is a generalist rodent that is thought to be the main reservoir of the Araraquara hantavirus, which causes Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome, in the Brazilian Cerrado savanna. This species occurs naturally in the open habitats of the Cerrado, Pantanal and Caatinga biomes, where it often occurs at high densities, although the distribution of the species has recently been observed expanding into the Brazilian state of Rio de Janeiro. This study aimed to map the occurrence of N. lasiurus within the Atlantic Forest of Rio de Janeiro state and discuss the potential role of the species as a reservoir of the Araraquara hantavirus in these areas. The study was based on a comprehensive literature search and four expeditions for the collection of specimens in the state of Rio de Janeiro. The data were used to predict the distribution of N. lasiurus, confirm the distribution of the species in the state, and detect the rates of hantavirus infection in these rodents. Necromys lasiurus has been recorded at 16 localities in 10 municipalities of Rio de Janeiro state. The relative abundance of N. lasiurus was low at all localities, except for the REBIO Poco das Antas and APA-BRSJ, two protected areas. Necromys lasiurus was associated primarily with landscapes dominated by farmland (plantations or pasture) at relatively low altitudes in the vicinity of bodies of water. A total of 204 serum samples were collected, but none were reactive for hantavirus. The distribution of N. lasiurus is expanding into many areas of the anthropogenic matrix, but it is not usually either abundant or dominant in these areas. The relatively reduced abundance of N. lasiurus in Rio de Janeiro and the lack of infection in all the areas investigated indicate that it is unlikely to be a reservoir of hantavirus in this region in the near future.

El Programa de Postgrado en Ciencias del Ambiente y Conservacion (PPG-CiAC), creado en 2011, es el primer PPG de la Universidad Federal de Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ) fuera de la capital del estado. En los ultimos cinco anos, fueron defendidas mas de 50 tesis de maestria en el programa, que por lo general tuvieron como objeto de estudio los ecosistemas y la sociedad del norte del estado de Rio de Janeiro, una region que ha experimentado importantes cambios socioeconomicos en las ultimas decadas. En conjunto, la produccion del PPG-CiAC contribuye al aumento del conocimiento cientifico multi e interdisciplinario regional, basado en la integracion de las ciencias naturales y sociales. En este articulo se presenta un resumen de las principales contribuciones del PPG-CiAC centrado en la promocion del desarrollo sustentable de la region.

Roadkill is one of the main causes of wildlife loss worldwide (Fahrig and Rytwinski 2009). Since the 1950s, countries in North America and Europe have adopted large structures (e.g. wildlife passag...

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A new species of Cerradomys is described from the sandy plains of the northeastern littoral of Rio de Janeiro State and the southern littoral of Espirito Santo State, southeastern Brazil. Morphological and karyological characters were used to distinguish the new taxon from the 3 closest related species: C. subflavus, C. vivoi, and C. langguthi. Skull differences include the relatively larger general size, pronounced crests, broader rostrum, broader lacrimals, and wider sphenopalatine vacuities. Canonical variate analyses based on craniometric data showed that the new species has little overlap with C. subflavus, C. vivoi, and C. langguthi in multivariate space. The pelage of the new species has a unique, sparser, and thinner aspect. The diploid number of 54 chromosomes and the autosomal fundamental number of 66 arms (the highest among the 3 related species), added to the morphology of both sexual chromosomes, are diagnostic for the new species. The new taxon is restricted to a particular section of the Brazilian littoral covered by a mosaic of open vegetation locally named restingas, where it is one of the most abundant terrestrial mammals. In the restingas of this region this species is associated more with shrub patches than more forested physiognomies, being captured both on ground and on tree branches, especially of Clusia trees, suggesting a degree of arboreality. The recognition of this species adds further biogeographic uniqueness to the restingas of the northeastern littoral of Rio de Janeiro and southern littoral of Espirito Santo.

