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Background: Advances in understanding the etiology of intellectual disability (ID) has led to insights in potential (targeted) treatments and personalized care. Implications of ID on health are often complex and require a multidisciplinary approach. The aim was to investigate the reporting of genetic diagnoses in multidisciplinary ID care and to identify associated clinical and demographic factors. Methods: A retrospective chart review was performed on a randomly selected sample of individuals (n = 380) of a large ID care organization in the Netherlands. Data on genetic etiology, including genetic testing and diagnoses, and clinical and demographic characteristics were collected from files held by multidisciplinary team members. Results: Reports on genetic etiology were available in 40% of the study sample (n = 151), with a genetic diagnosis recorded in 34% (n = 51), which is 13% of the total sample. In those with reported genetic diagnoses, this was reported in 90% of medical, 39% of psychodiagnostic, and 75% of professional caregivers' files. Older age, mild ID, and the legal representative not being a family member were associated with less reported information on genetic etiology. Conclusions: This study revealed that genetic diagnoses were often not reported in ID care files. Recommendations were formulated to reduce delay in diagnosis, and enable personalized care for individuals with ID. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cet article aborde le phénomène nouveau qu'est l'augmentation significative des demandes de transition sociale, voire médicale, émanant principalement d'adolescentes qui s'identifient trans et bien souvent mal dans leur corps. En France, comme dans tous pays industrialisés, cette augmentation exponentielle est en lien avec l'utilisation des réseaux sociaux numériques. Ce phénomène de transidentification que nous distinguons de la dysphorie de genre, contraste avec les descriptions précédentes affectant principalement les hommes adultes (qui ont effectué une transition à l'âge adulte). Nous essayerons de comprendre cette augmentation importante des demandes et nous tenterons de comprendre le sens de l'identification trans de ces adolescents. Dans un premier temps, afin de comprendre l'émergence et le contexte d'apparition de la dysphorie de genre dans l'organisation psychologique des jeunes, nous nous appuierons sur les études qui ont mis en lumière les comorbidités psychopathologiques de la transidentification. Puis, nous présenterons une analyse de certains invariants repérés dans notre clinique, à partir d'un groupe de 26 adolescents. Ainsi, on relèvera pour cette cohorte les antécédents psychologiques, la structure psychique de ces jeunes et le fonctionnement familial, mais encore les conditions d'apparition de la transidentification. Ces éléments nous permettront de discuter la « transidentification » qui est davantage un processus d'identification au signifiant « trans » qu'une identité fixe et qui semble être une solution au malaise pubertaire. Nous conclurons sur la manière dont il paraît pertinent de prendre en charge ces adolescentes en psychothérapie. Quelle prise en charge psychothérapeutique de ces jeunes ? Comment entendre la demande de changer de sexe dans une société hyper connectée où les images affluent dans un temps présent déconnecté de l'histoire ? La transidentification est un concept qui nous paraît heuristique pour penser l'augmentation importante et récente d'adolescents qui présentent davantage une dysphorie pubertaire qu'une dysphorie de genre. This article discusses the new phenomenon of a significant increase in requests for social and even medical transition, mainly from adolescents who identify as trans and often feel uncomfortable in their bodies. In France, as in all industrialized countries, this exponential increase is linked to the use of digital social networks. This phenomenon of transidentification, which we distinguish from gender dysphoria, contrasts with the previous descriptions affecting mainly adult men (who have transitioned in adulthood). We will try to understand this important increase in requests and we will try to understand the meaning of the trans identification of these adolescents. First, in order to understand the emergence and the context of appearance of gender dysphoria in the psychological organization of young people, we will rely on studies that have highlighted the psychopathological comorbidities of transidentification. Then, we will present an analysis of certain invariants identified in our clinical practice, based on a group of 26 adolescents, around psychological history, psychic structure, and family functioning. These elements will allow us to discuss "transidentification," which is more a process of identification with the signifier "trans" than a fixed identity and which seems to be a solution to pubertal malaise. We will conclude on the types of psychotherapeutic treatments that seem relevant to these adolescents. What psychotherapeutic care should be given to these young people? How can we listen to the request for a sex change in a hyper-connected society where images flow in a present time disconnected from history? Transidentification is a concept that seems to us to be heuristic to think about the significant and recent increase of adolescents who present a dysphoria that seems more linked to puberty itself than to gender. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What does it mean for all children to be seen as whole and 'appropriate'? How can early childhood educators and families understand a child as capable and whole within the evaluative systems around disability? Through the narrative inquiry of a mother/early childhood teacher, this paper explores the complex entanglements between identity-affirming practices for all children represented in the fourth edition of Developmentally Appropriate Practices, and the relationship with deficit-based evaluations for children with disabilities. This case study explores possibilities for empowered collaborations between early childhood educators and families, resistance to deficit-based identities while navigating evaluations, and the creation of culturally sustaining interventions emerging from shared knowledge of children. The paper looks closely at perspectives and practices that invite critical engagements around evaluation, making space for new possibilities, and new perceptions for supporting all children as 'whole'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The role of psychological skills in sport is one of the cores of research and practice in sports psychology. Even if there is, especially in basketball sport, it is limited to an overview of the physical aspects. For this reason, this research was aimed of examining whether there is a difference in psychological skills of basketball athletes in each playing position based on five playing positions, namely point guard, shooting guard, small forward, power forward, and center. The study was conducted using a quantitative descriptive method with a retrospective causal-comparative design, or ex-post facto design, on 100 basketball athletes from seven provinces spread across 31 universities in Indonesia, consisting of 38 male athletes and 62 female athletes. All collected data were analyzed using one way-ANOVA technique. The results of the analysis found that there were differences in the psychological skills of university basketball athletes in each playing position of in Indonesia. According to the results of the analysis for psychological skills by playing position in Indonesian university basketball athletes in Table 3, (F(4,99) = 3.483, significant at p = 0.011 <0.05. The point guard position shows the highest psychological characteristics, while the lowest score is occupied by the small forward position. Coaches can use the results of this study to better understand the psychological characteristics of athletes in different playing positions as well as developing more appropriate types of psychological skills training interventions to each playing position. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mental health is crucial in education, including physical education. No research has yet profiled the mental health of physical education teachers in Indonesia. This study aims to identify and analyze the mental health conditions of these teachers through well-being, psychological capital, and social support profiles. The sample consisted of 248 physical education teachers in Indonesia. Most participants were male (87.9%), aged 21-40 years (54%), with a sports education background (80.2%), state school status (74.2%), a bachelor's degree (85.9%), and over 10 years of teaching experience (56.9%). The instruments used were the MHC-SF (Mental Health Continuum Short Form), with validity ranging from 0.477 to 0.723 and a reliability coefficient of r = 0.899. The PCQ (Psychological Capital Questionnaire) with validity from 0.233 to 0.49 and r = 0.904, and the MSPSS (Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support) with validity from 0.339 to 0.746 and r = 0.885. The results showed that most teachers' mental health was in the moderate category. In conclusion, no difference in well-being was found among teachers (p> 0.005). However, differences in psychological capital were observed between male and female teachers (p <0.05), and social support varied with age, teaching status, teaching experience, and marital status (p <0.05). Further research is needed to explore the causes of these differences to enhance teachers' well-being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Language disorders are criteria of psychopathology diagnostics listed both in the 10th revision of International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD-10) and the Diagnostic and Statistic Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM). However, structure and grammar remain understudied in this aspect, which makes structural analysis a relevant research topic. A structural analysis of written narrative may objectivize particular language disorders, thus facilitating psychodiagnostics of different mental disorders. The research objective was to describe the structural features of written narratives obtained from 127 patients with schizophrenic, bipolar, and personality disorders. The narratives were subjected to structural and statistical analyses. Schizophrenic narratives demonstrated a poor vocabulary, a low volume, and a high degree of formality with a passive narrator. Bipolar texts tended to be long, detailed, egocentric, and active, with multiple participles. Patients with personality disorders emotionally relived their memories, producing reflective written narratives with a lot of actors. The final list of written speech indicators to be used to distinguish between schizophrenic, bipolar, and personality disorders included such variables as text volume, verb tense, non-finite verb forms, first-person singular pronoun, number of actors, passive / active narrator, and laconic / detailed narration.

Objectives. The purpose of the study was to identify the peculiarities of athletes’ adaptation to post-sport life under modern conditions of reality. Materials and methods. The study involved 36 athletes, Masters of Sports, aged 25 to 40 years, who had finished their professional sports careers in disciplines such as ballroom dancing, artistic gymnastics, football, swimming, and judo. The study used methods of analysis and generalization obtained from scientific-methodical literature and internet data, surveys, and psychodiagnostics: the “Differential Emotions Scale” by C. Izard, adapted by A. Leonova, the “Meaningful Life Orientations” method by D. A. Leontiev, an adapted version of the “Purpose-in-Life Test” (PIL) by James Crumbaugh and Leonard Maholick, as well as the “Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory” (ZTPI) by Zimbardo, P. G., & Boyd, J. N. During the study results’ analysis, the following methods were used: frequency analysis — identification of the frequency of each emotion category (absolute frequencies), and a calculation of percentage values (relative frequencies) for each category relative to the total number of participants. This was also applied to determine the number of athletes belonging to each category of future plans and to define the components of the time perspective; descriptive statistics — calculation of the mean value for each survey scale; these values were used to compare mean values between different scales and to analyze the variability of responses by calculating the standard deviation; percentage calculation. Results. This study examined the post-sport adaptation of 36 athletes using psychodiagnostic methods, thereby uncovering a complex emotional landscape and a variety of future perspectives. The survey results showed that 43% of the respondents had not yet decided what they wanted to become in their post-sports life, indicating significant stress, negative emotions, and physical and psychological problems that require attention and support. A significant portion (40%) of respondents affirmed that they could envisage their future without sports, with 25% choosing to become coaches and 15% interested in sports-related professions. Only 17% of respondents considered their future in other fields. The study also found that 42% of athletes reported having a strongly negative attitude towards leaving professional sports, experiencing feelings such as despair, grief, anger, disgust, and confusion. Another 36% of athletes characterized their emotional state as anxious-depressive, which also requires attention. Meanwhile, 22% of respondents stated a positive emotional attitude towards ending their careers, demonstrating interest in new circumstances and their future, which helps them to transition effectively into new lives. The study results on life orientations revealed that athletes tended to be more focused on past achievements and current goals than on the future, which may complicate their adaptation to post-sports life. Nevertheless, 37% of athletes are oriented towards a positive future and are willing to make efforts to achieve the necessary goals. Therefore, the findings clearly indicate the need for post-sports support and increased attention to the large proportion of former athletes (79%), whose mental health depends on the timeliness and speed of measures taken by specialists. Conclusions. The transition process for athletes after ending their professional careers to a life without sports is defined as individually nuanced, complex, and prolonged; it depends on past career success, is accompanied by stressful situations and negative emotions, and often requires a sudden conclusion to preserve the sense of being a champion.

