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The purpose of this study was to examine whether subgroups of disability-sport athletes exist on morality- and norm-based doping cognitions and whether these groups differ in anticipated guilt or doping intentions. A survey was completed by 186 athletes (Mage = 37.5 years, 78.0% male, 45.1% wheelchair basketball) assessing norms, doping moral disengagement, anticipated guilt, and intentions to dope. Cluster analysis revealed four distinct subgroups of athletes, including one potentially high-risk subgroup characterized by relatively high scores on doping moral disengagement, subjective norms, and descriptive norms. One-way analysis of variance revealed significantly lower anticipated guilt in two athlete subgroups characterized by relatively higher doping moral disengagement than the other two subgroups. Moreover, the potentially high-risk group had a greater proportion of athletes showing some presence of intention to dope. This study suggests there is a small subgroup of disability-sport athletes at elevated risk of doping who might benefit from targeted antidoping interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of controlled studies found that consumers counter-normatively prefer something nearly complete over something complete. We call this phenomenon the "one-away effect" because we find that when consumers are, for example, one stamp away from completing a punch card loyalty program, they value the card more than a completed card. This is because their valuation of the one-away card is influenced by their anticipation of merely completing the card, which generates its own utility, apart from the card's end-reward (a free coffee). To wit, the prospective utility of performing the final action that fulfills completion increases consumers' valuation of the one-away card. Our findings suggest that consumers are motivated to complete goals, tasks, and sets not only to obtain their end-rewards, but also because merely completing things is intrinsically motivating and can be a goal in and of itself. We discuss the theoretical and practical implications of the one-away effect, as well as the general notion of mere completion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Registered nurses (RNs) in oncology must cope with the suffering of patients, the inevitability of death and their own transience. This poses a possible risk for the development of burnout, which can result in low job satisfaction and ultimately an increased intention to leave the job. Our aim was to assess psychological distress in registered nurses working in oncology. Objective and method: A cross-sectional survey with the Oldenburger Burnout Inventory was presented to nurses within the German Cancer Society. It collected data on psychological distress via two subscales, exhaustion and disengagement. Socio-demographic data were assessed. Results: Among 83 participating nurses, we found a prevalence of high disengagement in 17 oncology nurses (20.48%) and high exhaustion (MExh>2.5 = burnout) in 44 (53.00%). Looking at the highest values of both scales, 18.08% of respondents were at high risk for psychological distress. There was a low correlation between disengagement and age (r = 0.331, p < 0.01). The risk of high disengagement among nurses older than 50 (n = 9, 52.94%) was three times higher than for those who were 50 or younger (n = 8, 47.06%) (RR = 8.642, 95% CI: 1.475–5.749, p < 0,01). Conclusion: This survey highlights a high rate of burnout among German oncology nurses. Interventions should be developed, implemented, and delivered in an age-appropriate manner. To ensure high-quality care and patient safety, oncology nurses should be offered preventive mental healthcare services later in their careers. Clinical trial registration number: The study was registered with the German Clinical Trials Register (DRKS500018851). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scholars pay great attention to sociopsychological factors that predict attitudes toward military action, but they rarely address personality variables. The purpose of this study was to analyse the relationship between the Dark Triad traits, general moral disengagement, and military attitudes. We conducted three surveys between May and November 2022 in three samples of Russian residents (N = 736, 795, and 752). The results showed that the Dark Triad was only marginally related to attitudes toward military action abroad, but emerged as a consistent positive predictor of support for violence against civilians with psychopathy showing the strongest effect. Moreover, this relationship was mediated by moral disengagement. At the same time, Big Five traits and sociopsychological variables predicted the attitudes toward military action, but were generally unrelated to the attitudes toward violence against civilians. The findings suggest the existence of distinct pathways underlying the support of general military action and unethical military action. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Moral injury occurs when one witnesses or perpetrates an act that transgresses strongly held moral beliefs and expectations. First documented among active military and veterans, moral injury is increasingly studied in healthcare personnel impacted by the coronavirus pandemic. Measurement of moral injury among this population, particularly nurses, is still in its infancy. Objective: To develop the Moral Injury Symptom Scale – Clinician-Short Form and validate it among United States based acute care nurses. Methods: The Moral Injury Symptom Scale – Military Version was modified for a healthcare audience. 174 acute care nurses responded to a survey package including the scale and related instruments. Reliability and validity, including convergent and discriminant validities, were assessed, and a cutoff score was calculated using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve. Results: Reliability (Cronbach α =.75) and validity were established and a cutoff score of 41, based on functional impairment caused by moral injury, demonstrated 86.4% sensitivity and 69.6% specificity. Nurses who screened positive for moral injury experienced higher depression, anxiety, work exhaustion, interpersonal disengagement, emotional exhaustion, and depersonalization. Conclusions: The Moral Injury Symptom Scale – Clinician Version – Short Form is a valid and reliable instrument with strong psychometric properties that can assess moral injury in acute care nurses, a population at risk due to the challenges of providing care during the pandemic. Appropriate measurement and establishing prevalence should prompt support and intervention from healthcare organizations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Disengagement from care among people with HIV (PWH) and hepatitis C (HCV) increases the risks of adverse health outcomes and poses significant barriers to achieving global HIV and HCV elimination goals. In accordance with the Joanna Briggs Institute framework, a scoping review was conducted to synthesize and highlight existing gaps in the literature on (dis)engagement in care among PWH and HCV. We searched for original studies on (dis)engagement in care among PWH and HCV in high-income countries using eight electronic databases from inception to May 2023. Our search yielded 4462 non-duplicated records, which were scoped to 27 studies. Definitions of (dis)engagement in care were diverse, with considerable heterogeneity in how retention was operationalized and temporally measured. Studies identified predictors of (dis)engagement to be related to drug and substance use (n = 5 articles), clinical factors (n = 5), social and welfare (n = 4), and demographic characteristics (n = 2). When engagement in care was treated as an exposure, it was associated with HCV treatment initiation (n = 3), achieving sustained virological response (n = 2), and maintaining HIV viral suppression (n = 1). Interventions to improve care engagement among PWH and HCV were limited to five studies using cash incentives (n = 1) and individual case management (n = 4). (Dis)engagement in care is a dynamic process influenced by shifting priorities that may 'tip the balance' towards or away from regularly interacting with healthcare