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The cultivation of apple tree is highly dependent on meteorological variables, especially temperature. The link between accumulation of degree-days (DD) and accumulation of chilling hours (CH) are determinant to field success, in the context of climate change. The objective of this study was to quantify the accumulation of DD necessary during the reproductive phenological stages for cultivar IAPAR 75 Eva, considering the accumulation of CH during the period of dormancy. The study was carried out at the Experimental Station from the Rural Development Institute of Paraná IAPAR-EMATER, in the municipality of Palmas, Paraná State, Brazil. The evaluations were from 2013 to 2019, showing for each three days, the phenological phases and the value of DD and CH. The results were submitted the simple and multiple correlation by the R® software. We verified the influence of the increase in temperature on the cycle acceleration, in addition, it was verified a tendency of less requirement for DD to advance the cultivar cycle. Were verified the value of chilling hours as 281, 156, 84, 326, 96, 76 and 11 hours of chill, respectively, and the consequent accumulation of DD to breaking dormancy was appointed as 1093, 1156, 1574, 1157, 1834, 1096 and 1838 DD, respectively. We concluded that CH causes impact in DD accumulation to development of apple tree. Higher temperatures accelerate the apple tree development. With the information of CH accumulation in dormancy, it is possible estimate the quantity of DD to develop the phenological phases. This information contributes to agricultural planning for cultivar Eva farmers

REMOTE SENSING ALLOWS TO ESTIMATE WATER STRESS AND YIELD LOSSES OF BEAN CULTIVARS DANIEL SOARES ALVES1; PABLO RICARDO NITSCHE1; VANIA MODA CIRINO2; MARIA BRIGIDA DOS SANTOS SCHOLZ1; JOSÉ DOS SANTOS NETO2 E PAULO HENRIQUE CARAMORI1 1 Área de Agrometeorologia, Ecofisiologia e Tecnologia de Alimentos, Instituto de Desenvolvimento Rural do Paraná IAPAR – EMATER, Rod. Celso Garcia Cid, 375, Conjunto Ernani Moura Lima II, 86.047 – 902, Londrina, Paraná, Brasil. danielsoares@idr.pr.gov.br; pablo.nitsche@idr.pr.gov.br; mbscholz@iapar.br; pcaramori@gmail.com 2 Área de Melhoramento e Propagação Vegetal, Instituto de Desenvolvimento Rural do Paraná IAPAR – EMATER, Rod. Celso Garcia Cid, 375, Conjunto Ernani Moura Lima II, 86.047 – 902, Londrina, Paraná, Brasil. vamoci@idr.pr.gov.br ; js.neto@idr.pr.gov.br 1 ABSTRACT Reflectance measurements can indicate the physiological quality of plants and contribute to the correct differentiation of cultivars. Here, we studied the spectral responses at wavelengths of 410–810 nm of four common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) cultivars subjected to water stress in the flowering stage at the Rural Development Institute of Paraná in Londrina, in the state of Paraná, Brazil. The reflectance values presented differences among the water regimes treatments at the wavelengths studied. For plants without water stress, it was possible to distinguish between IPR Andorinha and IPR Colibri cultivars using wavelengths of 460 and 760 nm, respectively. With a wavelength of 810 nm, there was a differentiation among IPR Andorinha (reflectance of 25.13%), IAC Imperador (23.51%), and IPR Colibri (21.92%) cultivars; however, the latter was not significantly different from the IPR Curió (22.26%) cultivar. The highest correlations with yield (R2 > 0.90) occurred at wavelengths of 460, 510, 560, 610, and 710 nm. The water treatments increased the protein content only for IPR Andorinha cultivars. It is concluded that the spectral response correlates with productivity and makes it possible to identify the water status of bean cultivars. This demonstrates that remote sensing techniques can be used to identify water stress in this crop. Keywords: irrigation, Phaseolus vulgaris, reflectance, drought. ALVES, D. S.; NITSCHE, P. R.; CIRINO, V. M; SCHOLZ, M. B. S; NETO, J. D. S; CARAMORI, P. H. SENSORIAMENTO REMOTO PERMITE ESTIMAR O DÉFICIT HÍDRICO E PERDAS DE RENDIMENTO EM CULTIVARES DE FEIJÃO 2 RESUMO Medidas de reflectância podem indicar a qualidade fisiológica das plantas e contribuir para a correta diferenciação de cultivares. Estudou-se a resposta espectral, nos comprimentos de onda (λ) de 410 a 810 nm, em quatro cultivares de feijão (Phaseolus vulgaris) submetidas ao déficit hídrico no florescimento, no Instituto de Desenvolvimento Rural do Paraná, em Londrina – PR. A reflectância foi distinta entre os regimes hídricos em todos os comprimentos de onda (λ). Nos tratamentos sem déficit hídrico foi possível diferenciar as cultivares IPR Andorinha e IPR Colibri com λ de 460 nm e 760 nm, respectivamente. Com λ de 810 nm, houve diferenciação entre as cultivares IPR Andorinha (reflectância de 25,13%), IAC Imperador (23,51%) e IPR Colibri (21,92%), esta última sem diferença significativa com a cultivar IPR Curió (22,26%). As maiores correlações com a produtividade (R2 > 0,90) ocorreram com λ de 460, 510, 560, 610 e 710nm. Os tratamentos hídricos promoveram aumento no teor de proteína apenas para a cultivar IPR Andorinha. Conclui-se que a resposta espectral se correlaciona com a produtividade e possibilita identificar o status hídrico de cultivares de feijão. Isto permite o uso das técnicas de sensoriamento remoto como ferramenta auxiliar na identificação de estresse hídrico na cultura. Palavras-chave: irrigação, Phaseolus vulgaris, reflectância, seca.

