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Fridays for Future climate protests, which began as individual actions, soon morphed into a powerful global youth movement, with millions participating in Global Climate Strikes in 2019. In this study, we conducted 19 semi-structured interviews with the organizers and participants of the Fridays for Future Croatia movement and we aimed to examine the main characteristics of these protests in the context of new social movements theory and contemporary movements research, as well as in the specific national context. Challenging the suitability of the new social movements theory to adequately explain the Fridays for Future movement, we found many connections with contemporary social movements: participants are a new generation of first-time activists ; social media use is crucial and qualitatively different ; the organisational structure is completely loosened ; and the issues encompass environmental protection and political economy, urging the transformation of both individual and social identities and socio-economic systems.

Svojim zagovaračkim i neposrednim terenskim radom, nerijetko usmjerenim na problematiku nejednakosti u hrvatskom društvu, organizacije civilnog društva (OCD) unaprjeđuju otpornost i pojedinaca i zajednica (Bosi i sur., 2017 ; Johanson i Vinthagen, 2019). No, u tom su procesu sami OCD-i izloženi rizicima održavanja vlastite otpornosti, posebice u vremenima kriza kao što je to bila pandemija COVID-19. Sposobnost nošenja s tim rizicima u međuovisnosti je s neposrednim poljem djelovanja OCD-a, financijskom stabilnošću, organizacijskom razvijenošću te individualnom posvećenošću radu članova/ica i zaposlenika/ica OCD-a. Kompleksnost te međuovisnosti u radu analiziramo korištenjem koncepta organizacijske otpornosti definirane u kontekstu civilnog sektora kao „sposobnosti društvenih organizacija da pruže relevantnu pomoć svojim korisnicima“ (Orru i sur., 2021, 563). Kako bi utvrdile elemente organizacijske otpornosti OCD-a u Hrvatskoj, provele smo polu-strukturirane intervjue s predstavnicima/predstavnicama OCD-a u područjima obrazovanja i mladih, ženskih prava, zaštite okoliša te umjetnosti i kulture. Analiza intervjua ukazuje na tri ključne teme: „normalnost“ krize, uspostavljene prakse otpornosti te novonastale prakse otpornosti. Osjećaj stalne krize koji OCD-i imaju, određen je širom političkom i ekonomskom dinamikom, koja između ostaloga utišava i njihovu zagovaračku ulogu, no OCD-i pokazuju zavidnu razinu organizacijske otpornosti, a koja je vidljiva kroz uspostavljene prakse otpornosti. One podrazumijevaju iskustvo s krizama, financijsku domišljatost i prilagodljivost, dobre odnose unutar i izvan organizacije, te brigu o vlastitom poslu. Novonastale prakse otpornosti koje su proizašle iz pandemije COVID-19 (i za neke OCD-e nakon dva potresa) uključuju kreativno korištenje tehnologije, stvaranje novih oblika sindikalnog i drugog umrežavanja, ali i komercijalizaciju usluga. U radu reflektiramo na pojam „organizacijska otpornost“ s posebnim osvrtom na problematiku prekarnosti naspram sigurnog rada kao instance „podvojenog društva“. Za razliku od dominantne konceptualizacije pojma „organizacijska otpornost“ kao pozitivne odlike, naše istraživanje ukazuje i na njegovu „mračnu“ stranu: pružanje relevantne pomoći korisnicima često je moguće temeljem samoeksploatacije prekarnih radnika u civilnom sektoru.

European semiperiphery is standardly characterised as a growth and development oriented block ; a rich, but not rich enough population that is averse to degrowth and voluntary metabolic frugality. Whilst concern for global environmental stability and injustice is high, self-professed activation through the usual consumer and representative democracy channels is low. Based on comparison of continuous social research on nationally representative samples in Croatia over the last decade, we shall show the changes in trends of degrowth-supportive attitudes. We shall also indicate the socio-economic and socio- cultural drivers and obstacles of these attitudes and their changes over the decade characterised by the rise of degrowth theory and visibility in this part of Europe and a series of concurrent crises. Given the transformative potential of the semiperiphery, semiperiphery's transformative potential has notable consequences for the European society as a whole.

The doughnut economy is a visual framework for assessing the performance of social metabolism or development goals, shaped like a doughnut or lifebelt. It usually combines the concept of planetary boundaries with the concept of (social) development foundations. The COVID-19 pandemic provides a unique research context for applying the model to a selected group of countries to explore their sustainability performance patterns, along with possible distinctions of their transitional trajectories. For the explorative analysis of the pre-vaccination phase and corresponding post-pandemic projections, a total of seven countries were sampled: Austria, Croatia, Czechia, Germany, Italy, Slovenia, and Spain. Whilst even the global pandemic does not simply ‘turn an ocean liner’ of national metabolic throughput and associated prevalent ideology, inroads into effects of emergency on sustainability transformation potential will be analyzed. We will present the resilience and sustainability lessons of the pandemic in the holistic presentation of the (modified) doughnut visualization.

Fridays for Future climate protests, which began as individual actions, soon morphed into a powerful global youth movement, with millions participating in Global Climate Strikes in 2019. This study examined the main characteristics of these protests and how they fit among new environmental social movements. We rely on the results from Wahlström et al.’s (2019) cross- national study of FFFs in 13 European countries, and our own qualitative empirical research that conducted interviews with 19 FFF Croatia organisers and participants. Our analysis revealed that, while NSMT is useful for understanding some of the FFF characteristics, it is clearly not a perfect fit. Challenging the suitability of the new social movements theory to adequately explain the FFF movement, we found many connections with ‘contemporary’ social movements of the 21st century. Social media use is crucial and qualitatively different ; organizational structure is completely loosened ; and the new generation of protesters is faced with precarious labour market. Furthermore, FFF goals combine post-materialistic (in line with NSMs) with more materialistic issues (e.g. feeling life threatening conditions, and an awareness of climate change consequences and climate change policy effects on specific local issues). Therefore, the issues encompass environmental protection and political economy, urging the transformation of both individual and social identities and socio-economic systems. This research was conducted as part of the project funded by the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zagreb (43-922- 1023)

Iako utjecaj pandemije COVID-19 na okoliš još nije sasvim jasan, neke su promjene u ponašanju ljudi imale pozitivan ekološki učinak. S druge strane, povećana upotreba jednokratne plastike, maski i dezinficijensa prijeti dodatno produbiti postojeće ekološke probleme. U ovom smo radu istražili promjene u životnim navikama studenata uslijed pojave pandemije koje doprinose pozitivnom ili negativnom utjecaju na okoliš. Istraživanje je provedeno u sklopu znanstvenog projekta „Ekološko znanje, stavovi i ponašanje studentica i studenata u Hrvatskoj“, Filozofski fakultet u Zagrebu (2019.-2020.) metodom online ankete na prigodnom uzorku N=1245 studenata Sveučilišta u Osijeku, Splitu i Zagrebu. Promjena ponašanja za vrijeme pandemije najuočljivija je u povećanoj kupovini zaštitnih maski i dezinficijensa, učestalijem pješačenju, smanjenom korištenju javnog prijevoza i automobila i prestanku putovanja. Međutim, promjene u životnim navikama studenata prvenstveno su posljedica uvođenja epidemioloških ograničenja, a ne dugoročnijih promjena u pro- ekološkim stavovima.