professionals. However, inconsistent definitions render cross-study comparisons and meta-analyses virtually impossible. Further research needs to establish a standardized definition to identify patients at high risk of disengagement and develop interventions that leverage the nested HIV/HCV care cascades to retain and recover patients lost from care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Pride has rarely been explored in the context of moral disengagement and unethical decision-making. Although some research has examined the associations between “authentic” and “hubristic” pride and unethical behaviour, little attention has been paid to potential mechanisms. Across two correlational studies (N = 379), we explore the associations between two facets of pride rooted on comparisons – social comparison-based pride, and self-based pride, moral disengagement, and unethical decision-making. Results show that social comparison-based pride consistently (positively) relates to moral disengagement, and that moral disengagement accounts for the association between social comparison-based pride and unethical decision-making. In sum, our findings contribute in novel ways to the understanding of how pride based in different comparison frames may lead to antisocial decision-making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Moral disengagement, a term coined by Bandura, explains how people can hurt others and behave immorally, contradicting their beliefs and values and yet live peaceably with themselves. He developed a conceptual model of moral disengagement based on the Social Cognitive Theory of moral agency. By activating moral disengagement mechanisms, people can disregard their moral standards and behave immorally without any self‐censure. This paper synthesises the extensive research on moral disengagement in a youth bullying context to demonstrate the conceptual strength of moral disengagement theory for research and interventions on bullying. It advances the understanding of the contextual basis of moral disengagement by examining its diverse role in bullying episodes that includes bullying perpetration, bullying victimisation and bullying bystanders. The analysis of the different components of moral disengagement representing the loci of the disengagement mechanisms sheds light on how the disengagement processes function in the youth bullying context. Its role as both a moderator and mediator further advances its divergent functioning in the youth bullying context. Finally, implications of the review for advancing knowledge on the moral basis of youth bullying are discussed with suggestions for the development of interventions to attenuate the use of moral disengagement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Counterproductive work behavior (CWB) is prevalent in employees' daily work and can be extremely destructive. Although a growing body of research has focused on the effects of CWB, little is known about its effects from the bystander perspective. To address this gap, we integrated insights from social conflict and social combustion theories to explore why, when, and how group CWB affects bystander CWB through two studies. In study 1, 312 employees were sampled using a scenario simulation experimental design. The results showed that the positive relationship between group CWB and bystander organization-directed CWB (CWBO) is stronger under leadership-avoidant conflict management. In addition, exonerating cognition and moral disengagement played serial mediating roles in the positive relationship between group CWB and bystander CWBO. Study 2 confirmed the robustness of the results of Study 1 using two waves of data from 265 employees and specifically explored the effect of group CWB (individual- and organization-directed, namely I and O) on bystander CWB (I and O). In addition, Study 2 demonstrated the negative moderation of leadership-cooperative conflict management. This study contributes to the CWB literature by illustrating new theoretical perspectives, unveiling the underlying mechanisms of the spread of CWB in organizations from a bystander perspective, and offering constructive guidance to practitioners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study aimed to investigate factors associated with burnout among healthcare workers (HCWs) in a tertiary hospital in Singapore. Methods: All HCWs from the Singapore General Hospital were invited to participate in a survey using a secure online platform. Participant demographic data were collected. Instruments used included the Oldenburg Burnout Inventory (OLBI), the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale, the Patient Health Questionnaire-4, a brief form of the Perceived Social Support Questionnaire, the Demand-Control-Support Questionnaire, and the Leisure Time Satisfaction Scale. Results: Of 9888 staff, 742 (7.5%) responded. The mean OLBI score was 43.7, whereas the mean exhaustion subscale score was 22.5 and the mean disengagement subscale score was 21.2. Of the participants, 53.6% and 50.0% met the cut-off values for disengagement and exhaustion, respectively. In the linear regression analysis, those aged 20 to 29 years had higher OLBI scores than those aged >40 years (ß = 1.88, p = 0.001). Higher OLBI scores were associated with higher Patient Health Questionnaire-4 scores (ß = 0.52, p < 0.001), including the subscales of anxiety ß= 0.30, p = 0.038) and depression (ß = 0.70, p < 0.001), lower scores for resilience (ß = -0.20, p < 0.001), particularly in the subscales of self-efficacy (ß = -0.37, p = 0.018) and cognitive focus (ß = -1.02, p < 0.001), higher psychological demand subscale scores (ß = 0.62, p < 0.001) and lower decision latitude subscale scores (ß = -0.33, p < 0.001) and lower social support subscale scores (ß = -0.47, p < 0.001), and lower Leisure Time Satisfaction Scale score (ß = -0.55, p < 0.001). Conclusion: Among HCWs in a Singaporean hospital, burnout was associated with age <40 years, the presence of anxiety and depressive symptoms, low resilience, high psychological demands and low decision latitude and social support, and low leisure time satisfaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of our study was to explore students’ bystander roles in peer bullying considering the interaction between their individual and contextual characteristics. We included social status goals (popularity, social preference and social insecurity), moral disengagement and peer support as key variables for differentiating bystander behaviour. Our sample comprised 5148 students from the 8th and 9th grades across 118 primary schools in Slovenia. Bystander roles (active and passive reinforcers, ignorants and defenders) were determined by peer nominations. Other characteristics were measured with self-report questionnaires. For each variable, we normalized students’ results with regard to their classroom to define classroom norms as the context of peer bullying resulting in “low”, “average” and “high” group. Students with similar individual and contextual characteristics were grouped into four clusters. The results showed that students from all clusters were present in all bystander roles, which indicates a highly complex interaction of various factors in bystander behaviour. Some educational implications are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Online aggression (OA) in Chinese university students is a public health concern. Drawing on the general aggression model (GAM), this study examines the extent to which nonviolent and violent stressful life events predict OA through altering moral cognition (i.e., moral disengagement). It also examines whether the two types of stressful life events interactively predict moral disengagement and whether violent stressful life events moderate the link between moral disengagement and OA. Method: Participants were 569 Chinese university students (Mage = 21.94 years, 42.5% males). They participated in a three-wave study, with 3-month spanning each wave, to self-report nonviolent stressful life events at Time 1 (T1), violent stressful life events and moral disengagement at T1 and Time 2 (T2), and OA at T1 and Time 3. Results: Results of path analysis showed that after controlling for the baseline levels of respective