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Treatment for patients with anterior glenohumeral instability with subcritical bone loss is evolving. The purpose of this study was to compare 2-year outcomes of arthroscopic Bankart repair with and without Hill-Sachs remplissage in patients with15% glenoid bone loss.A multicenter retrospective study was performed on a consecutive series of patients who underwent primary isolated arthroscopic Bankart repair (IBR) or arthroscopic Bankart repair with remplissage (REMP) by 4 shoulder specialists between 2013 and 2019. Range of motion (ROM) and patient-reported outcomes (PROs) were collected at baseline and 2 years postoperative: Western Ontario Shoulder Instability Index, Single Assessment Numeric Evaluation, and visual analog scale for pain. Recurrence, return to sport, satisfaction, complications, and revisions also were reviewed.A total of 123 patients were available, including 75 IBR and 48 REMP. Baseline demographics, activity, ROM, and PROs were similar. Mean glenoid bone loss (2.5% vs 6.1%:Despite slightly worse pathology, patients with subcritical bone loss who undergo REMP experience similar short-term postoperative function to isolated IBR. Recurrence, revision, and return to sport favored REMP but this study was underpowered to show statistical significance. Recurrence was common following IBR, despite subcritical glenoid bone loss and primarily on-track lesions, suggesting that REMP can be considered in on-track lesions.III, retrospective comparative study.

Resume Introduction Le but de cette etude est d’analyser la faisabilite d’un split passif du sous-scapulaire par rotation du bras lors d’une stabilisation anterieure dynamique (DAS pour « Dynamic anterior stabilization ») et d’analyser le nouveau cheminement du long chef du biceps brachial (LCB). Hypothese L’hypothese est que cette technique simple passive peut creer un split du sous-scapulaire sans discision supplementaire donnant lieu a une nouvelle position du LCB avec une fonction stabilisante. Materiel et methodes Une technique de split du sous-scapulaire utilisant le LCB a ete utilisee dans 12 epaules cadaveriques humaines fraichement congelees. Un split du sous-scapulaire est cree par rotation passive du bras apres que le LCB ait ete transporte dans l’articulation glenohumerale durant une DAS. La longueur du split du sous-scapulaire, la longueur du LCB et l’angulation du LCB par rapport a la gouttiere bicipitale ont ete mesurees pour evaluer si cette nouvelle geometrie peut donner un nouvel effet stabilisateur au sous-scapulaire. Resultats La longueur moyenne du split du sous-scapulaire apres rotation maximale est de 20,4 ± 6,0 mm (extremes de 10 a 32 mm). L’allongement moyen du LCB est de 0,6 ± 1,4 mm (extremes de −1 a +3 mm). L’angle final du LCB par rapport a la gouttiere bicipitale est de 45 ± 5 degres (extremes de 41 a 55 degres). Discussion Il n’est pas necessaire de creer activement un split lors d’une DAS. La DAS maintient la relation longueur–tension du LCB. L’angulation postoperatoire du LCB par rapport a la gouttiere bicipitale peut fournir un abaissement du sous-scapulaire, aidant a expliquer le renfort anterieur de cette technique. Niveau de preuve Recherche fondamentale, etude cadaverique.

Background: Surgical management of anterior shoulder instability continues to evolve. The clinical effectiveness of arthroscopic Bankart repair with remplissage (REMP) in patients with increasing glenoid bone loss (GBL) has not been thoroughly compared with Latarjet. Purpose/Hypothesis: The purpose of this study was to compare 2-year outcomes of REMP versus open Latarjet in patients with >15% GBL. We hypothesized that there would be no difference. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: A multicenter, retrospective study was performed on a consecutive series of patients who underwent primary REMP or Latarjet by 4 shoulder specialists between August 2013 and December 2019 for >15% GBL. Procedure performance was based on shared decision making between the surgeon and patient. Baseline and 2-year postoperative range of motion (ROM) and the following patient-reported outcomes (PROs) were collected: Western Ontario Shoulder Instability Index, Single Assessment Numeric Evaluation, and visual analog scale for pain. Return to sport, satisfaction, complications, recurrence, and revisions were reviewed. Results: A total of 47 patients were available for study, including 22 who underwent REMP and 25 who underwent Latarjet. Baseline demographic characteristics, ROM, and PROs were similar between the groups. Mean preoperative GBL (REMP 25.8% ± 7.8% vs Latarjet 25.1% ± 9.0%; P = .800) and off-track lesions (REMP 59.1% vs Latarjet 44.0%; P = .302) were similar. Postoperative change in external rotation favored Latarjet (10° ± 22° vs –4° ± 13°; P = .017). Postoperative PROs, return to the sports (86.4% vs 87.5%; P = .99), and satisfaction (95.5% vs 95.8%; P = .99) were similar between groups. There were no recurrent dislocations in either group. One infected hematoma was encountered in the Latarjet cohort. Conclusion: At short-term follow-up, the hypothesis was upheld. REMP and Latarjet provided similar outcomes for patients with >15% GBL, although REMP patients experienced slightly decreased external rotation. Although larger series and longer-term follow-ups are required, remplissage may be considered in patients with >15% glenoid bone loss.