Mango cultivation is one of the key economic agricultural activities of fruit in Brazil. In Southern Brazil, mango presents vulnerability thanks to its frost sensitivity, indicating the relevance of climate studies to improve the production and agricultural techniques, in the context of sustainable agriculture and climate change. Agroclimatic zoning should be one of the first information to be considered when starting its cultivation. The objective of this study is to carry out climatic risk zoning for mango tree (Mangifera indica) in the basin of Parana River III, Brazil. Meteorological data from 43 stations, from 1976 to 2018, were used. The climatic risk analysis was based on the requirements of the mango for precipitation, water balance, average annual temperature, and frost tolerance. The occurrence of frosts is the key restrict factor for production in the area of study. This meteorological factor restricted mango cultivation in the central-eastern portion of the basin. In other areas, the risk is present but the mango cultivation is recommended. Key words: Climate aptitude, climate variability, agricultural planning.

ASPECTOS ESPACIAIS DA EVAPOTRANSPIRAÇÃO COM O FOCO NO DIMENSIONAMENTO DE SISTEMAS DE IRRIGAÇÃO JEFFERSON VIEIRA JOSÉ1; LUCAS DA COSTA SANTOS2; DANIEL SOARES ALVES3; PABLO RICARDO NITSCHE4; MARCOS VINICIUS FOLEGATTI5 E WAGNER WOLFF6 1Centro multidisciplinar, UFAC, Campus Floresta, Rua Estrada da Canela Fina, KM 12 Gleba Formoso - São Francisco, CEP: 69895-000, Cruzeiro do Sul – AC, Brasil, e-email: jfvieira@hotmail.com.br 2Departamento de Agronomia, UFVJM, Campus JK - Rodovia MGT 367, Km 583, nº5000 - Bairro Alto da Jacuba, CEP: 39100-000 – Diamantina – MG, Brasil, e-email: lucas.santos@ufvjm.edu.br 3Departamento de Agrometeorologia. Instituição: Instituto Agronômico do Paraná - IAPAR. Endereço: Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, km375, Bairro Ernani Moura Lima II, CEP: 86047-90, Londrina - PR, Brasil, e-mail: danielsoares@iapar.br 4Departamento de Agrometeorologia. Instituição: Instituto Agronômico do Paraná - IAPAR. Endereço: Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, km375, Bairro Ernani Moura Lima II, CEP: 86047-90, Londrina - PR, Brasil, e-mail: pablo@iapar.br 5Departamento de Engenharia de Biossistemas, USP, ESALQ, Avenida Pádua Dias, 11, Bairro Agronomia, CEP: 13418-900, Piracicaba – SP, Brasil, e-mail: mvfolega@usp.br 6Departamento de Engenharia de Biossistemas, USP, ESALQ, Avenida Pádua Dias, 11, Bairro: Agronomia, CEP: 13418-900, Piracicaba – SP, Brasil, e-mail: wwolf@usp.br 1 RESUMO Aspectos espaciais do consumo hídrico das culturas, com o foco no dimensionamento de sistemas de irrigação, é imprescindível para a racionalização do uso da água. Este trabalho objetivou analisar a distribuição de frequência da evapotranspiração de referência acumulada (EToac) no estado do Paraná por meio da espacialização dos parâmetros da distribuição de probabilidade, visando o dimensionamento de sistemas de irrigação. Dados diários de elementos meteorológicos (temperatura máxima, mínima e média; umidade relativa média; radiação solar global; insolação; velocidade do vento), entre os anos de 1980 a 2010, de 33 estações meteorológicas no estado do Paraná, foram utilizados na estimativa da evapotranspiração de referência (ETo) pelo método de Penman-Monteith. A ETo foi acumulada em períodos consecutivos de 5, 10, 20 e 30 dias e os seus valores máximos anuais foram avaliados e ajustados a nove distribuições de probabilidade (Log-normal, Weibull, Gamma, Cauchy, Normal, Logística, Birnbaum-Saunders, Gumbel e Gumbel-II). A distribuição de probabilidade de Gumbel II, verificada pelo Critério de Informação de Akaike, foi escolhida na geração de valores de EToac, nos diferentes níveis de probabilidade, por meio de mapas da distribuição dos parâmetros a e b para representar o estado do Paraná. Keywords: Eventos extremos; geoestatística; Penman-Monteith; Paraná JOSÉ, J. J.; SANTOS, L. C.; ALVES, S. S.; NITSCHE, P. R.; FOLEGATTI, M. V.; WOLFF, W. SPATIAL ASPECTS OF EVAPOTRANSPIRATION WITH FOCUS ON THE DESIGN OF IRRIGATION SYSTEMS 2 ABSTRACT Spatial aspects of crop water consumption with focus on the design of irrigation systems is essential for rationalization of water use. This work aimed to analyze the frequency distribution of cumulative reference evapotranspiration (EToac) in the State of Paraná by means of spatialization of parameters of the probability distribution, aiming at the design of irrigation systems. Daily data of meteorological elements (maximum, minimum and average temperature, mean relative humidity, global solar radiation, insolation and wind speed) between the years of 1980 and 2010 of 33 meteorological stations in the State of Paraná were used to estimate evapotranspiration of (ETo) by the Penman-Monteith method. The ETo was accumulated in consecutive periods of 5, 10, 20 and 30 days and its annual maximum values were evaluated and adjusted to nine probability distributions (Log-normal, Weibull, Gamma, Cauchy, Normal, Logistics, Birnbaum-Saunders, Gumbel and Gumbel-II), the probability distribution of Gumbel II, verified by the Akaike Information Criterion, was chosen in the generation of EToac values, at the different levels of probability, by means of maps of distribution of the parameters a and b to represent the State of Paraná. Keywords: Extreme events, Gumbel, Geostatistics, Penman-Monteith, Parana

