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The paper aims to assess the macroeconomic impacts of government investment in Research and Development (R&D) and more generic fiscal policies by quantifying the Gross domestic product (GDP) and business R&D investment multipliers. Following the recent literature on fiscal policy, we combine the Local Projection approach with fiscal shocks estimated using Structural Vector Autoregressive modeling by focusing on a panel of 15 Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries for the 1981–2017 period. Our findings support the idea that expansionary fiscal policies can positively and persistently affect the GDP level and crowd in business R&D investment. Additionally, our results show that public investment in R&D generates the largest multiplicative effect both on GDP and business R&D than the one associated with more generic public expenditures, even when fiscal expectations are considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exploiting demand shocks from changes in federal government spending, we examine how the organizational structure of a firm affects its investment behavior. Government spending shocks affect the investment of government-dependent conglomerate segments less than matched stand-alone firms. Investment also increases in lower government-dependent segments when other segments within the same firm experience positive demand shocks, indicating cross-subsidization between segments. We further show that this cross-subsidization leads to worse operating performance and increases the diversification discount. Our findings are robust after addressing the endogeneity of government spending. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper estimates the macroeconomic effects of government spending shocks in New Zealand. Using a structural vector autoregression (SVAR) model, I find small output multipliers for government consumption but large multipliers for government investment. Importantly, the real exchange rate appreciates after positive government spending shocks, consistent with classic theory. Private consumption and private investment decrease after government consumption shocks, but increase after government investment shocks. I compare my results to the previous studies and show that selecting the appropriate series for government investment is important for estimating its effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There has been a collapse in the number of public toilets in UK cities. Austerity cuts, a lack of legal requirements, and a failure to prioritise sanitation has led to significant health and equality impacts. Research on public toilets in the Global North focuses on their historical production, contemporary design, or on the experience of particular social groups, with less work bringing governance and social experience together. We argue for a focus on the “ungoverning” of sanitation, on how residents “learn” sanitation in the city, and on the need for radical transformation in sanitation approaches and delivery. Drawing on research in London, we set out the challenges for public toilet provision and make a case for a sanitation revolution in British cities. We focus on the experience of delivery drivers and residents with health concerns in order to illustrate the inequalities in provision and their consequences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The scientific article is dedicated to highlighting the foreign experience of providing public services by notaries in the field of state registration of real property rights in the following countries: Bulgaria, Belarus, Russia, Poland, Czech Republic, Switzerland, Italy, Spain, Germany, France, USA, Australia, etc. As a result of the study of world experience, it was concluded that in order to effectively protect the rights to real estate of both private owners and the state, it is necessary to create a single registration system that will guarantee the reliability and transparency of the civil turnover of real estate. Ways of implementing foreign experience have been determined in order to improve the activities of the subjects of the public administration of Ukraine regarding the provision of public services by notaries in the field of state registration of property rights to immovable property. Attention is drawn to the fact that the Anglo-American system of registration of deeds regarding real estate objects consists in making an entry in the register at the free choice of the participants of the deed. It would be more appropriate to call this system a document accounting system, since registration is a technical operation. According to Anglo-American rules, the owner is the last bona fide purchaser of real estate. The transfer of ownership occurs as a result of the conclusion of the deed and possession of the object by the transferee. In the USA, the buyer must restore the entire chain of previous documents for the purchase of real estate. The deed can be declared invalid if the persons included or not included in the chain of transactions can assert rights to the real estate object. The lack of legal means is compensated by lawyers and insurance companies that specialize in checking the seller’s rights. Currently, the property loss insurance system is actively developing in the United States of America. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fiscal consolidation literature often neglects that there are economies characterized by sizable underground sectors, with their mechanisms of response to fiscal policy shocks. Therefore, reliable analyses of fiscal consolidation plans call for the decomposition of Gross Domestic Product in its regular and hidden components. We investigate fiscal consolidation effects in the context of tax evasion for the Italian economy. Results show that a temporary cut in public spending associated with a permanent drop in tax rate yet entails tax evasion reduction. The main underlying mechanism is the strong responsiveness of the underground sector, implying a reallocation of resources toward the regular sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT We present empirical evidence on the relationship between military spending and the expansion of other government budget items and tax revenues from the unification of Italy (1861) up to the end of World War II. Until 1922, investments in education and social transfers to families mainly moved in step with defence spending. This means that increases in defence spending imply an increase in both education spending and transfers. Moreover, transfers also play a compensatory role during recessions. Increases in defence spending do not crowd out investment in capital expenditure, while disinvestment in defence is associated with an increase in investment in capital. The pro‐cyclical behaviour of tax revenues is compatible with the debt‐financing dynamic of much government expenditure. Although our analytical narrative is not