Ruralna područja posljednja su dva desetljeća uvelike zanemarena istraživačka tema u domaćoj sociologiji, posebno u usporedbi s tzv. zlatnim dobom ruralne sociologije prošlog stoljeća. U isto vrijeme, s globalnom socijalno-ekološkom krizom, a i drugim krizama kao što je globalna pandemija bolesti COVID-19, koje ne zaobilaze ni Hrvatsku, te s obzirom na lokalne probleme poput nedavnih razornih potresa, evidentno je da su ruralna područja iznimno važna u bilo kakvim promišljanjima o razvoju i razvojnim perspektivama hrvatskog društva. S jedne strane, radi se o ranjivim prostorima koje ovakve krize pogađaju s mnogo težim posljedicama, no istovremeno je riječ o sredinama koje posjeduju specifične kapacitete otpornosti (engl. resilience) i prilagodbe koje je nužno istražiti kako bi ih se moglo iskoristiti i raditi na njihovu jačanju. To je već prepoznato u Europi, pa ruralna područja zauzimaju ključno mjesto u međunarodnim razvojnim strategijama. Stoga je nužno ponovno probuditi sustavnija znanstvena bavljenja ruralnim područjima u Hrvatskoj koja su prošla niz dramatičnih promjena kroz posljednje tri, a danas možemo govoriti i o četvrtoj modernizaciji. Pritisci globalizacije, zajedno s realnošću ekološke krize, egzogeni su čimbenici koji nisu zaobišli ni hrvatska sela. Postsocijalističko nasljedovanje, ratna razaranja, tranzicija u demokratski liberalni sustav te pristup Europskoj uniji samo su neki od endogenih izazova perspektivama ruralnog razvoja. U ovom ćemo izlaganju predstaviti recentni istraživački pristup koji ruralna područja definira kao dinamične socijalno-ekološke sustave (RSES) s inherentnim kapacitetima prilagodbe i otpornosti. Ruralni prostor u tom se smislu shvaća kao socijalni prostor neraskidivo povezan s prirodnom okolinom, a ključne sastavnice ruralnog razvoja njegove su tijesno isprepletene i međuovisne ekonomske, socijalne i ekološke dimenzije. Istodobno se ne smiju zanemariti lokalni, nacionalni i međunarodni akteri (npr. dionici lokalne i nacionalne uprave, Europske unije te različitih politika ruralnog razvoja) koji vrše izvanjske pritiske na RSES-ove. Prikazat ćemo preliminarne podatke znanstvenog projekta HRZZ-a „Socijalno-ekološki izazovi ruralnog razvoja: objektivni i subjektivni pokazatelji otpornosti hrvatskih ruralnih socijalno-ekoloških sustava“ (UIP-2019-04-5257) u kojem ukazujemo na važnost uključivanja objektivnih pokazate- lja otpornosti (ekonomska, ekološka i socijalna dimenzija), no i često zanemarenu subjektivnu dimenziju (socijalni, ljudski i kulturni kapital). Cilj je izraditi model izračuna indeksa otpornosti hrvatskih ruralnih područja na temelju objektivnih i subjektivnih pokazatelja. U izlaganju ćemo se osvrnuti na određene izazove konceptualizacije ruralnih područja kao socijalno-ekoloških sustava (RSES-ova) te ukazati na metodološke izazove koji se pojavljuju prilikom izrade indika- tora razvoja i prikupljanja statističkih podataka. Konačno, osvrnut ćemo se na važnost sustav- nog pristupa koji ruralna područja i stanovništvo razumijeva kao aktivne sudionike aktualnih društvenih kretanja te koji bi služio kao poticaj za izradu kvalitetnijih i učinkovitijih strategija ruralnog razvoja prilagođenih hrvatskim okolnostima.

Pandemija bolesti COVID-19 izazvala je globalnu javnozdravstvenu, ekonomsku i socijalnu krizu koja utječe na sve aspekte ljudskog djelovanja i zahtijeva provedbu sustavnih društveno-ekonomskih promjena. Međutim, istodobno se suočavamo s dugoročnim ekološkim krizama poput gubitka bioraznolikosti i klimatskih promjena, koje svojom kompleksnošću daleko premašuju trenutnu epidemiološku krizu. Važno je naglasiti da su to međusobno ovisne, isprepletene krize i da bismo ih riješili, moramo uzeti u obzir njihove međusobne veze i interakcije. Ograničenja individualnog ponašanja za vrijeme provedbe blažih i strožih epidemioloških mjera donekle su utjecale na stanje u okolišu, međutim, dugoročni negativni trendovi okolišnih pokazatelja nastavili su rasti. Istraživanje koje smo proveli pokušava odgovoriti na sljedeća pitanja: Koja su pro-okolišna ponašanja najraširenija među studentima u Hrvatskoj te koje su socio- demografske i svjetonazorske determinante različitih tipova pro-okolišnog ponašanja u posljednjih godinu dana (u vremenu pandemije)? Kako se mijenjalo ponašanje prema okolišu i potrošačko ponašanje studenata za vrijeme pandemije? U teorijskom se dijelu oslanjamo na model kroz koji dominantna svjetonazorska komponenta i zabrinutost za okoliš oblikuju pro- okolišno ponašanje. Svjetonazorska komponenta konceptulizirana je trima dominantnim pristupima: antropocentrizmom, biocentrizmom i tehnooptimizmom. Teorijski model proširujemo faktorom zabrinutosti za okoliš i socio- demografskim obilježjima kao prediktorskim varijablama različitih tipova prookolišnog ponašanja za vrijeme pandemije. Istraživanje je provedeno krajem 2020. i početkom 2021. godine na prigodnom uzorku od 1245 studenata određenih sastavnica triju Sveučilišta u Hrvatskoj (Osijek, Split i Zagreb), u okviru projekta 43-923-1042 financiranog od strane Filozofskog fakulteta Sveučilišta u Zagrebu. Rezultati pokazuju grupiranje prookolišnog ponašanja u 8 komponenti konceptualiziranih po kriterijima neoliberalnog ponašanja prema okolišu (King, 2015), a ne prema uobičajena četiri tipa prookolišnog ponašanja kako ih je opisao Stern (2000). Među studentima dominantno prevladava biocentričan svjetonazor te niska zastupljenost antropocentrizma i tehnooptimizma, visoka zabrinutost za okoliš (posebice u segmentima gomilanja otpada i klimatskih promjena), dok su najzastupljeniji oblici pro-okolišnog ponašanja oni koji zahtijevaju najmanju osobnu žrtvu i najmanjeg su utjecaja na okoliš, poput štednje te recikliranja i konzumerizma niskog utjecaja na okoliš. Promjena ponašanja za vrijeme pandemije najuočljivija je u segmentima nametnutih ograničenja kroz epidemiološke mjere, poput prestanka putovanja, dok se u manjoj mjeri mijenja u individualnim potrošačkim navikama i recikliranju, pri čemu je povećana potrošnja u kućanstvu, kupovina „zdravih“ namirnica, oprez prilikom odlaska u kupovinu i samo-snabdijevanje hranom, dok se smanjuje kupnja neesencijalnih potrepština i „nezdravih“ namirnica. Preliminarni rezultati istraživanja mogu navesti na zaključak kako promjene u individualnom ponašanju i životnim stilovima te parcijalne restrikcije istih u kontekstu epidemioloških ograničenja za vrijeme pandemije djelomično dovode do promjena u ponašanju, posebno ondje gdje ih sustav ograničava, ali kako istovremeno ne dovode do značajnije promjene načina na koji se studenti odnose prema okolišu

This paper deals with narratives and constructions of societal futures related to the climate change and Covid-19 pandemic crises as described and imagined by Croatian scientists of different disciplinary backgrounds. By societal futures we perceive futures of societies in general but also futures of science and technology specifically. Our framework is in the domain of sociology of expectations, which is in social studies of science often seen as a key element of understanding of scientific and technological change. In turn, scientific and technological change is a key factor in future development of society's relationship toward climate change and zoonotic diseases. As Borup et al. (2006) argue, the main reason for this is because expectations frequently serve to bridge or mediate across different boundaries and otherwise distinct (though overlapping) dimensions and levels, they link technical and social issues, because expectations and visions refer to images of the future, where technical and social aspects are tightly intertwined. Also, expectations constitute ‘the missing link’ between the inner and outer worlds of techno-scientific knowledge communities and fields. This paper analyses data from the interviews with 12 Croatian scientists whose main research interest is related to climate change mitigation/adaptation or to zoonotic diseases. Main topic of the interview was their perception of science and technology in the times of crises, with the significant part of the interview dedicated to the futures, societal and science and technology expectations. Based on their narratives, and in connection with their disciplinary - cognitive backgrounds, we discuss the potential of the experiences with the pandemic crisis for the future of science and technology in the context of climate change mitigation.

