196 results on '"Paan"'
Search Results
2. Piper betle Linn. in Cancer: Past, Present, and Future
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Kudva, Avinash Kundadka, Rao, Suresh, Rao, Pratima, Periera, Romith, Bhandari, Ganesh, Mathew, Jaffey M., Ashwini, K., Pais, Michael L. J., Swamy, Mallappa Kumara, Baliga, Manjeshwar Shrinath, Akhtar, Mohd Sayeed, editor, and Swamy, Mallappa Kumara, editor
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- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. A Review on the Addictive Materials Paan Masala (Paan Parag) and Nass (Naswar)
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Tayebeh Nakhaei Moghaddam, Faramarz Mobaraki, Mohammad Reza Darvish Moghaddam, and Maryam Jafardokht Bonjar
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addiction ,paan ,nicotine ,nass ,naswar. ,Neoplasms. Tumors. Oncology. Including cancer and carcinogens ,RC254-282 ,Public aspects of medicine ,RA1-1270 - Abstract
There are many reasons why people use addictive substances including the euphoric and stimulating effects they have. This article introduces the addictive substances Paan, Naswar, nicotine, and other related products. It also deals with their use by people who are not aware of their addictive properties and use them for their side effects as mouth freshener and tasty and fragrant snacks. Furthermore, they are marketed in beautiful and attractive packages for various age groups, even children and adolescents (who inadvertently use them, without being aware of their effects and over time become addicted to them). Therefore, providing information to, and constant education of, target groups can be effective in improving the public health.
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- 2019
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4. MEDICO-SOCIO-RELIGIOUS USE OF PIPER BETEL L. IN ODISHA, INDIA.
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PANDA, TARANISEN
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BETEL chewing ,FOLKLORE ,CATECHU ,AGE groups ,RITES & ceremonies - Abstract
Betel leaf or 'Paan' (Piper betel L.), an integral component of the chewing stimulant 'betel quid', is a common traditional practice in India with multi-million consumers. The current study focuses on the traditional preparation of betel quid and the pivotal role of betel leaf in medico-socio-religious use in Bhadrak district, Odisha, India. Information on the utilization of Piper betel was gathered from 83 informants of various ages in different villages of the district by using questionnaires, complemented by free interviews, informal conversations, and direct observations. Traditionally, the tender stalk of the leaf dipped in castor oil is introduced in the anus for constipation. The juice of the leaf is dropped into the ear to relieve earache and 1-2 leaf is taken orally for indigestion. The result revealed three types of betel quid (Kada paan, Sadha paan, and Raja paan) all of which have a basic combination of majorly Piper betel leaf, areca nut, catechu, and slaked lime with variable additional ingredients depending on the local practices or taste. A mixture commonly called gundi is usually used for kada paan. Traditional paan is being used as a post-meal digestive stimulant. Among the services, the offering of paan (only betel leaf and areca nut) is one of the forms of expressing reverence to Hindu deities. Piper betel leaf received sastric sanction as an article of use in socio-religious rituals and ceremonies such as those connected with birth, marriage, and death. Again, offering paan to guests is a standard form of hospitality in Hindu homes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2021
5. Piper betle L.: A major Medicinal and Cultural plant of Bhanpura Tehsil of Mandsaur District (Madhya Pradesh).
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Vishwakarma, Vikram Kumar and Purohit, Madhu
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PIPER betle , *MEDICINAL plants , *BETEL nut , *CALCIUM hydroxide , *MOUTH ulcers - Abstract
In this paper we studied the traditional medicinal uses and cultural values of betelvine. Betelvine have been playing an important role in the development of culture. The heart shaped betel leaves are described in ancient Indian texts. Betel leaves (paan) used in conjunction with slaked lime paste, Kattha and areca nut are almost universally employed as a stimulator. Researchers found that the leaf extract is very effective in numerous biological activities like cardiovascular, antidiabetic, bronchial disorders, antiinflammatory, anticancerous, antiulcerous, immunomodulatory, hepatoprotective, antimicrobial etc. During the survey, we collected information by interviews with local farmer, regional herbal medical practitioners, Vaidyas, Traditional healers and shopkeepers of Bhanpura. Information about economical aspects and marketing problems of betel leaves in Bhanpura tehsil were collected also. In our study area people are used betelvine as the remedy for bad breath, cough and cold in children, wound healing, mouth ulcers, gastro protective, throat cleaning and inflammation etc. It has great curative properties. It is the base of the economy of Bhanpura and plays an important role in providing employment to a large number of local people. Chewing tobacco with paan is harmful for our health, so it is necessary to educated people about negative effect on health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
6. Prevalence and determinants of oral potentially malignant lesions using mobile health in a rural block, northeast India
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Rohan Ramesh, Sanjana Patrick, Atsung Aier, Azole, Praveen Birur N, and Zubemo Lotha
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Tobacco, Smokeless ,business.industry ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,India ,Paan ,Early detection ,Oral Medicine Specialist ,Logistic regression ,Telemedicine ,Infectious Diseases ,Smokeless tobacco ,Environmental health ,Prevalence ,Humans ,Medicine ,Mouth Neoplasms ,business ,Alcohol consumption ,mHealth ,Areca ,Male gender - Abstract
In a rural block in North East India, community health workers (CHW) empowered with a mobile phone-based application screened a total of 2,686 participants for Oral Potentially Malignant Lesions (OPMLs), and an oral medicine specialist recommended treatment remotely. Independent risk factors were determined using independent multiple logistic regression models. Nearly 700 (26%) participants were identified with OPMLs. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive values, negative predictive values and accuracy of the CHW was 70.3, 88.4, 66.8, 89.9% and 83.7% respectively. Male gender, married status, smokeless tobacco, paan, areca-nut and alcohol consumption were independent predictors of OPMLs, the burden of which in North East India can be attributed to the high consumption of tobacco and non-tobacco products. Such programmes, with the recommendations from remote specialists, will facilitate early detection in remote settings.
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- 2021
7. Evaluation and comparison of the effect of cigarette smoking, alcohol, paan and Indian spices on the colour stability and surface roughness of two types of dental ceramics – an in vitro study
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Arvind Tripathi, Sushil Kar, and Sandeep Yadav
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Dental ceramics ,Materials science ,business.industry ,Dentistry ,Paan ,Alcohol ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Cigarette smoking ,chemistry ,Surface roughness ,In vitro study ,Dentistry (miscellaneous) ,Oral Surgery ,business - Published
- 2020
8. Comparative study of ultrasound pretreatment method with conventional hydrodistillation method for extraction of essential oil from Piper betle L. (Paan)
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Nilesh L. Jadhav, Dipak V. Pinjari, and Pravin A. Garule
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General Chemical Engineering ,Sonication ,Paan ,02 engineering and technology ,010501 environmental sciences ,Pretreatment method ,01 natural sciences ,law.invention ,020401 chemical engineering ,law ,otorhinolaryngologic diseases ,0204 chemical engineering ,Essential oil ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Piper ,Chromatography ,biology ,business.industry ,Chemistry ,digestive, oral, and skin physiology ,Ultrasound ,Extraction (chemistry) ,biology.organism_classification ,stomatognathic diseases ,Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry ,business - Abstract
This study deals with the extraction of essential oil from betel leaf using an ultrasound pretreatment method. The sonication time, operating temperature and power have been optimised on the basis ...
- Published
- 2020
9. Impact of Betel Leaf Cultivation on the Protected Forest Area of Teknaf Peninsula, Bangladesh
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Masakazu Tani, Zulfikar Rahman, Asik S. M. Ullah, Abiar M. Rahman, and Jun Tsuchiya
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040101 forestry ,Agroforestry ,business.industry ,Forest management ,0211 other engineering and technologies ,Wildlife ,Biodiversity ,Paan ,021107 urban & regional planning ,Forestry ,Context (language use) ,04 agricultural and veterinary sciences ,02 engineering and technology ,Livelihood ,Geography ,Agriculture ,Deforestation ,0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries ,business - Abstract
Deforestation is a severe threat in the context of climate change and the establishment of protected forest areas is a crucial strategy to conserve and manage forests. This study aims to investigate the impact of betel leaf cultivation on the protected forest area known as the Teknaf Wildlife Sanctuary in the southern coastal area of Bangladesh. The research objectives were to describe the extent of betel leaf cultivation in and around the protected forest area, determine its impact on the forest and describe the socioeconomic factors affecting the cultivation. Data were collected from 2015 to 2017 covering 4622 households in the Teknaf upazila (upazila is an administrative unit). Satellite images were analyzed to determine the impact of cultivation on the forest. Among the factors analyzed the determinants of betel leaf cultivation, family size, occupation and encroachment in the forest were found to have a significant impact. This study identified 4273 paan boroj (betel leaf cultivation plots) covering an area of 250.74 ha, among which 1264 were found inside the forest area occupying 59.76 ha forestland. The average size of a paan boroj was 0.06 ha and in total required 1.32 tons of wooden poles from the forest. Over dependency by local people for their livelihood on forest resources is creating pressure on the protected forest and causing severe deforestation. Sustainable resource use, for example, following a tree-based agroforestry system and adopting more sustainable approaches for betel leaf cultivation, can reduce the deforestation inside the protected forest and conserve biodiversity.