universally valid, it does support the persistent centrality of external wars in the discontinuous growth and expansion of central government in the Italian state, with some exceptions explained by historical events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study analyzed the impact of macroeconomic variables (manufacturing, real exchange rate, government expenditure, and gross fixed capital formation) on GDP growth in Ghana. Utilizing secondary data from the World Development Indicators of the World Bank (1991–2021), we employed a hierarchical Bayesian linear model with interaction effects to assess these relationships. The results indicate that the real exchange rate, manufacturing, and government expenditure have a positive influence on GDP growth, while gross fixed capital formation exhibits a moderately negative effect. To enhance economic growth, it is crucial to optimize capital investments, bolster export competitiveness through targeted policies, and invest in manufacturing innovation. These findings offer actionable insights for policymakers aiming to stimulate economic growth in Ghana. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the role of municipal and provincial public social spending for local income inequality after taxes and transfers in Austria. We utilize a spatial multi‐level model, which allows us to analyze the contribution of three spatial scales (municipal, district, and provincial level) to municipal income inequality. Our analysis shows that the effect of public social spending on local Gini indices does not only differ across provinces but also across municipalities which indicates that the potential cushioning effect of social expenditure is highly localized. Further splitting total public social expenditure into three distinct categories (education, health, social protection) reveals that spending on social protection has the highest effect on local inequality across all provinces, while health spending does not exert a discernible influence in any province. The method and results presented in this paper are of international interest for policymakers and researchers who aim to investigate whether the same patterns hold true in other countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Five national-level urban agglomerations in China, namely the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH), Yangtze River Delta (YRD), middle reaches of the Yangtze River (MRYR), Pearl River Delta (PRD), and Chengdu-Chongqing (CY), have undergone rapid economic development, accompanied by a surge in carbon emissions. Notably, there exists a gap in existing research that hinders comprehensive comparative studies on the carbon emissions of these urban agglomerations during the 12th and 13th Five-Year Plan periods, respectively. In this study, we comparatively analyze the spatiotemporal characteristics and spatial clustering characteristics of carbon emissions and their driving factors across the five urban agglomerations during the 12th and 13th Five-Year Plan periods using spatial autocorrelation and multiple spatial econometric models. The main results are as follows: firstly, the total carbon emissions across the YRD are the highest, while the average carbon emissions in BTH are higher than those across other urban agglomerations. Secondly, during the 12th Five-Year Plan period, the main related socioeconomic factors for carbon emissions of the BTH, PRD, YRD, MRYR and CY are per capita GDP, general public budget expenditure, urbanization rate, population density, and industrial structure, respectively. Thirdly, during the 13th Five-Year Plan period, industrial structure have a close link with carbon emissions across BTH and MRYR; the carbon emissions across PRD have close correlations with urbanization rate and general public budget expenditures; across YRD and CY, the key associated driver was the general public budget expenditures. All in all, these findings offer valuable insights for shaping effective emission reduction policies tailored to the unique characteristics of each urban agglomeration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we study the elasticity of educational spending with respect to changing student numbers, in a system where educational spending is autonomously determined at a regional level. While many studies focus on the potential effect of an ageing society on educational spending, only a few explicitly analyse the direct effect of changing cohort sizes. We find that education expenditures respond rather loosely to changing student numbers and that the elasticity strongly depends on regional and institutional settings. In rural areas, for instance, educational spending tends to be completely inelastic, which raises questions regarding both, efficiency and equity concerns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is now 25 years since restorative justice was first introduced into criminal justice policy in England and Wales. It was hailed as a justice mechanism that could address the needs of both victims and offenders, reduce re-offending and decrease public expenditure. But despite (inter)national instruments mandating government and criminal justice agencies to provide restorative justice services, significant implementation and delivery gaps remain and victim participation continues to be low. Adopting a 'whole system approach' framework, this article analyses and syntheses extant scholarly literature which has examined the implementation and delivery challenges restorative justice faces in becoming embedded as a key criminal justice mechanism. The article argues that a 'whole system' approach, which involves systemic change and a fundamental cultural shift across the entire criminal justice system, is necessary to fully embed restorative justice within the criminal justice system. Until such an approach is implemented, victims will continue to be denied the opportunity to participate in restorative justice and it will remain an optional extra justice mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article comprehensively examines investments in India's smart cities1 with a specific focus on public libraries. A survey of 100 Smart Cities Mission projects was conducted to gather data on budget allocation and expenditure for public libraries, construction and renovation projects, and IT infrastructure and outreach programs. Results reveal investments in 27 library projects across 12 states geographically distributed throughout India, spanning new library establishments, renovations, digitization efforts, and IT integration with library services. The majority of funds (60%) support new libraries including business and innovation components, while renovation projects claim 30%. The article contributes valuable insights for public library development, targeting library authorities, municipal administrators, and local planners as statutory services at the heart of community development and engagement of public. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the COVID‐19 pandemic, the United States government promoted the idea of care as infrastructure to justify government spending on nonphysical infrastructures. In this article, we demonstrate the usefulness of adopting an infrastructure framework for researching care and caring through an analysis of working mothers' communication on Reddit in the early days of the COVID‐19 pandemic. Employing infrastructural inversion as a heuristic, we conceptualize the childcare crisis experienced by working mothers in many Western societies as an infrastructural disruption in which the cascading failure of childcare infrastructures exposed the background work of care as well as its vulnerability and invisibility. We also argue that, against this backdrop, an alternate infrastructure of digital caring emerged. However, this informal infrastructure was inadequate to sustain the needs of working mothers, and its emergence, in itself, provides proof of the need to value care as infrastructure. Ultimately, we showcase how conceptualizing care as infrastructure can enrich feminist theorization of care, and that centering care as infrastructure redresses the bias toward physical infrastructure in the scholarly literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent years have seen a proliferation of research on the connection between voters and elites. One literature explores whether elites' responsiveness is biased towards affluent voters, but does not allow for reverse causality. Another literature investigates voters' responsiveness to elite cues but pays limited attention to potential inequality in such responsiveness. This study combines insights from both literatures by analysing income inequality in elite responsiveness to voters, and vice versa. It does so using detailed time-series data on citizens' preferences and party positions towards government spending in the Netherlands. Empirical analyses reveal that there is no exclusive pro-middle or pro-rich bias in voter influence, while adaptation increases with income. The analysis has important implications for the study of representation and inequality and, more broadly, for the relationship between citizens and elites in established democracies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the drivers of international fiscal spillovers across 62 countries for the period covering 1970–2021. Using the local projections method at the country‐pair level, fiscal spillovers are estimated as the cumulative response of the real gross domestic product (GDP) growth in spillover destination countries to a unit shock in the real government spending growth in spillover source countries. Pairwise estimation results (for 3782 country pairs) suggest that there are statistically significant fiscal spillovers for 36% of country pairs, whereas this ratio is 49% for country pairs within the euro area. For the median country pair, a unit shock of real government spending growth in the spillover source country results in about 0.09% of the increase in the real GDP growth of the spillover destination country, whereas this fiscal‐spillover estimate goes up to 0.42% when the spillover source is in the euro area, and the spillover destination is an oil producing country. A secondary investigation based on the Heckman selection model is used to identify the drivers of fiscal spillovers across country pairs, where the existence of statistically significant fiscal spillovers is shown to be connected to the proximity between countries. The size of fiscal spillovers is further shown to increase with the initial (as of 1970) country size, trade openness, and government size of the spillover source country, whereas it decreases with the initial country size and trade openness of the spillover destination country. Important policy suggestions follow. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Local governments stand at the frontline of responding to natural hazards, but they often lack the capacity and resources necessary to manage such crises. Disasters can affect local government spending and revenue streams and also trigger land-use changes with enduing fiscal implications. This paper examines the aftermath of Hurricane Sandy and the subsequent New York state buyout and acquisition programs, focusing on their impact on the local finances of municipalities and school districts across the state. Utilizing a difference-in-differences model, we found that the storm led to a significant short-term increase in both total revenues and expenditures across the affected municipalities and school districts. The surge in revenues was driven mainly by increased intergovernmental transfers, and the increase in expenditures was manifested largely in general government spending. Our findings also suggest that there were discernible disparities in fiscal responses between wealthier and poorer municipalities and that the state's buyout program did not affect local fiscal stability, and had negligible effects on local tax bases and public service delivery. These findings offer insights for policymakers and stakeholders as they plan local fiscal strategies and prepare for future disasters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We assess the determinants of regional business cycle synchronization in Greece vis‐à‐vis the national reference business cycle, using NUTSII annual data. The computation of the time‐varying synchronization is based on the dynamic estimate of a conditional variance–covariance model and subsequently, a panel regression model is used to evaluate its determinants. The findings show that island regions, industrial structure, imports, savings and disposable income are the key determinants, based on the GVA business cycle synchronization vis‐à‐vis the national reference cycle. We also assess the determinants of employment synchronization (vis‐à‐vis the national employment level) and we find that regions with higher disposable income and public spending tend to drive the level of synchronization. Turning to the inter‐regional synchronization, we provide evidence that investments, disposable income and employment drive the GVA business cycle synchronization, whereas the employment synchronization is determined by the level of imports, disposable income and public spending, as well as by the status of regions as island economies. We further show that the Greek economic crisis during the period 2010–2018 has diminished or eliminated the effects of the aforementioned drivers, suggesting that during the said period, synchronization was mainly driven by the wider economic conditions. These findings lead to important policy implications, which are thoroughly discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examine how the effects of government spending shocks depend on the balance sheet position of households. Employing U.S. household survey data, we find a large, positive consumption response for households with