Fridays for future pojavio se kao nova inačica klimatskog pokreta, okarakteriziran vodstvom mladih srednjoškolaca diljem svijeta s univerzalnim setom ciljeva i zahtjeva upućenih nacionalnim vladama. Kvantitativno istraživanje srednjoškolaca u Hrvatskoj (N=534) na ovu temu provedeno je online anketiranjem u sklopu znanstvenog projekta: „School Strike 4 Climate Croatia: ekološki stavovi i ekološki aktivizam učenika srednjih škola u gradu Zagrebu" (2018.-2019.) Pomoću faktorske analize utvrdili smo tri tipa stavova učenika prema prosvjedu i prosvjednicima nazvane „borac za zaštitu okoliša“, „univerzalni aktivist“ i „podržavatelj prosvjednika“. Pri tome su po svojim stavovima najzastupljeniji oni „borbeni“ (oko jedne trećine učenika), i to naročito među učenicama (40%). Kako bismo otkrili koje su individualne i kontekstualne determinante povezane sa stavovima i sudjelovanjem mladih u klimatskom pokretu, multivarijatnom analizom testiran je efekt socio-demografskih karakteristika zajedno s konstruktima percepcije kolektivne učinkovitosti, ekološke zabrinutosti, ekološkog svjetonazora te stavova o Greti Thunberg kao inicijatorici globalnog pokreta Fridays for Future. Multivarijatne analize pokazuju kako su navedene determinantne statistički značajni prediktori stavova o prosvjedima i sudjelovanja u njima, iako ne na isti način za svaku od tri utvrđene stavovske dimenzije.

The Covid-19 pandemic has had multiple effects on social systems as yet another crisis, alongside climate change and biodiversity loss, that stems from the complex interaction between human and natural systems. In this regard, building resilience to ongoing and future crises has become a common reference point in both public and scholarly discourse. In the context of building resilience, the civil sector has an important social role to play in promoting the public interest and strengthening the role of citizens in democratic societies, thus enabling them to participate in society’s development. The environmental movement, as one of the most successful social movements, combines issues of environmental protection with a concept of social justice and economic development, and thus with building the resilience of society as a whole. The research questions were: how has the Covid-19 pandemic affected environmental NGOs, and what strategies have they applied to cope with and adapt to the new situation? How do environmental activists describe the concepts of vulnerability and resilience within the NGO sector? What are their expectations of future trends in the field to which their activism refers? The results of this research point to the conclusion that resilience is defined in terms of an organization’s adaptability, flexibility, inner social cohesion, and capacity to self-organize with an emphasis on networking. Intersecting crises that stem from the complex relationship between human and natural systems pose a challenge of finding an efficient frame for the problem within the movement and of re-establishing a corrective role in society., Pandemija Covid-19 mnogostruko je utjecala na društvene sustave, kao još jedna od kriza koja, uz one uslijed klimatskih promjena i gubitka bioraznolikosti, proizlazi iz složene interakcije čovjeka i prirode. U tom smislu, stvaranje otpornosti na trenutnu i buduće krize postala je zajednička referentna točka, kako u javnom, tako i u znanstvenom diskursu. U kontekstu izgradnje otpornosti, civilni sektor ima važnu društvenu ulogu u promoviranju javnog interesa i jačanju uloge građana u demokratskim društvima, omogućujući im na taj način sudjelovanje u razvoju društva. Pokret za okoliš, kao jedan od najuspješnijih društvenih pokreta, spaja pitanja zaštite okoliša s konceptima socijalne pravde i ekonomskog razvoja, izgrađujući tako otpornost društva u cjelini. Istraživačka pitanja bila su: kako je pandemija Covid-19 utjecala na nevladine organizacije iz područja zaštite okoliša te koje strategije su primijenili da bi se nosili s novom situacijom i prilagodili joj se. Kako aktivisti za okoliš opisuju koncepte ranjivosti i otpornosti unutar nevladina sektora? Koja su im očekivanja od budućih trendova u polju na koje se njihov aktivizam odnosi? Rezultati ovog istraživanja upućuju na zaključak da je otpornost definirana kao organizacijska prilagodljivost, fleksibilnost, unutrašnja socijalna kohezija, te kapacitet za samoorganizaciju, s naglaskom na umrežavanje. Intersekcijske krize koje proizlaze iz složenog odnosa čovjeka i prirode postavljaju izazov traženja i pronalaženja učinkovitog okvira za smještanje problema unutar pokreta te ponovno uspostavljanje korektivne uloge u društvu.

Prosvjedi Fridays for Future (FFF), koji su inicijalno krenuli kao individualne akcije, ubrzo su se pretvorili u snažan globalni pokret mladih koji je okupio milijune mladih u prosvjedima diljem svijeta 2019. godine. U ovom izlaganju, na temelju provedenog kvalitativnog istraživanja u Hrvatskoj, prikazat ćemo podatke prikupljene intervjuima s 19 mladih organizatora i sudionika pokreta FFF Hrvatska. Istraživanje je provedeno u sklopu znanstvenog projekta »School Strike 4 Climate Croatia: ekološki stavovi i ekološki aktivizam učenika srednjih škola u gradu Zagrebu« (Filozofski fakultet, Sveučilište u Zagrebu, 2018. – 2019.). Polustrukturiranim intervjuima obuhvatili smo teme osobne motivacije za uključivanje u pokret, percepcije o ciljevima i uspjehu prosvjeda te koga sugovornici i sugovornice smatraju ključnim za ublažavanje destruktivnog učinka klimatskih promjena. To nam je pružilo važan uvid u to kako su se ovaj globalni fenomen i serija prosvjeda manifestirali u Hrvatskoj.

Rad donosi sažeti prikaz razvoja i preliminarnu analizu postojećeg stanja društvenog poduzetništva u Hrvatskoj. Aktualnosti ove teme pridonijela je gospodarska, pa i ekološka, kriza te strategije vladinih tijela usmjerene na društveno poduzetništvo. Prvi je cilj rada prikazati nastanak i razvoj tog oblika poduzetništva u Hrvatskoj, koji se odvijao usporedo s tranzicijskim procesom i pridruživanjem Europskoj uniji. Drugi je cilj preliminarni prikaz baze aktera društvenog poduzetništva i njihova kapaciteta. Istraživanje usmjereno na uspostavu te baze provedeno je krajem 2014. i početkom 2015. O akterima društvenog poduzetništva najprije su prikupljeni podaci iz postojećih baza vladinih tijela i drugih ustanova, nakon čega su provedeni kratki strukturirani intervjui s vodećim ljudima detektiranih aktera usmjereni na teme njihove djelatnosti, prihoda i zaposlenika. Dio prikupljenih podataka potom je provjeren usporedbom s podacima Financijske agencije i Registra neprofitnih organizacija. Uspostavljena baza uključuje 90 subjekata, od kojih većinu čine udruge i zadruge (83%). Više od trećine aktera djeluje u Splitsko- dalmatinskoj i Osječko-baranjskoj županiji, dok u šest županija nije lociran nijedan. Ukupni su godišnji prihodi više od polovine aktera manji od milijun kuna, ali je i više od polovine prihoda svih aktera ostvareno tržišnim poduzetničkim aktivnostima. Zaključuje se da društveno poduzetništvo u Hrvatskoj, premda se razvijalo bez institucionalne potpore, predstavlja sve važniji čimbenik gospodarskog oporavka. Njegov kapacitet i potencijal orijentiran je prema socijalno osjetljivom poslovnom modelu. Aktualna državna strategija vezana uz društveno poduzetništvo, kao i zakonska regulativa koja je u pripremi, mogu potaknuti novi val razvoja društvenog poduzetništva kakav ranije, zbog izostanka institucionalnih okvira, nije bio moguć.

