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Background:Running is one of the simplest and most popular forms of exercise. Biomechanical evaluation of running is one of the elements of evaluating running technique and, consequently, improving sports performance. Running uphill and downhill is one of the components of daily running but also an element of training used by recreational runners. The aim of this study is to optimize running training and minimize the risk of injury by identifying changes in the spatiotemporal structure of running at different inclinations. Methods: The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were followed. The protocol has been registered on the international platform INPLASY under the number INPLASY202430094U2. The search was conducted up to 30 March 2024 using the Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science databases. Results: Spatiotemporal parameters were most frequently analyzed at 2.8–3.35 m/s velocities and inclinations in the range of −11% to 11%. Decreases in stride length (SL) and flight time (FT), and increases in step frequency (SF) were the most frequently reported changes from all parameters analyzed as a function of inclination and velocity. Significant increases or decreases in individual parameters were more often observed for positive inclination values than negative ones. Conclusions: The heterogeneous results of the study limit the possibility of determining the changes that occur in the spatiotemporal structure of the run under the impact of different inclinations. The variation in the results for negative inclination values indicates the different characteristics of running uphill and downhill. However, for uphill running, SF, SL, and FT are closely related to the increase in inclination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper analyzes selected psychomotor abilities of female players practicing handball in club SPR Handball Rzeszów. Handball is a discipline characterized by fast play and high intensity. This sport requires from the player a high level of coordination and conditioning skills, which often determine the effectiveness of the athlete during the match. The speed of reaction is one of the key factors, because it makes it easier to predict the opponent's movement, pass, grip or throw the ball. The study included a group of 24 female handball players from the Polish 1st Handball League. The group was divided into two age categories (junior and senior). The research method was psychomotor computer tests in the Test2Drive system. To measure the indicators of psychomotor ability, 6 tests were used, during which the parameters of reaction time, movement time, parameters determining eye-hand coordination and anticipation were evaluated. A significant statistical difference was observed between the groups for movement time in the PUT n test. The analysis of correlations in individual groups of athletes showed that the level of selected motor skills might be affected by some parameters of body composition. In particular, it concerned the relationship between the reaction time in the SPANT test and total body water (TBW), skeletal muscle mass (SMM), body mass and height, and the CHORT test and BMI. The movement time of the subjects was affected by such parameters as higher body fat mass (FAT) and BMI (in the SIRT test), a higher basal metabolic rate index (BMR), greater skeletal muscle mass and a higher TBW (in the PUT test). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]