mortgage debt, smaller response for renters, and an insignificant response for outright homeowners, in response to a positive government spending shock. We consider a model with three types of households and show that it can successfully account for these findings. Liquidity constraints and wealth effects play a crucial role in shock propagation. Our findings suggest the importance of household mortgage debt position in the transmission mechanism of fiscal policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Canada implemented the legalization of nonmedical cannabis use and supply in 2018. Initial blueprints for the legalization policy framework emphasized public health protection as a priority principle and objective, including related policy design parameters and regulatory restrictions (e.g., strict access and distribution control, advertisement/promotion ban, etc.) also as informed by adverse experiences from alcohol/tobacco control. Conversely, Canada's present legalization ecology is characterized by increasingly far‐reaching commercialization; this includes an extensive for‐profit cannabis production and retail industry producing large sales volumes that centrally include high‐risk cannabis products, with many public health‐oriented provisions hollowed out or circumvented in practice. While key cannabis‐related health problem indicators have increased through legalization, mounting evidence suggests that these adverse outcome dynamics, to a crucial extent, have been accelerated by commercialization aspects of legalization. Meanwhile, since legalization the cannabis industry has pushed for further rollbacks of public health‐oriented restrictions for benefits of increased competitiveness. Using the Canadian case study, we focus on the possible pitfalls and adverse effects of commercialization dynamics for public health‐oriented cannabis legalization. Also since commercialization‐related developments and outcomes are hard to reverse, we urge jurisdictions planning cannabis legalization reforms to carefully take consider related evidence and dynamics when assembling their legalization policy frameworks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Non-Tariff Barriers (NTBs) are known to exist in various forms. In this study, we investigate the role of Red-Tape Barriers (RTBs), a type of NTBs resulting from wasteful bureaucratic procedures, in a bilateral trade model under international oligopolistic competition. We demonstrate that, under relatively weak conditions, RTBs can arise endogenously. Furthermore, we reveal that RTBs can exhibit reactions opposite to tariffs. Specifically, we show that an increase in tariffs can lead to a significant decrease in RTBs, causing total trade costs to decline, which we call 'backlash'. Additionally, when the backlash occurs, an increase in tariffs can improve consumer surplus, government revenue and expenditure, and social surplus. This study implies that tariff elimination, with the presence of RTBs, may hinder trade liberalization and reduce social surplus, emphasizing the need to carefully consider RTBs' effects in trade policy, especially for oligopolistic industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High-density housing development is considered a pragmatic response to the conflicts between land scarcity and population growth. Under the rhetoric of (neo)liberalism, the flourishing private housing market narrative was anchored throughout the last century, along with significant contributions from government regulations. The 1955 Buildings Ordinance, which eased height limits, laid the groundwork for Hong Kong’s high-density foundations. The existing historiographical literature examines this from a technical perspective. However, it overlooks the decision-making processes behind these regulations and their alignment with or deviation from free market principles. This study examines colonial archives to scrutinize the colonial government’s approach to building regulations, revealing that easing height restrictions was not merely a technical adjustment but a calculated response to broader economic and demographic challenges. It was a strategy to stimulate private housing development and manage population growth without significantly increasing government spending. This raises concerns regarding prevailing assumptions that the colonial government supported a free-market approach to housing rather than exploring the debates and deliberations that shaped these policies. By comparing colonial experiences in Hong Kong and London, historical analysis challenges the conventional understanding of Hong Kong’s urban development, thereby highlighting the contentious relationship between liberal economic policies and the colonial administrative framework. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Pharmaceutical spending accounts for a significant portion of public healthcare budgets. To manage these costs, EU countries implement various cost-containment policies, including competitive tendering for pharmaceuticals. This study examines the impact of EU public procurement regulations on medication procurement practices. Methods: A search for all published tenders of adalimumab in Spain from 2018 to 2024 in the Spanish Public Sector Procurement Database, a period that coincides with the implementation of European legislation and the emergence of adalimumab biosimilars. All available documentation for each tender was reviewed, including the tender offer, technical specifications, specific administrative clauses, appointments of evaluation commissions, supporting memorandum, and evaluation reports. Results and Discussion: Our findings reveal substantial price reductions following the introduction of adalimumab biosimilars, yet highlight significant variability in tender criteria and practices across different regions. Despite adherence to EU directives, the inconsistent application of economic and non-economic factors and an erratic criteria concerning price undermine the intended balance of quality and cost, complicating procurement processes and potentially affecting the availability of a given treatment for patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How fairly national income is shared is as important as the increase and continuity of national income in ensuring social welfare. Income distribution, which occurs in the market and is described as primary distribution, is often criticized as being unfair. For this reason, the state redistributes income in order to ensure justice in income distribution. One of the most effective tools in redistributing income by the state is transfer expenditures. However, transfer expenditures are carried out in different ways depending on their subtypes, and not all of them have an improving effect on income distribution. Today, ensuring justice in income distribution is a very important goal in both developed and developing countries, and transfer expenditures are among the basic tools used