Društveno poduzetništvo i ekonomija u sve većem broju zemalja svijeta postaju prepoznatljivi i prihvaćeni kao ekonomsko-poslovni model kojemu glavni cilj nije gomilanje profita nego ispunjavanje socijalne odnosno društvene misije. U Aktu o jedinstvenom tržištu II (EC, 2012), Europska komisija izdvojila je društveno poduzetništvo kao jadan od stupova novog razvoja Europe, povezujući ga sa socijalnom kohezijom i rastom povjerenja potrošaća. Društveno poduzetništvo je široki koncept koji obuhvaća raznolike ekonomske modele kao i raznolike organizacije društvenog poduzetništva i ekonomije. Zajedničko svim ovim modelima i organizacijama je, pored ostvarivanja društvenog utjecaja, reinvestiranja dobiti u projekte od javnog značaja te uključivanja marginaliziranih skupina, i participativno demokratsko upravljanje koje u središte stavlja radnika te na taj način mijenja ekonomiju ne samo za konzumente već i za one koji ju su- kreiraju. Iskustvo rada u društvenom poduzeću, motivacije za rad i vrijednosti koje dijele radnici su stoga u fokusu ovdje predstavljenog istraživanja. Kvalitativnim istraživanjem obuhvatili smo devet socijalnih zadruga kako bismo interpretirali iskustva rada u društvenom poduzetništvu iz perspektive samih radnika. Značenje društvenog poduzetništva konstruira se kroz osobne definicije, motivaciju za rad u društvenom poduzeću te kroz prethodno ili naknadno internalizirane vrijednosti. Osim što je direktno povezana sa motivacijom i vrijednostima zaposlenika, suradnja sa zajednicom te unutar I između poduzeća vitalni je segment društvenog podzetništva, posebice u kontekstu odnosa sa lokalnom zajednicom i korisnicima. Posljednja kategorija koju smo analizom izdvojili odnosi se na način na koji sugovornici opisuju radne uvjete, (ne)zadovoljstvo na random mjestu, kvalitetu života te osjećaj ispunjenosti. Iz rezultata istraživanja može se zaključiti kako sugovornici/radnici u društvenim poduzećima daju prednost intrinzičnim motivacijama i intrinzičnim vrijednostima vezanim uz radno mjesto, pozitivno opisuju uvjete rada u društvenom poduzetništvu, te dijele percepciju porasta kvalitete života od kada rade u društvenom poduzeću.

The aim of this presentation is to explore and describe motivational characteristics of the green entrepreneurs in Croatia, namely their stance on alternative economic models. Two sustainability oriented developmental models, the green economy and degrowth, shall be described so as to theoretically frame the research results. Qualitative research was conducted in order to describe and compare the green economy actors in Croatia, their motives and values, as well as their view on green growth and degrowth. While describing green economy actors’ motivational differences in correlation with previous theoretical and empirical framing, we discovered that significant differences regarding green growth and degrowth models depended on the type of job they were doing, which could help explain context that underlines the appearance of different green entrepreneurial types.

After three year of mapping, we gathered data about 112 social economy and entrepreneurship actors in Croatia: 58 association, 39 cooperatives and 15 companies. This research brings more recent data concerning the number of actors, their territorial distribution, type of activity, number of employees, total revenue, and share of revenue from entrepreneurial activities (selling goods and services) in comparison to total revenue. We will present shortly results of 19 focus groups with social economy actors and 21 semi- structured interviews with decission making/support stakeholders, which within iPRESENT project we analysed via qualitative data analysis software (Atlas ti.). One of the most interesting actor in our social economy database is company ITAS which is the bigest one regarding anual revenue and number of employees (+200 people). At the ICA2017 conference this will be the main part of our paper because of ITAS’s unique position in social economy sector in Croatia. On the outside they are regular company, inside they are run in highly democratic manner, main decisions were ruled by all together and they operate more like the usual cooperative and workers owned entity. In the past the survived highly suspected privatization processes in ‘90s during the Homeland war in Croatia, they were blockading the factory to stop sell-off equipment activities, and they went on hunger strike. They became famous as so called “Argentinian style” workers run factory. Now they are in the middle of transformation process regarding governance and organisational design, of which one decision might be cooperative legal structure. Being in that situation, they are of much interest for scientific research. We ran a survey on all employees in ITAS factory questioning their intrinsic values, job satisfaction, openness to new models of organisation between many other important questions. Base for survey was questionnaire from Organisational Psychology that has been tested for many years in Croatia and that measure opinion on 9 characteristics of work. We will present results of this survey at ICA2017 conference and answer on main question: is there an internal will and feasible policy framework for ITAS to become new workers cooperative in Croatia?

This paper explores the relationship between entrepreneurial orientation (EO) and performance of social entrepreneurship (SE) organizations in Croatia. SE organizations are defined as nonprofits which accomplish or strive towards accomplishing their social mission(s) primarily by using the money made through trading products in the free market. In other words, they are social mission oriented entrepreneurs (Dees 2001). EO is a theoretical construct conceptualized through dimensions of proactivenes, risk taking, and innovativeness (Covin and Slevin 1989). In the context of for- profit entrepreneurs (i.e. “conventional” entrepreneurship), the above mentioned relationship represents an extensively investigated research topic (Rauch et al. 2009). On the other hand, it has not been the case with nonprofit entrepreneurs (i.e. SE) – regardless of the fact that a tremendous fraction of all SE organizations is, generally speaking, highly “vulnerable” in the sphere of the economic/commercial (and consequently social) performance. However, in spite of a relatively small number of research papers on SE organizations, they offer a wide range of findings. As an illustration, economic performance was found to be positively (Anderson and Helm 2012), non-significantly (Morris et al. 2007), and negatively and non- significantly related to EO (Miles et al. 2013) ; social performance was reported to be positively related to EO (Coombes et al. 2011) ; while the relationship between socio-economic performance and EO was found to be positive (Hu and Pang 2013), and inverted U-shaped (Chen and Hsu 2013). To the best of our knowledge, none of these aspects has been investigated within the emerging SE scene in Croatia. Therefore, the research aims are: 1) to explore (the level of) EO of SE organizations in Croatia ; 2) to explore their socio-economic performance ; 3) to investigate the relationship between (the level of) their EO and socio- economic performance. Taking into account the size and scope of the entire SE scene in Croatia the sample will try to include managerial staff (N≥100) from all organizations (associations, cooperatives, limited liability companies) (N≥50) that, according to the “requirements” set in the first paragraph, can be labeled as SE organizations. The questionnaire, administered via e-mail, contains: general information about SE organizations (size, number of employees/members, type of industry, organizational age) ; the instrument for measuring EO created based on Morris and Joyce’s (1998), Helm and Anderson’s (2010), and Hu and Pang’s (2013) questionnaire ; the instrument for measuring socio-economic performance i.e. respondents’ perception of it created based on questionnaires used by Caruana et al. (2002), Miles et al. (2013), and Hu and Pang (2013). Both of the instruments have 7- item Likert scale questions. The instruments’ reliability is ≥0, 7 (Cronbach's alpha). The research results intend to a) contribute to academic and professional debate (both internationally and in Croatia) on EO and socio-economic performance of SE organizations, and, preferably, b) encourage practical improvements in the field of SE performance.

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Posljednjih 10 godina, od 2005. do 2015., bilo je među najtoplijima u povijesti mjerenja. Mediteranski pojas će imati do dvostruko više temperature nego sjeverne zemlje u Europi. U takvim okolnostima, klimatske promjene uzrokovane ljudskim aktivnostima izvor su rastuće zabrinutosti, te podižu pitanja održivosti u regiji. Buduće klimatske promjene zasigurno će ugroziti napore za postizanje održivog razvoja na mediteranu. Konkretno, klimatske promjene doprinose povećanju problema širenje pustinja, nestašica vode i proizvodnje hrane, te također donose nove prijetnje za zdravlje ljudi, ekosustava i gospodarstava zemalja na mediteranu.