variables, T2 moral disengagement mediated the associations between T1 violent, but not nonviolent, stressful life events and Time 3 OA. The interactive effect between the two types of stressful life events at T1 on moral disengagement at T2 was insignificant; neither was the interactive effect between T2 moral disengagement and T2 violent stressful life events on Time 3 OA. The significance of results did not change after adjusting students' gender, age, and family socioeconomic status. Conclusion: These findings support the utility of GAM in explaining how OA develops in Chinese young people, implying that some situational inputs appear more important than others in these developmental processes. The results also shed light on strategies to prevent Chinese university students' OA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Public relations scholars have greatly impacted the understanding of employee engagement in terms of definitions, theory development, antecedents, outcomes, and progressing scholarship to explore changes in the modern workplace. Yet, understanding the nuances around being disengaged is absent from most of the public relations literature. In addition, although much is known about the connection between employee engagement and internal communication, little has been identified about how internal communication contributes to or ameliorates the experience of being disengaged. Therefore, public relations researchers have the chance to move scholarship on disengagement forward by examining it as a unique concept separate from engagement and exploring the function of internal communication with disengagement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores burnout among nursing students in Bangalore, India, focusing on Exhaustion and Disengagement scores. A cross-sectional design was applied using the Oldenburg Burnout Inventory modified for nursing students, collecting data using a survey that was conducted between October and December 2023. The sample consisted of 237 female nursing students from the Bachelor of Science in Nursing program at Bangalore College of Nursing, South India. The study integrated the t-distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding (t-SNE) procedure for data simplification into three t-SNE components, used in a hierarchical clustering analysis, which identified distinct student profiles: "High-Intensity Study Group" and "Altruistic Aspirants". While burnout scores were generally high, students with high study hours ("High-Intensity Study Group") reported greater Exhaustion, with a mean score of 26.78 (SD = 5.26), compared to those in the "Altruistic Aspirants" group, who reported a mean score of 25.00 (SD = 4.48), demonstrating significant differences (p-value = 0.005). Conversely, those motivated by altruism ("Altruistic Aspirants") showed higher Disengagement, with a mean score of 19.78 (SD = 5.08), in contrast to "High-Intensity Study Group", which reported a lower mean of 17.84 (SD = 4.74) (p-value = 0.002). This segmentation suggests that burnout manifests differently depending on the students' academic load and intrinsic motivations. This study underscores the need for targeted interventions that address specific factors characterizing the clusters and provide information for designing future research and interventions. This study was not registered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

People in one's close circle are very meaningful to them. That is why people could defend their loved ones even if they committed a transgression as serious as gender-based harassment. The purpose of this research was to determine if people judged and justified a sexual harassment behavior differently depending on the closeness they had toward the aggressor. In the first study (N = 233), we evidenced that people perceived the aggression and the aggressor more benevolently and justified it more when he was a relative or friend rather than a stranger. Moreover, we found the participant's gender was a highly relevant factor in assessing harassment, with men exhibiting more leniency as compared to women. In the second study (N = 225), we replicated these results, and found that, while closeness to the aggressor plays a very important role in the reaction toward harassment, closeness to the victim has no relevance. Furthermore, we evidenced that gender differences disappeared while controlling for sexism. These findings highlight the role of closeness and its implications for perception and justification of gender-based harassment. At the same time, they provide an insight into the importance of gender and sexism in the response to harassment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Nurses are increasingly demanded to achieve gold-standards of care with fewer resources. Dealing effectively with stress experienced in their daily-work-life is thus crucial. This study is based on the Demands-Resources-and-Individual-Effects (DRIVE) Nurses Model and applied the person-centred approach with a twofold objective: 1. to identify patterns of coping strategies (Problem-Focused; Seek-Advice; Self-Blame; Wishful-Thinking; Escape/Avoidance) adopted by nurses to deal with perceived stress; 2. to explore potential differences in perceived Demands (Effort), Resources (Rewards, Job-Control, Social-Support), and Psychopathological Symptoms (Anxiety, Phobic-Anxiety, Obsessive–Compulsive, Somatization, Depression, Interpersonal-Sensitivity, Hostility, Psychoticism, Paranoid-Ideation) according to the emerged patterns. Method: This cross-sectional study was reported by using the STROBE Checklist. Overall, 265 nursing professionals completed self-report measures. Non-hierarchical k-means-cluster-analysis was employed to derive patterns of coping. MANOVAs were used to test differences in Demands, Resources, and Psychopathological Symptoms according to the emerged patterns. Results: Three stable and meaningful patterns of coping were identified and labelled as Active/Solution-Oriented, Dysregulated/Emotion-focused, and Passive/Disengaged. Nurses belonging to Dysregulated/Emotion-focused group emerged to be at higher risk (higher effort/psychopathological suffering; lower resources) – followed by Passive/Disengaged group – in comparison with nurses belonging to Active/Solution-Oriented group. Conclusion: Fostering nurses' awareness of their latent coping patterns and supporting active approaches/emotional regulation strategies for stress management should represent a key goal when defining interventions promoting nurses' health within/beyond the healthcare settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The prevalence and harmfulness of cyberloafing are increasingly attracting the attention of scholars and organizations, and how to effectively curb cyberloafing deserves attention. Based on employees' perception perspective, we investigated the associations between negative work reflection, meaningful work, moral disengagement, and employee cyberloafing. We conducted a two-wave study with a two-week departure. Results showed that negative work reflection significantly promotes employee cyberloafing. Meaningful work and moral disengagement played the chain-mediation effect in the relationship between negative work reflection and employee cyberloafing. In conclusion, this study contributes to the expansion of cyberloafing literature and provides organizations with fresh approaches to handling employee cyberloafing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mechanism of moral disengagement allows individuals to lessen feelings of guilt or shame stemming from immoral actions. Nevertheless, there is a paucity of local research on the functioning of moral disengagement mechanisms within the framework of social psychology and morality in Malaysia. The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between moral identity and moral emotions, and whether they are associated with moral disengagement in the context of moral misconduct. The study targets UKM students who are pursuing their studies and residing in the residential colleges at UKM, Bangi. The research was conducted using a quantitative approach, with data collected through a questionnaire that included one demographic section and three sections examining different