1. SARS-CoV-2 in environmental perspective: Occurrence, persistence, surveillance, inactivation and challenges
- Author
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Manupati Hemalatha, A. Kiran Kumar, Harishankar Kopperi, I. Ranjith, and S. Venkata Mohan
- Subjects
SODIS, Solar water disinfection ,General Chemical Engineering ,BCoV, Bovine Enteric Coronavirus) ,HKU1, Human CoV1 ,SBR, Sequential Batch Reactor ,RNA, Ribose nucleic acid ,βCoV, Betacoronavirus ,T99.9, First order reaction time required for completion of 99.9% ,02 engineering and technology ,WWT, Wastewater Treatment ,01 natural sciences ,MERS-CoV, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus ,FIPV, Feline infectious peritonitis virus ,ORF, Open Reading Frame ,PPE, Personal Protective Equipment ,ASP, Activate Sludge Process ,WBE, Wastewater-Based Epidemiology ,PCR, Polymerase Chain Reaction ,PAA, Para Acetic Acid ,Coronavirus ,AOPs, Advanced Oxidation Processes ,HAV, Hepatitis A virus (HAV) ,Cl−, Chlorine ,NCoV, Novel coronavirus ,HCoV, Human CoV ,virus diseases ,ds, Double Stranded ,Enteric virus ,BoRv, Bovine Rotavirus Group A ,ssDNA, Single Stranded DNA ,PEG, Polyethylene Glycol ,ClO2, Chlorine dioxide ,0210 nano-technology ,DMEM, Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium ,TGEV, Transmissible Gastroenteritis ,MHV, Murine hepatitis virus ,EV, Echovirus 11 ,US-EPA, United States Environmental Protection Agency ,AH, Absolute Humidity ,TGEV, Porcine Coronavirus Transmissible Gastroenteritis Virus ,dsDNA, Double Stranded DNA ,H3N2, InfluenzaA ,WWTPs, Wastewater Treatment Plants ,DBP, Disinfection by-products ,O2, Singlet Oxygen ,Article ,T90, First order reaction time required for completion of 90% ,(h+), Photoholes ,NTP, Non-Thermal Plasma ,CVE, Coxsackievirus B5 ,H2O2, Hydrogen Peroxide ,MWCNTs, Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes ,Enveloped virus ,HEV, Hepatitis E virus ,PFU, Plaque Forming Unit ,CCA, Carbon Covered Alumina ,Tyr, Tyrosine ,H6N2, Avian influenza virus ,ssRNA, Single Stranded RNA ,Outbreak ,PVDF, Polyvinylidene Fluoride ,Qβ, bacteriophages ,Virology ,0104 chemical sciences ,NGS, Next generation sequencing ,RONS, Reactive Oxygen and/or Nitrogen Species ,Betacoronavirus ,RH, Relative Humidity ,viruses ,SARS-CoV-1, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 1 ,medicine.disease_cause ,Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering ,PMMoV, Pepper Mild Mottle Virus ,dPCR, Digital PCR ,FC, Free Chlorine ,Trp, Tryptophan ,E gene, Envelope protein gene ,BVDV1, Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Type 1 ,MALDI-TOF MS, Mass Spectrometry ,Pandemic ,CNT, Carbon Nanotubes ,N gene, Nucleocapsid protein gene ,ICC-PCR, Integrated Cell Culture with PCR ,DNA, deoxyribose nucleic acid ,UV, Ultraviolet ,Sewage ,JCV, JCV polyomavirus ,biology ,PV-3, Poliovirus 3 ,Transmission (medicine) ,BSL, Biosafety Level ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,RVA, Rotaviruses A ,PTAF, Photocatalytic Titanium Apatite Filter ,COVID-19, Coronavirus Disease 2019 ,CRFK, Crandell Reese feline kidney cell line (CRFK) ,qRT-PCR, quantitative RT-PCR ,A-WWTS, Algal-WWTS ,Cys, Cysteine ,Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus ,Context (language use) ,010402 general chemistry ,Airborne transmission ,PMR, Photocatalytic Membrane Reactors ,ACE2, Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 ,PEC, Photoelectrocatalytical ,medicine ,Environmental Chemistry ,FFP3, Filtering Face Piece ,Met, Methionine ,ComputingMethodologies_COMPUTERGRAPHICS ,Aerosols ,DBT, L2 and Delayed Brain Tumor Cell Cultures ,COVID-19 ,PV-1, Polivirus-1 ,αCoV, Alphacoronavirus ,MNV-1, Murine Norovirus ,General Chemistry ,log10, logarithm with base 10 ,ss, Single Stranded ,HAdV, Human Adenovirus ,biology.organism_classification ,MBR, Membrane Bioreactor (MBR) ,Disinfection ,BVDV2, Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Type 2 ,GI, Gastrointestinal tract ,SARS-CoV-2, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 ,O3, Ozone ,RT-PCR, Real Time Polymerase Chain Reaction ,STP, Sewage Treatment Plant ,+ssRNA, Positive Sense Single-Stranded RNA - Abstract
Graphical abstract, Highlights • Virus-induced infections like SARS-CoV-2 is a serious threat to human health and economics. • SARS-CoV-2 sheds out through stools making a possible faecal-oral route of transmission to environment matrix. • Detection of enteric viruses in the environmental samples is extremely challenging. • Integrating two or more disinfection strategies provides an effective inactivation method for viral pathogens., The unprecedented global spread of the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) caused by SARS-CoV-2 is depicting the distressing pandemic consequence on human health, economy as well as ecosystem services. So far novel coronavirus (CoV) outbreaks were associated with SARS-CoV-2 (2019), middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV, 2012), and SARS-CoV-1 (2003) events. CoV relates to the enveloped family of Betacoronavirus (βCoV) with positive-sense single-stranded RNA (+ssRNA). Knowing well the persistence, transmission, and spread of SARS-CoV-2 through proximity, the faecal-oral route is now emerging as a major environmental concern to community transmission. The replication and persistence of CoV in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and shedding through stools is indicating a potential transmission route to the environment settings. Despite of the evidence, based on fewer reports on SARS-CoV-2 occurrence and persistence in wastewater/sewage/water, the transmission of the infective virus to the community is yet to be established. In this realm, this communication attempted to review the possible influx route of the enteric enveloped viral transmission in the environmental settings with reference to its occurrence, persistence, detection, and inactivation based on the published literature so far. The possibilities of airborne transmission through enteric virus-laden aerosols, environmental factors that may influence the viral transmission, and disinfection methods (conventional and emerging) as well as the inactivation mechanism with reference to the enveloped virus were reviewed. The need for wastewater epidemiology (WBE) studies for surveillance as well as for early warning signal was elaborated. This communication will provide a basis to understand the SARS-CoV-2 as well as other viruses in the context of the environmental engineering perspective to design effective strategies to counter the enteric virus transmission and also serves as a working paper for researchers, policy makers and regulators.
- Published
- 2021
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