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Der vorliegende deutschsprachige Leitfaden zur Planung eines psychologie-spezifischen FDM-Kurs entstandim Rahmen des von der DFG 2020-23 geförderten Projekts FDNext. Er richtet sich zuvorderst anMultiplikator*innen (Doktorand*innen, PostDocs, forschungsunterstützendes Personal, usw.) aus dem Fachbereich Psychologie, denen er ein fachbezogenes Instrument zur Kompetenzentwicklung im Forschungsdatenmanagement (FDM) an die Hand gibt. Zu diesem Zweck wurden zahlreiche, für die Psychologie relevante Aspekte des FDM zusammengetragen und in das generische FDM-Train-the-Trainer-Konzept (Version 4) des durch den BMBFgeförderten Vorgänger-Projektes FDMentorintegriert, das nach Projektende durch Mitglieder der UAG Schulungen/Fortbildungen der DINI/nestor-AG Forschungsdaten ergänzt und aktualisiert wurde.. Für die umfangreiche Vorarbeit hinsichtlich Konzeption, Umsetzung und Evaluation des generischen Train-the-Trainer-Konzeptes (Doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5773203), ohne dem das vorliegende Konzept gar nicht möglich wäre, möchten wir uns daher herzlichst bei den Autor*innen bedanken: Katarzyna Biernacka, Petra Buchholz, Sarah Ann Danker, Dominika Dolzycka, Claudia Engelhardt, Kerstin Helbig, Juliane Jacob, Janna Neumann, Carolin Odebrecht, Britta Petersen, Benjamin Slowig, Ute Trautwein-Bruns, Cord Wiljes und Ulrike Wuttke. Um den unterschiedlichen Erfahrungsstufen der Trainer*innen in FDM und/oder Didaktik Rechnung zu tragen, wurden je zwei Hauptdokumente (FDNext_TtTKonzept_Fachinformationen, FDNext_TtTKonzept_DidaktikLehrdrehbücher) sowie eine Methodensammlung (FDNext_TtTKonzept_MethodenMaterialien) erstellt, die unabhängig voneinander, aber auch ergänzend genutzt werden können. Es empfiehlt sich wegen der starken Verschränkung (die beiden Hauptdokumente verweisen stets aufeinander) immer alle Dokumente für ein besseres Verständnis der Ebenen (Fachinformationen, Didaktik, Materialien und Methoden) vorliegen zu haben. Zu jeder Lerneinheit stehen auch begleitende Materialien (Arbeitsblätter, Checklisten, Vorlagen für Flipchart-Blätter oder auch Materialien für Einzel- oder Gruppenübungen) zur Verfügung, welche für das Projekt FDMentor zusammengetragen und zur Nachnutzung veröffentlicht worden sind. Für den Fall einer Nachnutzung in einem von Ihnen gestalteten Workshop empfehlen wir die bereitgestellten Materialien des Projektes FDMentor herunterzuladen, welche auf Zenodo frei zur Verfügung stehen.

Das Dokument "Forschungsdatenmanagement bei personenbezogenen Daten - eine Handreichung" versammelt zentrale Inhalte, Verweise und Vorgehensweisen für Forscher*innen, die in einer Studie personenbezogene Daten erheben und diese verarbeiten, archivieren oder veröffentlichen wollen. Die Handreichung verweist an den entsprechenden Abschnitten auf weiterführende Materialien wie insbesondere die Handreichung „Datenschutz“ des Rats für die Sozial-, Verhaltens-, Bildungs- und Wirtschaftswissenschaften (RatSWD).

Das Dokument "Forschungsdatenmanagement bei personenbezogenen Daten - eine Handreichung" versammelt zentrale Inhalte, Verweise und Vorgehensweisen für Forscher*innen, die in einer Studie personenbezogene Daten erheben und diese verarbeiten, archivieren oder veröffentlichen wollen. Die Handreichung verweist an den entsprechenden Abschnitten auf weiterführende Materialien wie insbesondere die Handreichung „Datenschutz“ des Rats für die Sozial-, Verhaltens-, Bildungs- und Wirtschaftswissenschaften (RatSWD).