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- 2020
10. Host Long Noncoding RNA lncRNA-PAAN Regulates the Replication of Influenza A Virus
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Jing Wang, Yujia Wang, Rui Zhou, Jianyuan Zhao, Yongxin Zhang, Dongrong Yi, Quanjie Li, Jinming Zhou, Fei Guo, Chen Liang, Xiaoyu Li, and Shan Cen
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lncRNA ,influenza A virus ,PAAN ,polymerase basic protein 1 (PB1) ,polymerase acidic protein (PA) ,RdRp ,Microbiology ,QR1-502 - Abstract
The productive infection of influenza A virus (IAV) depends on host factors. However, the involvement of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in IAV infection remains largely uninvestigated. In this work, we have discovered a human lncRNA, named lncRNA-PAAN (PA-associated noncoding RNA) that enhances IAV replication. The level of lncRNA-PAAN increases upon infection of IAV, but not other viruses, nor interferon treatment, suggesting specific up-regulation of lncRNA-PAAN expression by IAV. Silencing lncRNA-PAAN significantly decreases IAV replication through impairing the activity of viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp). This function of lncRNA-PAAN is a result of its association with viral PA protein, a key component of IAV RNA polymerase complex. Consequently, depletion of lncRNA-PAAN prevents the formation of functional RdRp. Together, these results suggest that lncRNA-PAAN promotes the assembly of viral RNA polymerase, thus warranting efficient viral RNA synthesis. Elucidating the functions of lncRNAs in IAV infection is expected to advance our understanding of IAV pathogenesis and open new avenues to the development of novel anti-IAV therapeutics.
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- 2018
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11. Investigation of root rot disease of fenugreek/paan methi (Foenum-corniculata) in Nagaur district of Rajasthan, India
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Mahesh Kumar Poonia and Manju Kumari
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Rhizoctonia solani ,Crop ,Veterinary medicine ,biology ,Incidence (epidemiology) ,Root rot ,Paan ,Soil classification ,biology.organism_classification ,Soil type ,Crop management - Abstract
Root rot of Paan methi/Kasuri methi (Foenum-corniculata), induced by the fungus Rhizoctonia solani has become a vital constraint to the growers of paan methi in Rajasthan. Two field surveys were conducted during the Rabi 2018-19 and 2019-20 cropping seasons to determine the distribution and importance of Paan methi root rot incidence in Nagaur district, Rajasthan. The associations of disease incidence with biophysical factors were evaluated. The disease incidence varied among soil types, crop management practices, and cropping seasons. Disease incidence was higher in 2019-20 (28.45%) than in 2018-19 (26.80%). Cropping season, soil type, and previous crop were pathogen-host were significantly associated with root rot incidence.Root rot incidence varied from 20.65 to 33.50 percent in four surveyed tehsils of Nagaur district, Rajasthan. Maximum disease incidence in both years (2018-19 and 2019-20) was recorded in Nagaur Tehsil (33.50%) followed by Jayal (30.07 %), Merta (24.50 %), and Degana (22.00 %). In the Nagaur district of Rajasthan, the overall average disease incidence was 27.65 percent in 48 fields of 24 villages of four tehsils. The survey among areas revealed that none of the locations was found free from the disease.
- Published
- 2021
12. Novel disinfecting spittoons during COVID-19
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Khan, Mubarak Muhamed and Parab, Sapna Ramkrishna
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medicine.medical_specialty ,Tuberculosis ,Spitting ,biology ,Public health ,Phlegm ,Paan ,General Medicine ,biology.organism_classification ,medicine.disease ,Chewing tobacco ,Geography ,Smokeless tobacco ,medicine ,medicine.symptom ,Socioeconomics ,Areca - Abstract
Spittoons were developed centuries ago as receptacles for spitting, similar to ashtrays for saliva. They were meant for men to dispose their chewing tobacco and the abundant phlegm that accompanied the habit. Convenience turned to concern in the late 19th century when a global tuberculosis (TB) epidemic took hold and scientists realised that spittoons might actually spread diseases. After one exchange at the 1905 International Tuberculosis Congress in Paris, the head doctor of the city’s postal system ordered all spittoons removed from city post offices. In the USA, public health departments launched antispitting campaigns to stop the spread of TB—and in some states made spitting illegal, as it still is. By the mid-20th century, spittoons were gone from most public spaces in the USA.1 Similarly, kidney trays have been used in hospitals for collection of coughed sputum of admitted patients. However, these do not disinfect the collected sputum and naso-oral secretions which may be potential sources of infections during handling by healthcare workers. There are a total of 267 million tobacco users in India.2 Chewing and spitting have been a tradition in India and in South East Asian low-income countries. In India, it is a tradition to offer fennel seeds and sugar crystals to chew after a meal, which act as mouth fresheners and also help digestion. On the other hand, chewing smokeless tobacco products, paan masala and areca nut (supari ), increases the production of saliva followed by a …
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- 2021
13. Smokeless tobacco and oral potentially malignant disorders in South Asia: a protocol for a systematic review.
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Khan, Zohaib, Khan, Sheraz, Christianson, Lara, Rehman, Sara, Ekwunife, Obinna, and Samkange-Zeeb, Florence
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SMOKELESS tobacco , *ORAL cancer - Abstract
Introduction: Oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs) are chronic lesions or conditions characterized by a potential for malignant transformation. Apart from being possible pre-cursors to oral cancer, OPMDs themselves are usually painful and debilitating conditions having an influence on the quality of life, both in terms of pain and social disability. Smokeless tobacco (SLT) use is considered a major risk factor for OPMDs. SLT use is a culturally and socially acceptable habit in South Asia. According to a recent report, 90 % of the SLT burden of the whole world lies in the South Asian countries of Pakistan, India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Nepal, Afghanistan, and Maldives. This review aims to assess the association between the use of various SLT products in South Asia and risk of OPMDs. Methods: This review will focus on epidemiological studies on the use of SLT and risk modification for OPMDs, which have been carried out in the human population of South Asian countries. Articles reporting estimates of relative risk, e. g., odds ratio (OR) or relative risk (RR) with their 95 % confidence intervals (CI) for SLT users versus non-users. Articles reporting data from which these effect estimates can be computed will be included in the review. We will search MEDLINE, the Science Citation Index (SCI), Scopus, and the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) databases for relevant literature using a combination of keywords and MeSH terms, where applicable. Appropriate sources of gray literature will also be included in the search. The electronic searches will be supplemented by a hand search of the bibliographies of the included articles. The included studies will be assessed for their quality using an established quality assessment tool. All relevant data from the included articles will be recorded in an MS Excel spread sheet and then transferred to Rev Man 5.3 to carry out a meta-analysis. Heterogeneity among the estimates will be assessed through the I2 statistic. Sensitivity and subgroup analysis will be carried out to see the effects of individual or group of studies on the pooled effect estimate. Results of the review will be reported according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Discussion: This review may have a potential limitation with regard to the designs of the studies included as we expect that most of the included studies will be of the observational types. We will however try to address this issue by conducting sensitivity and subgroup analysis of similar quality studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2016
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14. Comparison of gingival biotype in smokeless tobacco users (Gutka and Paan) and non-tobacco users
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Hira Akhtar, Prena Moorpani, Munazza Aziz, Marina Shah, Shahbaz Ahmed Jat, and Fazal ur Rehman Qazi
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Male ,Tobacco, Smokeless ,Cross-sectional study ,business.industry ,Gingiva ,Paan ,Dentistry ,General Medicine ,Incisor ,stomatognathic diseases ,Cross-Sectional Studies ,Smokeless tobacco ,Tobacco users ,User group ,Gingival biotype ,Medicine ,Humans ,Female ,Gingival sulcus ,business ,Gutka - Abstract
Objective: To assess the gingival biotypes in smokeless tobacco (Gutka and Paan) users and compare it with non-tobacco users in Karachi sub-population using trans-gingival probing method (TRAN). Methods: This in-vivo, cross sectional study was conducted in the department of Operative Dentistry from 20th February 2019 to 25th June 2019 Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi after obtaining ethical approval from the Institutional review board of DUHS (Ref: IRB-1207/DUHS/Approval/2019/21). A total of 70 participants, 35 subjects currently using smokeless tobacco (Gutka and Paan) and 35 non-tobacco users from both genders were included in the study after taking informed consent. Gingival biotype was recorded using probe transparency method. Probing of the gingival sulcus was performed at the mid-buccal aspect of both maxillary incisors. Depending on the visibility of the underlying probe gingiva was categorized as thin or thick. Results: Statistically significant differences in gingival biotype was observed of both groups (p=0.005). Males were recorded with a higher percentage of thick gingiva in both groups (81% in smokeless tobacco and 65% in non-tobacco) while in females thick gingiva was more prevalent in smokeless tobacco group (85.7%) whereas thin gingiva was noted in non-tobacco group (66.7%); although the results between genders was statistically insignificant. The comparison between different age groups, genders and both groups was statistically insignificant. Conclusion: Significant difference was observed between gingival biotype of smokeless tobacco and non-tobacco user groups. No statistically significant results were observed between genders and age groups. Keywords: Gingival biotype, smokeless tobacco, Continuous...
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- 2021
15. Piper betleoides C. <scp>DC</scp> .: Edible source of betel‐scented sesquiterpene‐rich essential oil
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Dipanwita Banik, Pranjit Kumar Bora, Saikat Haldar, Siddhartha Proteem Saikia, Phirose Kemprai, Bhaskar Protim Mahanta, and Dristi Sut
- Subjects
Piper ,Phenylpropanoid ,Traditional medicine ,biology ,digestive, oral, and skin physiology ,010401 analytical chemistry ,Paan ,04 agricultural and veterinary sciences ,General Chemistry ,Sesquiterpene ,biology.organism_classification ,Betel ,040401 food science ,01 natural sciences ,0104 chemical sciences ,law.invention ,stomatognathic diseases ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,0404 agricultural biotechnology ,chemistry ,Inflorescence ,law ,Asian country ,Essential oil ,Food Science - Abstract
Betel leaf or ‘Paan’ (Piper betle) is an integral component of the addictive chewing stimulant ‘betel quid’ which is traditionally consumed by a large population in the Asian countries. Betel essential oil is also heavily used by the flavour industries. Often, it constitutes of carcinogenic and genotoxic phenylpropanoids. High incidence of the oral carcinogenesis in this part of the world has been linked to the chewing of betel quid as well as Paan. In this study, Piper betleoides C. DC. (wild Paan) was identified as the edible plant source from north‐east India possessing betel‐scented essential oil which was highly rich in sesquiterpenoids majorly germacrene D and β‐caryophyllene. Identity of the plant was confirmed through critical taxonomic studies. Further, the essential oil yield and composition were investigated across different vegetative (young and mature leaves, stem) and reproductive (male and female inflorescence) tissues of P. betleoides through gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GC‐MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (¹H, ¹³C NMR) spectroscopic analyses. The comparative quantitative investigation showed a high dominance by sesquiterpenoids (>90%) in the leaves of P. betleoides with no detection of phenylpropanoids. On the contrary, a high level of phenylpropanoids (>75%) was found in P. betle (Bangla Paan). In effect, P. betleoides can be a potential alternative source of betel‐scented sesquiterpene‐rich essential oil.