O Instituto Agronômico do Paraná (IAPAR) foi fundado em 1972 com a missão de gerar pesquisas e tecnologias para a agropecuária paranaense. Após a geada devastadora de julho de 1975, o Governo do Paraná incentivou uma série de políticas de diversificação de áreas de cultivo de café. No entanto, a expansão de culturas anuais por todo o Estado resultou no aumento dos níveis de erosão e degradação dos solos. Desde o início das atividades do IAPAR, a equipe de agrometeorologia desenvolveu e adaptou uma série de tecnologias para apoiar o desenvolvimento da agricultura paranaense. As pesquisas focaram em estudos para minimizar danos de geadas, análises da climatologia do Estado, técnicas de manejo em sistemas de produção sustentáveis, zoneamento agrícola, mudanças climáticas e sistemas de monitoramento e alerta. Este trabalho faz uma síntese das principais contribuições dos estudos agrometeorológicos realizados.

Brazil is the largest producer and consumer of papaya (Carica papaya L.) in the world. Despite modern technological and scientific advances, climate is still the most important meteorological variable in agricultural production. In this context, agroclimatic risk zoning should be one of the first things to be considered when planning cultivation. The purpose of this study was to carry out climatic risk zoning for papaya cultivation in the Basin of Paraná River III, Paraná state, Brazil. Were used meteorological data from 1976 to 2018, collected from 43 stations. The climatic risk analysis was based on the precipitation, water balance, average annual temperature, average insolation, and frost tolerance required for papaya cultivation. The occurrence of frosts is the key limiting factor for production in the study area. This meteorological factor limits the viability of papaya cultivation in the Center-Eastregion of the Basin. In other areas, risk remains, however, the papaya is apt for cultivation.

Brazil is the largest producer and consumer of passion fruit in the world. Fruticulture is a prominent segment of Brazilian agriculture. Despite recent technological and scientific advances, the climate is among the most important variable in crops productions. In this context, agroclimatic zoning should be one of the first information to consider before starting the cultivation of a particular crop. The purpose of this paper was to perform agroclimatic risk zoning for passion fruit (Passiflora edulis Sims) in the basin of Parana river 3, located in Parana state, South of Brazil. For this we used meteorological data from 43 stations with historical series between from 1976 to 2019. The analysis of agroclimatic risk was based on the species requirements, such as rainfall, annual water deficit, annual average temperature, sunshine and the risk of frost. The occurrence of frost was the most limiting factor for production in the region. This meteorological factor restricted planting in the central-eastern portion of the basin. In other areas, the risk is present, however the suitability for the passion fruit planting was guaranteed. O Brasil é o maior produtor e consumidor mundial de maracujá. A fruticultura é um segmento de destaque da agricultura brasileira. Apesar dos recentes avanços tecnológicos e científicos, o clima está entre as variáveis mais importantes na produtividade agrícola. Nesse contexto, o zoneamento agroclimático deve ser uma das primeiras informações a serem consideradas antes de iniciar o cultivo de determinada cultura. Dessa forma, o objetivo desse trabalho foi realizar o zoneamento de risco agroclimático para o maracujazeiro (Passiflora edulis Sims) na bacia do Rio Paraná 3, estado do Paraná. Para isso foram utilizados dados meteorológicos de 43 estações com recorte temporal de 1976-2019. A análise do risco agroclimático foi pautada nas exigências da espécie, sendo estas, precipitação, deficiência hídrica anual, temperatura média anual, insolação e o risco de geada. A ocorrência de geadas foi o fator mais limitante para a produção na região. Esse fator meteorológico restringiu o plantio na porção centro-leste da bacia. Nas demais áreas, o risco de geadas é presente, assim mesmo, existe a aptidão climática para o cultivo de maracujazeiro.