Measures of traits are the basis of functional biological diversity. Numerous works consider mean species-level measures of traits while ignoring individual variance within species. However, there is a large amount of variation within species and it is increasingly apparent that it is important to consider trait variation not only between species, but also within species. Mammals are an interesting group for investigating trait-based approaches because they play diverse and important ecological functions (e.g., pollination, seed dispersal, predation, grazing) that are correlated with functional traits. Here we compile a data set comprising morphological and life history information of 279 mammal species from 39,850 individuals of 388 populations ranging from −5.83 to −29.75 decimal degrees of latitude and −34.82 to −56.73 decimal degrees of longitude in the Atlantic forest of South America. We present trait information from 16,840 individuals of 181 species of non-volant mammals (Rodentia, Didelphimorphia, Carnivora, Primates, Cingulata, Artiodactyla, Pilosa, Lagomorpha, Perissodactyla) and from 23,010 individuals of 98 species of volant mammals (Chiroptera). The traits reported include body mass, age, sex, reproductive stage, as well as the geographic coordinates of sampling for all taxa. Moreover, we gathered information on forearm length for bats and body length and tail length for rodents and marsupials. No copyright restrictions are associated with the use of this data set. Please cite this data paper when the data are used in publications. We also request that researchers and teachers inform us of how they are using the data. Fil: Gonçalves, Fernando. Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho; Brasil Fil: Bovendorp, Ricardo S.. Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho; Brasil Fil: Beca, Gabrielle. Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho; Brasil Fil: Bello, Carolina. Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho; Brasil Fil: Costa Pereira, Raul. Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho; Brasil Fil: Muylaert, Renata L.. Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho; Brasil Fil: Rodarte, Raisa R.. Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho; Brasil Fil: Villar, Nacho. Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho; Brasil Fil: Souza, Rafael. Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho; Brasil Fil: Graipel, Maurício E.. Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina; Brasil Fil: Cherem, Jorge J.. Caipora Cooperativa, Florianopolis; Brasil Fil: Faria, Deborah. Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz; Brasil Fil: Baumgarten, Julio. Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz; Brasil Fil: Alvarez, Martín R.. Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz; Brasil Fil: Vieira, Emerson M.. Universidade do Brasília; Brasil Fil: Cáceres, Nilton. Universidade Federal de Santa María. Santa María; Brasil Fil: Pardini, Renata. Universidade de Sao Paulo; Brasil Fil: Leite, Yuri L. R.. Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo; Brasil Fil: Costa, Leonora Pires. Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo; Brasil Fil: Mello, Marco Aurelio Ribeiro. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; Brasil Fil: Fischer, Erich. Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul; Brasil Fil: Passos, Fernando C.. Universidade Federal do Paraná; Brasil Fil: Varzinczak, Luiz H.. Universidade Federal do Paraná; Brasil Fil: Prevedello, Jayme A.. Universidade do Estado de Rio do Janeiro; Brasil Fil: Cruz-Neto, Ariovaldo P.. Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho; Brasil Fil: Carvalho, Fernando. Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense; Brasil Fil: Reis Percequillo, Alexandre. Universidade de Sao Paulo; Brasil Fil: Paviolo, Agustin Javier. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Puerto Iguazú | Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Puerto Iguazú; Argentina Fil: Duarte, José M. B.. Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho; Brasil. Fundación Oswaldo Cruz; Brasil Fil: Bernard, Enrico. Universidade Federal de Pernambuco; Brasil Fil: Agostini, Ilaria. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Puerto Iguazú | Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Puerto Iguazú; Argentina Fil: Lamattina, Daniela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste; Argentina. Ministerio de Salud de la Nación; Argentina Fil: Vanderhoeven, Ezequiel Andres. Ministerio de Salud de la Nación; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste; Argentina

In order to assess the immunotherapeutic potential on canine visceral leishmaniasis of the Leishmune ® vaccine, formulated with an increased adjuvant concentration (1 mg of saponin rather than 0.5 mg), 24 mongrel dogs were infected with Leishmania (L.) chagasi. The enrichedLeishmune ® vaccine was injected on month 6, 7 and 8 after infection, when animals were seropositive and symptomatic. The control group were injected with a saline solution. Leishmune ® -treated dogs showed significantly higher levels of anti-FML IgG antibodies (ANOVA; p < 0.0001), a higher and stable IgG2 and a decreasing IgG1 response, pointing to a TH1 T cell mediated response. The vaccine had the following effects: it led to more positive delayed type hypersensitivity reactions against Leishmania lysate in vaccinated dogs (75%) than in controls (50%), to a decreased average of CD4+ Leishmania-specific lymphocytes in saline controls (32.13%) that fell outside the 95% confidence interval of the vaccinees (41.62%, CI95% 43.93–49.80) and an increased average of the clinical scores from the saline controls (17.83) that falls outside the 95% confidence interval for the Leishmune ® immunotherapy-treated dogs (15.75, CI95% 13.97–17.53). All dogs that received the vaccine were clustered, and showed lower clinical scores and normal CD4+ counts, whereas 42% of the untreated dogs showed very diminished CD4+ and higher clinical score. The increase in clinical signs of the saline treated group was correlated with an increase in anti-FML antibodies (p < 0.0001), the parasitological evidence (p = 0.038) and a decrease in Leishmania-specific CD4+ lymphocyte proportions (p = 0.035). These results confirm the immunotherapeutic potential of the enriched-Leishmune ® vaccine. The vaccine reduced the clinical symptoms and evidence of parasite, modulating the outcome of the infection and the dog’s potential infectiosity to phlebotomines. The enriched-Leishmune ® vaccine was subjected to a safety analysis and found to be well tolerated and safe.