- Published
- 2019
16. Various terminologies associated with areca nut and tobacco chewing: A review.
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Patidar, Kalpana A., Parwani, Rajkumar, Wanjari, Sangeeta P., and Patidar, Atul P.
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TOBACCO chewing ,BETEL nut ,ORAL cancer ,MUCOUS membrane diseases ,FIBROSIS ,LEUKOPLAKIA ,ORAL cancer risk factors ,DISEASE risk factors - Abstract
Globally, arecanut and tobacco are among the most common addictions. Tobacco and arecanut alone or in combination are practiced in different regions in various forms. Subsequently, oral mucosal lesions also show marked variations in their clinical as well as histopathological appearance. However, it has been found that there is no uniformity and awareness while reporting these habits. Various terminologies used by investigators like 'betel chewing','betel quid chewing','betel nut chewing','betel nut habit','tobacco chewing'and 'paan chewing' clearly indicate that there is lack of knowledge and lots of confusion about the exact terminology and content of the habit. If the health promotion initiatives are to be considered, a thorough knowledge of composition and way of practicing the habit is essential. In this article we reviewed composition and various terminologies associated wi [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
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17. Local Transformation in Chiang Rai: The Roles of Administrative Organisation in Management and Preparedness for Earthquake
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Wanwalee Inpin
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Local autonomy ,Order (business) ,Preparedness ,Earthquake disaster ,Paan ,Business ,Natural disaster ,Environmental planning ,Decentralization - Abstract
In Thailand, the Subdistrict Administrative Organisations (SAOs) have challenges in implementing their responsibilities concerning earthquake disaster prevention and mitigation, due to the infrequency of earthquakes compared to other natural disasters. Yet, since the earthquake of 2014 has had a major effect in Chiang Rai Province, it becomes a significant area of concern for SAOs. Therefore, the SAOs must be able to respond to and manage such disasters efficiently and dynamically in order to support the community. This study aims to examine the roles of local administrative organisation in management and preparedness concerning earthquakes. The case study of this study is focused on Saikao SAO, Paan District, Chiang Rai Province which was the area currently affected by the earthquake on 5 May 2014.
- Published
- 2021
18. COMPARING THE EFFECT OF LASER BLEACHING WITH HOME BLEACHING ON PAAN STAINED TEETH USING DIGITAL SPECTROPHOTOMETER
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Kusum Valli S and Priyadarshini L Naik
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Home bleaching ,Materials science ,genetic structures ,business.industry ,Paan ,Dentistry ,Laser ,Stained teeth ,law.invention ,stomatognathic diseases ,stomatognathic system ,law ,sense organs ,business - Abstract
Introduction: The demand for tooth whitening has increased dramatically with the resulting development of new tooth whitening products and procedures. As it is a common scenario that the dentists come across paan stained teeth very regularly in dental practice, the need for this study is to compare if laser bleaching or three day home bleaching is effective for paan stained and give better treatment options for patients. Aim: To compare the effect of laser bleaching on paan stained tooth with home bleaching tooth using digital spectrophotometer Methodology: 20 extracted teeth were preserved in a solution of normal saline with 1% thymol crystals. The teeth were immersed in staining solution containing paan extracts for a period of two week. The specimens were evaluated for pre shades using VitaEasyShade. The stained specimens for paan respectively were divided randomly into 2 groups one for laser bleaching and other for home bleaching. POLA OFFICE + was applied on tooth and activated using the diode laser as per the manufacturer’s instructions for group 1. The bleaching was carried out with Philips Zoom Nitewhite for group 2. The second colour measurement of the specimens was made using VitaEasyShade. Conclusion: The results showed that laser bleaching was effective when compared to three day home bleach in paan stained teeth using digital spectrophotometer.
- Published
- 2020
19. An analysis of constraint and problems in production and marketing of Nagauri (Paan) methi in Rajasthan State of India
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M. M. Yadav, Nema Ram, M. K. Poonia, Vishal Dagar, and Vikash Pawariya
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Nagauri (Paan) methi ,Marketing constraint ,050204 development studies ,media_common.quotation_subject ,05 social sciences ,Paan ,Sample (statistics) ,Production constraints ,Payment ,Price spread ,Product (business) ,Environmental sciences ,Economic interventionism ,Garrett’s technique ,0502 economics and business ,Production (economics) ,GE1-350 ,Business ,050207 economics ,Marketing ,Monopoly ,Constraint (mathematics) ,media_common - Abstract
The present study was undertaken in the production area majorly Nagaur and in some part of Jodhpur district of Rajasthan to access the problems and constraints faced by farmers in the production and marketing of Nagauri (Paan) methi. A total sample of 150 farmers from 30 villages of two districts were selected for the study. The primary data were collected from the farmers by using pre tested structured schedule. The results from investigation shows that most important problem ranked first (Garret’s mean score is 75.60) was faced by farmers are lack of remunerative price of the product, which is 90 % of farmers were facing followed by lack of proper market center (Rank II), monopoly of traders (presence of less competitive firms), higher price spread. Least marketing constraint was payment delay which was faced by 55 per cent farmers ranked XIII. The major production constraints were drying of leaves (Garret’s mean score is 73.41) ranked I followed by irrigation and less use of technology. The appropriate policy suggestions are market establishment, government intervention to provide the remunerative price of Nagauri (Paan) methi and technology use.
- Published
- 2020
20. Disengagement beliefs in South Asian immigrant smokeless tobacco users: A qualitative study.
- Author
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Banerjee, Smita C., Ostroff, Jamie S., D'Agostino, Thomas A., Bari, Sehrish, Khera, Mitali, Acharya, Sudha, and Gany, Francesca
- Subjects
- *
ASIANS , *FOCUS groups , *HEALTH attitudes , *IMMIGRANTS , *RESEARCH funding , *SMOKELESS tobacco , *THEMATIC analysis - Abstract
Gutka and tambaku paan (smokeless tobacco products used by South Asian immigrants) are carcinogenic to humans (and perceived as such), yet, one-fourth of South Asian immigrants report current use. This study examined disengagement beliefs that perpetuate gutka/tambaku paan use among South Asians despite awareness of health risks. Six focus groups were conducted with immigrant South Asian adult gutka/tambaku paan users, in Gujarati, Bengali and Urdu languages in New York, USA. Participants included 39 South Asian adults residing in the New York City Metropolitan area, current (a minimum of weekly gutka or tambaku paan use in the last 12 months) or former (regular use prior to past 12 months) gutka or tambaku paan users and self-reported spoken fluency in Gujarati, Urdu or Bengali languages. Participants identified many health risks associated with gutka/tambaku paan use including locked jaw, high blood pressure and cancer. Five themes of disengagement beliefs emerged: (a) skepticism about the gutka/tambaku paan-cancer link, (b) perceived invulnerability to harm, (c) compensatory beliefs, (d) faith-based rationalization and (e) acknowledgment of addiction. To promote smokeless tobacco cessation among South Asians, interventions to counter disengagement beliefs and heighten the discomfort between the dissonant cognitions represent a promising area warranting further attention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
21. Chewable Tablets of Acacia catechu Extract, an Alternative to Betel (Paan) for Mouth Ulcers: Formulation and In vitro Evaluation
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Deep Shikha Sharma, Sachin Kumar Singh, Amit Sharma, V. P. Singh, Gurvinder Singh, Mangesh Pradeep Kulkarni, Pardeep Kumar, Kodati Shailendra, Rajesh Kumar, and Pooja Bhardwaj
- Subjects
Traditional medicine ,biology ,Chemistry ,Plant Extracts ,Acacia ,Pharmaceutical Science ,Paan ,Administration, Oral ,Factorial experiment ,Betel ,biology.organism_classification ,CHEWING DIFFICULTY ,Interaction studies ,Excipients ,Drug release ,medicine ,medicine.symptom ,Mouth ulcers ,Acacia catechu ,Oral Ulcer ,Tablets - Abstract
Objective: The objective of the current research work was to prepare chewable tablets having Acacia catechu extract useful for mouth ulcers using a 32 factorial design. Methods: Acacia catechu heartwood extract was prepared using a reported method with some modifications. The extract was characterized using TLC against the catechin marker. Then, drug-excipient interaction studies were carried out. The mixture of drug and excipients was evaluated for pre-compression parameters. With the application of 32 factorial design, chewable tablets were prepared using direct compression technique. Prepared tablets were evaluated for post-compression parameters. Results: In vitrodrug release study of the developed formulations was investigated both in intact and crushed form of tablets. Based on in vitroperformance, the best formulations were selected (F6, F7 & F8 from intact and F1, F5 & F9 from the crushed group) and subjected to various kinetic models and evaluated for chewing difficulty index (CDI). Conclusion: The overall results revealed that the formulated chewable tablets complied with the standards and exhibited a satisfactory performance in terms of drug release, chewing difficulty index and other related parameters.
