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Background. The subject matter of developmental psychology has almost never been subject to critical analysis, but it is obvious there are problems in this field. In particular, it is hard to shape the major issue of analysis in developmental psychology: personality development, psyche, age characteristics, or all of the above mentioned issues. For the further research of developmental psychology as a science, it is very important to identify the main fundamentally different areas and subject matter of research that are somehow studied, however spasmodically, often within other branches of psychology or even in other sciences. The Objective of this paper is to clarify the subject matter of developmental psychology as a science, to verify that developmental psychology dwells on several fundamentally different areas and subject matters of research, in accordance with which it is necessary to shape the research of this science. Design. The paper identifies fundamentally different areas of developmental psychology considered as separate subject matters of research. It is recognized that the structure of modern developmental psychology does not correspond to the subject matter of research. As a result, some areas of personality development are not identified as separate subdisciplines or sections of developmental psychology (e.g. variational personality development, development of personality substructures) lack research and are not presented in textbooks developmental psychology. Conclusion. Developmental psychology can identify the following types of research subject matters: normative and variational human development, the development of psychological substructures of personality and psychological characteristics of age groups. It is necessary to restructure the developmental psychology based on the subjects of research highlighting the following subdisciplines: regular mental development, variable personality development, mental development (development of psychological substructures of personality), age-based studies (age groups psychology).

In this paper we explore the validity of using chronological age as a primary targeting factor. We show that the majority of people do not identify with their own chronological age group, perceiving themselves to belong to a younger age group. We explore how this varies across the age ranges, and identify the attitudinal and behavioural factors that determine how old (or young) people see themselves as. We then go on to demonstrate how our perceived age construct has been used to understand the way people consume and, in this case, how they consume TV and radio, using real data from the BBC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article highlights the generational political divides and economic challenges in Great Britain due to Brexit. Topics discussed include difference in political preferences between young and old; Britain's generational economic challenges; share of vote by party and social class; and ways in which young people are experiencing capitalism.

Emergent language learners develop literacy through social interactions in multiple, overlapping communities: home, school, peer groups, and popular culture. The author focuses on how classrooms can be spaces that cultivate authentic literacy engagements while incorporating and valuing students' existing language resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined developmental differences in motives for participating in competitive swimming across the lifespan. Six age groupings were chosen based on underlying cognitive criteria identified in the literature: younger and older children, high school/college age, and young, middle, and older adults. Swimmers from YMCAs (N=100) completed the Participation Motivation Questionnaire modified by D. Gould, Feltz, and Weiss (1985). An exploratory factor analysis identified seven factors: characteristics of competitive swimming, health/fitness, social status, affiliation, energy release, significant others, and fun. A MANOVA on the factor scores revealed a significant age group main effect. Follow-up analyses indicated that characteristics of competitive swimming was rated significantly lower by the older adults while social status was rated significantly higher by older children and high school/college-age swimmers. Significant others was rated significantly higher by children, and fun was rated most important by younger children and older adults. Finally, health/fitness motives were rated highest by young and middle adults and lowest by older children and older adults. Implications of the findings for a cognitive-developmental approach to participation motivation are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Analysis of five simplified causal models of the time trend of labor force job satisfaction reveals a stable pattern of job attitudes for the entire post-war period. Underlying this stability are developments tending to increase satisfaction, but offset by a larger portion of the labor force in younger age groups, which historically tend to have lower satisfaction. Analysis suggests that the stability of labor force satisfaction from 1947 to 1976 probably masks a trend of rising satisfaction until the early 1960s, followed by some decline through the subsequent decade as a concomitant effect of changes in the age structure of the work force. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The work value systems of 1,058 workers were assessed to investigate differences in values between younger workers and older workers. Both education and age were found to strongly influence such values, but little evidence was obtained to support the concept of a pervasive generation gap in work value systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Adult face recognition is based on expert configural processing. • 4 experiments showed that the face-inversion effects appears at 9 years of age. • Longitudinal studies show the FIE develops between 9 and 11 years of age. • Configural processing is based on maturation at early adolesence. Abstract There is conflicting evidence regarding the development of expert face recognition, as indexed by the face-inversion effect (FIE; de Heering, Rossion, & Maurer, 2011; Young and Bion, 1981) potentially due to the nature of the stimuli used in previous research. The developmental trajectory of the FIE was assessed in participants aged between 5- and 18-years using age-matched and adult stimuli. Four experiments demonstrated that upright face recognition abilities improved linearly with age (presumably due to improved memory storage capacities) and this was larger than for inverted faces. The FIE followed a stepped function, with no FIE for participants younger than 9-years of age. These results indicate maturation of expert face processing mechanisms that occur at the age of 10-years, similar to expertise in other domains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Active