in this direction. The purpose of the study is to determine the effect of transfer expenditures on income distribution on a country group basis, based on the Gini coefficient. In this context, it is seen that the share of transfer expenditures in total public expenditures is higher in developed countries than in developing countries. It has also been determined that the share of social aid in transfer expenditures is higher in developed countries than in developing countries. It is seen that the transfer expenditures of countries and the shares allocated to their subtypes are reflected in the Gini coefficients. Accordingly, income distribution in developed countries has a more egalitarian structure than in developing countries. In country-specific evaluations, the reflection of the share of social expenditures on the Gini coefficients is directly proportional to what is expected in theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding the dynamics of the tax burden can be instructive in identifying the factors that characterize the fiscal, economic, and social structure of a country. This is because the tax burden not only has an impact on the fiscal, economic, and social structure but is also affected by fiscal, economic, and social developments. From this point of view, this study aims to determine the effects of economic and fiscal indicators on the tax burden in Türkiye. The ARDL bounds test results based on the 1980-2022 period show that there is a cointegration relationship between tax burden and other variables. According to the ARDL model long-run coefficient estimation results, foreign trade and interest payments have negative effects on the tax burden, while foreign direct investments, economic growth, unemployment, and public expenditures have positive effects on the tax burden. Despite the weak effect of unemployment on the tax burden, foreign direct investments, public expenditures, and economic growth have strong effects on the tax burden. When the research findings are evaluated in general, it is seen that economic and fiscal developments affect the tax burden and the state plays an important role in shaping the dynamics of socioeconomic areas in Türkiye. In this respect, our study also shows that tax burden can be a result of economic and fiscal developments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effective fiscal control and monitoring of public management are critical for preventing and mitigating corruption, which in turn, enhances government performance and benefits citizens. Given the vast amounts of data involved in government operations, applying advanced data analysis methods is essential for strengthening fiscal oversight. This paper explores data management strategies aimed at enhancing fiscal control, beginning with a bibliometric study to underscore the relevance of this research. The study reviews existing data capture techniques that facilitate fiscal oversight, addresses the challenges of data storage in terms of its nature and the potential for contributing to this goal, and discusses data processing methods that yield actionable insights for analysis and decision-making. Additionally, the paper deals with data interoperability, emphasizing the importance of these practices in ensuring accurate and reliable analysis, especially given the diversity and volume of data within government operations. Data visualization is highlighted as a crucial component, enabling the detection of anomalies and promoting informed decision-making through clear and effective visual representations. The research concludes with a case study on the modernization of fiscal control in Colombia, focusing on the identification of user requirements for various data-related processes. This study provides valuable insights for modern audit and fiscal control entities, emphasizing that data capture, storage, processing, interoperability, and visualization are integral to the effective supervision of public expenditure. By ensuring that public funds are managed with transparency, accountability, and efficiency, the research advances the literature by addressing both the technological aspects of data management and the essential process improvements and human factors required for successful implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: After the establishment of the public health emergency of international concern in 2020, health systems worldwide and in Brazil observed the need to apply more extraordinary logistical efforts and possibly resources to combat the imminent pandemic. Methods: Using the historical series of public expenditures of the National Health Fund (FNS), 2015 to 2021, the number of confirmed cases of COVID-19, and a seasonal ARIMAX model, we sought to assess how the increase in the new virus infections affected the systematic financing of the SUS in Brazil. Results: There were signs of seasonality and an increasing trend in the expenditure variable, which in practical terms, only indicated that the resource contributions followed an increasing trajectory already underway before the advent of the pandemic. The 1% increase in COVID-19 cases, with a one-month lag, contributes to the 0.062% increase in the variation in FNS expenditures but a decrease of 0.058% with a two-month lag. Conclusion: The tests showed no evidence to confirm a positive shift on FNS spending growth trajectory due to the increase of COVID-19 cases, only observing a significant increase one month after the occurrence of COVID cases, probably due to their worsening after this period, which was followed by a similar and comparable decrease in percentage of growth in the following month. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change, political turmoil, and economic instability worldwide suggest that managing migration surges will be a permanent challenge for many economies. In response to the record arrival of unaccompanied migrant children at the southern border, the Biden administration used surge facilities to expedite the processing of children. We assess the effectiveness of this strategy and document reductions in the time children spent under government custody. A counterfactual analysis reveals that, in their absence, the average time to reunification would have risen from 37 to 50 days. Migration surges involving unaccompanied children underscore the urgency of identifying efficient and humanitarian strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Knowledge gaps remain as to how public expenditures (PE) contribute to key SDG outcomes, including eradicating poverty and hunger and improving food and nutrition security in sustainable manners (SDGs 1 and 2). This study partly fills this knowledge gap using the Statistics on Public Expenditures for Economic Development (SPEED data) and various country-level panel data. We find that greater PEs for agriculture and, to a lesser extent, health sectors consistently reduce poverty and improve access to basic water and