variables. A total of 200 UKM students from various backgrounds participated in the study and responded to the questionnaire. Most respondents were undergraduate students, with the majority being around 22 years old. The survey data were analyzed empirically using SPSS software. The findings revealed a positive relationship between the level of moral identity and moral disengagement. Additionally, there was a positive relationship between moral emotions and moral disengagement among UKM students. The results of this study can serve as a guide to understanding the relationship between moral identity, moral emotions, and moral disengagement. Given the lack of research on aspects of morality such as moral disengagement, these findings are particularly valuable. The conclusion of the study discusses and suggests several intervention steps that can be taken to raise awareness about the implications of moral disengagement, thereby preventing moral misconduct among students and the broader community. It also encourages more psychological and counseling researchers to explore various aspects of morality in their future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Low-stakes test performance commonly reflects examinee ability and effort. Examinees exhibiting low effort may be identified through rapid guessing behavior throughout an assessment. There has been a plethora of methods proposed to adjust scores once rapid guesses have been identified, but these have been plagued by strong assumptions or the removal of examinees. In this study, we illustrate how an IRTree model can be used to adjust examinee ability for rapid guessing behavior. Our approach is flexible as it does not assume independence between rapid guessing behavior and the trait of interest (e.g., ability) nor does it necessitate the removal of examinees who engage in rapid guessing. In addition, our method uniquely allows for the simultaneous modeling of a disengagement latent trait in addition to the trait of interest. The results indicate the model is quite useful for estimating individual differences among examinees in the disengagement latent trait and in providing more precise measurement of examinee ability relative to models ignoring rapid guesses or accommodating it in different ways. A simulation study reveals that our model results in less biased estimates of the trait of interest for individuals with rapid responses, regardless of sample size and rapid response rate in the sample. We conclude with a discussion of extensions of the model and directions for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contactless digital service (CDS) users show different degrees of privacy protection disengagement when facing privacy invasion. This study tries to explore the factors that motivate CDS users to engage in privacy protection disengagement when facing privacy invasion based on the stimulus-organism-response (SOR) framework and regulatory focus theory. Data collected from 328 Chinese contactless digital menu service (CDMS) users are analysed via partial least squares-based structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM). The results show that privacy invasion indirectly affects privacy protection disengagement through partial mediation of privacy fatigue and privacy literacy. Moreover, the relationships between privacy fatigue/privacy literacy and privacy protection disengagement are moderated by a prevention focus. The results of this study provide a reference for CDS providers and policy-makers on how to reduce privacy invasion in CDSs and promote the healthy development of CDSs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Girls' interest in physical education declines over adolescence in Western countries (e.g., the United Kingdom). Self-objectification in physical education classes may link girls' gendered experiences in this environment to their engagement in and enjoyment of physical education. We investigated whether objectifying features of the physical education environment (peer appearance-related commentary, teacher gender bias) are linked to self-objectifying thoughts in this context and thus to engagement in and enjoyment of physical education among a sample of 12- to 14-year-old girls in the United Kingdom (N = 202). We also examined whether body esteem moderates these relations. Results based on conditional process analyses indicated that peer appearance-related commentary (but not teacher gender bias) was positively associated with self-objectifying thoughts in physical education, resulting in an indirect association with physical education enjoyment. Gender bias was directly associated with physical education engagement. These relations were not moderated by body esteem and were significant while controlling for body esteem and positive aspects of physical education (e.g., skill-learning opportunities). These findings suggest that girls' body concerns specific to physical education classes matter for their enjoyment and that teachers should actively work to reduce appearance-related comments between students in their classes. Additional online materials for this article are available on PWQ's website at http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/suppl/DOI:10.1177/03616843241262692 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractThe present research aimed to observe superhero films’ impacts on prosocial behavior, mediated by state-empathy (cognitive, affective and associative empathy) and moral justification. To achieve this goal, two online experiments were conducted, each with 200 Brazilian volunteers (Study 1: 70.5% women, mean age = 28.82, SD = 9.22. Study 2: 52.5% men, mean age = 27.63, SD = 9.25). We used a scene from Batman v Superman as the stimulus in the experimental groups. Prosocial behavior was measured using a food allocation task. Data from both studies showed that even when featuring violent elements, superhero films positively impacted prosocial behavior. These effects were indirect, mediated by associative empathy in Study 1 and moral justification in Study 2. Results highlight the complex relationship between prosocial violent media (aggressive content with prosocial goals) and behavior. We also emphasize the research’s novelty, as studies that investigate media content that is both negative and positive are still scarce. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We explore how employees learn unethical behavior from leader's unethical pro-organizational behavior (UPB) and develop team unethical climate. Drawing upon social cognitive theory, our serial mediation model proposes that indirect association between leader UPB and team-level unethical climate is sequentially mediated by employees' moral detachment and self-interested unethical behavior. We employed a multilevel structural equation model to empirically support this model on dyadic data obtained from 165 leaders and 330 employees. Results suggest that employees process and learn unethical behavioral principles from leader UPB and perform self-interested unethical behavior such that it ultimately develops team-level unethical climate. Key theoretical and practical implications are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: While schadenfreude is commonly experienced in interpersonal relationships, it is generally considered immoral. Although previous research has explored the factors relating to schadenfreude, including certain personality traits, moral disengagement, and humor styles, our understanding of these factors remains limited. The present study examined the mediating effects of moral disengagement and aggressive humor style in the relationship between the Dark Triad traits and schadenfreude. Methods: In this study, a sample of 693 Iranian students (69.4% female), was recruited using a convenient sampling method, consisting of 330 undergraduate, 230 graduate, and 133 Ph.D. students. The trait schadenfreude scale, the short Dark Triad, the moral disengagement scale, and the aggressive humor style scale were measured through an online survey. Results: The study found that Machiavellianism, narcissism, and psychopathy were positively related to schadenfreude, aggressive humor style, and moral disengagement. Additionally, aggressive humor style