The northern coast of the state of Rio de Janeiro harbors the largest coastal sandy plains (restingas) of southeastern Brazil, severely threatened due to recent human occupation. In this context, mammal inventories becomes urgent to support biodiversity conservation and management policies. This paper aims to update the knowledge on the mammalian species richness of Restinga de Jurubatiba National Park by analyzing pellets of the Barn owl Tyto furcata. The analyses of 4745 mammalian bone fragments (1739 individuals) revealed the occurrence of 17 species belonging to the orders Rodentia (9 spp.), Didelphimorphia (2 spp.) and Chiroptera (6 spp.). The rodents Mus musculus and Cerradomys goytaca accounted for 77.2% of the total individuals preyed, suggesting that the Barn owl hunts in both disturbed and natural open shrub formations. A compilation of previous records, together with those provided in the present study, indicates the occurrence of 44 species of mammals in the Restinga de Jurubatiba National Park, of which six (13.6%) were exclusively detected in pellets. These new records include species adapted to open formations of the interior of Brazil that were not previously reported in restingas on the basis of voucher-specimens, such as the rodents Necromys lasiurus and Calomys tener, the latter being recorded for the first time in the littoral of Rio de Janeiro state. This study underscores the importance of owl pellet analysis as a complementary and indispensable method for inventorying mammals. The results highlight the Restinga de Jurubatiba National Park as one of the restingas in Southeastern Brazil with the highest number of mammal species. O litoral norte do estado do Rio de Janeiro possui a maior planície deltaica recoberta por restingas do sudeste brasileiro, porém sob intensa ameaça devido è ocupação humana recente. Neste contexto, a realização de inventários torna-se urgente para fortalecer políticas de manejo e conservação ambiental. Esse trabalho teve como objetivo complementar inventários mastofaunísticos do Parque Nacional da Restinga de Jurubatiba através da utilização de pelotas da coruja suindara Tyto furcata. A análise de 4745 fragmentos ósseos de mamíferos (1739 indivíduos) revelou a ocorrência de 17 espécies pertencentes ès ordens Rodentia (9 spp.), Didelphimorphia (2 spp.) e Chiroptera (6 spp.). Os roedores Mus musculus e Cerradomys goytaca foram responsáveis por 77,2% do total de indivíduos predados, sugerindo que a suindara caça tanto em ambientes peridomiciliares perturbados como em formações naturais arbustivas da restinga. A compilação de registros anteriores com os fornecidos pelo presente estudo indica a ocorrência de 44 espécies de mamíferos no Parque Nacional da Restinga de Jurubatiba, dentre as quais seis (13.6%) foram exclusivamente detectadas em pelotas. Dentre estes novos registros, destaca-se a presença de espécies adaptadas a formações abertas do interior do Brasil que não tinham sua ocorrência documentada em restingas a partir de espécimes-testemunho, como os roedores Necromys lasiurus e Calomys tener, esta última registrada pela primeira vez no litoral do estado do Rio de Janeiro. Esse estudo corrobora a importância das análises de pelotas de coruja como método complementar e imprescindível em inventários de mamíferos, além de destacar o Parque Nacional da Restinga de Jurubatiba como uma das restingas mais ricas em espécies de mamíferos do sudeste brasileiro.

Summary On the basis of integrated analyses of karyologic, molecular and morphologic data of Wiedomys samples distributed throughout north-eastern Brazil, we suggest the existence of more than one evolutionary lineage within the genus and describe a new species apparently restricted to western Bahia state, in the Cerrado morphoclimatic domain. This new taxon differs from W. pyrrhorhinus by narrower incisive foramina, smaller molar rows, presence of an alisphenoid strut, and diploid number of 60 chromosomes. Phylogenetic analyses of cytochrome b sequences of this new species and samples of W. pyrrhorhinus from the Caatinga of Bahia state, depict the two taxa as reciprocally monophyletic clades separated by 14.7–15.6 % corrected genetic distance. This new species and W. pyrrhorhinus are allopatric, the former occurring in the Cerrado morphoclimatic domain and the latter endemic of the Brazilian semi arid Caatinga.

Rhagomys rufescens is one of the rarest species of the South American mammalian fauna. This scarcity has determined a lack of studies on the natural history and systematic relationships of this presumptive Atlantic forest endemic. Here we report on two recently collected specimens of Rhagomys rufescens, redescribing its morphology and discussing its phylogenetic relationships on the basis of Cytochrome b sequence data. Morphological comparisons with selected Atlantic forest species reveal that R. rufescens displays a remarkably divergent set of character states, such as a unique molar design with diagonally projected cusps and an extremely reduced first digit of hindfoot with a nail instead of a claw, resembling an additional plantar pad. These and other morphological features are suggestive of an arboreal habitus and, at least with respect to its molar morphology, a rather insectivorous diet. Molecular analysis did not allow unequivocal allocation of Rhagomys either to the oryzomyine or to the thomasomyine suprageneric assemblages, as a result of its high level of evolutionary divergence. Rhagomys seems to represent a rather divergent lineage with no clear relation to any extant sigmodontine tribe.

Species limits in the genus Oxymycterus have been controversial because of difficulties in detecting discrete morphological and cytogenetic variation. Several authors have considered many of the species described from Brazil to be conspecific with O. rufus, including O. dasytrichus described from Bahia. This tendency represents a null hypothesis for the species-level diversity within the genus. A recently proposed alternative hypothesis based on analyses of allopatric samples recognizes O. rufus and O. dasytrichus as valid species within rufus and dasytrichus species complexes, respectively. Two sympatric forms of Oxymycterus from Vicosa, Minas Gerais State, southeastern Brazil, are phenotypically similar to members of these 2 species-groups. Investigation on the status of these populations and their relationships to the rufus and dasytrichus complexes provided a test of the alternative hypothesis regarding diversity within the genus. Morphometric, morphological, and molecular (cytochrome-b DNA s...