sanitation services, reduce child stunting and overweight, undernourishment, and food prices. These relationships are somewhat stronger for countries classified as low- or lower-middle-income in 2000. Greater PEs for education and social protection, which have been generally higher than PEs for agriculture and health in terms of allocations, have had more mixed effects on these outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The free nutritious food program initiated by President-elect Prabowo and his cabinet aims to improve the quality of life of Indonesians, especially vulnerable groups. Various factors, including good demand and supply matching practices, largely determine the success of this program. The objective of this research is to analyze the best strategies and techniques for matching demand and supply, as well as for effective inventory management for this program. The research method used is qualitative, with data collection through literature study. After collecting the data, the analysis is done through several stages: filtering, data presentation, and conclusion drawing. The results show that good inventory management and supply-demand matching are key factors for the success of this program. Some strategies and techniques identified include careful planning, robust information systems, efficient supply chain management, good inventory management techniques, and diversification of supply sources. Diversifying supply sources helps the government reduce costs, improve food quality, support local economies, and strengthen national food security. By implementing these strategies, the government can ensure that the free nutritious food program can run efficiently and effectively and provide optimal benefits to the wider community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Administrative Sciences / Yonetim Bilimleri Dergisi is the property of Canakkale Onsekiz Mart Universitesi, Terzioglu Kampusu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Administrative Sciences / Yonetim Bilimleri Dergisi is the property of Canakkale Onsekiz Mart Universitesi, Terzioglu Kampusu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Larq Journal for Philosophy, Linguistics & Social Sciences is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The study examined the impact of Sustainable Tax Revenue and Expenditure on the achievement of Sustainable Development Goals in African countries using secondary data. The dataset was extracted from the World Development Indicators database. The large gap between developed and developing countries when comparing the probability of them achieving the SDGs was the main motivation behind this study. Data retrieved from 45 countries comprised of both African and developed countries for the period 2010–2020 was analyzed using the Generalized Method of Moments technique. The results revealed that the coefficients of grants received, various forms of taxes, and other revenue have a positive effect on economic growth but a negative effect on poverty and unemployment for African and developed countries. This finding suggests that improvements in tax revenue generation, grants and other revenue accumulation across different sources boost economic performance and the welfare of individuals in the analyzed countries. The outcome is an indication that accumulating more grants from different sources will help to achieve sustainable development, improve financial stability, contributes to the economic growth and development in these countries. This study can guide policymakers, governments, international institutions, revenue bodies such as SARS and other stakeholders in their various planning and other decision-making endeavors. Governments and other policymakers must ensure the efficient generation and sustainable utilization of revenue generated from taxes and other revenues to spur the growth and development of their countries. They should have Growth-Sustainability-Oriented Fiscal Adjustment Programs and Sustainable Government Expenditure that can help push and redirect governments to achieve the SDGs in Africa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The study examines the impact of fiscal policy shocks on economic growth and income inequality in Ghana. This has become necessary because of the interdependence between growth and income inequality and the role fiscal policy plays in this relationship in the development process of a country. Thus, a study that investigates how government expenditure shock and tax revenue shock influence the relationship between economic growth and income inequality could assist policymakers to adopt the best policy mix to ensure income equity and sustained economic growth in Ghana. Design/methodology/approach: It employs sacrifice ratio from structural VAR model using quarterly time series data from 1996 to 2019 on Ghana. Findings: Our results show that government expenditure shock impacts economic growth, exchange rate and education positively and significantly in the long run. Also, tax revenue shock has a positive impact on income inequality, economic growth and education. The findings further show that there exists a trade-off between economic growth and income inequality in the long run. Originality/value: The relationships between fiscal policy shocks, economic growth and income inequality have been extensively discussed among scholars. Understanding how these three macroeconomic variables are determined and their interrelationships are crucial for policymakers. This is because fiscal policy aids in both economic growth and income inequality. In the empirical literature, the emphasis has been on independently estimating the growth effects of fiscal policy or the distribution effects of fiscal policy, leaving out the existence of possible trade-off between economic growth and income inequality following a fiscal shock. To the best of our knowledge, no empirical study has been done on Ghana to empirically examine the trade-off between economic growth and income inequality as we do in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"Big G " typically refers to aggregate government spending on a homogeneous good. We confront this notion with five facts for the universe of federal purchases. First, they are volatile and account for the largest part of the short-run variation in total spending. Second, the origin of their variation is granular. Third, purchases are subject to procurement and bidding. Fourth, they are concentrated in long-term contracts. Fifth, their composition is biased toward sectors in which private sector prices are sticky. We develop a two-sector New Keynesian model consistent with these facts and find where the government spends is key for aggregate effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Environmental & Social Management Journal / Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental is the property of Environmental & Social Management Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study