Objective The purpose of this study was to prospectively evaluate the functional outcome and complications of unstable acromioclavicular (AC) joint separations repaired with a single coracoclavicular tunnel utilizing an arthroscopic-assisted curved button technique. Methods Thirty-five patients with a minimum of 12 months follow-up underwent arthroscopic-assisted AC joint reconstruction with suspensory button and 2 mm suture tape fixation using 3 mm tunnels. Functional outcome scores were analyzed preoperatively and at final follow-up with all complications noted. Results Comparing preoperative to postoperative values, all functional outcome scores improved. Three of the 16 (19%) patients that had a supplementary graft looped around the undersurface of the coracoid demonstrated loss of reduction compared to eight of the 19 (42%) that were treated with button and suture fixation alone (p = .138). No loss of reduction occurred in the subset of patients with AC joint supplementation. One (3%) patient sustained a distal clavicle fracture. Conclusion Arthroscopic-assisted AC joint reconstruction with a suspensory button construct demonstrates improved clinical outcomes with high patient satisfaction. While loss reduction remains problematic, smaller bone tunnels appear to lead to a low rate of iatrogenic fractures. The addition of a free tendon graft, as well as AC cerclage, appears to minimize loss of reduction.

The purpose of this study was to compare functional outcome, return to sport, satisfaction, postoperative recurrence, and complications in patients undergoing primary arthroscopic Bankart repair with remplissage (ABR) to primary Latarjet.A multicenter retrospective study was performed on patients undergoing primary ABR or open Latarjet between 2013 and 2019 who had a minimum 2-year follow-up. Baseline and two-year range of motion (ROM), patient-reported outcomes (PROs: Western Ontario Shoulder Instability Index [WOSI], Single Assessment Numeric Evaluation [SANE], and visual analog scale [VAS] for pain) recurrence, return to sport, satisfaction, and complications were reviewed.This study included 258 patients, including 70 ABRs and 188 Latarjet procedures. Baseline demographics, ROM, and PROs were similar. Mean preop glenoid bone loss (GBL) (12.3% ± 10.9% vs 7.6% ± 9%; P.001) and off-track lesions (23% vs 13%; P = .046) were higher in the ABR group, while preoperative GBL range was similar (0-42% vs 0-47%). Changes in the VAS (1.9 vs 0.9; P = .019) and WOSI (1096 vs 805; P.001) were improved in ABR. The percentage of patients who achieved a minimal clinically important difference was improved in WOSI for ABR and PASS for ABR in SANE, VAS, and WOSI scores. The ABR cohort reported worse changes in external rotation (ER) (-4° vs +19°; P.001). Return to sport among overhead and contact athletes favored ABR (91.5% vs 72.7%; P = .007). Satisfaction and recurrent dislocation were similar. Surgical complications were observed in 0% of ABR cases, compared to 5.9% in the Latarjet group.Primary ABR resulted in 2-year functional outcomes that were as good or superior to primary Latarjet, with higher return to sport for overhead and contact activities, fewer complications, and comparably low recurrence rates, even despite greater bipolar bone loss in the ABR cohort. However, this comes at the expense of decreased external rotation, which may be considered in individual patients.III, retrospective comparative study.

Introduction The purpose of the present study was to analyze the ability to create a subscapularis split by passive rotation of the arm during dynamic anterior stabilization (DAS) and to analyze the new geometry of the long head of the biceps LHB. Hypothesis The hypothesis was that this passive simple technique can create subscapularis split without additional dissection giving rise to new position of LHB with a new stabilization function. Material and methods A technique of subscapularis split using the LHB was used in 12 fresh-frozen human cadaveric shoulders. A subscapularis split was created by passive rotation of the arm after the LHB is shuttled into the joint during DAS. The length of the subscapularis split, post-DAS position and length of the LHB, and the angulation of the LHB relative to bicipital groove were measured after DAS and if this new geometry can give a new dynamic effect on subscapularis muscle. Results The mean length of the subscapular split after maximal rotation was 20.4 ± 6.0 mm (range: 10–32 mm). The mean elongation of the LHB was 0.6 ± 1.4 mm (range: −1 to +3 mm). The final angle of the LHB relative to the bicipital groove was 45 ± 5 degrees (range: 41 to 55 degrees). Discussion There is no need to create a distinct split prior to DAS. Additionally, DAS maintains the length-tension relationship of the LHB. The post-procedure medial angulation of the LHB relative to the bicipital groove may provide a lowering of the subscapularis, helping explain the anterior reinforcement of this technique. Level of evidence Basic science study, cadaver study.