Recent taxonomic studies on Neotropical mammals have benefited from the use of genetic data to unravel and recognize species diversity in a number of genera, including the Atlantic forest endemic genus Delomys. However, the success of this approach depends on ability to link genetically identified lineages to species names based on voucher specimens that lack genetic data. Cytogenetic studies in the Atlantic forest endemic rodent genus Delomys have revealed two widespread karyotypes, 2n=72/FN=90 and 2n=82/FN=80, which have been respectively ascribed to Delomys sublineatus (Thomas, 1903) and D. dorsalis (Hensel, 1872). More recently, a third karyotype, 2n=82/FN=86, reported from specimens collected on two montaintops in southeastern Brazil, was interpreted as evidence for a third species, D. collinus Thomas, 1917. This nominal form had originally been described as a subspecies of D. dorsalis from Itatiaia, one of the mountain ranges where the third karyotype was later detected. The detection of two sympatric karyotypes at the type locality of D. collinus in the Itatiaia mountain range, Southeastern Brazil, prompted a reevaluation of the association of karyomorphs and species names. In this paper, we assessed the congruence of molecular (cytochrome b), cytogenetic and morphological characters, to diagnose the species in the genus, including data from recently collected series and type specimens. Our results indicate that the genetic and morphological patterns are largely congruent with the recognition of three species, each of which is karyotypically and morphologically diagnosable. Our morphological analyses of sympatric samples from Itatiaia refute the former association of the 2n=82/FN=86 karyotype with the holotype of D. dorsalis collinus (which is more similar to D. dorsalis with 2n=82/FN=80). Instead, we recognize and describe a new species for the 2n=82/FN=86 populations from the highest altitudinal zones of the Itatiaia and Caparaó mountains. The geographical variation in D. dorsalis is also explored and the status of D. d. collinus is discussed in the light of the molecular and morphological evidence. Finally, we discuss biogeographic hypotheses concerning the disjunct distributions of D. dorsalis and the new species.

Northern South America presents a diverse array of nonforest or savanna-like ecosystems that are patchily distributed. The distribution of these open habitats has been quite dynamic during Quaternary glacial-interglacial cycles; yet, the relevance of climatically driven vicariance events to the diversification of nonforest Amazonian vertebrates remains poorly known. We analyzed karyologic and mitochondrial DNA sequence data of the genus Zygodontomys, a small cricetid rodent distributed throughout nonforest habitats of northern Amazonia. Samples analyzed represented 4 Brazilian Amazonian localities and 2 French Guiana localities. Karyologic variation among Amazonian Brazilian Zygodontomys populations is high, with, at least, 3 karyomorphotypes. Molecular phylogenetic analyses recovered 3 major clades congruent with known karyotypes, a finding that suggests the existence of 3 species, 2 of which currently undescribed. The French Guiana and Surumu clade, identified as Zygodontomys brevicauda microtinus, is characterized by 2n = 86 and is sister to the clade formed by the 2 nondescribed forms. The Rio Negro-Rio Branco form is characterized by 2n = 82, and the Ferreira Gomes-Itapoa form is characterized by 2n = 84. The distribution of the 3 Zygodontomys lineages identified is in accordance with the geography of the open vegetation patches in Northern Amazonia, and divergence time estimates relate speciation events to the middle-upper Pleistocene, supporting the prominent role of Quaternary climatically driven vicariance events in the diversification of the genus.

Recent taxonomic studies on Neotropical mammals have benefited from the use of genetic data to unravel and recognize species diversity in a number of genera, including the Atlantic forest endemic genus Delomys. However, the success of this approach depends on ability to link genetically identified lineages to species names based on voucher specimens that lack genetic data. Cytogenetic studies in the Atlantic forest endemic rodent genus Delomys have revealed two widespread karyotypes, 2n=72/FN=90 and 2n=82/FN=80, which have been respectively ascribed to Delomys sublineatus (Thomas, 1903) and D. dorsalis (Hensel, 1872). More recently, a third karyotype, 2n=82/FN=86, reported from specimens collected on two montaintops in southeastern Brazil, was interpreted as evidence for a third species, D. collinus Thomas, 1917. This nominal form had originally been described as a subspecies of D. dorsalis from Itatiaia, one of the mountain ranges where the third karyotype was later detected. The detection of two sympatric karyotypes at the type locality of D. collinus in the Itatiaia mountain range, Southeastern Brazil, prompted a reevaluation of the association of karyomorphs and species names. In this paper, we assessed the congruence of molecular (cytochrome b), cytogenetic and morphological characters, to diagnose the species in the genus, including data from recently collected series and type specimens. Our results indicate that the genetic and morphological patterns are largely congruent with the recognition of three species, each of which is karyotypically and morphologically diagnosable. Our morphological analyses of sympatric samples from Itatiaia refute the former association of the 2n=82/FN=86 karyotype with the holotype of D. dorsalis collinus (which is more similar to D. dorsalis with 2n=82/FN=80). Instead, we recognize and describe a new species for the 2n=82/FN=86 populations from the highest altitudinal zones of the Itatiaia and Caparao mountains. The geographical variation in D. dorsalis is also explored and the status of D. d. collinus is discussed in the light of the molecular and morphological evidence. Finally, we discuss biogeographic hypotheses concerning the disjunct distributions of D. dorsalis and the new species.