Precipitação de granizo é um evento extremo caracterizado por precipitação de água em estado sólido, com alta capacidade destrutiva tanto no meio rural quanto no urbano, gerando prejuízos. O Estado do Paraná, localizado predominantemente em zona subtropical e de transição climática, é frequentemente atingido por esse fenômeno. O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar as ocorrências de granizo e os impactos no Estado do Paraná, correlacionando a formação deste evento danoso para as práticas e atividades humanas com os elementos e fatores climáticos (precipitação pluviométrica, temperatura e a hipsometria). Foram utilizadas quatro fontes distintas de dados: estações agrometeorológicas, jornais regionais, imagens de satélite e relatórios de ocorrências, danos e situações de emergência da Defesa Civil. Verificou-se que todo o Estado é afetado pelos eventos e as regiões mais propícias são Centro-sul, Oeste, Sul e Sudoeste, as quais também são as regiões com maiores números de casas danificadas e pessoas afetadas. A altitude, a latitude e o deslocamento preferencial dos sistemas meteorológicos foram elementos fundamentais na interpretação dos mapas de espacialização das ocorrências, uma vez que, os municípios mais ao Sul do Estado e com altitudes acima de 700 m e/ou rápida ascensão altimétrica se mostraram mais propícios à incidência de granizo. Ao todo foram 950.000 pessoas com algum tipo de dano, 41.234 casas danificadas e 375 destruídas em 17 anos de análise.

O enfrentamento da agricultura perante às alterações climáticas globais é um desafio tanto no desenvolvimento de tecnologias para adaptação às mudanças climáticas, quanto para sistemas mitigadores. Os sistemas integrados mostram-se promissores para ambas as estratégias, atenuando extremos de temperatura e sequestrando carbono da atmosfera. Neste contexto, o objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar quantitativamente os efeitos microclimáticos, os fatores limitantes do processo e estimar o sequestro de carbono num sistema silvipastoril de eucalipto com capim-mombaça na região noroeste do estado do Paraná. Os experimentos foram realizados em uma propriedade particular no município de Tapejara - PR (23° 41' S, 52° 53' O, 445 m). O primeiro estudo teve foco nas avaliações microclimáticas com medições de elementos meteorológicos, em quatro posições do sistema silvipastoril (abaixo das copas e centro das entre linhas de árvores) em duas distâncias de entre linhas de árvores (20 e 30 m), e em um ponto de pastagem a pleno sol em área adjacente. Os resultados indicaram reduções máximas de 59% da radiação solar global, de 32,9% da precipitação, de temperatura média (1,01 oC) e máxima (1,18 oC) do ar e de 56% da velocidade média do vento. Concluiu-se que as condições microclimáticas foram alteradas com a implantação do sistema silvipastoril. O segundo trabalho focou na identificação de fatores limitantes ao desenvolvimento do sistema. Foram medidas a radiação fotossinteticamente ativa (RFA), a umidade do solo e a produção de matéria seca (MS) da forrageira nos mesmos locais do trabalho anterior. Os resultados indicaram redução de 39 a 51% da RFA nos espaçamentos de 20 e 30 m entre linhas de árvores. A umidade do solo foi reduzida significativamente nos pontos amostrais do sistema silvipastoril à exceção da faixa central das entre linhas de árvores no espaçamento de 30 m. A produção média de MS da forrageira foi significativamente menor, com redução de até 69,2%. Concluiu-se que o sombreamento e a competição por água reduziram a produção forrageira, sendo estes fatores limitantes, mas não impeditivos, para a condução do sistema. No terceiro trabalho estimou-se o sequestro de carbono do componente arbóreo, da forrageira e o armazenado no solo. O carbono sequestrado pelo eucalipto foi de até 25,781 ton C ha-1 e pela forrageira foi maior no tratamento a pleno sol em relação ao sistema silvipastoril. Não houve diferença significativa nos estoques de carbono no solo entre os tratamentos. Conclui-se que o sistema silvipastoril sequestra mais carbono em comparação ao sistema de pastagem a pleno sol. Coping with society in the face of global climate change is a challenge both in the development of technologies for adapting to climate change and for mitigating systems. Integrated systems are promising for both strategies, attenuating temperature extremes and sequestering carbon from the atmosphere. In this context, this work sought to present a quantitative assessment of the microclimate effects, the limiting factors of the process and an estimate of carbon sequestration in a silvopastoral system of eucalyptus with mombaça grass in the northwest region of the state of Paraná. The experiments were carried out on a private property in the municipality of Tapejara - PR (23° 41' S, 52° 53' O, 445 m). The first study focused on microclimate assessments with measurements of meteorological elements, in four positions of the silvopastoral system (below the crowns and center of between tree lines) at two distances between tree lines (20 and 30 m), and in a grazing point in full sun in an adjacent area. The results indicated maximum redulctions of 59% of global solar radiation, 32.9% of precipitation, average temperature (1.01 oC) and maximum temperature (1.18 oC) of the air and 56% of the average wind speed. It was concluded that the microclimate conditions were changed with the implantation of the silvopastoral system. The second work focused on the identification of factors limiting the development of the system. Photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), soil moisture and dry matter production (DM) of the forage were measured in the same locations as the previous work. The results indicated a reduction of 39 to 51% of the PAR in the spacing of 20 and 30 m between tree lines. The soil moisture was significantly reduced in the sampling points of the silvopastoral system, except for the central strip of between tree lines in the 30 m spacing. The average production of DM from the forage was significantly lower with a reduction of up to 69.2%. It was concluded that the shading and competition for water reduced the forage production, these factors being limiting, but not impeding, for the conduction of the system. The third work estimated the carbon sequestration of the tree, forage and stored components in the soil. The carbon sequestered by eucalyptus was up to 25.781 ton C ha-1 and forage was higher in full sun treatment compared to the silvopastoral system. There was no significant difference in carbon stocks in the soil between treatments. It is concluded that the silvopastoral system captures more carbon compared to the pasture system under full sun.