- Published
- 2020
22. Smoking, Smokeless Tobacco and Alcohol Consumption Among Adults in India: A Sub-National Cross-Sectional Study
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Pankhuri Jain, Amit Yadav, Pallavi Sinha, Prashant Singh, N.U. Singh, Yatan Pal Singh Balhara, Lucky Singh, Chandan Kumar, S. V. Subramanian, Shekhar Kashyap, Shalini Singh, and Ankur Singh
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education.field_of_study ,Cancer prevention ,Cross-sectional study ,business.industry ,Smoking Tobacco ,Population ,Psychological intervention ,Paan ,Smokeless tobacco ,Environmental health ,Medicine ,business ,education ,Disease burden - Abstract
Background: National estimates of tobacco and alcohol use are insufficient to guide policy at sub-national and district level. This study examines sub-national and district-level prevalence and tobacco and alcohol use and its variations in India. Methods: Data on smoking tobacco, smokeless tobacco (SLT) and alcohol use in adults aged 15-49 was analysed from the National Family Health Survey. Sex-stratified prevalence of each types of tobacco and alcohol use at sub-national administrative units was estimated. We fitted multilevel logistic regressions to quantify the variation at the district and community level in tobacco and alcohol use. Findings: Overall, men used any form of tobacco or alcohol (53%, 52.5–53.4) more than women (7.4%, 95% CI 7.3–7.5). 23.4% (95% CI 23.1-23.9) smoked tobacco, with higher use of any SLT (29%, 28.6-29.4) and alcohol (29.2% 28.7-29.6). Women mostly used SLT (5.6%). Cigarette (13.6%, 13.3–14.0) and bidi (13.2%, 12.9–13.5) were most commonly and almost equally used types of smoking tobacco among men. Gutkha/paan masala with tobacco was the most consumed SLT product among both men (15.3%, 15.0–15.6) and women (2.2%, 2.1–2.3), followed by khaini. Beer was the most commonly used alcohol among men, followed by hard liquor. We found that considerable unexplained variation in tobacco and alcohol use attributed to between-population differences at districts (3.5% in smoking, 4% in alcohol and 6% in SLT) and community level (14.9% in smoking, 19.7% in alcohol and 21.5% in SLT) among males. Among females, between-population differences were even larger at districts (16.6% in smoking, 18% in SLT and 29.9% in alcohol) and community level (35.4% in smoking, 32.8% in SLT and 44% in alcohol). Interpretation: Regular assessment of sub-national tobacco and alcohol consumption across different population groups along with development of local cessation interventions must be integrated with health policy to reduce disease burden and preventable deaths. Funding Statement: No specific funding received for this study Declaration of Interests: All the authors declare that they have no conflict of interest. Ethics Approval Statement: The study was reviewed by the National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research Institutional Ethics Committee and was exempted from full review as the study was based on an anonymous public use dataset with no identifiable information on the study participants.
- Published
- 2020
23. Molecular Pathogenesis of Chewable Tobacco
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Wasfa Farooq, Zile Rubab, and Saeeda Baig
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0301 basic medicine ,Tobacco, Smokeless ,Arecoline ,Paan ,Pharmacology ,Pathogenesis ,03 medical and health sciences ,Tobacco ,medicine ,Humans ,Naswar ,Pakistan ,Oral mucosa ,Areca ,Carcinogen ,Gutka ,biology ,business.industry ,Mouth Mucosa ,Cancer ,Pharyngeal Neoplasms ,General Medicine ,biology.organism_classification ,medicine.disease ,Plants, Toxic ,030104 developmental biology ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Mouth Neoplasms ,business ,Precancerous Conditions - Abstract
In Pakistan, extensive use of several precarious chewable tobacco formulations has made oral cancer the second leading malignancy. Selection of literature was done by a survey of studies published from 1990 to 2017 mainly, from PUBMED and few from other search engines, on naswar, gutka, areca nut and betel quid, which included published reviews, original articles and other data sources on chewable tobacco, its epidemiology, pathological implications, and psychological effects. These studies have revealed that the chemicals in these formulations bind and mutate DNA of oral mucosa through down regulating cellular repair pathways and upregulating genetic networks associated with pathogenesis. Areca nut, having aercoline (the major alkaloid) causes carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, and genotoxicity of oral mucosa through increased production of growth factors and corticotrophin-releasing hormone, and genetic alteration in expression of CASP8, APAF-1, BAX, BAD, and upregulation of caspas-3. Gutka addiction leads to precancerous lesions resulting in characteristic facial abnormalities, following trismus. Naswar, in addition to oral cancer, causes adverse cardiovascular events by reducing glutathione per oxidase (GPx) and super-oxide dismutase (SOD), serum levels of HDL, whereas, increasing the ratio of cholesterol, LDL, triglycerides and LDL-C/HDL-C. Betel quid (Paan), causes psychoactivity affecting central and autonomic nervous systems leading to dependence with decreased cognition, euphoria, sweating, salivation, palpitation, heightened alertness and zest to work. Metabolically, cardio-acceleration, cortical desynchronisation of EEG, elevated plasma noradrenaline and adrenaline were found. This review highlights the corrosive effects of various most popular chewable tobacco formulations; and damage done by their cocktail of carcinogenic substances and added ingredients, leading to oropharangeal cancer.
- Published
- 2018
24. Moving toward a true depiction of tobacco behavior among Asian Indians in California: Prevalence and factors associated with cultural smokeless tobacco product use
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Arnab Mukherjea, Elisa K. Tong, and Mary V. Modayil
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Cancer Research ,education.field_of_study ,medicine.medical_specialty ,030505 public health ,business.industry ,Population ,Paan ,Odds ratio ,Acculturation ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Oncology ,Smokeless tobacco ,Epidemiology ,Medicine ,030212 general & internal medicine ,0305 other medical science ,business ,education ,Socioeconomic status ,Gutka ,Demography - Abstract
Background Asian Indians (AIs) in the United States exhibit disproportionate burdens of oral cancer and cardiovascular disease, which are potentially linked to smokeless tobacco. However, little is known about the use of cultural smokeless tobacco (CST) products in this population. Methods California Asian Indian Tobacco Use Survey data from 2004 (n = 1618) were used to investigate CST prevalence among California's AIs. CST products included paan, paan masala, and gutka. A multivariable logistic regression was conducted to examine factors (socioeconomic status, acculturation measures, and religious affiliation) associated with current CST use versus never use. Results The current CST prevalence was 13.0% (14.0% for men and 11.8% for women). In contrast, the prevalence of current cigarette use was 5.5% (8.7% for men and 1.9% for women), and the prevalence was lower for cultural smoked tobacco (0.1% for bidis and 0.5% for hookahs). Factors associated with CST use included the following: being male, being 50 years old or older, being an immigrant, speaking an AI language at home, having a higher level of education (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] for high school/some college, 2.6; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.1-6.5; AOR for college degree or higher, 4.0; 95% CI, 1.7-9.5), having a higher income (AOR for $75,000-$100,000, 2.5; 95% CI, 1.3-4.7; AOR for ≥$100,000, 2.6; 95% CI, 1.4-5.0), identifying as non-Sikh (AOR for Hinduism, 10.0; 95% CI, 6.0-16.5; AOR for other faiths, 10.2; 95% CI, 5.9-17.7), and disagreeing that spiritual beliefs are the foundation of life (AOR, 2.1; 95% CI, 1.2-3.5). Conclusions The current CST prevalence is relatively high among California's AIs in comparison with the prevalence of smoking, with narrower differences between sexes. The association with a higher socioeconomic status is contrary to typical cigarette smoking patterns. Acculturation and religious affiliation are important factors associated with current use. Health care providers and policymakers should consider such determinants for targeted interventions. Cancer 2018;124:1607-13. © 2018 American Cancer Society.
- Published
- 2018
25. Prevalence, knowledge, and attitude of gutkha chewing among school children of Arsikere, India
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P Rashmi, B N Shiva Kumar, Aniruddh Tak, N K Priya, C J Murugesh, Smitha Naik, and Rashmi Metgud
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Male ,Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice ,Betel nut ,Adolescent ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Paan ,India ,tobacco ,lcsh:RC254-282 ,Habits ,Surveys and Questionnaires ,Prevalence ,Medicine ,Humans ,Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and imaging ,Public Health Surveillance ,Child ,Areca ,media_common ,biology ,business.industry ,digestive, oral, and skin physiology ,gutkha ,school children ,General Medicine ,Betel ,biology.organism_classification ,lcsh:Neoplasms. Tumors. Oncology. Including cancer and carcinogens ,Cross-Sectional Studies ,Oncology ,Population study ,Mastication ,Female ,Habit ,business ,Demography - Abstract
Aims: To assess the prevalence, knowledge, and attitude of gutkha chewing among school children of Arsikere, India. Materials and Methods: Two thousand school children aged between 10 and 15 years were examined with individual interviews along with a questionnaire to evaluate the presence of betel nut and paan chewing habit in various forms. Children of both sexes were included in the study. Responses of all study population and the association between dependent and explanatory variables were assessed using Chi-square test. Results: Twenty-eight percent of children had the habit of gutkha chewing, more among boys than girls at the ratio of 4:1 which was statistically significant (P < 0.05). The habit was more common in government school children than private school children; over 70% of children believed that it is a bad habit, but half the study population was not aware of side effects; 30% of children believed that it is not a bad habit and has no side effects. Conclusion: There is a higher prevalence of gutkha chewing habit in school children who are not aware of the side effects. Children themselves purchase the gutkha and betel nut sachets, hence the Government should ban the sale and purchase by children.
- Published
- 2018
26. Smokeless tobacco consumption among public and heavy load drivers in Karachi, Pakistan: A cross-sectional study
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Ibrahim Warsi, Abdur Rasheed, Rabeea Farooqui, Anjum Younus, Ambrina Qureshi, Javeria Ahmed, and Syed Muhammad Hamza
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education.field_of_study ,genetic structures ,Cross-sectional study ,business.industry ,Population ,Paan ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Smokeless tobacco ,030220 oncology & carcinogenesis ,Environmental health ,Naswar ,Medicine ,Population study ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Peer pressure ,business ,education ,Gutka - Abstract
Tobacco use remains a major cause of preventable morbidity and mortality worldwide. The World Health Organization states that 19.1% of the Pakistani population consumes smoked or smokeless tobacco (SLT). Although many population focused studies have focused on the use of SLT in Pakistan, but they have failed to address the use of SLT among laborers, especially the niche population of public and heavy load drivers (that is, transporters). This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of SLT consumption among this population and the relationship of this parameter with knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding SLT use. From a sample size of 714 participants, 615 responses were obtained, generating an overall response rate of 86%. The prevalence of SLT consumption in the study population was 93.7%; here, gutka was the most frequently consumed preparation (60.2%), followed by naswar (35.8%), paan (32.4%), and Mawa (16.7%). A masticatory habit was the most commonly cited factor leading to dependence (87.8%), followed by the influence of friends and family (83.9%), peer pressure (80.7%), and increased alertness (52.8%). However, 61.3% of participants reported experiencing strong withdrawals upon ceasing SLT use and believed themselves to be addicted and unable to quit usage. These findings suggest that for transporters, a high-risk occupational group dependent on SLT consumption, specific, tailored tobacco-cessation programs and medical assistance are needed to reduce the burden of tobacco-related morbidity and mortality. Key words: Smokeless tobacco (SLT), tobacco use, gutka, heavy load and public drivers, transporters, Karachi.