The Volta Grande Environmental Unity represents one of the few remnants of Cerrado protected by a reserve in the Triângulo Mineiro region, municipalities of Conceição das Alagoas (19°55' S, 48°23' W) and Miguelópolis (20°12' S, 48°03' W), in the states of Minas Gerais and São Paulo, respectively. The mammalian fauna of this reserve was inventoried between 2003 and 2004 to generate estimates about taxonomic composition, richness, and abundance of species. A sampling effort of 832 trapping-nights resulted in 24 species recorded. Cumulative curves suggest that the overall inventory is not complete and that more species are likely to be registered. The majority of species recorded is widespread along the Cerrado, but include some noteworthy records of endangered species, such as the Giant anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla) and the Manned wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus). The record of the arboreal cricetid rodent Oecomys bicolor represents a slight extension of the southeastern limit of its distribution.

CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior The evolutionary history of Akodontini is characterized by a successful radiation in South America. They are diverse in adaptive types and morphology, and are particularly rich in soricine insectivorous species. However, macroevolutionary and ecological patterns remain mostly unexplored in the group. We collected a comprehensive morphological dataset and hair samples of Akodontini species for functional, ecological and macroevolutionary analyses, and the results were compared between the four main lineages of Akodontini. Through a comparative morphological description, we show that cranial characteristics of Blarinomys breviceps reflect its fossorial habits and insectivorous diet. We provided new isotopic data for 47 species of Akodontini rodents, representing the first ecological information of this kind for some of them. The stable isotopes dataset was analyzed from a macroecological perspective, and gave insights about the trophic niche diversity inside the group. The distribution of some species on the bivariate isospace corroborated stomach content data from the literature, and the clades whitin the tribe occupy the bi-plot in a similar way, although differing in trophic diversity. When analysing the influence of diet on morphology, we found that functional traits of the jaw reflect feeding ecology in akodontine rodents. While herbivorous species present higher mechanical advantages and bite forces to process plant material, insectivorous species favour speed over strength of the jaw apparatus, more useful for catching live prey. The oldest lineage within the tribe is also the most diverse in ecology and cranial morphology. Although not taxonomically rich, it comprises a set of species that appear to have acquired a specialized morphology corresponding, in part, to different feeding habits. In general, historical contingency seems to have more influence on the patterns of disparity in size and shape in Akodontini, with feeding ecology having a secondary role. We found evidence for a pattern of convergent evolution in four Akodontini lineages, which present a similar skull shape apparently in response to specialization to an insectivorous diet. A história evolutiva da tribo Akodontini é caracterizada por uma radiação bem-sucedida na América do Sul. Eles são diversos em morfologia e tipos adaptativos, e particularmente ricos em espécies insetívoras. No entanto, os padrões macroevolutivos e ecológicos permanecem quase inexplorados no grupo. Coletamos um conjunto de dados morfológicos abrangentes e amostras de pelo de espécies de Akodontini para análises funcionais, ecológicas e macroevolutivas, e os resultados foram comparados entre as quatro linhagens principais de Akodontini. Através de uma descrição morfológica comparativa, mostramos que as características cranianas de Blarinomys breviceps refletem seus hábitos fossoriais e dieta insetívora. Fornecemos novos dados isotípicos para 47 espécies de roedores Akodontini, representando a primeira informação ecológica desse tipo para algumas delas. O conjunto de dados de isótopos estáveis foi analisado através de uma perspectiva macroecológica, fornecendo informações sobre a diversidade de nichos tróficos dentro do grupo. A distribuição de algumas espécies no espaço de nicho trófico corroborou os dados de conteúdo estomacal da literatura, e observou-se que os clados na tribo ocupam o espaço de nicho trófico de maneira semelhante, embora diferindo na sua diversidade trófica. Ao analisar a influência da dieta na morfologia, descobrimos que os traços funcionais da mandíbula refletem a ecologia alimentar dos roedores Akodontini. Enquanto as espécies herbívoras apresentam maiores vantagens mecânicas e forças de mordida para processar o material vegetal, as espécies insetívoras favorecem a velocidade sobre a força do aparelho mandibular, mais útil para capturar presas vivas. A linhagem mais antiga da tribo também é a mais diversa em ecologia e morfologia craniana, e compreende um conjunto de espécies que parecem ter adquirido uma morfologia especializada que corresponde, em parte, a diferentes hábitos alimentares. Em geral, a contingência histórica parece ter mais influência nos padrões de disparidade em tamanho e forma em Akodontini, com a ecologia alimentar tendo um papel secundário. Encontramos evidências de um padrão de evolução convergente em quatro linhagens de Akodontini, que apresentam uma forma semelhante do crânio, aparentemente em resposta à especialização à insetivoria.