monitoring of the level of daily physical activity seems to be a useful element for secondary prevention in public health. Low physical activity increases the incidence of cardiovascular diseases, obesity, diabetes, musculoskeletal diseases, and causes loss of the previously achieved effects of rehabilitation. Objectives. The purpose of this study was to assess the level of physical activity in different age groups of adults with the use of the telemedical system based on a mobile application. Material and methods. The research covered data collected remotely from 927 individuals of both genders, aged 20-80 years (group I: 20-40 years, group II: 41-60 years, group III: 61-80 years). A monitoring system (Activity Measurement Tool) developed in the Department of General Rehabilitation at the Witold Chodźko Institute of Rural Health (Lublin, Poland) was used to measure home physical activity in the examined group. The system uses a dedicated mobile application, cellular data transmission and web data-showing software. Home physical activity was assessed using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire - Short Form (IPAQ-SF) and simultaneous processing of data from a smartphone accelerometer. Results. The mean level of physical activity in the group of active application users (=2 days, n = 494), expressed as Metabolic Equivalent of Task (MET)-min/week (IPAQ-SF), was as follows: group I (female participants (F): 5,767.9, n = 73; male participants (M): 4,888.4, n = 251), group II (F: 3,468.7, n = 24; M: 4,053.5, n = 119) and group III (M: 5,769.3, n = 27; no female participants were involved). In 72.3% of users, the registered physical activity was smaller in relation to IPAQ-assessed/7 days physical activity (sign test: n = 494; percentage of negative differences: 72.3%; Z = 9.9; p = 0.00). Conclusions. The research findings indicate a high level of self-reported physical activity among the users in all age and gender groups, although it is not reflected in the level of registered activity. Although the level of daily physical activity was evaluated, it was mainly among young and middle-aged men who gladly and regularly made use of the measurement possibilities offered by mobile technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent publications reported that children in disadvantaged areas undergo more CT scanning than others. The present study is aimed to assess the potential differences in CT imaging by socioeconomic status (SES) in Spanish young scanned subjects and if such differences vary with different indicators or different time point SES measurements. The associations between CT scanning and SES, and between the CT scan rate per patient and SES were investigated in the Spanish EPI-CT subcohort. Various SES indicators were studied to determine whether particular SES dimensions were more closely related to the probability of undergoing one or multiple CTs. Comparisons were made with indices based on 2001 and 2011 censuses. We found evidence of socio-economic variation among young people, mainly related to autonomous communities of residence. A slightly higher rate of scans per patient of multiple body parts in the less affluent categories was observed, possibly reflecting a higher rate of accidents and violence in these groups. The number of CT scans per patient was higher both in the most affluent and the most deprived categories and somewhat lower in the intermediate groups. This relation varied with the SES indicator used, with lower CT scans per patients in categories of high unemployment and temporary work, but not depending on categories of unskilled work or illiteracy. The relationship between these indicators and number of CTs in 2011 was different than that seen with the 2001 census, with the number of CTs increasing with higher unemployment. Overall we observed some differences in the SES distribution of scanned patients by Autonomous Community in Spain. There was, however, no major differences in the frequency of CT scans per patient by SES overall, based on the 2001 census. The use of different indicators and of SES data collected at different time points led to different relations between SES and frequency of CT scans, outlining the difficulty of adequately capturing the social and economic dimensions which may affect health and health service utilisation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous studies have found that children show rapid and significant improvements in their ability to remember individual items and the contextual details that surround these items (i.e., episodic memory) during early childhood. Encoding processes have been suggested to contribute to the development of episodic memory; however, few studies have investigated encoding processes. The goal of the current study was to examine age- and performance-related effects on encoding in children between 4 and 8 years of age using event-related potentials (ERPs). Results revealed effects of both age and performance on encoding, as indexed by the ERPs response. However, the nature of these effects differed between subsequent recognition and subsequent recollection, as well as for the two ERP components (i.e., Nc and LSW) examined. These findings are important as they contribute empirical evidence that encoding processes show developmental change across early childhood. In addition, these findings highlight the importance of controlling for performance differences in future studies examining developmental changes in episodic memory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We tested the effects of repeated testing and feedback on recollection accuracy in first graders, third graders, and adults. All participants studied a list of words and pictures, and then took three recollection tests, with each test probing different words and pictures from the earlier study phase. On the first and third tests no feedback was given, whereas on the second test, some subjects received item-level feedback throughout the recollection test. Recollection confusion scores declined across successive tests in all age groups. However, explicit feedback did not improve recollection accuracy or reduce recollection confusions in any age group. We also found that all age groups were able to use picture recollections in a disqualifying monitoring strategy without task experience or feedback. As a whole, these findings suggest that children and adults can use some aspects of retrieval monitoring without feedback or practice, whereas other aspects of retrieval monitoring can benefit from test practice in children and adults. We discuss the potential roles of metacognitive learning and unintended social feedback on these test practice effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A more babyfaced individual is perceived as more child-like and this impression from babyface, as known as babyface effect, has an impact on social life among various age groups. In this study, the influence of babyfaces on