Social changes unfolding in either more revolutionary or evolutionary social dynamics, but holding within the frames of widening and deepening of the process of democratization, depends on the existence and formation of specific value orientations. For restructuring social relations in order to make a shift towards degrowth orientation certain inter- dependent principles, as Latouche argues, are required. His “Rs” of degrowth include eight inter-dependent principles. Re-evaluate what matters. Reconceptualize key notions such as wealth, poverty, value, scarcity and abundance. Restructure the productive apparatus and social relations to fit these new values. Redistribute wealth and access to natural resources between North and South and between classes, generations and individuals. Relocalize which means producing on local level thus descending all economic, political and cultural decisions at that level. Reduce production and consumption, especially for goods and services with little use value but high environmental impact. Re-use products and Recycle waste. The aim of this paper is to empirically explore value orientation and motivation of green economy actors in Croatia and to what extent do they meet the aforementioned degrowth principles.

Regarding social economy (SE), Croatia is, on general level, considered as ex-communist country with good tradition, bad performance in second part of 20th Century because of political control in the business sector, which has in transition period (1990-1999) became a problem of ignorance in public administration (policy level). Today, social economy in Croatia is trying to catch up with other EU states on all important levels of SE sector: legislative and institutional framework, financial infrastructure, education and capacity building, and visibility. All four are integral parts of Strategy for the Development of Social Entrepreneurship in the Republic of Croatia for the period of 2015 – 2020. Within iPRESENT project, funded by Croatian Science Foundation, we have mapped social economy actors and after many years there is a clear and up to date social economy base. At the ICSE 2016 we will present main outcomes and results of this process. In the second year of the project we conducted a field research across Croatia carried out 19 focus groups with most influential, innovative and inspirational social economy actors. We divided interview questions in four themes: laws on social economy and public policies, definition/ideology of social economy and cooperation on SE scene, the level of democracy and working conditions, motivation and existence of intrinsic values. The data that are gathered through focus group interviews has been analysed via qualitative data analysis software (Atlas ti.). Major finding that will be presented in ICSA 2016 are: Social economy actors are mostly unsatisfied with legislative and institutional framework in Croatia and consider it as unsupportive and confusing. Social economy actors consider SE to be in the line with WISE model and as a tool for community development. The SE actors that are more active express satisfaction with cooperation amongst SE actors and other partners and stakeholders, but the ones that are in more isolated conditions (spatially) express need for more cooperation and networking. Social economy actors expressed their praise for democratic atmosphere in their organisations and fair working conditions. And finally, they expressed high motivation to continue to work in the social economy and are dedicated to the concept, including even those that were at the beginning interested just in getting a quick job. It means that we can detect intrinsic values for employees in social economy organisations. This research enabled us to describe for the first time in Croatia the view from the inside, attitudes and opinion of employees of social economy organisations.

Main purpose of the presentation is to explore social entrepreneurship as sustainable rural development supporting model that could bring development dimensions of Lika region in balance. Article consists of two thematic parts: in first part results of desk research are presented to describe social entrepreneurship scene in Croatia ; and in second part we present results of qualitative research in two segments. First segment of the qualitative research are semi-structured interviews with local social actors involved in Likas current socio-economic development (2013). Main topic of the research was the economic dimension of sustainable development. Second segment of the research was focus group with social entrepreneurship practitioners in Lika (2015) – civil society association. Main topic was state and development of social entrepreneurship. Research results are showing social actor’s awareness of opportunities for sustainable development in Lika (e.g. preserved natural resources) and also awareness of alternative and/or complementary economic models that could lead to enhanced quality of life. Key social actors (research participants) see social entrepreneurship as opportunity to develop alternative/complementary economic model in Lika, e.g. “to incorporate ideas of people in the economy and to adapt economy to people”. Additional “push” factor for development of social entrepreneurship is connected to the third sector actors (Association Prospero) as they are working on new project – eco-social farms and grouping of farms based on the inventiveness, communality and social capital. This could also lead to the possibility of neo-endogenous development, especially because Lika region still does not have development strategy.

According to four stages of development of social enterprise (Salvatori, 2013 ; Galera, 2015), in Croatia sector is on second stage – progressive emergence. One of the main actor in this progressiveness are social cooperatives – a new player in the field from 2011 when they were for the first time integrated in Law on Cooperatives. Besides long cooperative tradition in Croatia, after political transition period in ‘90s, basically whole sector had to initiate new paths of development and social cooperatives are last mark on these paths. The paper that we want to present at ICA 2016 Conference is based on research work within our project iPRESENT - Installation Project for REsearch about Social ENTrepreneurship which is funded by Croatian Science Foundation. First goal of project was to carry out mapping of social economy actors in Croatia after which in 2014 we came to 90 legal entities. From that number we derived 20 social cooperatives and we will present main data about their economic performances, human resources level of and institutional support. Likewise it is important to analyse position of social cooperatives in newly passed (April, 2015) Strategy for the Development of Social Entrepreneurship in the Republic of Croatia for the period of 2015 – 2020. Final part of presentation will be saved for recently obtained data about satisfaction with working conditions in Croatian social cooperatives and eventual presence of workers intrinsic values. The data is gathered through focus group interviews that will be analysed via qualitative data analysis software (Atlas ti.). This will enable us to describe the value orientation of social economy employees, and their job/work preferences, which in turn will shed some light on both past and future development paths.

Transition to a more sustainable development involves a dramatical reduction of the use of existing fossil-fuel energy, increase in the efficiency of those it cannot avoid and utilisation and replacement with renewable energy sources wherever possible. This kind of tehnological change is associated with a much more radical social transformation, or to put it more simple: to be prepared to do with less in terms of energy and material products. Every social change depends on the existence and formation of specific value orientations. For restructuring social relations in order to make a shift towards degrowth orientation certain inter-dependent principles, as Latouche argues, are required. His “Rs” of degrowth include eight inter- dependent principles. Reevaluate what matters. Reconceptualize key notions such as wealth, poverty, value, scarcity and abundance. Restructure the productive apparatus and social relations to fit these new values. Redistribute wealth and access to natural resources between North and South and between classes, generations and individuals. Relocalize which means producing on local level thus descending all economic, political and cultural decisions at that level. Reduce production and consumption, especially for goods and services with little use value but high environmental impact. Re-use products and Recycle waste. The aim of this paper is to explorde, using qualitative methodology, value orientation and motivation of green economy actors in Croatia, to what extent do they meet the aforementioned degrowth principles, what are the main reasons that drive ‘green’ entrepreneurship and weather there is a common denominator for different actors in green economy.

Main purpose of the article is to present social entrepreneurship as sustainable rural development supporting model that could bring development dimensions of Lika region in balance. Article design is connected to the case study that uses desk method and statistic data analysis in the first part. Second part is created by using qualitative research in two segments. First segment of the research are semi-structural interviews (the participants were local social actors involved in Likas current socio-economical reality (2013). Main topic of the research was the economic dimension of sustainable development. Second segment of the research was focus group with participants of social entrepreneurship in Lika (2015) – civil society association. Main topic was social entrepreneurship. Research results are showing social actors awareness about sustainable development possibilities (e.g. preserved natural resources) and also awareness about alternative economy that could lead to enhanced total life conditions. Social entrepreneurship is economical model that social actors see as part of alternative economy opportunity (e.g. “to incorporate ideas of people in the economy and to adapt economy to people”). Additional push up factor in social entrepreneurship development possibilities is connected to the civil society (Association Prospero) as they are working on new project (eco-social farms and grouping of farms) connected to the inventiveness, social value and social capital that are foundation for social entrepreneurship further development. This also could lead to the neo- endogenous development possibilities revelation, especially because Lika region still does not have concrete development strategy. Originality of the paper is in its theme field (theoretical construct) which is talking about social entrepreneurships as sustainable rural development supporting model in particular rural area that is one of the most neglected in Croatia. This area is ideal platform for creating and implementing carefully planned developing models as sustainable rural and neo-endogenous development are. Thus, practical implications of the paper are connected to the dissemination of the social entrepreneurship idea as supporting model that could help in achieving initial stadium of sustainable rural and neo- endogenous development models in Croatian rural area in general. In addition, both mountain counties in Croatia (Lika-senj and Primorsko- goranska) have to bring new development strategy. This paper could be useful as background for strategies conceptualization.