and moral disengagement mediated the relationship between Machiavellianism, narcissism, and psychopathy with schadenfreude. Conclusion: This study provides insights into the complex relationships between Dark Triad traits, moral disengagement, aggressive humor style, and schadenfreude. The findings suggest that individuals with higher levels of Dark Triad traits may be more likely to experience pleasure from others' misfortunes. Furthermore, the study highlights the importance of moral disengagement and aggressive humor style as potential mechanisms underlying the relationship between Dark Triad traits and schadenfreude. Further research should be done to explore the motivational factors influencing schadenfreude in specific settings, thereby elucidating these connections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In academic contexts, failure, as compared to success, is likely to threaten self-esteem and thus, to increase the risk of psychological disengagement from one's studies. The goal of the present research is to examine whether belief in school meritocracy (BSM) increases (vs. decreases) the effect of academic performance on self-esteem and psychological disengagement. In two pre-registered studies, university students reported their BSM. Their self-esteem and psychological disengagement were assessed following a manipulated (Study 1, N = 465) or actual (Study 2, N = 375) academic performance. Results indicated that, in both studies, BSM was positively related to performance self-esteem and negatively related to psychological disengagement. However, BSM also increased the effect of performance (manipulated or actual) on psychological disengagement. Indeed, failure led to more disengagement than success, but more so at a high level of BSM than at a lower level of BSM. The double-edge effects of belief in meritocracy are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study we used a factor of curves model (FCM) to examine the co-development of the subdomains of boredom in practical English language classes in an online setting (BPELC) over time in four phases of an online L2 course to explore the covariance of the initial level and slope of the sub-domains, as well as to check to what extent the variation in these subdomains can be accounted by the underpinning global factor of BPELC. Data were collected from 412 adult EFL learners on four temporal occasions via the Boredom in Practical English Classes – Revised scale, created by Pawlak et al. (2020a). Analysis was conducted by Mplus in three stages. Findings revealed a statically significant decrease over time in both subdomains. Also, a negative covariance was uncovered between the initial level and the growth level of each subdomain. Moreover, the covariances between the initial and growth levels of both subdomains were moderately high. Finally, the variances of the initial and growth levels of each of the subdomains were accounted for to a great extent by the underpinning global factor of BPELC. The results are interpreted in view of the underlying theories of boredom. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research concerning the link between morality and education-related variables is scarce. Thus, the present study addressed this issue by focusing on the connection between moral disengagement and academic engagement and the moderating roles of educational anti-mattering and psychological distress. Our sample comprised 363 university students aged 18 to 29 (M = 20.86, SD = 1.57) from Bachelor's and Master's programs. Correlation analysis suggested that academic engagement was negatively associated with psychological distress and educational anti-mattering. Moderation analyses suggested that moral disengagement predicted academic engagement only at high levels of psychological distress (i.e. depression, anxiety, and stress). Educational anti-mattering, however, did not significantly moderate the link between moral disengagement and academic engagement. We discuss the theoretical and practical implications of the results in addressing students' academic engagement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Service disengagement is a major concern for "Early Intervention in Psychosis" (EIP). Indeed, understanding predictors of engagement is important for the effectiveness of mental health interventions, to improve outcome and quality of life, also in adolescents with first episode psychosis (FEP). No specific European investigation on this topic in adolescence has been reported in the literature to date. The aim of this study was to investigate service disengagement rate and predictors in an Italian sample of FEP adolescents treated within an EIP program during a 2-year follow-up period. All participants were adolescents help-seekers (aged 12–18 years) enrolled in the "Parma Early Psychosis" (Pr-EP) program. At baseline, they completed the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) and the Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) scale. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses were performed. 71 FEP adolescents were recruited in this research. During the 2 years of our follow-up, a 25.4% prevalence rate of service disengagement was found. Particularly robust predictors of disengagement were lower baseline acceptance of psychosocial interventions, substance abuse at entry, and lower baseline PANSS "Disorganization" factor score. Approximately, 1/4 of our FEP adolescents disengaged from the Pr-EP program during the first 2 years of treatment. A possible solution to decrease disengagement and to favor re-engagement of these young individuals might be to provide the option of low-intensity monitoring and support, also via remote technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Advances in information and communication technologies have made organizations more efficient and flexible. However, such technologies have changed how employees work and blur the lines between work and nonwork domains. Drawing on theories of self‐regulation and moral disengagement, this study investigates how and when work‐related electronic communication during nonwork time leads to employees' negative behaviors. Using two daily survey across two consecutive weeks, we found that work‐related electronic communication during nonwork time increased the level of employees' self‐regulation depletion and subsequent moral disengagement, resulting in increased workplace deviance the next day. Moreover, segmentation preference amplified the serial indirect effect of work‐related electronic communication during nonwork time on workplace deviance (via self‐regulation depletion and moral disengagement). Our findings extend the research on work‐related electronic communication during nonwork time by offering further insights into its behavioral consequences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study examined whether bystander behaviours in class were associated with being perpetrators of ethnic victimization and whether they moderated the association between disengagement from morality and perpetrating ethnic-based victimization. The sample included 1065 adolescents residing in Sweden (Mage = 13.12, SD=.42; 55% males) from the first wave of a three-year longitudinal study. Students completed self-report measures. The results showed that adolescents with high levels of moral disengagement had greater likelihood of engagement in ethnic victimization. At the classroom level, lower levels of defending intentions and higher levels of reinforcing behaviours were related to higher likelihood of engagement in ethnic victimization. None of the cross-level interactions between moral disengagement and classroom-level bystander behaviours were statistically significant. Together, these findings suggest that intervention programmes designed to reduce bias-based hostile behaviours in schools may focus on promoting defending behaviours in class. However, the findings also highlight that targeting social context (or at least bystanders in class) might not be sufficient by itself to intervene with morally disengaged adolescents' involvement in ethnic victimization. Intervention efforts may also benefit from including specific components targeting moral disengagement mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to explore the association between prestige norms of moral disengagement and ethnic bullying among Italian early adolescents. Prestige norms of moral disengagement were also examined as possible moderator of the association between individual prejudice and ethnic bullying. Participants were 742 sixth to eighth graders attending multiethnic schools in Italy (49.7% girls), all of Italian heritage, who answered peer and self-report measures. In multilevel models, individual levels of moral disengagement were associated with ethnic bullying, and prestige norms of moral disengagement (classroom level) moderated (cross-level interaction) the association between xenophobic prejudice and ethnic bullying was significant only for high levels of prestige norms. Results highlight the importance of individual prejudices in ethnic bullying and suggest that the processes of socialization of cognitive distortions within peer groups are complex, providing useful insights for interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates how bullying and banter are conceptualised and rationalised by those in male adolescent community football. The authors employ a social constructivist, interpretative phenomenological analysis approach using qualitative, semi-structured interviews. These methods explore the meanings behind the perceptions and experiences of male players (N = 8, M age = 15.4) and coaches (N = 4, M age = 39). Evidence demonstrated that intent was not synonymous with bullying and that bullying and banter behaviours are highly ambiguous depending on the shared understanding of learned barriers despite participants concurring with most aspects of the definitions. Moreover, banter and bullying behaviours in community football have been experienced by participants, with acts being rationalised through moral disengagement and hypermasculinity. The research indicates that although bullying and banter are conceptualised similarly to popular definitions, concrete definitions may be limited due to the fluid nature of bullying and banter and the influence of shared social understandings. Additionally, the findings gathered show bullying and banter being experienced and rationalised in male youth community sport through moral disengagement and masculinity. The implications of these findings for safeguarding players and coaches in community football are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Moral disengagement in sports refers to the psychological process through which individuals distance themselves from the ethical implications of their actions within the sporting context. This study aims to examine the role of religious commitment between personality traits and moral disengagement and investigate the role of prosocial and antisocial behaviours and moral identity. Student-athletes were recruited from individual and team sports, including football, basketball, handball, volleyball, wrestling, combat sports, swimming, track and field, cycling, badminton, and futsal. We hypothesised that extrovert personality traits directly predict moral identity, religious commitment, and prosocial/antisocial behaviours. Extraversion predicted moral disengagement with the mediation roles of internalisation, symbolisation, religious commitment, and pro- and antisocial behaviours. Our findings provide insights into the complex relationships between personality traits, internalisation, symbolisation, religious commitment, social behaviours, and their impact on moral disengagement. They highlight the importance of considering internalisation, symbolisation, and religious commitment mediating roles in understanding the relationships between extraversion, social behaviours, and moral disengagement. Understanding the complex relationship among these factors can inform the development of tailored interventions that address individual athletes' needs and characteristics. Our study contributes to the growing body of literature on the psychological underpinnings of ethical behaviour in sports. By elucidating the roles of extraversion, moral identity, religious commitment, and social behaviours in moral disengagement, this research provides a more nuanced understanding of the factors influencing ethical decision-making and behaviour in student-athletes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Though school children tend to view peer victimization as morally wrong most do not to intervene on the victim's behalf and some instead choose to aid the victimizer. The aim of this longitudinal study was to investigate how students' defending and pro-aggressive bystander behaviors evolved over the course of one school year and their association to basic moral sensitivity, moral disengagement, and defender self-efficacy. Three-hundred-fifty-three upper elementary school students (55% girls; 9.9-12.9 years of age) each completed self-report surveys at three points during one school year. Results from latent growth curve models showed that pro-aggressive bystander behavior remained stable over the year, whereas defending behavior decreased. Moreover, students who exhibited greater basic moral sensitivity were both less likely to be proaggressive and simultaneously more likely to defend. Students with defender self-efficacy were not only associated with more defending behavior at baseline but also were also less likely to decrease in defender behavior over time. Conversely, students reporting a higher degree of moral disengagement were linked to more pro-aggressive behavior, particularly when also reporting lower basic moral sensitivity. These short-term longitudinal results add important insight into the change in bystander behavior over time and how it relates to students' sense of morality. The results also highlight the practical necessity for schools to nurture students' sense of morality and prosocial behavior in their efforts to curb peer victimization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Stalking is a global spread phenomenon consisting in harassing, annoying, unwanted, and intrusive behaviors, often considered regular in courting. These behaviors are part of the broader range of gender-based violence. In accordance with the theory of ecological systems, this study aimed to investigate the presence of gender differences in the perception of the severity of stalking actions, considering the role of the type of violence perpetrated (physical versus verbal) and the relationship between the author and victim (Resentful ex-partner, Incompetent suitor rejected, Neighbor in dispute). The results showed gender differences in the main dimensions investigated by the questionnaire (Moral Disengagement, Normlessness beliefs, Empathy, and Perception of the Severity of Stalking). In addition, the results show that the perception of severity is influenced by the type of relationship and the type of violence perpetrated, differently between men and women. Results were discussed based on the development of literature on the topic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Motor impulsivity may be a predictor for generalized and specific problematic Internet uses in university students. The possible mediating role of coping style needs to be further researched. Among a sample of 726 Spanish university students, the present study examined the direct and indirect associations of motor impulsivity with generalized problematic internet use (GPIU), problematic social media use (PSMU), and problematic online gaming (POG), and the potential mediational role of coping styles. Results reported that motor impulsivity was directly associated with GPIU, PSMU, and POG, and indirectly associated with these problematic behaviours via the disengagement coping style. However, the engagement coping style did not play a mediating role. These findings suggest that disengagement coping style may, in part, explain the association between motor impulsivity and university students´ GPIU, PSMU, and POG, and provide empirical evidence for the theoretical hypothesis that different types of online problem behaviours share some aetiological mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Experimental research on sequential moral behavior (SMB) has found that engaging in an initial moral (or