visual selective attention was tested by cognitive task, demonstrating that the female babyface and male mature face would draw participants' attention so that they take their eyes off more slowly. In Experiment 1, a detection task was applied to test the influence of babyfaces on visual selective attention. In this experiment, a babyface and a mature face with the same gender were presented simultaneously with a letter on one of them. The reaction time was shorter when the target letter was overlaid with a female babyface or male mature face, suggesting an attention capture effect. To explore how this competition influenced by attentional resources, we conducted Experiment 2 with a spatial cueing paradigm and controlled the attentional resources by cueing validity and inter-stimulus interval. In this task, the female babyface and male mature face prolonged responses to the spatially separated targets under the condition of an invalid and long interval pre-cue. This observation replicated the result of Experiment 1. This indicates that the female babyface and male mature face glued visual selective attention once attentional resources were directed to them. To further investigate the subliminal influence from a babyface, we used continuous flash suppression paradigm in Experiment 3. The results, again, showed the advantage of the female babyfaces and male mature faces: they broke the suppression faster than other faces. Our results provide primary evidence that the female babyfaces and male mature faces can reliably glue the visual selective attention, both supra- and sub-liminally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While young adults aged between 18 and 24 years make up a significant proportion of those involved in unsafe fire behavior, research into this group is sparse. This study aimed to gain insight from university students (aged 17–24 years) into the problem of unsafe fire behavior and use among young adults, as well as the best ways to engage this group in safe fire behavior, as reported by young adults. Questionnaires were distributed to students at two New Zealand universities. Although some differences were found between those participants who did and did not engage in unsafe fire behavior, the two groups were overall similar. Therefore, campaigns targeted at young adults generally will likely be most successful. Suggestions from young adults for ways to better engage young adults in safe fire behavior included more and better education on fire safety, campaigns highlighting the negative consequences of fire, use of victims of fire in campaigns, campaigns specifically targeted at the young adult population and utilising TV advertisements and Facebook as mediums. The findings of this study will be useful in future campaign development targeting this age group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Peer group interactional style was examined as a moderator of the relation between peer group school misconduct and group members' school misconduct. Participants were 705 students (Mage  = 11.59 years, SD = 1.37) in 148 peer groups. Children reported on their school misconduct in fall and spring. In the winter, group members were observed in a limited-resource task and a group conversation task, and negative and positive group interactional styles were assessed. Multilevel modeling indicated that membership in groups that were higher on school misconduct predicted greater school misconduct only when the groups were high on negative or low on positive interactional style. Results suggest that negative laughter and a coercive interactional style may intensify group effects on children's misconduct. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is increasing research aimed at addressing whether patients with borderline personality disorder (BPD) may exhibit variations in symptomatology and functioning according to their chronological age. The current study consisted of 169 outpatients diagnosed with BPD, who were divided into four age groups as follows: 16–25 years ( n = 41), 26–35 years ( n = 43), 36–45 years ( n = 45), and 46 and more years ( n = 40). Age groups were compared for symptomatology, normal personality traits, psychiatric comorbidities, functioning, and treatment-related features. The younger group had significantly higher levels of physical/verbal aggression and suicide attempts relative to the older group. Conversely, the older group had significantly greater severity of somatization, depression, and anxiety symptoms. In addition, the older group showed significantly greater functional impairment overall and across physical/psychological domains, specifically when compared to the younger group. Overall, these findings may suggest that age-related symptoms should be considered when diagnosing BPD. Also, functional impairments should be the target interventions for older BPD patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aimed to assess the level of psychological well-being among religious practitioners. Present study was conducted on 250 subjects, selected through random sampling technique. For statistical analysis't'-test, ANOVAand Pearson's Correlation were applied. Ryffs Psychological Well-being Scale (1995) was used to assess the level of psychological well-being among practitioners. Findings indicate that male and daily practitioners have higher psychological well-being than female and occasionally practitioners, also above 45 years age group have higher psychological well-being than 15-25 and 26-45 years age group. Further the findings indicate that Muslim practitioners have high psychological well-being than Christian and Hindu practitioners respectively. Results also revealed that there is significant relationship found between variables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When older adults retell an impersonal story, the resulting narratives are typically characterized by more prolixity and less coherence than those produced by younger adults. We aimed to determine whether this pattern is also observed when retelling a personal narrative. Younger and older participants told a personal story three consecutive times. With retelling, no evidence of increased coherence or fluency or reduction in hesitancy was observed for either age group. The nature of autobiographical narrative construction explains why such stories are not subject to automatization. A failure to automatize personal narratives is not, therefore, a symptom of aging. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The present study was based on a 2 (Work status) x 3 (Age) factorial design to examine the role of work status and age on general efficacy, perceived stress, marital adjustment and mental well-being of married working and nonworking women across three age groups. The sample consisted of 120 married women (60 working & 60 nonworking) from young age (25-34 years), middle age (35-44 years) andlate age group (45-55 years). Thus, there were 20 working and 20 non-working married women in each of the three age groups. Results revealed a significant main effect of work status with respect to perceived stress. Non-working women experienced higher level of stress compared to their working counterparts. On the other hand, age had a significant effect on efficacy and women in late age were more efficacious than the middle aged women. Work status and age interaction effect revealed that young non-working women had better marital adjustment compared to all other groups. On the basis of Regression analysis, marital adjustment emerged as the most powerful predictor of mental well-being of married women. Results were discussed in the light socialization practices, gender role expectations, empowerment through economic independence and psycho-social needs across different age groups of working and non-working married women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Focal Cortical Dysplasias (FCDs) represent a common architectural cortical disorder underlying drug-resistant focal epilepsy. So far, studies aimed at evaluating whether age at surgery is a factor influencing surgical outcome are lacking, so that data on the comparison between patients harboring Type II FCD operated at younger age and those operated at adult age are still scarce. We compared presurgical clinical features and surgical outcomes of patients with histopathologically diagnosed Type II FCD undergoing surgery at an earlier age with those operated after 20 years of age. Methods We retrospectively analyzed 1660 consecutive patients operated at the “Claudio Munari” Epilepsy Surgery Centre. There were 289 patients (17.4%) with a neuropathological diagnosis of Type II FCD. We included two different groups of patients, the first one including patients operated on at less than 6 years, the second sharing the same seizure onset age but with delayed surgery, carried out after the age of 20. Seizure characteristics and, neuropsychological and postoperative seizure outcomes were evaluated by study group. Results Forty patients underwent surgery before the age of 6 and 66 patients after the age of 20. Surgical outcome was favorable in the whole population (72.6% were classified in Engel's Class Ia + Ic), independently from age at surgery. In the children group, 32 patients were classified in Class I, including 30 (75%) children in classes Ia and Ic. In the adult group, 53 belonged to Class I of whom 47 (71%) were in classes Ia and Ic. The percentage of permanent complications, the surgical outcomes, and AED withdrawal did not significantly differ by study group. Conclusion Our results indicate that there is no difference between the groups, suggesting that outcome depends mainly on the histological findings and not on timing of surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the paper is to evaluate the conformational and dimensional development of the hand and external ear of a group of children 3 to 6 years of age (240 children, 122 boys and 118 girls) from all the country, selected from the study of family and filiations. The data have been compared with Knussmann normality scales. The statistical signification was probed with Student t-test and Z-test. On the average, the auricle has a medium dimensions and conformation, while the hand has smaller dimensions and a medium conformation. The growth between 3 and 6 years is characteristic for this period, with irregular rhythm and low intensity sexual dimorphism, favoring the boys. The research represents a novelty for the Romanian auxological anthropology. The preschool age is a delicate ontogenetic period, contained in the Pende's "little puberty", and the development of the hand and external ear is very important for the future complex activity of the child, claiming the care and attention of the didactic staff. We consider that our study reveals its importance for the medical and educational system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reports on the frequency of problem gambling, measured with the Lie/Bet instrument, in different age groups among Finnish past-year gamblers in 2011 (n = 2984) and 2014 (n = 2326). The data highlights the situation before, and three years after, the implementation of a raised minimum age limit for gambling from 15 to 18 years. The difference in problem gambling frequency when comparing all age groups was statistically significant in 2011, but not in 2014. A significantly lower frequency of problem gambling was found among 18–19-year-olds in 2014 (3.4%), compared to 2011 (16.3%). The results regarding problem gambling prevalence among 15–17-year-olds (8.0% in 2011, 0.0% in 2014) are somewhat inconclusive as the number of respondents fulfilling the criteria for problem gambling was zero in 2014, thus affecting the analysis. No statistically significant difference in problem gambling frequency was found among 20–21-year-olds (a group less affected by the policy implementation) – or other older age groups – between the survey years. While the findings should be viewed with caution, they do support recommendations regarding a minimum gambling age of 18 years or higher as an effective harm-minimization measure. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

We tested age effects on repetition blindness (RB), defined as the reduced probability of reporting a target word following presentation of the same word in a rapidly presented list. We also tested age effects on homophone blindness (HB), in which the first word is a homophone of the target word rather than a repeated word. Thirty young and 28 older adults viewed rapidly presented lists of words containing repeated, homophone, or unrepeated word pairs and reported all of the words immediately after each list. Older adults exhibited a greater degree of RB and HB than young adults using a conditional scoring method that provides certainty that blindness has occurred. The existence of RB and HB for both age groups, and increased blindness for older compared to young adults, supports predictions of a binding theory that has successfully accounted for a wide range of phenomena in cognitive aging. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The development of theory of mind (ToM) in infancy has been mainly documented through studies conducted on a single age group with a single task. Very few studies have examined ToM abilities other than false belief, and very few studies have used a within-subjects design. During 2 testing sessions, infants aged 14 and 18 months old were administered ToM tasks based on the violation-of-expectation paradigm which measured intention, true belief, desire, and false-belief understanding. Infants’ looking times at the congruent and incongruent test trials of each task were compared, and results revealed that both groups of infants looked significantly longer at the incongruent trial on the intention and true-belief tasks. In contrast, only 18-month-olds looked significantly longer at the incongruent trial of the desire task and neither age group looked significantly longer at the incongruent trial on the false-belief task. Additionally, intertask comparisons revealed only a significant relation between performance on the false-belief and intention task. These findings suggest that implicit intention and true-belief understanding emerge earlier than desire and false-belief understanding and that ToM constructs do not appear to be integrated, as is the case for explicit ToM. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Background: Of the various causes of suicides in India, very less number commit it for an ideological cause or due to hero worship (IHW). The prevalence and changing trends in IHW suicides are not much discussed. An attempt is made to draw attention to this subset of suicides during 2001-2014. Materials and Methods: Accessible data from the National Crime Bureau Records in open domain was employed for this study. As only whole sum numbers associated with state, age groups, and genders and years were only available parameters, descriptive statistics of rate of suicides, linear trend with age groups, gender, and geographical divisions are presented. Results: In 14 years period, 1,721,946 suicides with an average of 122,996 suicides per year were observed. In total, a sum of 2395 IHW related suicides was noted accounting an average 171 suicides per year was observed. The difference among genders and age group with respect to various parts of India is presented. Southern India and in particular, Tamil Nadu consistently had the highest IHW related suicides. Discussion: The possible causes behind this unique phenomenon, cultural ethos, and implication are presented. In addition, the implication of changing trends in terms of geographical distribution, age group distribution, and gender dynamics are presented and discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has reliably been associated with global grey matter reductions but local alterations are largely inconsistent with perhaps the exception of the caudate nucleus. The aim of this study was to examine local and global brain volume differences between typically developing children (TD) and children with a diagnosis of ADHD. We also addressed whether these parameters would differ between children with the ADHD-combined type (ADHD-C) and those with the ADHD-inattentive type (ADHD-I). Using an ROI approach caudate volume differences were also examined. 79 boys between the ages of 8 and 17 participated in the study. Of those 33 met diagnostic criteria for the ADHD-C and 15 for the ADHD-I subtype. 31 boys were included in the TD group. Structural magnetic resonance imaging data were analysed using voxel-based morphometry. The ADHD group had significantly lower global and local grey matter volumes within clusters in the bilateral frontal, right parietal and right temporal regions compared to TD. A significant group by age interaction was found for right caudate nucleus volume. No differences between the ADHD-C and ADHD-I groups were found. Right caudate nucleus volume and age are more strongly related in ADHD than in TD consistent with previous research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to investigate possible age-related changes throughout childhood and adolescence in different component processes of working memory updating (WMU): retrieval, transformation, and substitution. A set of numerical WMU tasks was administered to four age groups (8-, 11-, 14-, and 21-year-olds). To isolate the effect of each of the WMU components, participants performed different versions of a task that included different combinations of the WMU components. The results showed an expected overall decrease in response times and an increase in accuracy performance with age. Most important, specific age-related changes in the retrieval component were found, demonstrating that the effect of retrieval on accuracy was larger in children than in adolescents or young adults. These findings indicate that the availability of representations from outside the focus of attention may change with age. Thus, the retrieval component of updating could contribute to the age-related changes observed in the performance of many updating tasks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We measured the typical developmental trajectory of the window of audiovisual simultaneity by testing four age groups of children (5, 7, 9, and 11 years) and adults. We presented a visual flash and an auditory noise burst at various stimulus onset asynchronies (SOAs) and asked participants to report whether the two stimuli were presented at the same time. Compared with adults, children aged 5 and 7 years made more simultaneous responses when the SOAs were beyond ±200 ms but made fewer simultaneous responses at the 0 ms SOA. The point of subjective simultaneity was located at the visual-leading side, as in adults, by 5 years of age, the youngest age tested. However, the window of audiovisual simultaneity became narrower and response errors decreased with age, reaching adult levels by 9 years of age. Experiment 2 ruled out the possibility that the adult-like performance of 9-year-old children was caused by the testing of a wide range of SOAs. Together, the results demonstrate that the adult-like precision of perceiving audiovisual simultaneity is developed by 9 years of age, the youngest age that has been reported to date. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies of adults provide evidence that spatial reasoning is non-unitary in nature, consisting of separate object transformation and viewer transformation abilities. This research examined the presence of this dissociation in children. Participants between 8 and 12 years of age, divided over three age groups (i.e., 65 children from 7.5 to 9 years old, 75 children from 9 to 10.5 years old, and 77 children from 10.5 to 12 years old) performed a battery of object and viewer transformation tasks. Analysis of variance showed that performance improved with age on the individual object and viewer transformation tasks, with the largest effects between 10.5 and 12 years of age. Multi-group confirmatory factor analyses to test the dissociation of object and viewer transformation ability over the different age groups revealed that in children under 10.5 years of age object and viewer transformation ability could not be differentiated. A dissociation between object and viewer transformation ability was shown between 10.5 and 12 years of age. This period of specialization of spatial abilities may be a particularly interesting time window for identifying spatial talents and providing spatial training and intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social identity theory states that a person's self-concept is created from comparison with others (Walsh & Gordon, ). In the case of reading, oral reading is a salient feature young children have to compare themselves on to their classroom peer group. The current study was set to explore the ability of oral reading tasks such as rapid naming and reading rate as well as measures of accuracy and reading comprehension to independently predict reading self-concept among young developing Hebrew readers. Data from 138 s to third grade students was analyzed using a structural equation modeling analyses (SEM). Findings indicated that the path between RAN-L and reading rate was the strongest and single predictor of reading self-concept. The findings suggest that speed-based performance is linked to both cognitive and psychosocial related difficulties and that slow readers are at risk for lower reading self-concept. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sibling relationships are a unique and powerful context for children's development, characterized by strong positive features, such as warmth and intimacy, as well as negative qualities like intense, potentially destructive conflict. For these reasons, sibling interactions may be both a risk and a protective factor for the development and maintenance of emotional and behavioral dysfunction. We review evidence indicating that sibling interactions are linked to internalizing and externalizing symptoms and identify possible mechanisms for these associations. Sibling conflict contributes uniquely to symptomatology and may be particularly problematic when accompanied by lack of warmth, which is generally associated with decreased internalizing and externalizing problems. On the other hand, greater warmth can be associated with heightened externalizing symptoms for later-born children who may model the behavior of older siblings. Although it will be important to monitor for increased sibling collusion, several intervention studies demonstrate that it is possible to reduce conflict and increase warmth between brothers and sisters, and that improving sibling interactions can teach children social-cognitive skills that are beneficial in other relationships (e.g., friendships). Developing brief assessment tools differentiating normative from pathogenic sibling conflict would assist clinical decision making. Future intervention work could provide a more stringent test of the hypothesis that strengthening sibling relationships improves children's socio-emotional adjustment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The article argues status of generational research which often treats generation as a age grouping variable. Topics discussed include applicability of research findings to workforce; generation as a socially constructed concept; classification of younger and older workers based on an individual's chronological age; and inconsistent empirical findings regarding generational differences in terms of workforce.

A large body of literature suggests that bilingualism strongly influences attentional processes among a variety of age groups. Increasing studies, however, indicate that culture may also have measurable effects on attentional processes. Bilinguals are often exposed to multiple cultural backgrounds, therefore, it is unclear if being exposed to multiple languages and culture together influence attentional processes, or if the effect themselves are uniquely linked to different attentional processes. The present study explores the relevancy of different attentional processes--alerting, orienting, and executive control--to language and to culture. In the present study, 97 3-years-old (Mean age = 38.78 months) monolingual and bilingual children from three countries (the U.S., Argentina, and Vietnam) were longitudinally tested for a total of five time points on a commonly used non-linguistic attentional paradigm--the Attention Network Test. Results demonstrate that when other factors are controlled (e.g., socio-economic status, vocabulary knowledge, age), culture plays an important role on the development of the alerting and executive control attentional network, while language status was only significant on the executive control attentional network. The present study indicates that culture may interact with bilingualism to further explain previous reported advantages, as well as elucidate the increasing disparity surrounding cognitive advantages in bilingual literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study compared the factors associated with the utilization of mental health services across various age cohorts, with a particular focus on the differential influence of the stigma placed on mental illness on the use of these services. Methods: The present study used data from a Korean national epidemiological survey of mental disorders among community-dwelling adults aged 18-74 years ( n = 3,055). The subjects were categorized into three age groups: young (18-39), middle-aged (40-59), and late adulthood (60-74). The Perceived Devaluation-Discrimination scale was used to assess the stigma placed on mental disorders in each group. The influence of perceived stigma on lifetime utilization of mental health services was examined according to age cohort using multiple logistic regression analyses that were adjusted for various sociodemographic factors ( p < 0.006 with a Bonferroni correction). Results: The late-adulthood cohort was more likely to have perceived stigma of mental illness than were the other two groups, and the utilization of mental health services by the elderly cohort was more strongly affected by this perceived stigma than was such utilization by younger cohorts [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 4.14, 95 % confidence interval (CI) 1.86-9.22]. In the middle-aged cohort, being female or never being married was a significant determinant of use of mental health services (female, AOR 3.80, 95 % CI 2.17-6.65; unmarried, AOR 3.09, 95 % CI 1.43-6.70). Conclusion: It is important to reduce the perceived stigma placed on mental illness to improve access to mental health care among the current population of elderly people in Korea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this research is to identify the difference between professional organic farmers and conventional farmers on environmental attitude on 300 sample size from Pune District, Maharashtra, India. To measure environmental attitude of farmers' TajScale was administered. Two matched-groups design was used. The calculated t= 8.96, is statistically significant at .01 level also gives statistical weight age to this finding that environmental attitude of professional organic farmers is of significantly higher magnitude as compared to conventional farmers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was undertaken to assess the levels of personality traits and cognitive styles of juvenile delinquents. The sample comprised of 120 respondents in 16-18 years of age range, selected from observation homes of six districts, from three cultural zones of Punjab. Further the sample was distributed over two sexes i.e. 80 juvenile delinquent boys and 40 juvenile delinquent girls. Scales used to collect the relevant information for the study were: Eysenck's Personality Questionnaire (Eysenck & Eysenck, 1975) and Cognitive Style Inventory (Jha, 1985). Data depicts that maximum number of the delinquents belonged to the average level of delinquency. Most of the delinquents had shown psychotic and introvert personality and the most common cognitive style among delinquents was undifferentiated style. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mental health is defined as a state of well being in which people realizes their own potential, can cope with the every day's normal stresses and work productively as well as fruitfully and is able to make contribution to her or his community. The purpose of the present paper is to assess the level of mental health among alcohol abusers. The present study consisted the sample of 60 subjects which were equally divided into three groups on the basis of age (15-25 years & 25-35 years), occupation (employed & unemployed) and duration of intake (1-3 years & 3-5 years). Mental Health Inventory designed and developed by Viel and Ware (1983) was used for data collection. Mean, SD, t-test and correlation were applied for statistical analysis. Results indicate that there is significant difference between the mean scores of 15-25 and 25-35 years old alcohol abusers. Similarly there is a significant difference found between the mean scores of employed and unemployed alcohol abusers. Further there is a significant difference found between the mean scores of alcohol abusers with alcohol intake duration 1-3 and above 3-5 years. And there is a significant relationship between mental health, age, occupation and duration of intake. On the basis of the findings in the present study we may conclude that age, occupation and duration of intake are influential factors in mental health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Emotional intelligence has often been found as a significant marker of mental health. In this pursuit, the present study examined the relationship between emotional intelligence and mental health among university students. A sample of 80 participants was taken out of which 40 were male and 40 female students with in the age range of 16-20 years from Banaras Hindu University. Emotional Intelligence and Mental Health of the participants were assessed, Pearsonr yielded positive correlation between mental health and emotional intelligence, (r = 0.31, p < 0.01). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Present study was designed to find out the comparison between father and mother of differently abled children on hope and Happiness among the parents of differently abled children sample consisted of 40 parents (23 fathers & 17 mothers) within the age range of30-45 years adopting purposing sampling method from milestone special school of Jaipur city of Rajasthan state (India). For this purpose, Adult Hope scale developed by Snyder (1991) and Oxford Happiness Questionnaire developed by Argyle and Hills (2000) were administered, t-test was applied to analyze the data. The findings revealed that statistically no significant difference was found between fathers and mothers on both hope and Happiness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Gender differences in clinical outcomes after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) among different age groups are controversial in the era of drug-eluting stents, especially among the Asian population who are at higher risk for bleeding complications. Methods and Results: We analyzed data from 10,220 patients who underwent PCI procedures performed at 14 Japanese hospitals from September 2008 to April 2013. A total of 2,106 (20.6%) patients were women. Women were older (72.7±9.7 vs 66.6±10.8 years, p<0.001), and had a lower body mass index (23.4±4.0 vs 24.3±3.5, p<0.001), with a higher prevalence of hypertension (p<0.001), hyperlipidemia (p<0.001), insulin-dependent diabetes (p<0.001), renal failure (p<0.001), and heart failure (p<0.001) compared with men. Men tended to have more bifurcation lesions (p = 0.003) and chronic totally occluded lesions (p<0.001) than women. Crude overall complications (14.8% vs 9.5%, p<0.001) and the rate of bleeding complications (5.3% vs 2.8%, p<0.001) were significantly higher in women than in men. On multivariate analysis in the total cohort, female sex was an independent predictor of overall complications (OR, 1.47; 95% CI, 1.26–1.71; p<0.001) and bleeding complications (OR, 1.74; 95% CI, 1.36–2.24; p<0.001) after adjustment for confounding variables. A similar trend was observed across the middle-aged group (≥55 and <75 years) and old age group (≥75 years). Conclusions: Women are at higher risk than men for post-procedural complications after PCI, regardless of age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The demonstration of correlated change is critical to understanding the relationship between activity engagement and cognitive functioning in older adulthood. Changes in activity have been shown to be related to changes in cognition, but little attention has been devoted to how this relationship may vary between specific activity types, cognitive domains, and age groups. Participants initially aged 65-98 years (M = 77.46 years) from the Australian Longitudinal Study of Ageing (n = 1,321) completed measurements of activity (i.e., cognitive, group social, one-on-one social, and physical) and cognition (i.e., perceptual speed, and immediate and delayed episodic memory) at baseline, 2, 8, 11, and 15 years later. Bivariate latent growth curve models covarying for education, sex, and baseline age and medical conditions revealed multiple positive-level relations between activity and cognitive performance, but activity level was not related to later cognitive change. Change in perceptual speed over 15 years was positively associated with change in cognitive activity, and change in immediate episodic memory was positively associated with change in one-on-one social activity. Old-old adults showed a stronger change-change covariance for mentally stimulating activity in relation to perceptual speed than did young-old adults. The differentiation by activity type, cognitive domain, and age contributes to the growing evidence that there is variation in the way cognitive ability at different ages is related to activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose -- Given the increasing diversity in the age of job seekers worldwide and evidence of perceptions of discrimination and stereotypes of job seekers at both ends of the age continuum, the purpose of this paper is to identify how perceptions of age-related bias are connected to age-related identity management strategies of unemployed job seekers. Design/methodology/approach -- Data were collected from 129 unemployed job-seeking adults who were participants in a career placement service. Participants completed paper-and-pencil surveys about their experiences of age-related bias and engagement in age-related identity management strategies during their job searches. Findings -- Older job seekers