An interdisciplinary approach integrating micro and macroevolution, genomic, morphometric and morphological variation, systematics, quantitative genetics, and biogeography was employed to investigate the evolutionary history of the genus Holochilus (Rodentia: Sigmodontinae). Holochilus presents poorly defined species, with nomenclatural problems and phylogenetic relationships on species level unknown. The current species number possibly does not reflect its real diversity, and no work combining genetic and morphometric evidences from all its geographic range was performed. This genus belongs to the tribe Oryzomyini, and along with other 14 genera constitute the Oryzomyini clade D, the most comprehensive generic diversity of the tribe, occupying distinct environments. The internal phylogenetic relationship within this clade is still unclear and variable. Due to its broad geographic distribution, Holochilus also represents a key piece on the study of the evolution of oryzomines of open formations of South America. Based on a comprehensive sampling, I analyzed patterns of morphometric and genomic variation within Holochilus, in order to delimit the species belonging to this genus, as well as access the phylogenetic relationship between these lineages. I investigated the sexual and ontogenetic variation in this group, comparing natural and captive populations, seeking for understand the effect of the environmental differences in the pattern of variation and ontogenetic trajectories (Chapter 1). I also evaluated and compared the genomic variation among three species of Holochilus to verify the influence of the biomes and the climatic changes in the genomic signatures (Chapter 2). I applied a model-based approach to delimit species (Chapter 3). And finally, additional investigations were made to propose the phylogenetic relationship between members of clade D, and provide date intervals for the main diversifications events, as well as the possible process responsible for the biogeographic pattern current observed related with the forest and open areas occupation (Chapter 4). Sexual dimorphism exhibited small degree of variation among populations. The greater ontogenetic variation is found in the younger age classes, but oldest individuals also show larger degree of differentiation. There are also great differences in the ontogenetic trajectories among samples, where individuals from the captive population exhibited the lower degree of variation between all age classes. The quantitative genetic analysis showed that genomic differences are observed across the taxa, and it was associated with geography. Ecological niche models revealed that biomes with larger areas of stability also presented more genomic structure, suggesting that historical dimension impacted population isolation/connectivity. Results also shows that biomes not only differ geographically and environmentally (based on past climatic conditions), but also show significant association between the environmental space and the genetic variation that is not related with geography. Eight independent lineages within Holochilus were recovered, and the phylogenetic arrangement partially corroborates previous studies. Finally, the phylogeny proposed for the clade D presented some differences in comparisons with other previously reported, and suggest that most of the cladogenetic events happened during the Pleistocene, being the expansion of open environments an important driver of diversification in this group. Uma abordagem interdisciplinar integrando micro e macroevolução, variação genômica, morfométrica e morfológica, sistemática, genética quantitativa e biogeografia foi empregada para investigar a história evolutiva do gênero Holochilus (Rodentia: Sigmodontinae). O gênero Holochilus apresenta espécies mal definidas, com problemas nomenclaturais e relações desconhecida. O número atual de espécies possivelmente não reflete a sua diversidade real e, até o momento, não foi realizado nenhum trabalho combinando evidências genéticas e morfométricas englobando toda a distribuição geográfica desse grupo. Este gênero pertence à tribo Oryzomyini, e juntamente com outros 14 gêneros (a diversidade genérica mais abrangente da tribo) formam o clado D. A relação filogenética interna dentro deste clado ainda é variável. Devido à sua ampla distribuição geográfica, Holochilus também representa uma peça chave no estudo da evolução dos oryzomíneos de formações abertas da América do Sul. Com base em uma amostragem abrangente, analisei padrões de variação morfométrica e genômica dentro de Holochilus, a fim de delimitar as espécies pertencentes a este gênero, bem como acessar a relação filogenética entre essas linhagens. Investiguei a variação sexual e ontogenética deste grupo, comparando populações naturais e de cativeiro, buscando entender o efeito das diferenças ambientais no padrão de variação e nas trajetórias ontogenéticas (Capítulo 1). Eu também avaliei e comparei a variação genômica entre três espécies de Holochilus a fim de verificar a influência dos biomas e das mudanças climáticas nas assinaturas genômicas das espécies (Capítulo 2). Em seguida eu apliquei uma abordagem baseada em modelos para delimitar as espécies (Capítulo 3). Finalmente, investigações adicionais foram realizadas para propor as relações filogenéticas entre os membros do clade D, fornecendo datas para os principais eventos de diversificação, e inferências sobre possíveis processos responsáveis pelo padrão biogeográfico atual, relacionado os mesmos com a ocupação florestal e áreas abertas (Capítulo 4). O dimorfismo sexual apresentou pequeno grau de variação entre as populações. A maior variação ontogenética é encontrada nas classes etárias mais jovens e mais velhas. Há também grandes diferenças nas trajetórias ontogenéticas entre as amostras, onde indivíduos da população cativeiro exibiram o menor grau de variação entre todas as classes etárias. A análise genética quantitativa mostrou que diferenças genômicas são observadas em todos os táxons e essa diferença está associada à geografia. Modelos de nichos ecológicos revelaram que os biomas com maiores áreas de estabilidade também apresentaram maior estruturação genômica, sugerindo que uma dimensão histórica impactou o isolamento/conectividade entre as populações. Os resultados também mostram que os biomas não só diferem geograficamente e ambientalmente (baseado em condições climáticas passadas), mas também mostram associação significativa entre o espaço ambiental e a variação genética que não está relacionada com a geografia. Adicionalmente, foi recuperado oito linhagens independentes dentro de Holochilus, e o arranjo filogenético parcialmente corrobora estudos anteriores. Finalmente, a filogenia proposta para o clado D apresentou algumas diferenças em comparação com outros estudos, e sugeriu que a maioria dos eventos cladogenéticos ocorreram durante o Pleistoceno, sendo a expansão dos ambientes abertos um importante motor de diversificação neste grupo.