- Published
- 2017
27. Paan
- Author
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Nair, Sajay P., Loue, Sana, editor, and Sajatovic, Martha, editor
- Published
- 2012
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28. Tobacco: Its historical, cultural, oral, and periodontal health association.
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Mishra, Shanu and Mishra, M. B.
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TOBACCO -- History ,TOBACCO & health ,TOBACCO ,SMOKABLE plants ,ORAL hygiene ,HEALTH risk assessment ,THERAPEUTICS - Abstract
This article provides information on the origin of tobacco and its subsequent spread throughout the world. In the era of the migration of communities, tobacco use gradually gained access and subsequently migrated along with the migrants, establishing in different locations. Probably at that time people were unaware of the health hazards and were using tobacco in treating certain ailments. Much has been known and written about tobacco in the context of oral and general health hazards but little has been explored and is known to many about where from and how this plant, which is now used in various forms, and spreading widely. In what form, where, and how it had been served in religious rituals and considered for treatment or remedy of certain ailments in those days could not certainly be known. In the 21
st century, people are considering hazardous tobacco as beneficial for their teeth, good for concentration of mind, and something which keeps them engaged. Even many professionals, though knowing the deleterious effects, are still using tobacco and gutkha in one or the other form. This article has been designed to revive the awareness for health hazards of tobacco and similar products. A pilot project questionnaire survey comprising this subject involving the educated mass has already been started and will be produced after analysis of data in part II of this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2013
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29. BETEL QUID (PAAN) CHEWING AND ORAL EPITHELIAL DYSPLASIA IN LAHORE: AN ANALYTICAL STUDY
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A.H. Nagi and S. Waris
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Epithelial dysplasia ,Traditional medicine ,biology ,business.industry ,digestive, oral, and skin physiology ,Betel leaf ,Paan ,Betel quid chewing ,Betel ,biology.organism_classification ,Pathology and Forensic Medicine ,Southeast asia ,stomatognathic diseases ,Medicine ,Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and imaging ,Dentistry (miscellaneous) ,Surgery ,Oral Surgery ,Betel quid ,business ,Areca - Abstract
Background Betel quid (locally–called “paan”) is widely chewed habitually in Pakistan and South and Southeast Asia. It is hand-rolled at paan stalls by smearing a betel leaf (from Piper betel) with slaked lime, catech paste, chopped areca nut, and a variety of condiments and flavoring agents. Paan is considered a group 1 carcinogen for humans by the International Association for Research on Cancer. It is one of the major causes of oral cancer in these regions. The reactive oxygen species released during chewing can initiate carcinogenesis by inducing mutagenesis. Objective The present study was performed to determine the frequency of epithelial dysplasia among habitual paan chewers. It also calculated the association between the quantity and quality of paan chewing and the severity of oral epithelial dysplasia. Methods This was a cross-sectional analytical study. Cytological smears from 300 habitual paan chewers were collected. After fixation with alcohol, smears were then air dried and stained with hematoxylin, eosin, Giemsa, and Pap stains. The material was then examined under an optical microscope. Epithelial dysplasia was identified and graded using the method of Speight. Results Epithelial dysplasia was observed in 57.7% of the habitual paan chewers, which was significantly associated with the number of paans consumed per day as well as duration of paan consumption. These variables were positively correlated with grading of epithelial dysplasia. Conclusions The study concludes that epithelial dysplasia was present in the majority of habitual paan chewers in Lahore city. The correlation between the amount of betel quid chewing and the severity of epithelial dysplasia means the effect is dose-dependent.
- Published
- 2021
30. AVAILABILITY AND CHARACTERISTICS OF BETEL PRODUCTS IN THE U.S.
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Blank, Melissa, Deshpande, Laxmikant, and Balster, Robert L.
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- *
BETEL nut , *BETEL leaves , *TOBACCO , *PSYCHOTROPIC plants , *PARASYMPATHOMIMETIC agents , *PARASYMPATHOLYTIC agents , *CHOLINERGIC mechanisms , *PARASYMPATHETIC nervous system - Abstract
Betel use involves oral placement of shards of areca nut (Areca catechu palm seed containing the cholinergic agonist arecoline) wrapped with slaked lime in a betel leaf (Piper betle plant) or various chopped or powdered products containing areca nut and/or parts of the betel plant. Additives to this mixture include catechu (areca palm extract), Spices! sweeteners (e.g., saccharin, cloves), and/or tobacco. Betel use is most common in Asia and East India; however, little is known about the availability and characteristics of these products outside of this region. Thus, a representative sample of betel products and additives was purchased in the Richmond, Virginia area. Five venues were visited between March and May, 2006. Products successfully purchased were those containing betel alone (seven), betel/tobacco (three), tobacco alone (four), and additives (four). Most betel products listed ingredients on the packaging, though some did not explicitly distinguish between those with versus without tobacco. Importantly, seven of seven betel alone and one of three betel/tobacco products omitted any health-related warnings. All products were inexpensive and relatively obtainable in the groceries visited. More research is warranted in order to accurately estimate product emergence into the U.S. and other world markets, and the consequent impact on public health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2008
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31. Contextual Factors Related to Conventional and Traditional Tobacco Use Among California Asian Indian Immigrants
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Ritesh Mistry, Hozefa A. Divan, Minal Patel, Annette E. Maxwell, and William J. McCarthy
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Adult ,Male ,Gerontology ,Health (social science) ,Adolescent ,Population ,Emigrants and Immigrants ,Paan ,California ,Tobacco Use ,Young Adult ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Humans ,Medicine ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Snuff ,education ,Gutka ,Aged ,Aged, 80 and over ,education.field_of_study ,030505 public health ,Asian ,Asian Indian ,business.industry ,Tobacco control ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Middle Aged ,Acculturation ,Religion ,Chewing tobacco ,Cross-Sectional Studies ,Mental Health ,Female ,0305 other medical science ,business ,Stress, Psychological ,Demography - Abstract
California's tobacco control program contracted for tobacco use surveillance of Asian Indian Americans to address the paucity of information about tobacco use in this community, given their growing proportion of California's population. This study examined correlates of conventional (CTU) and Asian Indian traditional tobacco use (TTU) in a population-based sample of predominantly immigrant Asian Indian adults residing in California (N = 3228). The analytic sample (n = 2140) was limited to self-identified immigrants from India. Descriptive statistics, bivariate analyses, and multivariate logistic regressions were conducted to examine correlates of tobacco use among Asian Indian immigrants related to their acculturation and religious affiliation. While 65% of the sample had ever used traditional tobacco products (paan masala, gutka, bidis), only 25% had ever used conventional tobacco (cigarettes, cigar, pipe, chewing tobacco, snuff). Less than 5% reported tobacco use in the past 30 days. Rates of ever TTU and CTU were higher among men than women. Ethnic enclave residence was not associated with tobacco use. Impaired mental health was associated with CTU, and number of years spent in the U.S. was positively associated with both CTU and TTU. Individuals affiliated with Sikhism were less likely to use tobacco than individuals affiliated with Hinduism. Few population-based studies in the U.S. address both CTU and TTU use among Asian Indian immigrants. Tobacco use in Asian Indian immigrants may be seriously underestimated if surveillance is limited to conventional tobacco products. Interventions to reduce tobacco use should address mental health issues and consider religious affiliation.
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- 2017
32. Paan and Gutka Use in the United States: A Pilot Study in Bangladeshi and Indian-Gujarati Immigrants in New York City.