U radu se iznose opravdanja za društveno- humanistička istraživanja klimatskih promjena u Hrvatskoj te pregledavaju dosadašnje spoznaje i izlaže analiza recentno dostupnih podataka. Ovime autori nastoje ne samo otvoriti dijalog na temu klimatskih promjena među prirodnim i društvenim znanostima u Hrvatskoj, nego takav dijalog zagovarati i pregledom međunarodne literature i primjerom analize podataka prikupljenih u Hrvatskoj. Nakon pregleda koncepta antropocena i njegove povezanosti s globalnim klimatskim promjenama, opravdava se važnost istraživanja stavova građana vezanih za opasnost od klimatskih promjena i relevantnih društvenih strategija. Zatim se sumiraju nalazi najznačajnijih prethodnih istra-živanja stavova građana u Hrvatskoj i Europskoj uniji. Rezultati istraživanja posebno predstavljenog u ovom radu na tragu su odgovora vide li, i u kojoj mjeri hrvatski građani percipiraju klimatske promjene. Kroz kvantitativni metodološki pristup analizira se kako građani ocjenjuju ozbiljnost klimatskog problema, njegovu opasnost po stabilnost okoliša, natjecanje s gospodarskim razvojem te učinkovitost politike Europske unije i Hrvatske u borbi protiv klimatskih promjena. Zatim se ispituje koji su socio-kulturni faktori povezani sa spremnošću građana na materijalno odricanje i usvajanje pro-okolišnih obrazaca ponašanja. U konačnici se izvode preporuke za daljnja istraživanja, interdisciplinarno razumijevanje kompleksne problematike i javno-obrazovnu ulogu znanstvene zajednice. Zbog uočene važnosti utjecaja ekonomske nesigurnosti na spremnost za demokratsko djelovanje u borbi protiv klimatskih promjena, interdisciplinarno razumijevanje klimatske problematike dobiva još više na važnosti. (IN ENGLISH: The paper presents the justification for social science and humanities research concerning climate change in Croatia, as well as a review of previous findings and analysis of recently collected data. Through this paper the authors seek not only to open a dialogue on the topic of climate change between the natural and social sciences in Croatia, but to justify the urgency of such a dialogues based on the review of international literature and analysis of survey data collected in Croatia. After reviewing the concept of the Anthropocene and its connection with global climate change, further justification is given of the importance of research into attitudes of citizens concerning climate change and mitigating social strategies. An overview of the most relevant findings of previous research into these attitudes of citizens in Croatia and the European Union is then presented. The latest findings analyses in this paper focus on whether and to what extent Croatian citizens perceive (‘see’) climate change as a phenomenon with important social implications. Through quantitative methodological approach, the authors analyse the extent to which Croatian citizens assess the seriousness of the climate problem, its threat to the stability of the natural environment, its antagonism with economic development and the effectiveness of EU and Croatian policies in combating climate change. Further on, we explore what socio- cultural factors are connected with the willingness of citizens for material sacrifice and adoption of pro-environmental behaviour patterns. Finally recommendations are made for further research, interdisciplinary understanding of complex issues and the educational role of the scientific community. Due to significance of impact of economic insecurity on the potential for democratic support for climate change mitigation recorded in this analysis, interdisciplinary understanding of climate issues is even more important.)

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In this paper we analyze of organic agriculture as an indicator of social values in Croatia. Organic agriculture mirrors postmodern worldview and broader social movement that points to the need and possibility of fundamental social changes, with goal of improving quality of life. Organic agriculture shouldn’t be separated from social issues as restoring rural communities and eliminating the rural-urban and producer–consumer gaps. Despite the growing interest and natural potential, organic agricultural sector in Croatia participates in country’s total agricultural production with negligible 1%. Reasons are numerous. However, positive trends are opening an array of possibilities for development of organic agriculture in Croatia. Our analysis leads to following conclusions: a) Croatia can be qualified as non-productive, import-dependent, technologically conservative and conventionally oriented country ; b) if organic agriculture mirrors social values, than postmodern values have hardly any presence in Croatian society ; c) higher number of ecological producers and civil initiatives that place organic products show the increase of interest for organic food and civil organization ; however, d) there are large obstacles at almost all aspects of organic production, and e) due to the low level of social capital, a very low perspective for networking of the organic farmers.

Climate change present hazards to individuals and society as a whole. The damages associated with extreme weather events are shaped by the social, political and economic vulnerabilities of people and societies, and can be reduced with measures ranging from mitigation to the reduction of vulnerabilities of individuals and groups. Having in mind inequality and vulnerability, the damages associated with climate events results more from the conditions on the ground than from climate variability or change. Following a short review of vulnerability theory we will outline how diverse causal structures of vulnerability can relate to identifying policy responses to reduce the vulnerability of poor and marginal groups. Keeping away from exclusivist approaches, the risk-hazard aproach and social constructivist aproach, integrative framework enables multiscale analisys of vulnerability. Because the adaptatiton to climate change aims to reduce human vulnerability it can not be limited to solving only imidiate consequances of calimate induced calamity to bring about pre-change deprived state. Effective climate policy mast aim to erradicate this 'normal' state, and improve overall capacities of unprivilaged groups. Understanding multiscale causal structure of specific vulnerability – such as risk of flood, or displacement – can point to solutions and policy construction, as well as identification of institutions respnsible for producing and capable of reducing climate induced risks. We conclude with a discusion of goverance, arguing that moving decision making in favour of the poor will require systematic representation of the poor and marginal people in climat decision- maing procsses.

In this paper we want to present up to date level of social economy development in Croatia. Situation is seminally for scientific research, because new rise of social economy in Croatia started in 2013 when the Ministry of Labour and Pension Fund initiated work on first Strategy on Social Entrepreneurship 2014 – 2020. We will try to reach an answer about connection in this advancement with practically parallel successful negotiation process with EU and entering in Union as 28th members’ state. We want to explore level and shape of influence through this process, especially when we consider the fact that social Economy in Croatia was imported in mid 2000s through the work and education of foundations or supporting institutions mostly USA based and style. All of that was happening without annotation by responsible departments and regulatory bodies, but now state is presenting itself as vital and notable actor in the field. Additionally, there are big expectations from investments through new rounds of EU funds and even some local actors were announcing financial supports. As a first goal of our paper we will analyse the scope, implications and real manifestation of this new wave of supporting. Second goal is to present actual size and capacity of social economy actors.