Background The aim of this study was to find reliable anatomic landmarks of the normal acromioclavicular joint (ACJ) that could enable the precise evaluation of the horizontal displacement of the clavicle after dislocation. The hypothesis was that the anterior borders of the acromion and the clavicle are always aligned in intact ACJs. Materials and methods In 30 cadaveric specimens, the anterior and posterior borders of the ACJ's articular facets and the most prominent anterior and posterior bony landmarks of the acromion and the clavicle were identified. The anterior and posterior overhang of the acromion and the clavicle was measured in relation to the borders of the articular facets. Therefore, the possible anterior and posterior alignment of the ACJ was evaluated. Results Anteriorly, only 18 ACJs (60%) were aligned whereas 7 (24%) had major overhang of the acromion and 3 (10%) had major overhang of the clavicle. Similarly, 18 cases (60%) were posteriorly aligned, whereas 6 (20%) had major clavicular overhang and 4 (14%) had major overhang of the acromion. In 78% of these cases, the ACJ was aligned as well anteriorly as posteriorly ( P P = .032) or the clavicle ( P = .049), the better the posterior joint alignment. Conclusion Our hypothesis was not verified. The acromion and clavicle are not perfectly aligned in a significant number of specimens with intact ACJs (40% of cases). The most reliable landmarks remain their articular facets.

Background:Pseudoparalysis is defined as active forward flexion less than 90° with full passive motion. There is controversy about the ideal surgical management of a massive rotator cuff tear with pseudoparalysis.Purpose/Hypothesis:The purpose of this study was to prospectively analyze the ability to reverse pseudoparalysis with an arthroscopic rotator cuff repair (ARCR). The hypothesis was that in the absence of substantial glenohumeral arthritis, preoperative fatty infiltration of grade 3 or higher and an acromiohumeral interval (AHI) of less than 7 mm would not prevent reversal of pseudoparalysis with an ARCR.Study Design:Case series; Level of evidence, 4.Methods:A prospective multicenter study of ARCR performed for preoperative pseudoparalysis was conducted. The minimum follow-up was 1 year. The mean patient age was 63 years, and pseudoparalysis was present for a mean of 4.2 months preoperatively. Preoperative radiographic evaluation included plain film evaluation of the AHI and Hamada classification and MRI evaluation of fatty degeneration and rotator cuff retraction. Functional outcome was determined by the Simple Shoulder Test (SST), American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) Shoulder Score, visual analog scale (VAS), and subjective shoulder value (SSV).Results:Of the 58 patients enrolled, 56 had at least 1 year of follow-up. Mean active forward flexion improved from 47° preoperatively to 159° postoperatively ( P < .001). Statistically significant improvements were seen in the SST (from 2.8 preoperatively to 10.1 postoperatively), SSV (from 28 to 83), ASES Shoulder Score (from 37 to 88), and VAS (from 5.7 to 1.1) ( P < .001). Pseudoparalysis was reversed in 53 of 56 patients (95%). There was no difference in the rate of reversal of pseudoparalysis between those patients with an AHI of less than 7 mm (88.2%) and those with an AHI of 7 mm or more (96.9%) ( P =.289). Pseudoparalysis was reversed in all 8 of the patients with fatty degeneration of grade 3 or higher in 1 or more of the rotator cuff muscles.Conclusion:ARCR can lead to reversal of preoperative pseudoparalysis in patients with minimal preoperative glenohumeral arthritis. ARCR is a viable first line of treatment for patients with pseudoparalysis in the absence of advanced glenohumeral arthritis.