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Changrani, Jyotsna, Gany, Francesca M., Cruz, Gustavo, Kerr, Ross, and Katz, Ralph
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SMOKELESS tobacco ,BETEL nut ,SOUTH Asians ,IMMIGRANTS ,ORAL cancer ,BANGLADESHIS ,CARCINOGENS - Abstract
Smokeless tobacco and areca nut are popular with South Asians and South Asian immigrants, most commonly used as paan and gutka. Their regular use leads to oral cancer. The South Asian community in the U.S. is rapidly growing, where paan and gutka are readily available. The study was the first exploration of the migration of the paan and gutka habits, and their use in the U.S. A 108-item questionnaire on paan and gutka usage and beliefs was administered to 138 first-generation Bangladeshi and Indian-Gujarati immigrant adults at community sites in the New York metropolitan area. Forty-five percent Indian-Gujaratis reported ever-regular paan use; of which 5% are current users. Thirty-one percent reported ever-regular gutka use; of which 77% are current users. Thirty-five percent Bangladeshis reported ever-regular paan use; of which 70% are current users. Nine percent reported ever-regular gutka use; of which 67% are current users. Bangladeshis are more likely to identify paan as causing oral cancer. Indian-Gujaratis are more likely to identify gutka as causing oral cancer. Between the two communities, there were significant differences in paan and gutka usage, migration effects, and oral cancer risk perception. There is a need for comprehensive migration studies on the determinants of usage, and for community-specific interventions for these carcinogenic products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2006
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33. Non-destructive prediction of moisture content of lime (Citrus aurantifoliaSwingle ‘Paan’) by multiple regression analysis of its electrical and physical properties
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S. Teerachaichayut and H.T. Huong
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Materials science ,Paan ,Regression analysis ,04 agricultural and veterinary sciences ,Horticulture ,engineering.material ,040401 food science ,0404 agricultural biotechnology ,Non destructive ,040103 agronomy & agriculture ,engineering ,0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries ,Water content ,Lime - Published
- 2017
34. Association of smokeless tobacco with oral cancer: A review of systematic reviews
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Satyanarayana Labani, Smita Asthana, and Parul Vohra
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Health (social science) ,Epidemiology ,systematic reviews ,Paan ,Health Professions (miscellaneous) ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Environmental health ,medicine ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Quality assessment ,business.industry ,lcsh:Public aspects of medicine ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Cancer ,lcsh:RA1-1270 ,smokeless tobacco ,oral cancer ,medicine.disease ,meta-analysis ,Risk Estimate ,Systematic review ,Smokeless tobacco ,Data extraction ,030220 oncology & carcinogenesis ,Meta-analysis ,business ,Research Paper - Abstract
Introduction Various primary studies and systematic reviews have been conducted to explain the association between smokeless tobacco and oral cancer. This study aims to consolidate and summarize the risk estimates from various systematic reviews with or without meta-analysis to provide the spectrum of estimates on the association between smokeless tobacco use and oral cancer. Methods A comprehensive literature search was done on various databases (PubMed, Google Scholar, IndMED, and TOXLINE) by two of the authors independently. Both qualitative and quantitative data extraction and analysis were performed for the included systematic reviews. Range of risk estimates was obtained and analyzed as quantitative findings due to the limitation of an overview of reviews for the pooled estimates. CASP (Critical Appraisals Skills Programme) and AMSTAR 2 (A Measurement Tool to Assess Systematic Reviews) tools were used for the quality assessment of the studies included. Results In total, 12 systematic reviews with or without meta-analysis were included in the review. There was a positive and strong association of Smokeless Tobacco (SLT) use with oral cancer irrespective of gender, region, and type of smokeless tobacco. The risk estimate for the South-East Asia Region (SEAR) ranged 4.44-7.90, for Gutkha it was 8.67, while for Paan it ranged 6.3-7.90 and for overall SLT it ranged 1.36-7.90. Risk estimate for females ranged 5.83-14.56. Conclusions The study confirmed the association between SLT use and oral cancer. These findings are of high importance, especially to the South-East Asia Region.
- Published
- 2019
35. Processing and Potential Health Benefits of Betel Leaf (Piper betle L.)
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Ahindra Nag, Mitali Madhumita, and Proshanta Guha
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Toxicology ,Vine ,Piper ,biology ,Food spoilage ,Betel leaf ,Paan ,Health benefits ,Betel ,biology.organism_classification ,FAMILY PIPERACEAE - Abstract
The Piper betle is a woody, perennial and climbing vine belonging to the family Piperaceae. The fresh leaves of betel vine, generally known as Paan in India, is cultivated at altitudes of 02–1400 m in high land, moist, tropical as well as subtropical region with an annual production worth about Rs. 9000 million. Betel leaves have a great importance on cultural, medicinal and economic aspects. Having a high nutritive and medicinal value, betel leaves prevent indigestion, constipation, bronchitis, congestion, coughs, asthma, etc. Due to perishable nature and quick spoilage, various preservation techniques are adopted to minimize the post-harvest losses of betel leaves. This chapter provides valuable information on biochemistry, processing, preservation and health benefits, and also focuses on various mechanisms that occur through several scientific research activities.
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- 2019
36. Exploring biocultural models of chewing tobacco and paan among reproductive‐aged women: Self‐medication, protection, or gender inequality?
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Caitlyn D. Placek, Vijaya Srinivas, Purnima Madhivanan, Kavitha Ravi, Casey J. Roulette, Natalie Hudanick, Poornima Jayakrishna, and Anisa Khan
- Subjects
Adult ,Tobacco, Smokeless ,India ,Paan ,030209 endocrinology & metabolism ,Self Medication ,Protective Agents ,Article ,Nicotine ,Tobacco Use ,Young Adult ,03 medical and health sciences ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,0302 clinical medicine ,Environmental health ,Genetics ,medicine ,Humans ,Nuts ,0601 history and archaeology ,Arecoline ,Tobacco Use Epidemiology ,Areca ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics ,060101 anthropology ,biology ,digestive, oral, and skin physiology ,06 humanities and the arts ,biology.organism_classification ,Chewing tobacco ,Socioeconomic Factors ,chemistry ,Anthropology ,Female ,Anatomy ,Cotinine ,Psychology ,Self-medication ,medicine.drug - Abstract
Objectives Tobacco and areca nut are two of the most widely used psychoactive plant substances worldwide, yet the biocultural factors that account for variation in use patterns are not well understood. Here we attempt to understand the high prevalence of, and variation in, tobacco and areca nut use among reproductive-aged women. Methods Research was carried out in Mysore, Karnataka, India. First, we conducted a qualitative investigation where participants engaged in semistructured interviews and focus group discussions to uncover cultural norms of women's tobacco use. Findings informed the second stage of research which quantitatively tested three models of tobacco and areca nut use (N = 74). Results The qualitative study found that women were more likely to chew "natural" forms of tobacco and areca nut products (kaddipudi and paan). Quantitative tests of our hypotheses revealed that kaddipudi and combined tobacco use were best explained by the self-medication model, with somatic and environmental stress as strong indicators of use. The presence of cotinine, our biological indicator of tobacco use, was best modeled by gender inequality. We also found that men and women reported approximately equal tobacco use, even though their preferred types of tobacco and areca nut products differed. Conclusions Findings did not support the protection hypothesis as it relates to plant toxins. Instead, this study suggests that women might exploit neurotoxins such as nicotine and arecoline to offset the cognitive and energetic costs associated with iron deficiency in stressful environments.
- Published
- 2019
37. Stability, correlation and path coefficient analysis for yield and quality traits in betelvine (Piper betle L.) genotypes under three different sets of conditions
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N. Khare, Alice Tirkey, S.S. Porte, T. Tirkey, Vibha Ramtake, Ambika Tandon, and P. K. Joshi
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Horticulture ,biology ,Crop yield ,Path coefficient ,Genetics ,Paan ,Plant Science ,Plant breeding ,Leaf area index ,Betel ,biology.organism_classification ,Genetic correlation ,Plant stem - Abstract
Betelvine (Piper betle L.) is commonly consumed as betel quid or paan with areca nut and/or tobacco; and also utilized in Indian medicine systems and in religious ceremonies. The betel production is highly erratic and so is the income of farmers due to natural climatic factors and spoilage during transport. It is therefore important to improve its productivity per vine and per unit area to meet the demand. Correlation, path coefficient and stability analysis was carried out in fifteen genotypes of betelvine including 3 checks under three protected structures, namely, Bareja (E1), Poly tunnel (E2) and Net tunnel (E3). Among the three structures, Net tunnel was found suitable for the cultivation of betelvine in Chhattisgarh. With respect to quality parameters, Meetha paan (2.65 g/100g) followed by Billori (2.23 g/100g) found to have high protein content. Meetha paan (5.89g/100g) followed by Meetha-cum-bangla (5.36g/100g) was also found to possess high starch content. However, low fiber content was recorded in Meetha pan (1.83g/100g), whereas high potassium content was found in Ramtake meetha (933mg/100g) followed by Bidhan pan (991mg/100g). The genotype, Karapaku possessed high potassium content (2.67mg/g). Hedonic five point scale for organolaptic test showed Meetha paan (2.3/5) followed by Bali paan (2.4/5) were less pungent among genotype studied. Highest shelf life was found in genotype Karapaku and Bhaichigudi (18days). The results indicated that number of leaves per vein were positively correlated with leaf width (0.802 and 0.819) followed by leaf area (0.790 and 0.808), leaf area index (0.782 and 0.800), leaf length (0.745 and 0.759), specific leaf weight (0.681 and 0.709), petiole length (0.658 and 0.705), diameter of internodes (0.484 and 0.559) and R-value (0.112 and 0.110) at both phenotypic and genotypic level, respectively. Path analysis identified leaf width (0.8772) and leaf length (0.4712) had direct effects on leaf yield at phenotypic level. Highest positive direct effect on leaf yield was exerted by leaf area (1.3544) followed by leaf width (0.8986) at genotypic level. These characters can be used as selection criterion in a breeding programme to develop varieties of betelvine with high leaf yield. The stability analysis under three different protected structures viz; E1, E2, E3 indicated that the genotypes, Karapaku, Bhaichigudi and Maghai pan are stable across the environment for leaf yield.