Peter Utting states that “social economy was more typically associated with forms of social enterprises, community associations and ‘the third sector’ organisations, but solidarity economy emphasized the importance of alternative to the conventional profit maximizing firms, production and consumption patterns, market-led strategies and power relations” (ILO, 2014:149). RIPESS – as a leading worldwide network for “building and promoting the social solidarity economy” – also stresses the importance of “democratization and transformation of society” (RIPESS, 2014). Solidarity economy wasn’t familiar model to social actors, activists or public in Croatia. Until recently it was presented only through activities of Community Supported Agriculture Initiatives, and occasionally through specific acts of helping citizens in need. But from 2015 for the first time one social actor will use this concept as an identity mark and this is anopportunity for scientific research of this process, and its impact on local community.Therefore this paper will be grounded in qualitative research and will present a case study of town Split from the viewpoint of solidarity economy. Association MoST (The Bridge) from Split, the second biggest city in Croatia, is one of the seven‘Centres of Knowledge’ for social development in Croatia. Every Centre of Knowledge has its own area of work and responsibility, and MoST’s is social inclusion. They are well known in Croatia and abroad as one of the most dedicated and experienced organization that helps homeless people and youth with behaviour problems, for promoting solidarity in community and for concrete actions on the field. According to Ethan Miller (2005) solidarity economy has in its core work on education, community, energy, shelter, food and water, and health, which are all (besides energy) integral part of MoSTs work. They started to promote model of Solidarity City Split where with other actors and stakeholders in field they want to initiate solidarity economy concept in their city. Having this in mind, they represent good case for scientific research in the field of alternative economy development in Croatia. What are inner potentials and strength, obstacles and disadvantages for solidarity economy in Split will be our first research question? As of this year, there is unique opportunity to conduct acase study – solidarity economy in Split, because Association MoST founded a social cooperative START through which homeless citizens and youth with behaviour problems will, as cooperative members, run a small selling point for local eco-food.In this paper we will use qualitative methodology and present results from 20 semi- structuredinterviews with most active members of Association MoST and cooperative START. Paul Israel Singer stated how “solidarity-based economy represent a model for inclusion in the labour market of people with socio-economic disadvantages, moving away from a welfarist logic and moving in the direction of social, economic and cultural integration. “ (ILO, 2014:36).We will test this statement on researching synergy between association MoST and cooperative START. Association MoST works in unfortunate circumstances: level of unemployment in Split is above 15% with devastated productive and industrial sector. There is also low level of trust in local society and local government. If Luis Razeta sees solidarity economy as a „civilizing project“ (ILO ; 2014), that our task is to analyse how MoST’s will “civilize” Split. All if this was followed by support from state level where National Foundation for Civil Society Development (NFCSD) opens tender “New models of supporting good/solidarity economy”. This is specific institutional framework from Croatia, because NFCSD opened call for applicant gathered in platforms that have at least 10 different legal bodies or institutions. This will give us an opportunity for scientific reflection regarding aims, goals and outcomes of this experimental relationship between government and grassroots initiatives, structures and processes.

Nastala kao reakcija na tadašnje društvene pokrete za zaštitu okoliša, šezdesetih godina 20. stoljeća polja društveno-humanističkih znanosti razvijaju teorije o nastanku ekološke krize koju prepoznaju kao jedan od važnih problema suvremenog društva. Sedamdesetih godina prošlog stoljeća utemeljena je okolišna sociologija, koja se fokusira na odnos između društva i okoliša, s posebnim naglaskom na istraživanje i analizu društvenih čimbenika koji uzrokuju probleme u okolišu, na utjecaje koje ti problemi imaju na društvo te na moguća rješenja. Danas, u drugom desetljeću 21. stoljeća, sve više se javlja potreba za sustavnim tumačenjem globalne socio-ekološke krize dijelom uzrokovane ljudskim aktivnostima. Jedna od manifestacija te krize bez premca u povijesti jest ljudskim djelovanjem uzrokovano globalno zagrijavanje i klimatske promjene. Teorijska analiza koja prethodi empirijskom istraživanju obuhvaća analizu karakteristika „društva visokih emisija”. Glavna teza kojom smo pritom vođeni jest da postojeći tehnologijski i organizacijski ustroj suvremenih društava suproizvodi globalno zagrijavanje i klimatske promjene i tako dugoročno ugrožava vlastitu opstojnost. Naime, razvijena društva su snažno usmjerena na fosilna goriva i tehnologije koje uz svoje temeljne procese sustvaraju stakleničke plinove. Porast stakleničkih plinova ima kao izravnu posljedicu globalno zagrijavanje. U knjizi smo artikulirali prijedlog socioloških dimenzija klimatskih promjena koje obuhvaćaju sljedeće elemente: karakteristike društvenog ustroja koji utječe na uzroke klimatskih promjena, konzumerizam, društvenu konstrukciju značenja „klimatskih promjena”, (de)politizaciju znanosti o klimi, klimatsku pravdu te sociologiju javnih politika klimatskih promjena. Uže područje ove knjige odnosi se na istraživanje uloga i stavova aktera u hrvatskom društvu kao društvu visokih emisija zahvaćenom procesom „karbonizacije”. Karbonizaciju ovdje shvaćamo kao proces tehnologijske, organizacijske i gospodarske usmjerenosti i visoke ovisnosti društva o korištenju fosilnih goriva. Kvalitativnim istraživanjem ispitali smo stavove relevantnih aktera za politiku klimatskih promjena o implementaciji politike i mjera za smanjenje emisija stakleničkih plinova u sklopu provedbe Protokola iz Kyota.

U ovom radu izložit ćemo tri vremenska perioda kroz koja ćemo opisati glavne razvojne procese formiranja civilnog društva i pokreta za zaštitu okoliša u Hrvatskoj. U prvom dijelu rada opisati ćemo početke formiranja civilnog društva u Hrvatskoj dok je još bila u sastavu Socijalističke Federativne Republike Jugoslavije. Svijest o ekološkim problemima u Hrvatskoj i Jugoslaviji pojavila relativno rano, ‘70ih godina prošlog stoljeća, ne zaostajući mnogo za razvijenim zemljama, dakako, u znatno manjem obimu. Reakcije sistema na upozorenja o zagađenju okoliša koja su dolazila ‘odozdo’ bile su restriktivne, civilno društvo imalo je ograničen utjecaj. Promjenom političkog sustava, i stjecanjem neovisnosti u Hrvatskoj se javljaju novi procesi na civilnoj sceni. U drugom dijelu rada iznosimo razvojne procese ne-vladinih organizacija/ekološkog pokreta u periodu od 1990. do danas.U posljednjih 25 godina broj i profil udruga za zaštitu okoliša mijenjao se konstantno u broju i karakteru, međutim posljednjih godina se civilna scena stabilizirala i sazrela. U trećem dijelu rada prikazati ćemo profil, tipologiju i stanje ekoloških udruga u Hrvatskoj 2014.godine. Potom ćemo se osvrnuti na posljednja relevantna istraživanja na ovom području, Indeks održivosti civilnog društva, Indeks civilnog društva, te prikazujemo dio rezultata kvalitativnog istraživanja koji se odnose na percepciju udruga za zaštitu okoliša od strane aktera ostalih društvenih sektora. Rad zaključujemo sa ocjenom stanja i razvojnog smjera ekoloških udruga u Hrvatskoj.Obzirom na navedeno možemo govoriti o dobro formiranom i razvijenom ekološkom pokretu u Hrvatskoj, iako ne i masovnom. Stanje udruga za zaštitu okoliša poboljšano je u svim segmentima, osim u financijskom segmentu obzirom na ekonomsku krizu. Ipak, unatoč poboljšanjima u javnoj percepciji, udruge za zaštitu okoliša i dalje nisu prepoznate kao ravnopravni razvojni akter od strane javnog i privatnog sektora.