immoral) behavior can sometimes lead to moral balancing (i.e., switching between positive and negative behavior) and sometimes to moral consistency (i.e., maintaining a consistent pattern of positive or negative behavior). In two meta-analyses, we present the first comprehensive syntheses of SMB studies and test moderators to identify the conditions under which moral balancing and moral consistency are most likely to occur. Meta-Analysis 1 (k = 217 effect sizes, N = 31,242) revealed that engaging in an initial positive behavior only reliably resulted in moral licensing (i.e., balancing) in studies that measured engagement in negative target behaviors (Hedges' g = 0.25, 95% CI [0.16, 0.44]) and only resulted in positive consistency in foot-in-the-door studies using prosocial requests (Hedges' g = −0.44, 95% CI [−0.59, −0.29]). Meta-Analysis 2 (k = 132 effect sizes, N = 14,443) revealed that engaging in an initial negative behavior only reliably resulted in moral compensation (i.e., balancing) in studies that measured engagement in positive target behaviors (Hedges' g = 0.27, 95% CI [0.18, 0.37]). We found no evidence for reliable negative consistency effects in any conditions. These results cannot be readily explained by current theories of SMB effects, and so further research is needed to better understand the mechanisms that drive moral balancing and consistency under the conditions observed. Public Significance Statement: Previous research suggests the likelihood of engaging in a moral (or immoral) behavior may be influenced by whether a person has previously engaged in another moral action. Our analyses have identified different circumstances under which prior moral (or immoral) behavior leads to a greater likelihood of subsequent positive, and negative, behavior. These results may inform the design of future research that aims to better understand the mechanisms underlying sequential moral behavior effects. Understanding the dynamics of sequential moral behavior may also inform practical strategies to increase engagement in positive behavior, such as engagement with charitable causes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Moral disengagement is an important aggressive and moral cognition. The mechanisms of changes in moral disengagement remain unclear, especially at the within‐person level. We attempted to clarify this by exploring the serial effects of personal relative deprivation and hostility on civic moral disengagement. We conducted a three‐wave longitudinal survey with 1058 undergraduates (63.61% women; mean age = 20.97). The results of the random intercept cross‐lagged panel model showed that personal relative deprivation at Wave 1 and hostility at Wave 2 formed a serial effect on the within‐person changes in civic moral disengagement at Wave 3, and the longitudinal indirect effect test showed that the within‐person dynamics in hostility at Wave 2 acted as a mediator. The results of multiple group analysis across genders further showed that the longitudinal indirect role of hostility at Wave 2 was only observed for men, but not for women, which indicates the moderating effect of gender. These findings facilitate an understanding of the mechanisms of aggressive cognitions at the within‐person level and offer implications for the prevention and intervention of aggression from the perspective of moral cognition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Moral courage manifests in acts intended to intervene to stop or redress witnessed moral norm violations, despite the risk of negative consequences for the intervener. We investigate moral courage in everyday life and ask what personality processes are involved. Based on an extended process model of moral courage, we derived hypotheses on cognitive and emotional processes that should facilitate or hinder intervention. Further, we identified candidate personality dispositions that should shape these processes and thereby predict who tends to intervene against others' norm violations and who does not. Methods: Using a quota‐based sample of the German population (N = 1108), we conducted a personality assessment, followed by a 7‐day experience sampling during which participants reported norm violations witnessed in their daily life as well as their cognitive, emotional, and behavioral reactions. Results: In total, 678 participants reported 1965 norm violations and intervened against 32% of them. Dispositional self‐efficacy facilitated intervention by increasing a sense of efficacy when confronted with others' norm violations. Conversely, dispositional moral disengagement hindered intervention by reducing perceived own responsibility. Discussion: Our findings provide novel insights into the situations affording moral courage in everyday life, and the personality processes that uniquely guide this behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Farming is a challenging, stressful and rewarding occupation involving many factors that are beyond farmers' control. The aim of this study was to investigate correlates associated with the anxiety, depression and stress of farmers in Western Australia. Farmers and farm residents (N  = 124) completed an online survey assessing anxiety, depression, stress, farming stressors, social supports, coping strategies and sense of belonging. Higher financial/external trade and societal pressures, family/relationship tension, use of coping strategies such as self-blame, venting, disengagement and planning, lack of succession planning and considering selling the farm, and lower social support and sense of belonging, were associated with higher anxiety, depression and/or stress. The findings highlight the specific impacts of financial and family pressures on poorer mental health status among farmers. Clinical and community interventions that build on naturally occurring strengths, such as family support and community connectedness, are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Le désengagement scolaire des jeunes est un sujet de préoccupation. La contribution de la présente réflexion est d'articuler les travaux de psychologie de l'éducation sur les liens entre les sources de soutien social et l'engagement scolaire avec certains modèles de psychologie sociale sur la stigmatisation sociale afin d'aborder le problème du désengagement scolaire de manière plus intégrative. Une partie sera ainsi consacrée au lien entre chaque source proximale de soutien social de l'élève (enseignants, pairs, parents et appartenances groupales consubstantielles à sa famille) et son engagement scolaire. Il sera ensuite argumenté que ce lien pourrait être médiatisé par un sentiment de privation relative, i.e., un sentiment d'être injustement traité comparativement à ses camarades de classe plus avantagés. L'articulation des travaux de psychologie de l'éducation et de psychologie sociale permet d'argumenter que si un ou une élève se sent moins bien traité·e que ses camarades de classe par ses parents, pairs, enseignants ou en raison de son appartenance groupale, il ou elle risque de se retirer mentalement de l'école (ou se désengager psychologiquement) et se désengager scolairement en adoptant par exemple des comportements perturbateurs. Le sentiment de privation relative éprouvé par l'élève qui se sent lésé dans le soutien social associé à sa vie scolaire pourrait servir de signal d'alerte d'un risque de désengagement scolaire. Youth school disengagement is a matter for concern. The contribution of the present argumentation is to articulate research from educational psychology on the links between sources of social support and school engagement with some models from social psychology on social stigmatization in order to propose an integrative view of school disengagement. A section will be devoted to the link between each of the student's proximal sources of social support (teachers, peers, parents and family group memberships) and school engagement. It will then be argued that this link could be mediated by feelings of relative deprivation, i.e., feelings of being unfairly treated compared to more advantaged classmates. The articulation of research in educational psychology and social psychology allows to argue that if a student feels less well treated than his or her classmates by