- Published
- 2019
38. Screening for oral cancer utilising risk-factor analysis is ineffective in high-risk populations
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Hebah Aldehlawi, A. Lalli, Noha Seoudi, Farida Fortune, Ahmad Waseem, and J. A. G. Buchanan
- Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty ,Paan ,Physical examination ,Malignancy ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Risk Factors ,Biopsy ,Mucositis ,medicine ,Humans ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Risk factor ,Areca ,Early Detection of Cancer ,030505 public health ,biology ,medicine.diagnostic_test ,business.industry ,Cancer ,medicine.disease ,biology.organism_classification ,Dermatology ,Otorhinolaryngology ,Surgery ,Mouth Neoplasms ,Oral Surgery ,0305 other medical science ,business ,Factor Analysis, Statistical - Abstract
Screening for oral cancer by direct visual examination is believed to be ineffective because of the difficulty in differentiating a small number of malignancies from the much more prevalent benign oral mucosal lesions (OML) that are found in high-risk individuals. Standardised clinical diagnoses were recorded for all the OMLs identified during oral visual examination of 1111 individuals with risk factors for oral cancer, including tobacco and areca nut (paan) consumption. Suspicious lesions were referred for biopsy and definitive diagnosis. A total of 1438 OMLs with 32 different clinical diagnoses were identified in 604 participants. Analysis of referrals revealed two distinct groups: visually benign lesions (VBLs) none of which was referred, and visually complex lesions (VCLs) comprising 661 OMLs with nine different clinical diagnoses. After biopsy the VCLs included known potentially malignant disorders (PMDs) as well as benign lesions such as paan mucositis. VCLs (but not VBLs) share risk factors with oral cancer (p
- Published
- 2019
39. Oral Hygiene and Tobacco Use Practices in Rural Villages of Jhapa District, Nepal
- Author
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Bishal Babu Basnet and Khem Raj Sharma
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,Rural Population ,Tobacco, Smokeless ,Health Behavior ,Paan ,Oral hygiene ,law.invention ,Interviews as Topic ,Dental floss ,Tobacco Use ,Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) ,Nepal ,law ,Environmental health ,medicine ,Humans ,Qualitative Research ,Aged ,Response rate (survey) ,business.industry ,General Medicine ,Middle Aged ,medicine.disease ,Oral Hygiene ,Health Surveys ,Cross-Sectional Studies ,Smokeless tobacco ,Marital status ,Female ,Toothbrush ,business - Abstract
Background: Smoking and use of smokeless tobacco affect oral as well as general health. People are reluctant to achieve good oral health in lieu of the avoidance of deleterious habits. The objective of this study was to analyze two contrasting health behaviors; the oral hygiene practices against tobacco use in a sample from eastern Terai.Methods: This is questionnaire-based cross-sectional survey carried out in Jhapa district located in eastern Nepal. In this report, practice of toothbrushing, use of fluoridated toothpaste, frequency of using tobacco related products (paan, gutkha, chilim, cigarette, bidi, hukkah) was assessed. Association of health behavior to sociodemographic variables were tested with regression analysis at 95% confidence limits.Results: A total of 1178 respondents (response rate = 96.8%) completed the interview, among them 80.8% were males. Mean age was 52.21 years (SD = 15.943). Overall 72.6% used fluoridated toothpaste and toothbrush for cleaning teeth, 58.8% consumed tobacco related products. Interdental aids utilization was very less (1.2% using dental floss). Age was significantly related to both toothbrushing and tobacco-consuming. Educational status was related significantly to toothbrushing (p0.05).Conclusions: Our results showed that consumption of tobacco related products is moderately high in Terai village and oral health practice was found to be influenced by educational status. More such studies to identify status of oral health and impact of tobacco are recommended.Keywords: Oral health; smokeless tobacco; smoking; tobacco
- Published
- 2019
40. Agronomy of Betelvine Crop
- Author
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Kajal Sengupta
- Subjects
Crop ,Piper ,biology ,Agroforestry ,Agriculture ,business.industry ,Microclimate ,Paan ,Organic manure ,biology.organism_classification ,business ,Betel ,Artificial structure - Abstract
Betelvine (Piper betle L.) cultivation and consumption of betel leaves are traditional and widespread practices in India. The leaves have some medicinal values. For the small and marginal farmers, unable to produce sufficient food on their tiny holdings, and whose labour resources (including family labours) are underemployed, betelvine cultivation may provide a means to put their underutilized labour to productive use enabling them to make ends meet. Betelvine is mainly cultivated in an artificial structure called boroj which is made with locally available cheap materials. Betel leaves are mainly used for mastication as mouth freshener. For successful production of betel leaves, proper manuring, water management and microclimate are important. Betel leaves have some export potentiality also. The agricultural, industrial, medicinal and allied potentialities of the crop are discussed.
- Published
- 2019
41. Effect of paan masala on voice parameters
- Author
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K Sandhya, N Priyanka, and C Chethan
- Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty ,biology ,Significant difference ,Paan ,Catechu ,Audiology ,biology.organism_classification ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Smokeless tobacco ,Vocal folds ,medicine ,Phonation ,Psychology ,Breathy voice ,Areca - Abstract
Introduction: Ingestion of paan masala (a mixture of areca nut with catechu, slaked lime, and added flavoring agents) is one of the means of smokeless tobacco usage which can also have adverse effect on voice such as dryness in vocal folds which in turn may result in depletion of mucosal layer of the vocal folds. Aim: Aim of the study was to investigate the consequence of paan masala usage on voice parameters and to compare the acoustic parameters amid two groups who were paan users and non paan users respectively. Method: A total of 120 samples (3 trials of phonation of sustained vowel /a/) were obtained from male participants between age ranges of 18 – 40 years. 60 recordings were taken from 20 individuals who indulged in intake of paan masala from past 5-10 years. Another 60 recordings were from 20 individuals who were non paan masala users. The recorded samples were subjected to two types of analysis viz. perceptual evaluation was carried out by 10 qualified speech language pathologists based on standardized voice rating scale and acoustic analysis was done using clinically acceptable software. Results: Results of perceptual analysis indicated increased breathiness which was supported by acoustical NNE. Greater values in jitter, shimmer and Normalized Noise Energy (NNE) in paan users indicates of being at risk of having vocal pathologies. These parameters of voice had a significant difference between paan users and individuals who do not consume paan. Conclusion: The results do indicate that consumption of paan poses an impending threat to voice which is evident in abnormal acoustical findings and it is essential for people to be aware of the consequences of devouring paan for mere pleasure of minutes.
- Published
- 2021
42. Prevalence of the Usage of Smokeless Tobacco in Patients Presenting With Stroke in a Tertiary Care Hospital.
- Author
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Saleem Z, Liaquat S, Syed M, Abbas Z, Amir A, and Shahbaz NN
- Abstract
Background Stroke is one of the leading causes of disability, long-term morbidity, and mortality. The key modifiable risk factors for stroke are largely driven by demographic changes and various social adaptations. Smokeless tobacco consumption is high in developing countries with less awareness of its potential health risks. Aim This study was designed to determine the prevalence of usage of smokeless tobacco in patients presenting with stroke in a tertiary care hospital in Karachi. Methods This is a cross-sectional study conducted at the Department of Neurology of Dr. Ruth K. M. Pfau Civil Hospital in Karachi. A total of 192 patients were enrolled during the study period of six months, from September 2018 to March 2019. All consenting patients were recruited who presented with stroke and fulfilled the inclusion criteria. All patients were assessed by a trained neurologist. Results A total of 192 patients with stroke were included. There were 146 (76%) males and 46 (24%) females with a mean age of 53 ± 6.1 years. The highest percentage (39%) of cases was illiterate. A majority (64%) of patients presented belonged to a lower socioeconomic background. Out of 192 stroke patients, 131 (68.2%) consumed smokeless tobacco. Conclusion The frequency of smokeless tobacco consumption was found to be high in stroke patients who require the attention of the physician on modifiable risk factors., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright © 2022, Saleem et al.)
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
43. Cervical Cancer – Bench to Bedside
- Author
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T Rajkumar
- Subjects
dendritic cell vaccine for treatment ,Oncology ,medicine.medical_specialty ,cervical cancer ,predictive and prognostic markers ,Immunology ,Paan ,ube2c ,human papilloma virus ,Internal medicine ,Epidemiology ,p16 elisa ,medicine ,Childbirth ,lcsh:Science ,lcsh:General works ,Human papilloma virus ,Cervical cancer ,lcsh:R5-130.5 ,business.industry ,Cancer ,Gene signature ,medicine.disease ,Sexual intercourse ,lcsh:Q ,business - Abstract
Cervical cancer is the second most common cancer in Indian women and 4th most common cancer in women world-wide. Over nearly two decades, we have carried out epidemiological and molecular studies in cervical cancer, with an intent to identify potential early diagnostic biomarkers, predictive and prognostic markers, develop newer therapies against cervical cancer and identify potential new targets for therapy.Our studies had identified 14 high risk and 10 low risk human papilloma virus (HPV) in our cervical cancer patients for the first time; had identified life style related cofactors in the development of cervical cancer (paan chewing, parity, early age at first sexual intercourse and first childbirth, husband with two or more sexual partners). We have developed a p16 ELISA kit for cervical cancer screening for use at point of care like PHC's; identified a 7 gene signature which help identify patients who can be treated with radiotherapy alone; identified potential prognostic markers for use in the clinic; developed the country's first Dendritic cell vaccine therapy for cervical cancer and completed the phase 1 study; have identified newer potential therapeutic targets for treatment of cervical cancer.
- Published
- 2016
44. Awareness and Use of South Asian Tobacco Products Among South Asians in New Jersey
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Arnab Mukherjea, Cristine D. Delnevo, Michael B. Steinberg, Smita C. Banerjee, M. Jane Lewis, and Mary Hrywna
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice ,Asia ,Health (social science) ,South asia ,Tobacco use ,Adolescent ,Paan ,Context (language use) ,Article ,Indigenous ,Tobacco Use ,Young Adult ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Asian People ,Risk Factors ,Environmental health ,Humans ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Aged ,030505 public health ,Asian ,New Jersey ,Traditional medicine ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Tobacco Products ,Focus Groups ,Middle Aged ,Focus group ,Geography ,Smokeless tobacco ,Female ,0305 other medical science ,Qualitative research - Abstract
South Asians are the third largest Asian group in the US and among the fastest growing racial groups in New Jersey. Tobacco consumption among South Asians is characterized by several smoked and smokeless tobacco products indigenous to the Indian subcontinent. However, there is a paucity of research on tobacco use behaviors among South Asians in the US. The goal of this study was to examine the awareness and use of South Asian tobacco products such as bidis, gutkha, paan, paan masala, and zarda as well as other potentially carcinogenic products such as supari, their context of use, and their cultural significance among South Asians living in the US. Eight focus groups were conducted with South Asian adults living in Central New Jersey. Overall, participants were aware of a wide variety of foreign and American tobacco products with older South Asians identifying a greater variety of indigenous products compared to younger South Asians. Hookah was consistently recognized as popular among the younger generation while products such as paan or paan masala were more commonly identified with elders. Use of tobacco-related products such as paan and supari were described as common at social gatherings or after meals. In addition, light or social users of South Asian tobacco products, including products not consistently defined as tobacco, may not report tobacco use on a survey. Better understanding of the use of these products among South Asians and how some may classify tobacco usage can inform future research and public health interventions in these communities.