The hydrological variable evapotranspiration (ET) is challenging to estimate because it cannot be measured directly in natural environments (except in small plots). The uncertainties associated with the models used for its prediction have increased under climate change conditions. We studied the influence of stomatal resistance on ET estimates using the Penman-Monteith method as projected by three general circulation models in two emission scenarios (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5) for future climates throughout the twenty-first century (2010–2039, 2040–2069, and 2070–2099). We also investigated the probable ET rate changes in relation to the current (30 years average, 1980–2009) climate conditions for the Parana state in the southern region of Brazil. The results were regionalized to help policymakers assess climate change impacts and design adaptation measures. ET increases of up to 15% were found in future climate conditions, which may lead to a significant increase in the water demand for agricultural crops. However, we believe that plant morphophysiological changes may occur under atmospheric CO2 enrichment conditions and that a possible reduction in stomatal conductance will result in lower ET increases than those obtained with the traditional Penman-Monteith method. When considering future climate scenarios, we propose the equation be adjusted to consider stomatal resistance as a function of CO2 concentrations.

Fruticulture is a prominent component of Brazilian agriculture. Studies have shown that climatic variability and its impact on the physiological development of plant species are fundamental for planning the agricultural calendar, resource conservation, and sustainable management of production. In this context, one of the first criterion for planting a crop is agroclimatic zoning, since it provides information on climate-related risks and aids decision-making and agricultural planning. The objective of this study was to carry out climatic risk zoning for avocado (Persea americana Mill.) in the basin of Paran&aacute, River III, Paran&aacute, State, Brazil. Meteorological data from 43 stations, from 1976 to 2018, were used. The climatic risk analysis was based on the requirements of the avocado for precipitation, water balance, average annual temperature, and frost tolerance. Statistical and geoprocessing techniques ensured full regional coverage of data and contributed to decision-making. The results identified favorable climatic conditions for all climatic variables in the western part of the river basin. Despite water deficits in some months, rainfall and water balance were not restrictive for avocado production in the region. Avocado tree cultivation is not recommended in the eastern part of the basin, where there is a considerable risk of frost.

Long-term changes in important weather variables such as evapotranspiration (ET) and precipitation are expected as a response to climate change. These changes may require adjustments to current strategies of planning and management of water resources. The objective of this work was to conduct a spatiotemporal characterization of evapotranspiration in the State of Paraná, Brazil, including in this approach a temporal trend analysis. A similar analysis was also conducted for precipitation. Thus, the historical data (1980-2010) from 33 weather stations were analyzed. The spatial distribution of the data was carried out by geostatistical techniques (ordinary kriging) and the trend analysis by the tests Mann-Kendall and Sen. According to the results, evapotranspiration increases from the coast to the interior of the state, with the highest values in the northeast and northwest regions, reaching levels of about 1200 mm yr-1. The temporal variability of the ET presented a significant upward trend in 12% of the locations, with increases from 2.5 to 7.0 mm yr-1. Precipitation was higher in the coastal and south-central regions and the lowest amounts were identified in the northeast and northwest regions. The precipitation trend analysis indicated a significant downward trend in precipitation volume of five locations. The evapotranspiration and precipitation showed, in general, no statistically significant trends in most of the stations analyzed; however, the upward trends for ET and downward trends for precipitation indicate local changes in the State of Paraná.