reported greater perceptions of age-related bias in employment settings, and perceptions of bias related to engaging in attempts to counteract stereotypes, mislead or miscue about one's age, and avoid age-related discussions in job searching. Individuals who were less anxious about their job search were less likely to mislead about age or avoid the topic of age, whereas individuals with higher job-search self-efficacy were more likely to acknowledge their age during their job search. Older job seekers higher in emotion control were more likely to acknowledge their age. Originality/value -- Little is known about how job seekers attempt to compensate for or avoid age-related bias. The study provides evidence that younger and older job seekers engage in age-related identity management and that job search competencies relate to engagement in particular strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] We assessed the psychometric properties of the DAS on a Chinese sample. [•] CFA results supported the original six-factor structure of the DAS. [•] Differences on age groups and countries supported the discriminant validity. [•] Anger from police presence contributed to most of variances in subjective aggression. [•] Anger from slow driving contributed to most of variances in aggressive actions. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Two studies examined children's (8- to 13-year-olds) intergroup helping intentions. In Study 1, 856 children indicated their intention to help national in-group or out-group peers in a high need situation and in either a public or private context. Results showed that children's empathic tendencies predicted their intention to help and that the context as well as recipients' group membership had no effects. In Study 2, 388 children indicated their intention to help in-group and out-group peers in either a low need or high need situation. Results of Study 1 were replicated. In addition, in the low need situation and when helping was public, children intended to help out-group peers more than in-group peers, particularly when they perceived an accepting descriptive classroom norm about the out-group. When the need was relatively high, empathy appeared to outweigh children's group norm considerations. In all analyses, no age differences were found. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Changes in fine motor control that eventually compromise dexterity accompany advanced age; however there is evidence that age-related decline in motor control may not be uniform across effectors. Particularly, the role of central mechanisms in effector-specific decline has not been examined but is relevant for placing age-related motor declines into the growing literature of age-related changes in brain function. We examined sub-maximal force control across three different effectors (fingers, lips, and tongue) in 18 young and 14 older adults. In parallel with the force variability measures we examined changes in white matter structural integrity in effector-specific pathways in the brain with diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). Motor pathways for each effector were identified by using an fMRI localizer task followed by tractography to identify the fiber tracts propagating to the midbrain. Increases in force control variability were found with age in all three effectors but the effectors showed different degrees of age-related variability. Motor control changes were accompanied by a decline in white matter structural integrity with age shown by measures of fractional anisotropy and radial diffusivity. The DTI metrics appear to mediate some of the age-related declines in motor control. Our findings indicate that the structural integrity of descending motor systems may play a significant role in age-related increases in motor performance variability, but that differential age-related declines in oral and manual effectors are not likely due to structural integrity of descending motor pathways in the brain. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Internet is one of the transformational technologies having marvelous impact on psychosocial life. However, internet is becoming addictive which is the condition of being compulsively occupied with or involved in something. Internet addiction may lead to impulsive behavior which is a swift action without forethought or conscious judgment. The purpose of the present study was to compare 13-15 and 16-18 years old adolescents on the measures of internet addiction and impulsivity and also examine their relationship. A two group design was followed and the total sample consisted of 90 internet addicted (low to moderate) adolescents, with equal number of two age groups. They were administered internet addiction test (Young, 1999) and Barratt's Impulsiveness Scale (Barratt, 1994). The data was analyzed using t-test and correlation. Significant group differences were found between 13-15 and 16-18 years old adolescents on the measures of overall impulsivity and overall internet addiction and its dimensions of mood and relationships. Moreover, 13-15 years old adolescents indicated more significant relations between two constructs as compared to 16-18 years old adolescents. Hence, both the above constructs are important in accounting for age differences in adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study is a thematic analysis of narratives about the coming-out process. Participants (N= 30) were part of a stratified random sample of a large data set generated from a research project investigating changes in the coming-out process over time. Participants were 15 women and 15 men from 5 age cohorts (ages 18 to 74) who self-identified as members of the lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) communities. Themes related to the struggles and rewards of going through the coming-out process are explored in these narratives. Organizing themes of those whofigured it out in their headsand those whofigured it out in their heartsemerged from this analysis and suggest two paths to coming out. Generational themes are also explored in this analysis. This study aims to provide contextualization to the diverse experiences of LGB people in the coming-out experience. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This longitudinal study analyses the structure of executive function in children assessed at five and six years of age and examines the longitudinal relationships between the executive function dimensions identified at the two age levels. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to examine the latent structure of executive function at both age levels. The best fit to the data at both age levels was a two-factor model in which inhibition was distinguished, while working memory and shifting emerged as a unitary component. Some variables show a moderate longitudinal stability and the inhibitory control tasks display reduced continuity across ages. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]