Hylaeamys yunganus, é um roedor da tribo Oryzomyini que apresenta amostras distribuídas ao longo das florestas tropicais da Amazônia e ocupa um amplo gradiente altitudinal, que se estende do nível do mar até altitudes ao redor de 2000m. Informações disponíveis na literatura sugerem que as populações de H. yunganus da Venezuela, Colômbia, Equador, Peru e oeste do Brasil apresentam grande tamanho corpóreo, enquanto que é característico das populações da Guiana Francesa, Guyana, Suriname e ao longo da região leste da Bacia Amazônica, um tamanho menor. Dentro deste contexto, considerando novas amostras disponíveis e novas abordagens metodológicas (morfológicas quantitativas e moleculares), o presente estudo buscou avaliar as diferenças entre as populações do leste e oeste de H. yunganus. Além disso, buscou verificar a existência de similaridade morfológica entre as populações da Amazônia oriental e da Amazônia ocidental com populações simpátricas de H. megacephalus e H. perenensis, respectivamente. Localidades geográficas próximas foram agrupadas com o propósito de obter amostras mais robustas para as análises estatísticas. As análises morfométricas e morfológicas foram conduzidas em indivíduos adultos de acordo com o desgaste dos molares e de ambos os sexos. Os caracteres morfométricos consistiram em 17 crânio-dentárias. As normalidades foram testadas uni e multivariadamente utilizando os testes de Kolmogorov- Smirnov e Kurtose de Mardia, respectivamente. As análises de variação geográfica basearam-se em diagramas Dice-Leraas, Análises de Componentes Principais e Análises Discriminantes. Utilizando um fragmento de 414 pb do gene mitocondrial do citocromo b foram realizadas árvores filogenéticas pelos métodos de Neighbour-Joining e Bayesiana. Foi também conduzida uma análise da rede de haplótipos para reconhecer os agrupamentos dos haplótipos na espécie. Ao longo da distribuição da espécie foram encontrados padrões de divergência baseados em dados morfológicos (nas análises uni e multivariadas). As populações do leste são menores em diversas dimensões cranianas que os indivíduos da porção oeste da distribuição. As análises moleculares revelam uma congruência parcial com as análises morfológicas: os indivíduos da porção oeste são mais próximos entre si e formam um clado divergente dos indivíduos do leste. A diferença existente é que o clado leste, tem a presença de espécimes de Potaro e Barima-Waini (Guiana), localidades que apresentam diferenças morfológicas tanto com o grupo leste como oeste, dependendo da análise estatística. Concluiu-se que existe variação geográfica em H. yunganus ao longo da distribuição na Amazônia, porém de forma gradual e não abrupta, entre as populações do leste e do oeste da Amazônia. Hylaeamys yunganus is a rodent of the Oryzomyini tribe presenting samples distributed through the Amazon rainforests and occupies a wide altitudinal gradient, which extends from sea level up to ca. 2,000m. Information available in the literature suggests that populations of H. yunganus from Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and western Brazil have large body size, whereas populations from French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname and the eastern Amazon Basin have a smaller size. Within this context, considering new samples available and new methodological approaches (quantitative morphological and molecular), this study evaluated the differences between the eastern and western populations of H. yunganus. In addition, investigates the existence of morphological similarity between the populations of the eastern Amazon and the western Amazon with sympatric populations of H. megacephalus and H. perenensis, respectively. Close geographic locations were grouped in order to obtain samples for more robust statistical analysis. The morphometric and morphological analysis were conducted in adults according to the molar wear in both sexes. The morphometric characters consisted of 17 cranio-dental measurements. The normality was tested using univariate and multivariate tests of Kolmogorov- Smirnov and Mardi kurtosis, respectively. Geographic variation analysis was based on Dice- Leraas diagrams, Principal Components Analysis and Discriminant Analysis. Using a fragment of 414 bp of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene were performed phylogenetic trees by the Neighbour-Joining and Bayesian methods. It was also conducted a haplotype network analysis in order to recognize groups of haplotypes in the species. Through the species distribuition divergent patterns were found in morphology (uni and multivariate analyses). The eastern populations presented smaller cranial dimentions than the western ones. The molecular analyses revealed partial congruence with this pattern. The western samples are close to each other forming a separated group from the eastern samples. The eastern clade has samples from Potaro and Barima-Waini (Guyana) that present mophological differences with the eastern group as well as with the western one, depending on the statistical analysis. In short, H. yunganus presents geographical variation through its distribution in a gradual pattern between the eastern and the western Amazon.