A variabilidade climática exerce influência significativa sobre as atividades humanas. Os eventos extremos de precipitação causam danos severos tanto no espaço urbano quanto no rural. O aumento da temperatura média da superfície global, em conjunto com eventos extremos de precipitação causam grandes incertezas na dinâmica dos impactos das condições de tempo e clima, e como se planejar para prevenir os impactos é um tema que se torna cada vez mais crucial. Dessa forma, estudos que evidenciem a variabilidade climática em diferentes escalas são fundamentais para o planejamento das atividades humanas. O estado do Paraná se encontra em uma região de transição climática com grande variação dos elementos meteorológicos, sendo essencial a compreensão destes fenômenos devido a seus possíveis impactos. Neste sentido, o objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar a variabilidade pluviométrica, a intensidade e frequência da precipitação na Mesorregião Sudoeste Paranaense - MRSPR associados ao fenômeno El Niño Oscilação Sul - ENOS. Para isso utilizou-se as escalas temporais anual, mensal e diária com o recorte temporal de 1976 a 2017. Através dos resultados, identificou-se grande discrepância nas alturas pluviométricas anuais, mensais e diárias, com parte expressiva dos eventos extremos e maiores alturas de precipitação ocorrendo em períodos de El Niño, enquanto os períodos secos predominam em condições de La Niña.

Thermal discomfort is one of the main causes of production losses in animals fully exposed to solar radiation under extensive livestock farming. The inclusion of trees in this farming system is the most efficient strategy to decrease the temperature and increase animal productivity without the need to explore new areas. In this context, the objective of this study was to characterize the microclimate in a silvopastoral system (SPS), a refuge area, and an open pasture, and evaluate thermal comfort and the ingestive behavior of animals under shade. The study was conducted at the Agronomic Institute of Paraná (IAPAR), located in Ibiporã, Paraná state, Brazil, in three areas with distinct management systems: a SPS of Eucalyptus grandis with Tifton 85 (Cynodon spp.), a woodland of Leucena leucocephala that provided shade to cattle, and a pasture in full sun (PFS). Automatic meteorological stations were installed in the SPS (one station beside the tree lines and the other in an average distance perpendicular to the rows), one in the refuge area, and one in the PFS. The measured variables were air temperature and relative humidity. The mean temperatures of the shaded treatments were compared to those of the PFS using a t-test. The mean values of the temperature and humidity index (THI) were calculated for each season of the year. The animal ingestion behavior in the SPS was analyzed in three typical days in different seasons of the year. Significant differences were observed between shade treatments and full-sun pasture, with a temperature decrease ranging from 0.4 to 1.6 °C in the shaded systems. The comparison of animal thermal comfort between the study areas in different seasons of the year indicated that there were no significant differences in thermal comfort between the SPS and refuge area relative to the PFS, suggesting a need to monitor the animals’ body temperature to better estimate thermal comfort. The evaluation of the ingestive behavior evidenced the animals’ preference to perform activities under tree shade and that the SPS led to changes in their food habits, optimizing grazing time. Therefore, the trees directly affected the microclimate of the studied environments, attenuating the temperature, protecting the animals against direct solar radiation, and providing better thermal comfort. O desconforto térmico é uma das principais causas da queda produtiva da pecuária extensiva a pleno sol, sendo a inserção de árvores no sistema a alternativa mais eficiente para atenuar a temperatura e aumentar a produtividade sem a necessidade de explorar novas áreas. Nesse contexto, objetivou-se caracterizar o microclima em um sistema silvipastoril, uma área de refúgio e a pleno sol, além de estimar o conforto térmico e avaliar o comportamento ingestivo dos animais sob sombra. O estudo foi realizado na estação experimental do Instituto Agronômico do Paraná (IAPAR), localizada em Ibiporã-PR, em três áreas com manejos distintos: um sistema silvipastoril, um bosque que serve como refúgio dos animais e uma pastagem a pleno sol. Foram instaladas estações meteorológicas automáticas no sistema silvipastoril, uma sob a sombra e outra na distância média perpendicular aos renques, na área de refúgio e no pasto a pleno sol. As variáveis medidas foram temperatura do ar e umidade relativa do ar. As temperaturas médias dos tratamentos arborizados foram comparadas com as do pasto a pleno sol por meio do test t. Valores médios de Temperatura e Índice de Umidade (ITU) foram calculados para cada estação do ano. Analisou-se o comportamento ingestivo animal no sistema silvipastoril em três dias representativos de diferentes estações do ano. Constatou-se diferenças significativas entre os tratamentos sombreados e a pastagem a pleno sol, com redução de temperatura variando entre 0,4 a 1,6 °C nos sistemas sombreados. Ao comparar o conforto térmico animal para as estações do ano, não verificou-se diferenças entre o sistema silvipastoril e refúgio em relação ao pleno sol, sendo indicado monitorar a temperatura corporal animal para melhor estimar sua condição de conforto térmico. Entretanto, ao avaliar o comportamento ingestivo animal evidenciou-se a preferência dos animais por realizar suas atividades sob a sombra das árvores; o sistema silvipastoril propiciou mudanças no seu hábito alimentar, otimizando o tempo de pastejo. Conclui-se que o componente arbóreo influenciou diretamente no microclima dos ambientes estudados, atenuando a temperatura e protegendo os animais contra a incidência direta de radiação solar, proporcionando maior conforto térmico.