- Published
- 2016
45. Frequency of anti-nuclear antibody and anti dsDNA antibodies in subjects of oral addictive habits
- Author
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Shah Jahan, Faheem Shahzad, Muhammad Kashif, Nadeem Afzal, Malik Adeel Anwar, Afia Abbas, and Sadia Minhas
- Subjects
biology ,Anti-nuclear antibody ,business.industry ,Anti-dsDNA antibodies ,Addiction ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Autoantibody ,Paan ,medicine.disease_cause ,biology.organism_classification ,Autoimmunity ,immune system diseases ,mental disorders ,Immunology ,biology.protein ,Medicine ,Antibody ,skin and connective tissue diseases ,business ,Areca ,media_common - Abstract
Background: People with addictive habits are prone to both infectious and non-infectious diseases. Conflicting results have been reported about propensity of these individuals for development of autoimmune diseases. Therefore, a study was planned to determine the frequency of anti-nuclear antibody (ANA) and anti-dsDNA (dsDNA) antibody in the serum of habitual smokers, paan (areca nut) chewers and other oral addictive habits as compared to subjects without such addictive habits. Methods: Blood samples from 90 subjects (45 with addictive habits and 45 without any addiction) were taken by random sampling after getting written informed consent. Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to test the sera for ANA and anti dsDNA. Results: One subject in the addictive group had ANA and dsDNA antibodies, whereas in the control group, two subjects had anti dsDNA while none of them had ANA. No significant association of these antibodies was observed between the two groups. Conclusions: Addictive habits do not predispose the subjects to develop autoimmune diseases.
- Published
- 2016
46. Clinical profile and oral sub mucous fibrosis
- Author
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Rishi Bhatta and Manita Pyakurel
- Subjects
Soft palate ,biology ,business.industry ,Cross-sectional study ,Paan ,Dentistry ,Trismus ,medicine.disease ,Betel ,biology.organism_classification ,stomatognathic diseases ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Oral submucous fibrosis ,Fibrosis ,Outpatient clinic ,Medicine ,medicine.symptom ,business - Abstract
Objectives: Oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) is an insidious precancerous disease mostly seen in the Southeast Asia. This paper aims to study on clinical profile of patients with OSMFMaterial and Methods: This cross sectional study was done in department of ENT and HNS, Nepalgunj Medical College and Teaching Hospital. In outpatient department patients with OSMF were ask to fill up a questionnaire that included identification of patient, occupation, their symptoms and habit of taking betel quid or paan, gutkha, etc. Oral cavity was examined and lesion along with its extent and severity was noted. Intra lesional steroid and antioxidant and physiotherapy were main stay of treatment.Results: There were total 136 patients (98 male and 38 female) from 15th Dec 2013 to 15th Jan 2015. Age of patient ranged from 16 years to 53 years and average being 25.6years. Most common preparation taken was gutkha 131(96.3%) followed by betel nut, betel quid etc. Only 24(17.6%) were taking these preparations for less than 1 year. Common presenting complaints were difficulty in opening mouth followed by burning sensation and dryness of mouth. Clinically, the extent of fibrous band was found to be more commonly involving soft palate, pillars and buccal mucosa. Isolated involvement of different region of oropharynx or oral cavity was less common. Correlation of grade of trismus and average duration of taking these different preparations was highly significant. (p=0.008)Conclusions: Oral submucous fibrosis is commonly associated with intake of gutkha having dose dependent relationship with trismus. Further studies are required why only a small fraction of those using betel quid develop the disease.
- Published
- 2017
47. In Amarpur village, Uttar Pradesh, India, May 2019: A cross-sectional study
- Author
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Muskan Kaushik, Ajoke Akinola, Ali Jan Nazari, and Naveen. H. Simon
- Subjects
Nonprobability sampling ,Smokeless tobacco ,Cross-sectional study ,business.industry ,Environmental health ,Paan ,Marital status ,Medicine ,Health education ,General Medicine ,Rural area ,business ,Gutka - Abstract
Background: Globally, there are over 7 million deaths resulting from tobacco consumption with 1 million deaths in India per year, and among middle-income countries listed as the second major consumer of tobacco products. The prevalence of tobacco consumption according to the recent studies already done is dissimilar among gender, different age categories, religion, urban and rural areas. The study purpose was to assess the prevalence of tobacco consumption among rural men. Methodology: Community-based cross-sectional study conducted from December 2018 to May 2019 in Amarpur village, Uttar Pradesh, India. There were 244 men in the age group of 15–54 years old, selected for the survey. Purposive sampling technique was used for taking sample and SPSS 16 software for statistics analysis. Results: The prevalence of smoked and smokeless tobacco was 36.1% and 42.6%. The most prevalent form of tobacco among smoked form was bidi and hookah, while among smokeless forms were gutka with paan. Among the smokers, 69.3% were willing to quit smoking on smokeless consumers and 78.8% were willing to stop tobacco consumption at some point. Age, marital status, education, and the number of children were associated with tobacco smoker and chewer. Tobacco was highest 38 (48%) among 25–34 years of age for tobacco smoker with P = 0.002, and tobacco chewer highest among 35–44 years which was 34 (61.8%) with P = 0.000. About one-third of the patients do not know that tobacco intake has ill effect on their health; the most common influencing factors for tobacco use were for enjoyment and stress. Conclusion: Prevalence of tobacco consumption was high in this community. Urgent awareness and increased literacy needed to improve knowledge on the effect of smoking in the rural area. Through the development of effective health education and multi-factorial quitting strategies to help those who are willing to quit tobacco.
- Published
- 2020
48. Long term follow up of paediatric oral submucous fibrosis and public health concerns among paan chewers
- Author
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Leo Cheng, Preeya Samani, William Rodgers, and Karim Kassam
- Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty ,Pediatrics ,Otorhinolaryngology ,Oral submucous fibrosis ,Long term follow up ,business.industry ,Public health ,Paan ,Medicine ,Surgery ,Oral Surgery ,business ,medicine.disease - Published
- 2019
49. Piper betle Linn. in Cancer: Past, Present, and Future
- Author
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K. Ashwini, Ganesh Bhandari, Suresh Ranga Rao, Avinash K. Kudva, Romith Periera, Jaffey M. Mathew, Manjeshwar Shrinath Baliga, Pratima Rao, Michael L.J. Pais, and Mallappa Kumara Swamy
- Subjects
0301 basic medicine ,Piper ,biology ,Traditional medicine ,digestive, oral, and skin physiology ,food and beverages ,Paan ,Cancer ,Catechu ,biology.organism_classification ,Betel ,medicine.disease ,Southeast asian ,Concoction ,stomatognathic diseases ,03 medical and health sciences ,030104 developmental biology ,0302 clinical medicine ,030220 oncology & carcinogenesis ,otorhinolaryngologic diseases ,medicine ,Areca - Abstract
Since time immemorial, Piper betle Linn. (betel vine or paan) has been an integral part of various traditional and folk medicines of Southeast Asian countries. The betel leaves are the most valued plant parts routinely used as chewing agent and known to prevent halitosis. Betel vine leaves possess numerous medicinal benefits, such as relieving indigestion, bronchitis, constipation, congestion, and cough. Betel vine leaves are mostly consumed as a part of betel quid, which consists of areca nut (Areca catechu Linn.), tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum Linn.), and slaked lime, a concoction with potent carcinogenic properties. Routine consumption of betel quid is associated with oral cancer, and scientific analyses have attributed that both tobacco and areca nut as carcinogenic, while slaked lime as a promoter of carcinogenesis. Conversely, betel vine leaves are devoid of carcinogenic effects and in turn known to possess cancer preventive effects that can negate carcinogens present in the quid. The aim of the chapter is to provide the information on betel vine’s cancer preventive effects and the mechanisms involved. Moreover, it also highlighted the various phytoconstituents that promote beneficial role of betel vine leaves against different cancers.
- Published
- 2018
50. No role for human papillomavirus infection in oral cancers in a region in southern India
- Author
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Eduardo L. Franco, Akhil Soman Thekkepurakkal, Hameed P. Shahul, Marie-Claude Rousseau, Priya Abraham, Sreenath Arekunnath Madathil, Anantharam Raghavendran, Nicolas F. Schlecht, François Coutlée, Paul J. Allison, Claudie Laprise, Belinda Nicolau, and Geneviève Castonguay
- Subjects
0301 basic medicine ,Gynecology ,Mouth neoplasm ,Cancer Research ,medicine.medical_specialty ,biology ,Transmission (medicine) ,business.industry ,Incidence (epidemiology) ,HPV infection ,Case-control study ,Paan ,Cancer ,medicine.disease ,biology.organism_classification ,3. Good health ,03 medical and health sciences ,030104 developmental biology ,0302 clinical medicine ,Oncology ,030220 oncology & carcinogenesis ,Internal medicine ,medicine ,Papillomaviridae ,business - Abstract
Oral cancer is a major public health issue in India with ∼ 77,000 new cases and 52,000 deaths yearly. Paan chewing, tobacco and alcohol use are strong risk factors for this cancer in India. Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are also related to a subset of head and neck cancers (HNCs). We examined the association between oral HPV and oral cancer in a sample of Indian subjects participating in a hospital-based case-control study. We recruited incident oral cancer cases (N = 350) and controls frequency-matched by age and sex (N = 371) from two main referral hospitals in Kerala, South India. Sociodemographic and behavioral data were collected by interviews. Epithelial cells were sampled using Oral CDx® brushes from the oral cancer site and the normal mucosa. Detection and genotyping of 36 HPV genotypes were done using a polymerase chain reaction protocol. Data collection procedures were performed by qualified dentists via a detailed protocol with strict quality control, including independent HPV testing in India and Canada. HPV DNA was detected in none of the cases or controls. Associations between oral cancer and risk factors usually associated with HPV infection, such as oral sex and number of lifetime sexual partners, were examined by logistic regression and were not associated with oral cancer. Lack of a role for HPV infection in this study may reflect cultural or religious characteristics specific to this region in India that are not conducive to oral HPV transmission. A nationwide representative prevalence study is needed to investigate HPV prevalence variability among Indian regions.
- Published
- 2015
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