Poster in the context of the Research Data Day on 27.10.2022 at the Freie Universität Berlin, organised by the Reseach Data Management Team at the University Library of the Freie Universität Berlin. The poster presents details and timeline of the work package 5 of the DFG-funded project "FDNext", which is dedicated to the conception and implementation of a train-the-trainer workshop on research data management for psychologists and the subsequent publication of its concept and accompanying materials for free re-use., Funded by German Research Foundation (DFG), Project Number: 429828830

Im DFG-Forschungsprojekt FDNext arbeiten sechs Universitäten aus Berlin und Brandenburg zusammen, um im Verbund ein nachhaltiges institutionelles Forschungsdatenmanagement mit der Entwicklung verschiedener Tools für Fachbereiche, Rechtsberatung, Policies und Service Management auszubauen. In der dreijährigen Förderphase werden Werkzeuge und Konzepte für Fachbereiche, Rechtsberatung, Policies und Service-Management im engen Austausch mit Projektpartner*innen aus Fakultäten, Fachbereichen und der Forschung erarbeitet, (weiter-)entwickelt und abschließend mit Akteur*innen der bundesweiten FDM-Community evaluiert. In dem Artikel werden die sechs Arbeitsschwerpunkte und ihre Zwischenergebnisse nach Ablauf der ersten Hälfte der Projektlaufzeit vorgestellt., The DFG-funded research project “FDNext” is a regional network comprising six universities in Berlin and Brandenburg focusing on jointly developing different tools for academic departments, legal advice offices, policies and service areas to ensure sustainable institutional research data management. During the three-year funding phase, tools and concepts to address the special needs of different disciplines, legal advice services, policies and service management will be further advanced in close cooperation with partners from different faculties, disciplines and research groups, followed by an in-depth evaluation by the RDM community across Germany. The article presents the six special focus areas and preliminary results at the end of the first half of the current funding phase.

The formation of memory traces is a two-stage process. Newly encoded items, collected during wakefulness and stored temporarily into the Hippocampus, must be redistributed to a long- term memory and integrated into pre-existing memory traces due to their instability and vulnerability to subsequent encoded information [1]. The success of the so-called memory consolidation depends on how the information were collected and on their underlying oscillatory activities during wake and sleep. In short, memory research differentiates three processes in information processing for declarative memory items: encoding, consolidation and retrieval. Learning (encoding) of items can be done explicitly (intentional or incidental) or implicitly. Explicit encoding is more robust compared with implicit encoding. Intentionally learned items are remembered better than incidentally learned ones (see review [2]). The subsequent process called memory consolidation gradually transforms these newly encoded, hippocampal-stored, labile information into stable traces and integrates them into pre-existing memory. This process has been described by Diekelmann and Born with the Active Systems Consolidation Theory [3], postulating a synchronized interaction between nocturnal slow oscillatory activity (SO), hippocampal sharp wave ripples and thalamo-cortical spindles. The retrieval of information is the process to gain access to previously consolidated information. Here, memory traces are transformed once again from a stable to a labile state [1,4,5]. During wakefulness higher frequency bands such as beta and gamma, but also alpha and theta dominate the oscillatory activities. Here, theta oscillatory activity (generated in the Hippocampus [6] and in neocortical structures [7] ranging between 4 and 7.5 Hz) shows an opposite behaviour to neocortically generated alpha activity indicating a functional coupling of both oscillatory activities [8]. Especially, the increase of theta oscillatory activity is discussed as enabling long term potentiation (LTP) [9]. Previous findings revealed that LTP-like processes can be best induced during theta [10], primarily during the positive phase [11], whereby the strength of the induced LTP is highly correlated with the increase in theta power [12]. Additionally, theta oscillations are also assumed to play a critical role in binding spatial information which is represented by oscillations in the gamma range [13,14]. In detail, when hippocampal place cells (representing a distinct spatial information) fire during a particular phase of a theta cycle, other place cells are likely to fire afterwards forming a temporal sequence of information to a neural code. Similar to wakefulness, nocturnal theta activity shows the highest power values during sleep stage 1 alongside with alpha activity. With increasing sleep depth theta and alpha activity decreases until non-REM sleep stage 3 [15] which reflects the process S of the two-process model of sleep regulation by Borbély [16]. Additionally, hippocampal-generated theta activity [7] is also a fundamental electrophysiological feature of the REM sleep stage [17], which is considered to be involved in consolidating spatial, emotional and procedural information [18] as well as in integrating declarative memories into pre-existing traces [3]. Interestingly, hippocampal theta oscillations during transition from sleep to wakefulness appear alongside neocortical