Arthroscopic remplissage of a Hill–Sachs lesion is classically described as a capsulotenodesis of the infraspinatus within the posterolateral humeral head. The aim of this cadaveric study was to evaluate the anatomic relationship between the position of anchors and sutures placed for remplissage and the infraspinatus and teres minor. The hypothesis was that remplissage actually corresponds to a capsulomyodesis of the infraspinatus and teres minor muscles. A two-anchor arthroscopic remplissage was performed followed by open dissection of ten fresh-frozen human cadaveric shoulders. The exit point of sutures related to muscle–tendon unit as well as the distance between the anchors and the rotator cuff was measured. The superior sutures were localized generally in the infraspinatus, near the musculotendinous junction. The inferior sutures passed through the teres minor muscle in seven of ten cases. The distance between the superior and inferior anchors and the posterolateral greater tuberosity was 14 ± 2 and 12 ± 3 mm, respectively. Arthroscopic remplissage is a capsulomyodesis of infraspinatus and teres minor rather than a capsulotenodesis of the infraspinatus alone as previously believed. Muscular damage may explain posterosuperior pain observed in patients who underwent remplissage.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the incidence of residual pain, outcomes, and the revision rate of arthroscopic proximal biceps tenodesis high in the groove at the articular margin of the humeral head by interference screw fixation.Seven surgeons pooled data on patients who underwent an arthroscopic biceps tenodesis at the articular margin by interference screw fixation. All patients had a minimum of 50 weeks' follow-up. Preoperative and postoperative patient data including visual analog scale scores (obtained by all surgeons), objective shoulder scores (Simple Shoulder Test and University of California, Los Angeles scores obtained by 2 and 4 surgeons, respectively), and need for revision surgery (obtained by all surgeons) were retrospectively analyzed, the results are reported, and statistical analysis was performed.After the application of our exclusion criteria, 1,083 patients were included in the analysis. The mean follow-up period was 136 weeks. The overall revision surgery rate for this group was 4.1% (44 of 1,083). Revision for biceps tenodesis-related issues was needed in only 4 cases (for a biceps tenodesis-related revision rate of 0.4%). Pain scores improved from 6.47 preoperatively to 1.08 postoperatively (P.0001). University of California, Los Angeles scores improved from 14.9 preoperatively to 30.1 postoperatively (P.0001), and Simple Shoulder Test scores improved from 2.7 preoperatively to 10.2 postoperatively (P.0001).Arthroscopic biceps tenodesis performed at the articular margin results in a low surgical revision rate, a low rate of residual pain, and significant improvement in objective shoulder outcome scores.Level IV, therapeutic case series.

Purpose To determine the location of the subscapularis split during arthroscopic Latarjet created by an inside-out technique passing a switching stick from the posterior portal across the glenohumeral joint. Methods An inside-out technique was used to arthroscopically create a subscapularis split in 20 fresh-frozen human cadaveric shoulders. The distance between the exit point of the switching stick and the upper border of the subscapularis and the anterior circumflex vessels was measured arthroscopically and after open dissection. Results Twelve splits were in the upper third of the subscapularis, 3 were at the junction of the upper third and the middle third, and 5 were in the middle third. None were at the junction between the middle and lower third as desired. Conclusions Using the inside-out method during arthroscopic Latarjet may produce a high subscapularis split if it is performed from with a switching stick that is inserted through the posterior approach, and passed across the glenohumeral joint at the level of the inferior glenoid. Clinical Relevance This study analyzed the relative risk of high subscapularis split during the arthroscopic Latarjet procedure.

To evaluate the incidence of associated pathologic shoulder lesions that were addressed surgically in grade 3 acromioclavicular joint (ACJ) dislocations, as well as to compare this incidence between younger and older patients and between acute and chronic cases.In this multicenter nonrandomized retrospective study, 98 patients operated on for grade 3 ACJ dislocation underwent concomitant arthroscopic evaluation for the identification and treatment of any associated lesions. The type and treatment of associated lesions were collected in a central database and analyzed. We classified patients according to age (45 years and ≥ 45 years) and according to the length of time between trauma and surgical treatment (≤ 30 days and ≥ 120 days), obtaining the following stratification: younger acute, older acute, younger chronic, and older chronic.Of the patients, 42 (42.8%) were diagnosed with at least 1 additional pathologic lesion, and 29 (29.5%) required a dedicated additional treatment. Rates of treatment on associated lesions were analyzed: younger versus older groups presented a significant difference, as did younger acute versus older acute groups; SLAP and posterior rotator cuff tear treatments represented 24 of the 35 additional surgeries (68.5%).The overall rate of associated pathologic lesions requiring additional surgical treatment in patients with ACJ dislocation was 29.5%. Patients aged 45 years or older had a greater risk of presenting with associated lesions that needed to be surgically addressed (odds ratio, 3.01). The overall rates of associated surgical lesions in acute versus chronic cases were not shown to be significantly different.Level IV, prognostic case series.