Nastale kao reakcija na tadašnje društvene pokrete za zaštitu okoliša, šezdesetih godina 20. stoljeća polja društveno-humanističkih znanosti razvijaju teorije o nastanku ekološke krize, koju prepoznaju kao jedan od važnih problema suvremenog društva. Sedamdesetih godina prošlog stoljeća utemeljena je okolišna sociologija, koja se fokusira na odnos između društva i okoliša, s posebnim naglaskom na istraživanje i analizu društvenih čimbenika koji uzrokuju probleme u okolišu, na utjecaje koje ti problemi posljedično imaju na društvo te na moguća rješenja. Danas, u drugom desetljeću 21. stoljeća, sve više se javlja potreba za sustavnim tumačenjem globalne socio-ekološke krize dijelom uzrokovane ljudskim aktivnostima. Jedna od manifestacija te krize bez premca u povijesti jest ljudskim djelovanjem uzrokovano globalno zagrijavanje i klimatske promjene. Teorijska analiza koja prethodi empirijskom istraživanju obuhvaća analizu karakteristika ''društva visokih emisija''. Glavna teza kojom smo pritom vođeni jest da postojeći tehnologijski i organizacijski ustroj suvremenih društava suproizvodi globalno zagrijavanje i klimatske promjene i tako dugoročno ugrožava vlastitu opstojnost. Naime, razvijena društva su snažno usmjerena na fosilna goriva i tehnologije koje uz svoje temeljne procese sustvaraju stakleničke plinove. Porast stakleničkih plinova ima kao izravnu posljedicu globalno zagrijavanje. U radu smo artikulirali prijedlog socioloških dimenzija klimatskih promjena koje obuhvaćaju sljedeće elemente: karakteristike društvenog ustroja koji utječe na uzroke klimatskih promjena, konzumerizam, društvenu konstrukciju značenja ''klimatskih promjena'', (de)politizaciju znanosti o klimi, klimatsku pravdu te sociologiju javnih politika klimatskih promjena. Uže područje rada odnosi se na istraživanje uloga i stavova aktera u hrvatskom društvu kao društvu visokih emisija zahvaćenom procesom ''karbonizacije''. Karbonizaciju ovdje shvaćamo kao proces tehnologijske, organizacijske i gospodarske usmjerenosti i visoke ovisnosti društva od korištenja fosilnih goriva. Kvalitativnim istraživanjem ispitali smo stavove relevantnih aktera za politiku klimatskih promjena o implementaciji politike i mjera za smanjenje emisija stakleničkih plinova u sklopu provedbe protokola iz Kyota.

The process of sustainable development is inherently a process of breeding values, rising awareness and learning with which we, if we choose to, can develop human capabilities, institutional and other capacities to live in a more sustainable manner. In this paper, we shall display in short outlines some processes in the global planetary system (global warmng, the extinction of species, the imbalance between between growth and the environment) which give an education on sustainable development the status of an urgent need. We insist on the differentiation between upbringing and education. Without an adequate ˝axiological introduction˝ there can be no adequate education for sustainable development. In our work we elaborate on our suggestion of the general content of the curriculum (ten primary topics) for the education of sustainable development. They are: 1. Life as a basic value, biophilia, affirmation of life and the living world as opposed to destruction ; 2. A will to act against ambivalence and apathy ; 3.The interdependence of nature/environment, society, economy – ecological, socio- cultural and economic sustainability and the political aspect – self- definition formed from within ; 4. The needs and rights of the generations to come ; 5. The ˝holding capacity˝ of ecosystems and development, etc. The social modes of the process of upbringing and education for sustainable development are institutional and non – institutional, and the main social actors - real and virtual participants, (educated) actors and the distribution of work between them. The message of our work is that the development of lifelong learning for sustainable development requires new educational programmes, including programes in higher education, new institutions and new participants who will provide newvalues and knowledges. It won´t be possible to create answers to the challenges put in front ofus by current forms of unsustainable development without them.

Izlaganje obuhvaća teme ekoloških, ekonomskih i sociokulturnih prednosti ekološke poljoprivrede, analizu ekološke poljoprivrede kao indikatora društvenih vrednota, te analizu stanja ekološke poljoprivredne proizvodnje u svijetu i Hrvatskoj. U ekološkoj poljoprivredi se ogleda postmoderni svjetonazor, stil života, te dio šireg društvenog pokreta kojim se ukazuje na potrebu i mogućnost korjenitih promjena u društvu, u cilju povećanja kvalitete života. Prakse ekološke poljoprivredne proizvodnje neodvojive su od društvenih pitanja, a sežu od obnavljanja ruralnih zajednica, nadilaženja rascjepa između ruralnog i urbanog te proizvođača i potrošača, pa do stvaranja alternativnih životnih stilova, povezivanja s drugima i s prirodom. Hrvatska unatoč rastu interesa i prirodnim potencijalima, jedva da prelazi jedan posto takve proizvodnje, te ulazi u skupinu rijetkih europskih zemalja u kojima je ovaj vid poljoprivrede nedovoljno razvijen. Razlozi za ovakvo stanje su mnogobrojni, međutim, pozitivni trendovi i komparativne prednosti (poput očuvanog okoliša) otvaraju niz mogućnosti za razvoj ekološke poljoprivrede u Hrvatskoj. Analiza koju smo provele ukazuje na dva zaključka: a) Hrvatsku bismo mogli okvalificirati kao neproizvođačku, uvozno-ovisnu, tehnološki konzervativnu, konvencionalno usmjerenu zemlju, i b) ako se kroz ekološku poljoprivredu ogledaju društvene vrednote, onda su u Hrvatskoj postmoderne vrijednosti slabo zastupljene.

Bioregionalism is a political, cultural and ecologycal system that is based on naturaly-defined territorial units called bioregions. In one of its forms regionalism appears as ''a cooperation movenment of regional district governmental apparatus across state boundaries'' (Lubbe, u Milardović, ur. 1995.), with goal of resolving problems that even in technical way are crossing state boundaries. Bioregionalism can be seen as a type of regionalism, but while the boundaries of regions are in general determined by administrative criteria, the boundaries of bioregions are determined according to the natural limits of ecosystems. Inhabiting bioregion is applied on creating human communities that fallow unique characteristics of climate, geomorphology, and biology of particular place. Just like in ecosystems, bioregional boundaries are not clear, thin lines on map - it is more often the case that one bioregion is overlapping with, and gradually traverse in another. we will present classification methodology of bioregions, substantive components of bioregions, criterions for defining bioregional boundaries, and bioregional scale classification that was set up by Kirkpatrick Sale. We will show an example of primary division of Croatian territory on broadly defined ecoregion, and narrowly defined bioregions. On this occasion we'll maintain inside the state boundaries of RC, although it is important mentioning that some of proposed bioregions and all of ecoregions are crossing those state boundaries, which is in accordance with criterions of bioregional classification.

U članku smo istražili glavne odrednice bioregionalizma kao ideje, društvenog pokreta, te koncepta organizacije društvenog života i modela razvoja koji doprinosi očuvanju okoliša i integralnoj održivosti. Bioregionalizam smatramo koncept kompleksne, načinom razvoja vođene zaštite okoliša. Pod potonjim mislimo kako je kompletan ustroj bioregionalne zajednice (društva) – uključujući ekonomiju, politiku, i društveno uređenje – organiziran na način da zadovoljava osnovne potrebe svog stanovništva u funkciji unapređenja kvalitete života, a da pritom ne zagađuje okoliš i ne prelazi granice nosivog kapaciteta unutar svog teritorija. Zaključno smo pokušali odgovoriti na pitanje zašto je bioregionalizam potreban u kontekstu moderno-civilizacijske ekološke, ekonomske i socijalne krize, kako može pomoći u postepenom prevladavanju iste, te zašto smatramo da je relevantan i u razvojnom kontekstu Hrvatske.

U tekstu analiziramo odnos političkog poretka prema znanstveno dokazanom problemu antropogeno uzrokovanog globalnog zagrijavanja i klimatskih promjena. Globalno zagrijavanje i klimatske promjene pretežno su uzrokovane ekonomskim i političkim interesima razvijenih zemalja. Političke su institucije na globalnoj razini pokazale nemoć u rješavanju ovog problema. Ove institucije nisu nemoćne kao takve, nego pod utjecajem interesa profita zanemaruju javni interes rješavanja klimatskih promjena. U tekstu smo pokazali dugotrajan put znantstvene zajednice prema otkrivanju ovog problema, koji je dalje trebao voditi donosioce odluka u kreiranju strategija ovladavanja problemom. Iako su neke pomake napravile vlasti na lokalnoj ili nacionalnoj razini, veći pomaci se još čekaju. Analizom industrijski razvijenog dijela svijeta (Amerike, Australije, Kanade i EU)nastojali smo pokazati negativne i pozitivne primjere pristupa problemu ekonomskog sektora, što ima za posljedicu izravan utjecaj na donošenje strategije provedbe mjera za zaustavljanje klimatskih promjene i na nacionalnoj i na globalnoj razini.