Previous numerical simulations have suggested that the area adjacent to Itaipu Lake in Southern Brazil is significantly affecting the local thermal regime through development of a lake breeze. This has led to concerns that soybean growth and development, and consequently yield, has been affected by the creation of the artificial lake in this important agricultural region, but a systematic climatological study of the thermal effects of Itaipu Lake has not been conducted. The objectives of this study were to assess the spatial pattern of minimum and maximum air temperatures in a 10-km-wide area adjacent to Itaipu Lake as affected by distance from the water. Measurements were conducted over 3 years in seven transects along the shore of Itaipu Lake, with five weather stations placed in each transect. Phenological observations in soybean fields surrounding the weather stations were also conducted. Generalized additive models for location, scale, and shape (GAMLSS) analysis indicated no difference in the temperature time series as distance from water increased. Semivariograms showed that the random components in the air temperature were predominant and that there was no spatial structure to the signal. Wind direction measured over the three growing seasons demonstrated that, on average, the development of a lake breeze is limited to a few locations and a few hours of the day, supporting the temporal and spatial analysis. Phenological observations did not show differences in the timing of critical soybean stages. We suggest that the concerns that soybean development is potentially affected by the presence of Itaipu Lake are not supported by the thermal environment observed.

The State of Parana accumulated in recent decades a large volume of data collected by various institutions. The implementation of official networks of weather stations by Agronomic Institute of Parana (IAPAR), National Institute of Meteorology (INMET), and Parana Waters Institute made possible to organize important historical records for climatology studies and climate risk zoning. The implementation of SIMEPAR - Meteorological System of Parana – represented a milestone in the provision of forecasts and weather information that enabled direct agricultural activities with greater speed and accuracy. In addition, institutions of the cooperative sector as the ABC Foundation have invested with great expertise in the collection and dissemination of meteorological information to producers. From this database and generated information, it has been possible to make available products of great interest to agriculture in the state of Parana.

A precipitação de granizo, um evento extremo caracterizado por precipitação de água em estado sólido, tem alta capacidade destrutiva no meio rural e no urbano. Sua dinamicidade pouco compreendida pode comprometer atividades humanas, visto que estes eventos geram transtornos e prejuízos frequentes. A Mesorregião Sudoeste Paranaense (MRSPR) possui grande área de produção agrícola e aproximadamente 500 mil habitantes em situação de grande vulnerabilidade a extremos meteorológicos, o que revela a importância de estudos que auxiliem o planejamento e tomada de decisão na região. Este trabalho teve como objetivo identificar a frequência, ocorrência e impactos de precipitações de granizo na MRSPR através de três fontes distintas de dados: estações agrometeorológicas, jornais e relatórios da Defesa Civil. Foram identificados 244 episódios de granizo na região pelas estações do IAPAR - uma média de 7 eventos por ano - além de 59 decretos de situação de emergência, demonstrando a vulnerabilidade da região a eventos extremos. As mais afetadas por este fenômeno são as pequenas cidades com dificuldade de prestar auxílio para a população. A B S T R A C THail precipitation, an extreme event characterized by solid state water precipitation, has a high destructive capacity in both rural and urban environments. It’s little understood dynamism can compromise human activities, since it causes frequent disturbances and damages. The Southwest Meso-region of Paraná (MRSPR) has a large area of agricultural production with approximately 500 thousand inhabitants in situation of vulnerability to extreme weather, and therefore, studies are required to assist in planning and decision-making in the region. The objective of this study was to identify the frequency, occurrence, and impacts of hail precipitation in the MRSPR. Three different sources of data were used: agrometeorological stations, newspapers, and Civil Defense reports. 244 episodes of hail in the region were identified by IAPAR stations - an average of 7 events per year - in addition to 59 emergency decrees, what demonstrates the vulnerability of the region to extreme events. The population most affected is small towns, which face difficulty to provide assistance to the population in this type of event.Keywords: vulnerability, climatic risk, extreme events, urban climate.