theta activity. They also last significantly longer and are slightly faster than those in the REM sleep stage [7]. More and more evidence shows that the oscillatory activity in the brain during encoding, reactivation and retrieval plays a critical role for information processing. Numerous studies have consistently shown that higher theta activity (4-7 Hz) before [19–21] and during encoding [9,22– 25] is linked to a better retrieval performance at a later time point, independently of presenting pictures or words - often accompanied by a decrease in alpha desynchronization (8-13 Hz). The so-called subsequent memory effect (SME; [26]) was found in several study designs: before encoding in a free word recall paradigm [27], but also in word [21,28,29] and picture recognition [19,20,25]. During encoding SME was found for cued recall [23,30] as well as free recall [31], but also for intentional and for incidental learning [19,20,24,30,31]. These results are supported by studies which showed that higher resting state theta power in healthy older adults is also correlated with better cognitive performance [32]. This could not yet been shown for young adults. In addition, higher theta activity does not predict later memory performance in general, but shows a context dependency of the consolidated items for later retrieval [33]. Here, a successful retrieval of consolidated items depends on the surrounding context which must not differ between encoding and later retrieval. The result might contribute to the idea of theta activity as a tagging feature: theta activity in combination with prefrontal networks seems to support anticipatory aspects of behaviour indicating a tagging of relevant information for later retrieval [2]. Furthermore, previously consolidated memory traces are reactivated during sleep and retrieval [1], changing from a stable to a labile state once again. Given that items are also labile during encoding, it is plausible to assume that theta activity could play a similar role during reactivation in sleep and later retrieval. The theta-related context dependency mentioned above and the role of theta activity as a coordinating activity between hippocampus and prefrontal cortex [34] lets assume that theta activity is necessary to track relations among items and contextual features [35] also during retrieval [36]. This is supported by several studies which indicate a significant impact of theta activity in recognition [37–39], showing higher theta activity during retrieval processes which might reflect the attempt to retrieve. The authors discussed these findings as process specific, not primarily related to the actual access and retrieval of memory traces [38]. This assumption was made because they did not find any difference between hits and correct rejections. Additionally, a study by Schreiner and colleagues [40] revealed that nocturnal theta activity also seems to play a role for successful consolidation of nocturnally reactivated memory traces. Here, the authors could show that higher theta activity was associated with a better memory performance of those words which were cued during sleep. Their study revealed a correlation of gain in word pair recall after sleep with an increase of theta power in right frontal and left parietal electrode positions during cueing. A possible explanation for this result could be given by a study of Benchenane et al. [41]. Here, it was shown that prefrontal cell assemblies which fire during encoding (facing a theta-related coherence in the prefrontal-hippocampal circuit), show an increase in probability for reactivation during subsequent slow wave sleep (SWS). Interestingly, during sleep a context-depending reactivation is also fundamental for a successful reactivation [42] and therefore consolidation of declarative memory items [43]. During sleep theta activity is still present as a coordinating activity between hippocampus and neocortex [7] and could serve here as a specific feature necessary to bind context-dependent items which are transformed into labile state during reactivation. Note, that most of these studies were based on visually presented items (see review [2]). Results by Gaab et al. [44] and others [45–47] implicate that auditory learning also benefits from subsequent sleep. Conway and colleagues [48] could show that a modality preference exists for auditory presentation compared to visual or tactile presentation. Moreover, recent studies focusing on the underlying oscillatory activity (event-related potentials) during encoding found an SME for items presented acoustically [28,29,49] as well as an appropriate increment in nocturnal theta activity when items were reactivated during SWS [40]. In sum, theta oscillations are supposed to participate in memory encoding, consolidation and retrieval processes. Alongside findings that theta activity works as a binding factor [13,14], it also seems to be fundamental activity for successfully encoding and retrieving items. But as most of the cited studies have only used correlational approaches to examine the role of theta activity for memory, the crucial question remains whether this oscillation plays a functional role in memory. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a highly promising method for examining the functional role of brain oscillations. Nitsche et al [50] published one of the first studies with electrical stimulation of human brains through the skull. They explained the results as a direct consequence of neuronal depolarisation as it was found in animal studies [51,52]. The increase of neuronal excitability leads to LTP-like processes [53,54] which are one of the main factors in the consolidation process [3]. Support for this idea came from studies which used calcium and sodium channel blockers which reduced or even abolished stimulation effects [55]. In comparison to tDCS, transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) is a relatively new approach in modulating oscillatory activity. Similar to oscillatory tDCS the main effect of tACS is to modulate and entrain the ongoing rhythmic brain activity, but without LTP-like effects [56]. However, although slight neuroplastic excitability modifications have been already described [57,58], it is more frequently used as a tool to examine the functional role of distinct brain patterns which underlie cognitive functions [59]. The systematic examination of theta and its functional role in memory processes, especially in encoding, started with studies [60–62] which examined the impact of theta-based stimulation. They revealed a positive influence of the stimulation on working memory compared to a sham- condition. With regard to declarative memory, a recent study [63] was able to show that theta- tACS applied during encoding improved the retrieval performance in a picture-word training paradigm compared to sham. Unfortunately, the authors were not able to show that theta-tACS also enhances the corresponding frequency band. Interestingly, Kirov and colleagues [64] showed that slow oscillatory-tDCS (so-tDCS) applied during encoding is not only able to enhance slow oscillatory activity, but also theta activity. The authors also found an improved encoding performance after so-tDCS compared to sham. They assumed that the improvement is associated with the widespread increase of theta activity promoted by so-tDCS which indicates a considerable role of the respective brain state in encoding, notably theta frequency band. Alongside with findings that stimulation phase-locked on up-states of each SO cycle results in higher memory performance [65], this indicates that theta- stimulation is a promising tool to investigate the functional role of theta in encoding, nocturnal consolidation processes and later retrieval of declarative information. Based on studies of Marshall and colleagues [66,67], I surveyed the impact of so-tDCS on retention performance after a regular nocturnal sleep in different groups of age. In addition to the standard protocol containing a paired associative learning task (PAL; declarative memory), we implemented a visual-spatial task (also a declarative memory task) in order to examine the impact of so-tDCS on a second memory subsystem. Visual stimuli are memorized better than verbal items [68,69], known to decline with ageing [70]. Beside different results for overnight memory consolidation performance in the visual-spatial task (improvement in NAP vs. decline in nocturnal sleep) and no change in performance for PAL in older healthy adults, we found no change in healthy younger subjects for any declarative memory task.

Einleitung: Transkranielle Hirnstimulation (insb. Magnet- und Gleichstromstimulation; [1]) wird zur Erforschung der Funktion und Arbeitsweise neuronaler Netzwerke und deren Plastizität eingesetzt (z. B. Langzeit-Potenzierung als Grundlage des Lernens, [2]). Mit zunehmendem Alter verändern sich diese Netzwerke, was u.a. mit Einbußen im Gedächtnis in Verbindung gebracht wird [3], wobei auch alternde Gehirne neuronale Plastizität und die Fähigkeit zu lernen zeigen [4]. Auch wenn die Hirnstimulation als vielversprechende Methode zur Modulation altersbedingter oder auch pathologischer Beeinträchtigungen angesehen wird, unterliegt sie bei gesunden Probanden einer hohen Variabilität in der Wirkung [5,6]. Methodik: In Studie 1 und 2 untersuchten wir den Einfluss eines exogen applizierten oszillierenden Gleichstroms (0,75 Hz) während der Tiefschlafphase auf die Behaltensleistung nach einem 8-stündigen nächtlichen bzw. 90-minütigen nachmittäglichen Schlaf im Vergleich zu einer Sham-Bedingung. Der Einfluss auf die Leistung wurde mittels zweier deklarativer, Hippocampus-abhängiger Gedächtnisaufgaben getestet (nicht-emotionale, semantisch verknüpfte Wortpaare; visuelle-räumliche Bildererkennungsaufgabe) sowie einer prozeduralen Aufgabe als Kontrolle und zusätzlich mittels EEG-Analysen auch auf konsolidierungsrelevante Schlafparameter untersucht (Tiefschlaf, langsam- oszillierende, langsame und schnelle Spindel-Frequenzbänder). Teil dieser Studien war eine gepaarte, assoziative transkranielle Magnetstimulation (TMS- PAS) zur Erfassung plastizitätsähnlicher Prozesse im motorischen System. Deren Ergebnisse wurden in Studie 3 in Form einer Meta-Analyse mit 7 weiteren Studien auf die Robustheit der Methode und des Einflusses verschiedener Stimulationsparameter (Alter, Geschlecht, statistische Methode) geprüft. Ergebnisse: Wenn auch in Studie 1 und 2 der unmittelbare Einfluss der Stimulation auf neurophysiologische Parameter positiv war und die Aktivität gedächtnisrelevanter Hirnaktivität modulierte, zeigte sich hinsichtlich der Gedächtnisleistung in der visuell-räumlichen Aufgabe ein deutlicher Unterschied zwischen den Studien. In Studie 1 kam es zu einer Verschlechterung in der Bildererkennungsleistung. Hier könnten die vermehrt aufgetretenen Wachphasen und der reduzierte Tiefschlaf unter Stimulationsbedingung ursächlich sein. In Studie 2 hingegen kam es – vermutlich aufgrund der fehlenden Störung des Schlafes durch die Stimulation, wie in Studie 1 – zu einer Verbesserung. Keine Unterschiede wurden hinsichtlich