Introduction La classification de Rockwood est communement admise pour apprecier la gravite des disjonctions acromio-claviculaire (AC), prenant en compte les deplacements verticaux (types III et V) et horizontaux (type IV : luxation posterieure de la clavicule). Le deplacement vertical, par la mesure de l’index coraco-claviculaire sur le cintre acromio-claviculaire de face, est valide et reproductible. La mesure du deplacement horizontal est classiquement recherchee en mesurant un defaut d’alignement entre les bords anterieur de l’acromion et de la clavicule (BAAC). Notre hypothese est que les BAAC presentent un alignement parfait en absence de disjonction. Materiel Au total, 30 pieces anatomiques cadaveriques congelees avec une articulation AC intact ont ete dissequees. Methode Une fois les facettes articulaires identifiees, une ligne passant par l’articulation AC etait definie puis 2 perpendiculaires, l’une pour identifier le debord anterieur de l’acromion (ACA) et l’autre le debord anterieur de la clavicule (CLA). L’alignement etait mesure en calculant la difference entre ces mesures d(AAC, ACL). Les reperes posterieurs etaient definis de meme : ACP, CLP et d(ACP, CLP). La dispersion des valeurs etait illustree par des graphes de type « boites a moustache » et les statistiques etaient effectuees sur le logiciel SPSS. Resultats En avant, 60 % des articulations AC presentaient un alignement parfait des BAAC (0 ± 1 mm). Le debord ACA etait mineur dans 3 % et majeur (> 2 mm) dans 24 % des cas. Le debord CLA etait mineur dans 3 % et majeur (> 2 mm) dans 10 % des cas. En arriere, 60 % des articulations AC presentaient un alignement parfait des bords posterieurs de ACP et CLP (0 ± 1 mm). Le debord ACP etait mineur dans 3 % et majeur (> 2 mm) dans 13 % des cas. Le debord CLP etait mineur dans 3 % et majeur dans 20 % des cas. En cas d’alignement anterieur parfait, 78 % des cas presentaient aussi un alignement posterieur parfait ( p > 0,001). Une tendance a l’alignement posterieur parfait a egalement ete retrouvee en cas d’articulations larges ( p = 0,05). Discussion–conclusion Sur des articulations AC saines, l’alignement n’est retrouve entre les BAAC que dans 60 % des cas et un quart des clavicules presentaient un aspect de « subluxation posterieure ». Gastaud et Rahm avaient deja montre l’absence de fiabilite des mesures radiologiques du deplacement AC sur le profil axillaire. Sur le plan pratique, pour reduire correctement une disjonction AC dans le plan horizontal, la seule maniere fiable reste d’ouvrir l’articulation pour controler la bonne reduction entre les facettes articulaires.

Purpose To determine and propose a systematic approach to evaluating magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans for subscapularis tears and compares preoperative MRI interpretations with findings of the same shoulders at arthroscopy. Methods The study was composed of 202 patients who underwent shoulder arthroscopy by 1 of 5 orthopaedic surgeons during a 3-month period. All patients had MRI scans performed within 6 months before arthroscopy. Results Of the 202 patients, 82 had subscapularis tendon tears confirmed at the time of arthroscopy. The orthopaedic surgeons correctly diagnosed 60 of 82 patients (73%) with subscapularis tendon tears on preoperative MRI that were subsequently identified by arthroscopy. The orthopaedic surgeons correctly diagnosed 113 of 120 patients (94%) as not having subscapularis tendon tears. This resulted in an overall sensitivity of 73%, specificity of 94%, positive predictive value of 90%, negative predictive value of 84%, and accuracy of 86%. The frequency of subscapularis tears was highest when the long head of the biceps was displaced from the groove (88%), a combined supraspinatus/infraspinatus tear existed (71%), or the long head of the biceps tendon was torn (69%). Conclusions Preoperative MRI scans of the shoulder interpreted by orthopaedic surgeons with the described systematic approach resulted in improved accuracy in diagnosing subscapularis tendon tears compared with previous studies. A consistent finding is that larger subscapularis tendon tears are more easily detected using MRI scans whereas smaller tears are more frequently missed. Level of Evidence Level III, development of diagnostic criteria with universally applied reference (nonconsecutive patients).

Traumatic anterior shoulder instability is a frequent problem and often requires surgical management. In the absence of significant bone deficiency, arthroscopic capsulolabral repair is associated with low recurrence rates and good functional outcome. However, capsulolabral deficiency, particularly after multiple previous attempts at repair, may preclude traditional arthroscopic Bankart techniques. Previous reports have described the use of autograft or allograft augmentation or coracoid transfer in the treatment of this difficult problem. The purpose of this report is to describe a novel technique of arthroscopic Bankart augmentation of capsulolabral deficiency using a split subscapularis tendon flap to reinforce a damaged capsule. In the absence of bone deficiency, this technique can restore anterior shoulder restraint without excessively constraining the glenohumeral joint.