Condições de tempo e clima são essenciais para a agricultura e o desenvolvimento da sociedade, entretanto, sua dinâmica pouco compreendida pode comprometer algumas atividades humanas. A precipitação de granizo, um evento extremo caracterizado por precipitação de água em estado sólido, tem alta capacidade destrutiva no meio rural e urbano, gerando transtornos e prejuízos frequentes. A Mesorregião Centro-Sul Paranaense (MRCSP) possui uma grande área de produção agrícola e aproximadamente 500 mil habitantes, que podem estar vulneráveis a eventos meteorológicos extremos, sendo necessário estudos que auxiliem o planejamento para auxiliar tomadas de decisão na região. Desta forma, este trabalho teve por objetivo identificar a gênese, frequência, ocorrência, impactos e a variabilidade de precipitações de granizo na MRCSP, fornecendo suporte para o planejamento e adoção de preventivas de combate ao impacto desse fenômeno na região. Foram utilizadas quatro fontes distintas de dados: estações agrometeorológicas, jornais regionais, imagens de satélite e relatórios de ocorrências, danos e situações de emergência da Defesa Civil. Foram identificados 37 decretos de situação de emergência vinculados a granizo e 395.057 pessoas afetadas na região, em 18 anos de análise. O principal dano observado foi o destelhamento. Em Laranjeiras do Sul observou-se, em média, 5,4 eventos por ano. Os sistemas convectivos e as frentes frias foram identificados como os principais sistemas meteorológicos atuantes na formação de granizo nesta região. Os resultados demonstraram alta frequência de precipitações de granizo em toda região. Com ausência de planejamento para redução da vulnerabilidade, a exposição aos eventos extremos meteorológicos permanece frequente.Palavras–chave: vulnerabilidade, risco climático, eventos extremos, clima urbano.Abstract Weather and climate conditions are essential for agriculture and the development of society; however, their little-understood dynamics can compromise some human activities. Hail precipitation, an extreme event characterised by solid state water precipitation, has high destructive capacity in rural and urban environments, generating frequent disturbances and losses. The Central-South Paraná state Meso-region (MRCSP) in southern Brazil has a large agricultural production area and approximately 500 thousand inhabitants, which may be vulnerable to extreme weather events, and studies are needed to assist in decision making in this region. This work aimed to identify the genesis, frequency, occurrence, impacts and variability of hail precipitation in the MRCSP, providing support for the planning and adoption of preventive measures to combat the impact of this phenomenon. Four different sources of data were used: agrometeorological stations, regional newspapers, satellite images and reports of occurrences, damages and emergencies issued by the Civil Defense. Thirty-seven emergency decrees related to hail and 395,057 people affected in the region were identified in 18 years of analysis. The primary damage observed was roof destruction. In Laranjeiras do Sul, an average of 5.4 events were observed per year. The convective systems and the cold fronts were identified as the central meteorological systems working in the genesis of hail in this region. In the absence of planning for vulnerability reduction, exposure to extreme weather events remains frequent.Keywords: vulnerability, climate risk, extreme events, urban climate.

A phenomenon called thermal inversion, in which there is the accumulation of colder and denser air in the layers closer to the soil, occurs in radiative frost nights, resulting in a temperature gradient with differences between the meteorological screen and grass, which vary depending on cooling conditions. Knowing this temperature difference assists in taking preventive measures against radiative frosts, as well as in estimating the probability of their occurrences. In this context, this study aimed to verify the adjustment of different probability distributions to determine the differences between the minimum temperature measured in the meteorological screen and grass temperature below 0 °C for eight regions of the Paraná State, as well as the probability of occurring these differences and adjust estimation equations of grass temperature from minimum air temperature. Temperature differences between the screen and grass were calculated and probability distributions of their occurrences were adjusted in order to determine risks per intervals of temperature differences. Estimation equations of grass temperature were adjusted from minimum screen temperatures. Average gradients of minimum temperature were observed between the screen and grass ranging from 4.2 to 6.3 °C in the analyzed regions. The average temperature difference measured in the meteorological screen and grass for the Paraná State was 5 °C. The probabilistic model of normal distribution is the most suitable for determining the probability of occurring the differences between the screen and grass temperatures for the Paraná State. Regional relief and climate conditions influence the magnitude of the minimum temperature gradient measured in the meteorological screen and grass. Estimation equations can be useful to determine the grass temperature based on the minimum air temperature for periods in which there is no such data and thus provide a subsidy for studies of risk analysis of frosts. The results of this analysis are empirical and the equations should be used in regions in which they were adjusted aiming at a higher accuracy.