der Wortpaar- Aufgabe und der prozeduralen Aufgabe gefunden. In Studie 3 konnte hinsichtlich des TMS-PAS Protokolls kein Einfluss der TMS auf die motorische Leistung – gemessen an den motorisch evozierten Potentialen - gefunden werden. Entscheidend für die richtige Interpretation der Ergebnisse ist allerdings die Wahl der statistischen Methode (log-Transformation rechtsschief verteilter Daten wird empfohlen). Schlussfolgerung: Unsere Ergebnisse zeigen, dass eine Hirnstimulation durchaus positiv auf Nervenzellen wirken kann, doch ist eine Verbesserung damit erwarteter kognitiver oder motorischer Leistung aufgrund oftmals beobachteter hoher Variabilität in Abhängigkeit spezifischer Gruppenmerkmale nicht immer gegeben. Der Fokus zukünftiger Forschung sollte daher auf die spezifische Anpassung entsprechender Protokolle liegen., Introduction: Since researchers found that transcranial brain stimulation (magnetic and direct current stimulation) [1] have an impact on neurons, such methods were used to investigate the function and operation of neuronal networks and its plasticity (long-term potentiation as the basic principle of learning [2]). During ageing those networks are changing which were discussed as related to impairments in memory [3], but in an ageing brain neuronal plasticity and the ability to learn were also found [4]. Even if brain stimulation seems to be a promising tool to modulate age- or pathological- related impairments, there is a great variability in effectiveness in healthy subjects [5,6]. Methods: In study 1 and 2 we explored the impact of a direct current (0.75 Hz) during the slow wave sleep phase on retention performance after 8 h of nocturnal sleep and 90 min of daytime nap compared to Sham- condition. We tested the impact on the performance with two declarative, hippocampal-dependent tasks (non-emotional, semantic-related wordpairs; visual-spatial picture recognition) as well as a procedural task as control and additionally, on consolidation-related sleep-parameters (slow wave sleep, slow oscillating, slow and fast spindle activity) by courtesy of EEG-analyses. A paired associative transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS-PAS) was part of both studies to survey neuronal plasticity in motoric nerv pathways. In study 3 we examine the robustness of this method and the impact of several stimulation parameters (i.e., age, gender, statistical method) in a meta- analysis altogether with 7 other studies. Results: In study 1 and 2 we found a general positive impact of stimulation on memory-related brain activity, but a difference between both concerning retention performances in the visual- spatial task. In study 1 the picture recognition performance was decreased which we discuss as a result of increased wake times and less slow wave sleep under stimulation condition. Contrary, in study 2 we found an increase in picture recognition performance presumably due to the missing impact of stimulation on sleep habits. We found no differences concerning wordpair task, retention of location and procedural task. Additionally, no effect of TMS-PAS intervention was revealed, but we could show that the choice of the statistical method has an immanent influence on the results. Conclusion: Our results could show that transcranial brain stimulation quite show a positive impact on neurons. But an expected increment of performance is not always granted due to high variability dependent from specific group characteristics. Therefore, the focus of future studies should be on adaptations of relevant protocols.

Paired associative stimulation (PAS) is a widely used transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) paradigm to non-invasively induce synaptic plasticity in the human brain in vivo. Altered PAS-induced plasticity has been demonstrated for several diseases. However, researchers are faced with a high inter- and intra- subject variability of the PAS response. Here, we pooled original data from nine PAS studies from three centers and analyzed the combined dataset of 190 healthy subjects with regard to age dependency, the role of stimulation parameters and the effect of different statistical methods. We observed no main effect of the PAS intervention over all studies (F(2;362) = 0.44; p = 0.644). The rate of subjects showing the expected increase of motor evoked potential (MEP) amplitudes was 53%. The PAS effect differed significantly between studies as shown by a significant interaction effect (F(16;362) = 1.77; p = 0.034) but post-hoc testing did not reveal significant effects after correction for multiple tests. There was a trend toward increased variability of the PAS effect in older subjects. Acquisition parameters differed across studies but without systematically influencing changes in MEP-size. The use of post/baseline quotients systematically indicated stronger PAS effects than post/baseline difference or the logarithm of the post/baseline quotient. The non-significant PAS effects across studies and a wide range of responder rates between studies indicate a high variability of this method. We were thus not able to replicate findings from a previous meta-analysis showing robust effects of PAS. No pattern emerged regarding acquisition parameters that at this point could guide future studies to reduce variability and help increase response rate. For future studies, we propose to report the responder rate and recommend the use of the logarithmized post/baseline quotient for further analyses to better address the possibility that results are driven by few extreme cases.