parents, peers, teachers or because of group membership, he or she is likely to withdraw mentally from school (or disengage psychologically) and to disengage academically by engaging in disruptive behaviors. The feelings of relative deprivation experienced by the student who feels deprived in the perceived social support related to his or her school life could serve as a warning signal of school disengagement risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Marginalised and ousted from the New Zealand education system, 70% of youths apprehended for offending and appearing in a New Zealand Youth Court or Rangatahi Court experiencing complex needs are not engaged in education, employment, or training (Oranga Tamariki, Oranga Tamariki. (2020). Quarterly report—September 2020). This article reports findings from a broader PhD study investigating the educational experiences of 10 rangatahi Māori (Māori youth) aged 15–17 years apprehended for serious youth offending and excluded from mainstream education. Drawing on mātauranga Māori (Māori knowledge) and kaupapa Māori, notions of indigenous resilience are used to unpack the rangatahi Māori participants' responses to negative educational experiences in the mainstream English medium secondary school education system. This article posits that resilience was evident when the rangatahi Māori exercised tino rangatiratanga (sovereignty) through boldness (a characteristic of Tū-mata-uenga the guardian of war), resistance and liminality to reject educational spaces where they perceived they were underserved, discriminated against, and marginalised. Changing the negative Māori student exclusion and disengagement statistics in mainstream education is critical. To address the exclusion statistics, classroom practitioners could be more responsive to rangatahi Māori experiencing complex needs by recognising their experiences and understanding their responses to those experiences. Understanding how resilience as resistance, liminality, and boldness is understood within te ao Māori (the Māori world) perspectives will enable a more culturally responsive approach to working with these rangatahi Māori in mainstream education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aims to examine whether by promoting the socio-analytic thinking it is possible to intervene in the reliance on ethnic moral disengagement as a negative consequence of racial misleading news, that can seriously contribute to the diffusion of ethnic prejudice. We focus on the neglected phenomenon of racial hoaxes, which can be defined as misleading news stories dealing with health or safety threats, in which the protagonist is described in terms of ethnicity or nationality. The intervention procedure has been created starting from the well-established literature focused on media biases' reflection, integrated with the recent studies on 'mediated intergroup contact' where the observation of the person belonging to the outgroup is crucial for prejudice reduction. The intervention involved 83 adolescents (Mage = 13.9; SDage = 0.9) and it was composed of two different parts, one focused on the analytical racial hoax reading, and the other focused on racial hoax rewriting after the 'mediated contact', represented by an alternative story given by the African protagonist. The results show that in dealing with misleading news, the promotion of this social-analytic processing reduces ethnic biases of moral disengagement. In particular, it was found that analytical processes are supported by the participants' level of propensity for analytical reasoning and that these processes directly hinder distorted ethnic beliefs. Overall, these results suggest that improving social-analytic processes related to reflexivity could be an effective intervention to counter those distorted beliefs, such as ethnic disengagement beliefs, associated with discrimination and racial prejudice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Why do people have positive or indifferent reactions to norm violations? The present research hypothesized that individuals who focus on the avoidance of negative outcomes, for example punishments for rule violations, (i.e., a prevention focus) are hypothesized to also have a desire for rigid and clear norms (i.e., desired cultural tightness) as well as punishments for norm violations. Such norms and punishments narrow accepted behavior and, if clearly communicated, can limit rule violations. Consequently, individuals who desire higher levels of cultural tightness should be less likely to justify poor citizenship behavior (i.e., civic moral disengagement) as this behavior is antithetical to desired cultural tightness. Finally, such individuals should also be more likely to react negatively to norm violations. Data for the present study was conducted in Italy. A total of 1,181 participants were included in the analysis; participation requirements were that they be adults who were residents of Italy. Participants completed self-report measures of the prevention focus, desired cultural tightness, civic moral disengagement, and reactions to general norm violations (e.g., exceeding the speed limit, vandalism). The hypothesized serial mediation model was supported. This model can help explain why individuals can fail to react to "everyday" norm violations, as well societal-level violations (e.g., failing to respect hygienic standards during the COVID pandemic). It also calls on the need to develop mass communication approaches that can influence individuals' prevention focus on a large scale, as this can have downstream effects of reactions to such violations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to examine whether collective moral disengagement and authoritative teaching at the classroom level, and student-teacher relationship quality at the individual level, predicted individual moral disengagement among pre-adolescent students 1 year later. In this short-term longitudinal study, 1,373 students from 108 classrooms answered a web-based questionnaire on tablets during school, once in fifth grade (T1) and once in sixth grade (T2). The results showed, after controlling for T1 moral disengagement, gender, and immigrant background, that students with better student-teacher relationship quality at T1 were more inclined to score lower on moral disengagement at T2, whereas students in classrooms with higher levels of collective moral disengagement at T1 were more inclined to score higher on moral disengagement at T2. In addition, both collective moral disengagement and authoritative teaching were found to moderate the associations between student-teacher relationship quality at T1 and moral disengagement at T2. These findings underscore the importance of fostering positive relationships between students and teachers, as well as minimizing collective moral disengagement in classrooms. These measures may prevent the potential escalation of moral disengagement in a negative direction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Star employees are typically expected to perform in-role (i.e., core job tasks) and extra-role (i.e., colleague assistance and guidance) tasks, which can affect their individual performance and the overall performance of their group and organization. Current research showed that engagement in multiple tasks can induce role stress, which can influence the ethical behavior of star employees. Based on transactional theory of stress and coping, this study develops a model to examine the underlying mechanism linking the role stress of star employees with their unethical pro-organizational behavior (UPB). The model explains how the role stress of star employees can affect their UPB through stress appraisal (challenge appraisal or hindrance appraisal) and moral disengagement. The results of the analysis of survey data from 294 star employees in China reveal the serial mediating effect of challenge/hindrance appraisal and moral disengagement on the relationship between role stress and UPB. Moreover, the results show that the effect of role stress on challenge/hindrance appraisal is moderated by perceived organizational support. This study discusses the theoretical and practical implications in the last section. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]