explores the effects of war on human resource development in Afghanistan using non-linear autoregressive distributed lags (NARDL) and asymmetric causality analysis. The results of the NARDL bound test support an asymmetric long-run relationship between predictors. It reveals that positive and negative shocks from the per capita cost of war, child mortality rate, and population growth rate asymmetrically affect the school enrollment rate in both the short and long runs. Furthermore, it shows that positive shocks from per capita GDP and per capita government expenditures on education increase the school enrollment rate, while their negative shocks have adverse effects, in both the short and long runs. This implies that school enrollment is highly sensitive to changes in the per capita cost of war and reacts swiftly. Moreover, the results reveal significant causality from both the positive and negative components of the per capita cost of war, per capita GDP, per capita government expenditures on education, and population growth to both the positive and negative components of the school enrollment rate. However, there is only a causal nexus from the negative component of the child mortality rate to the school enrollment rate. Based on these findings, relevant policy implications are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In the 21st century's digital age, health organizations face challenges from reduced public healthcare spending, creating a competitive market that impacts healthcare management. The struggle is hardest for small organizations, such as private clinics. Competing under unfavorable conditions, these small businesses must run as independent, profitable units in a government-regulated market where they are subject to numerous restrictions yet receive no financial support. In a world of increasing dependence on digital technologies, these small businesses must adopt competitive business models and be adaptive and flexible in embracing change. Methods: This qualitative study is based on a thematic qualitative analysis of 20 in-depth, 45-minute-long interviews with dentists and owners of private dental clinics in various specialties. The study employs the strategic change model to examine how dentists who run private dental clinics implement new strategies and technologies to adjust to changes and create a competitive edge. Results: Six main categories emerged from the analysis of the interviews: changes in the organization's environment; instituting and assimilating changes; obstacles in embracing change; added value obtained from embracing the change; quality of care and service; and cost-benefit considerations. The categories were map and evaluated in light of the strategic change model. The analysis indicated that digital strategies have been only partially adopted, suggesting an absence of a cohesive, long-term strategic vision for the organizations. Conclusions: The study explored the actions, perceptions, and challenges of adapting to a competitive digital market in dental private clinics. Based on these insights, recommendations have been provided for global change management, aiming for a sustainable and stable healthcare system that benefits the broader community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the impact of fiscal autonomy (FAP) on public expenditure performance across 18 Indian states from 2010–11 to 2019–20. We develop a measure of public expenditure performance using social indicators. We also measure FAP using revenue‐expenditure ratio. Based on system generalized method of moments, the empirical result confirms that a higher FAP given to Indian states is associated with greater fiscal performance. Further, the robustness check reveals that central transfer insignificantly affects the expenditure performance of Indian states. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article makes a valuable contribution to the existing literature on sustainable entrepreneurship by investigating the impact of entrepreneurship (both opportunity‐driven and necessity‐driven) on the achievement of sustainable development (SD) across its three dimensions. Additionally, it explores the underlying mechanisms through which this relationship is influenced. Specifically, the study examines the role of education capital (including education levels and government spending on education) and information and communication technology (ICT) diffusion (access, usage, and skills) in facilitating this relationship. The analysis focuses on data from Saudi Arabia and utilizes the Dynamic Ordinary Least Squares (DOLS) estimator. The findings indicate that only opportunity entrepreneurship exhibits a positive influence on SD. Furthermore, the study reveals that the positive impact of opportunity entrepreneurship is amplified through its interaction with government spending on education and tertiary education, leading to favorable indirect net effects on SD at both aggregated and disaggregated levels. Similarly, the interaction between opportunity entrepreneurship and ICT usage, as well as access, generates positive indirect net effects on SD across aggregated and disaggregated levels. Therefore, education capital and ICT diffusion are indeed key mechanisms that foster opportunity‐driven entrepreneurship for achieving SD. Education equips individuals with the necessary skills and mindset, whereas ICTs provide access to information, markets, and tools for business efficiency and innovation. By investing in education and promoting the widespread adoption and accessibility of ICTs, governments can empower individuals to become successful entrepreneurs while driving sustainable economic, environmental, and social progress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tiebout sorting describes people moving to communities that most closely match people's preferences over taxes and public services. This Tiebout equilibrium is disturbed when cities vote to increase taxes and spending. We study the effect of increased taxes and public spending on population growth in growing and declining cities. Using regression discontinuity to compare otherwise similar cities, we find increasing local government taxes and spending by 15% can increase population growth rates. The increase is only evident the year after the vote. For the general sample, the increase is 0.4 percentage points, but it is 0.8 percentage points (25% of a standard deviation) for growing cities with below-median percentages of elderly residents. In cities with declining population, passing large tax levies increases population growth rates by 0.9 percentage points the year after the vote—33% of a standard deviation. Instead of cutting taxes and services, cities with declining population might instead consider providing additional public services to stem population declines. Most migration studies use a fairly large geographical unit like states, counties, and urban areas; our study contributes to the literature by studying migration at the local government level (cities, villages, and townships). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Related Articles This article examines the effect of leader longevity in power on world happiness. To make the assessment, a sample composed of 135 countries observed over the period 2006 to 2018 was constituted. The results obtained from OLS estimates show that longevity in power reduces individual happiness. Furthermore, the negative effect is more amplified in democratic countries. Quantile regression reveals variability in the effect over the different intervals. These results are robust to the use of alternative estimation techniques. We also identify the quality of institutions and public spending as two potential transmission channels through which longevity in power influences well‐being. These results invite political authorities to respect constitutional limits or implement constitutional reforms with the aim of limiting the duration of the mandate of the executive in order to reduce the harmful effect of an extension of the latter on individuals' well‐being.Flavin, Patrick, Alexander C. Pacek, and Benjamin Radcliff. 2011. “State Intervention and Subjective Well‐Being in Advanced Industrial Democracies.” Politics & Policy 39(2): 251–69. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2011.00290.x.Jakubow, Alexander. 2014. “State Intervention and Life Satisfaction Reconsidered: The Role of Governance Quality and Resource Misallocation.” Politics & Policy 42(1): 3–36. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12057.Kim, Hae S. 2017. “Patterns of Economic Development: Correlations Affecting Economic Growth and Quality of Life in 222 Countries.” Politics & Policy 45(1): 83–104. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12190. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The theme of the relationship between Labour Party and economic competence resurfaced in February 2024 when Keir Starmer decided to scale down its £28 billion green investment pledge. This work explores the historical and structural reasons why the economic competence issue has tended to be ‘owned’ by the Tories. It highlights that the definition of economic competence has often coincided with an emphasis on monetary stability and balancing government budgets with relatively low levels of taxation from the late 1970s onwards. The Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM) crisis in the 1990s led to a partial redefinition of economic competence, now built around a political economy of ‘constrained discretion’ and ‘credible Keynesianism’. The 2007–8 global financial crisis gave the Conservative Party the opportunity to regain its reputation for competence by arguing that the crisis had been the consequence of excessive public spending. The Labour Party's decision to sacrifice its biggest single policy pledge on the altar of financial probity heralds the difficulties that the new Labour government will face when attempting to reconcile the need for an active and strategic state with its stance on fiscal rectitude. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Arab Journal for Scientific Publishing is the property of Research & Development of Human Recourses Center (REMAH) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Transparency reforms make government contracting more open and amenable to public scrutiny, helping to improve public spending efficiency. But they are also politically sensitive, complex and highly technical, which makes them especially difficult to implement if state capacity is weak. Our research on nine low‐ and middle‐income countries in Africa and Asia systematically assesses progress in improving the legal framework for procurement transparency and implementing systems that allow open access to data, between 2008 and 2019. Through interviews with key informants, we explore the reasons for progress or its absence, finding that success relies on strong leadership commitment, broad coalitions of state and non‐state actors, and sufficient technical capacity. Leadership commitment ensures that implementing bodies have the appropriate mandate and resources, while broad coalitions sustain commitment and harness external technical assistance. Both factors are best achieved by framing the reforms as a way of improving efficiency rather than fighting corruption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The level of detail, coverage, accuracy, completeness and time range of personnel expenditure data available in the transversal payroll system used by South African national and provincial government departments, PERSAL, offers opportunities for wage bill analysis that is not possible with the more common and well-known approaches of using either highly summarised tabled data, reported data or survey data. This paper describes a methodology that was developed to extract trends in the wage bill and personnel numbers. The key drivers of total wage bill growth have been identified as personnel growth and salary growth and this paper demonstrates how to disaggregate total growth into these two key drivers. The full-time equivalent is proposed as a measure for annual headcounts, as it provides an accurate summary. Appropriate stratification when analysing the impact of remuneration policies is highlighted. The structuring of payroll data as employees' career trajectories enables the analysis of changes at the personal level, adding insight to into personnel movements and improvements in salaries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the conduct of optimal fiscal and monetary policy in Nigeria under the assumption of a rent‐seeking government. To answer this question, a Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium (DSGE) model featuring a rent‐seeking fiscal authority is calibrated. The study also conducted a sensitivity analysis to compare the welfare effect of optimal simple policy rules under a corrupt versus benevolent regime. The results from the study showed that optimal monetary policy should target the double mandate of price and output stabilization when the government is a rent‐seeker. The study also found that it is optimal for the Central Bank to commit to an active monetary stance. The optimal fiscal policy rule in a rent‐seeking economy is passive and pro‐cyclical. Furthermore, welfare is negligibly better off in the benevolent economy. From a policy perspective, rent‐seeking activities are triggered by the proportion of rent‐seeking agents. This induces inefficiencies in government spending, which constrains growth in a developing economy. Furthermore, rent‐seeking can "coerce" the Central Bank of Nigeria to focus on a double mandate to stabilize both prices and output. Therefore, it is desirable for the monetary authority to possess due independence in controlling prices without interference from the fiscal authority. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]