A Floresta Atlântica comparada a outros biomas brasileiros é proporcionalmente o mais diverso em espécies de mamíferos e com a maior taxa de endemismo. Dentre todos os mamíferos do Bioma, os pequenos não voadores constituem o grupo mais diversificado, representando acima de um terço da diversidade total, com cerca de 105 espécies. Contudo, ainda estamos longe da compreensão ideal de diversos aspectos que acercam a delimitação de grande parte destas espécies, como a amplitude da variação morfológica, suas relações filogenéticas e suas características biogeográficas. Em parte, isto se deve a falta de estudos que integram estas questões, por exemplo, através da descrição detalhada de faunas locais, como tem ocorrido para a região Amazônica. Neste contexto, o presente estudo teve por objetivo reconhecer a fauna de pequenos mamíferos não voadores da Estação Ecológica de Bananal (EEB), região nordeste do Estado de São Paulo, e apresentá-la através de uma lista comentada; além de discutir alguns aspectos biogeográficos do grupo no Bioma. Para isto foram examinados cerca de 550 espécimes colecionados nos anos de 2003, 2004 e 2011 na EEB e depositados no Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo (MZUSP); foram examinados ainda, para fins comparativos, espécimes provenientes de outras localidades da Floresta Atlântica e depositados em coleções científicas do Brasil e do exterior. Os espécimes foram analisados sob aspectos morfológicos, através de analises qualitativas e quantitativas de morfologia externa e crânio-dentária, e moleculares, através do sequenciamento do gene mitocondrial do citocromo b. Compõem a lista comentada de pequenos mamíferos não voadores da EEB um total de 31 espécies, sendo seis marsupiais didelfídeos, 22 roedores sigmodontíneos e três roedores equimídeos. Para estes, são apresentadas informações padronizadas, como localidade tipo; distribuição geográfica atualizada; identificação, com informações de variação morfológica; comentários taxonômicos; posicionamento filogenético; e observações de campo. A EEB destaca-se como uma das localidades mais ricas da Floresta Atlântica, sendo local de ocorrência de algumas das mais raras espécies de pequenos mamíferos não voadores do Bioma, como: Drymoreomys albimaculatus, Rhagomys rufescens e Phaenomys ferrugineus. Uma análise de similaridade entre localidades da Floresta Atlântica, baseada na riqueza de espécies do grupo em questão, demostrou que o mesmo pode ser dividido em cinco regiões faunísticas distintas. Neste cenário, a EEB foi inserida na região \"Sudeste-serrana\", apresentando alta similaridade com a R.F do Morro Grande e com o P.E. Intervales. Filogeograficamente, as espécies da EEB apresentam diferentes níveis de estruturação e, em geral, exibem uma maior proximidade aos espécimes provenientes de localidades entre o sul de São Paulo e o sul da Bahia. Com este estudo, comprova-se a importância da região sudeste da Floresta Atlântica em termos de diversidade e ocorrência de espécies raras; demostrou-se que o as espécies de pequenos mamíferos não estão homogeneamente distribuídas no Bioma, existindo consistentes regionalizações; e corroborou-se a relevância da região sudeste, nos processos de diversificação das espécies. Compared to other Brazilian biomes, the Atlantic Forest is proportionally the most diverse in species of mammals, exhibiting the highest rate of endemism. Among all Atlantic Forest mammals, the nonvolant small mammals are the most diversified group and represents more than a third of total richness, with nearly 105 species. However, we are still far from understanding many aspects involved on the delimitation of most species, such as the magnitude of morphological variation, phylogenetic relationships and biogeographic history. This is a consequence of the lack of studies integrating these issues, for instance, through detailed description of local faunas, as has been occurred in the Amazon region in the last few years. In this context, the main objective here was to inventory the nonvolant small mammals fauna of Estação Ecológica de Bananal (EEB), northeast of São Paulo State, and present it in a detailed and commented list; I also aimed to discuss some biogeographic aspects of the group in Atlantic Forest. I analyzed about 550 specimens collected in the years 2003, 2004 and 2011 and deposited in the Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo (MZUSP); as well as specimens from others localities in Atlantic Forest and deposited in scientific collections in Brazil and abroad, to compare with EEB specimens. The specimens were analyzed through morphological features, such as qualitative and quantitative analysis of external and cranial morphology, and through molecular traits, with mitochondrial cytochrome b gene sequencing. The EEB nonvolant small mammals list comprised 31 species, among them six didelphid marsupials, 22 sigmodontine rodents and three echimyid rodents. For all species, I present the following itens: type locality; geographic distribution; identification, with information about morphological variation; taxonomic remarks; phylogenetic relationships; and field observations. The EEB stands out as one of the richest localities in the Atlantic Forest, where occur some of the rarest species of nonvolant small mammals of the Atlantic forest Biome, such as Drymoreomys albimaculatus, Rhagomys rufescens and Phaenomys ferrugineus. A cluster analysis between Atlantic Forest localities, based on species richness (species presence or absence), showed us that the Biome can be divided in five distinctive faunal regions. The EEB was placed in a region named \"Sudesteserrana\", displaying high similarity with R.F. do Morro Grande and P.E. Intervales. Regarding the phylogeography approach, EEB species exhibited different levels of structure, exhibiting greater genetic proximity to specimens from localities across south of São Paulo and southern Bahia. As the main conclusion, this study demonstrated the importance of the southeastern Atlantic Forest in terms of diversity and occurrence of rare species; it also showed that species of nonvolant small mammals are not homogeneously distributed in the Biome, as a consequence of the consistent regionalization found across them; and it corroborated the relevance of the southeastern portion of Biome in the species diversification process.