The article provides a comprehensive analysis of the basic concepts and terms used in the field of psychological diagnostics. The scientific approaches to the formation of terms and conceptual apparatus by which this branch of psychological science describes its subject of study are considered. It is emphasised that the development of science is determined primarily by the formation of terminology, that is, its language as a system of general and specific concepts that are reflected in certain terms and signs. It is stated that the language of psychodiagnostics is a complex, multilevel, integral system, the elements of which are categories, concepts, terms, symbols. It is shown that in the course of the development of psychology, the conceptual apparatus is continuously being improved, definitions are being clarified, and the terminological vocabulary is being enriched. The current state of development of psychodiagnostics, the formation of promising theories of assessment and measurement of individual characteristics have necessitated the clarification of its terminological apparatus, a significant number of concepts, definitions, which are often contradictory, through the use of various approaches and terminological elements. It is emphasised that the conceptual and terminological apparatus of psychodiagnostics should be developed on the basis of modern realities, abandoning outdated approaches to the definition of certain concepts, and that work towards clarifying and unifying terms requires special care and validity. With a view to improving the terminology, the author provides clarifications of some common definitions. Thus, it is proposed to distinguish between the concepts of “qualities” and “traits”, since “quality” corresponds to the Kettellian term “superficial” or “primary” trait and the Allportian term “secondary” or “secondary” disposition, and the concept of “trait” is more generalised, it summarises the existence of a significant number of qualities. It is proposed to understand individual (individual psychological) properties as generalised characteristics of temperament, character, abilities, orientation, i.e. stable mental phenomena which influence human activity, characterise a personality from the psychological and social aspects and are implemented in society. In addition, it is proposed to clearly distinguish between the concepts of “qualities”, “traits”, “features”, to introduce the terms “individual and personal properties and traits”, and to differentiate psychodiagnostic tools for the study of constitutional, individual and personal traits.

Objectives. The purpose of the study was to identify the peculiarities of athletes’ adaptation to post-sport life under modern conditions of reality. Materials and methods. The study involved 36 athletes, Masters of Sports, aged 25 to 40 years, who had finished their professional sports careers in disciplines such as ballroom dancing, artistic gymnastics, football, swimming, and judo. The study used methods of analysis and generalization obtained from scientific-methodical literature and internet data, surveys, and psychodiagnostics: the “Differential Emotions Scale” by C. Izard, adapted by A. Leonova, the “Meaningful Life Orientations” method by D.A. Leontiev, an adapted version of the “Purpose-in-Life Test” (PIL) by James Crumbaugh and Leonard Maholick, as well as the “Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory” (ZTPI) by Zimbardo, P.G., & Boyd, J. N. During the study results’ analysis, the following methods were used: frequency analysis – identification of the frequency of each emotion category (absolute frequencies), and a calculation of percentage values (relative frequencies) for each category relative to the total number of participants. This was also applied to determine the number of athletes belonging to each category of future plans and to define the components of the time perspective; descriptive statistics – calculation of the mean value for each survey scale; these values were used to compare mean values between different scales and to analyze the variability of responses by calculating the standard deviation; percentage calculation. Results. This study examined the post-sport adaptation of 36 athletes using psychodiagnostic methods, thereby uncovering a complex emotional landscape and a variety of future perspectives. The survey results showed that 43% of the respondents had not yet decided what they wanted to become in their post-sports life, indicating significant stress, negative emotions, and physical and psychological problems that require attention and support. A significant portion (40%) of respondents affirmed that they could envisage their future without sports, with 25% choosing to become coaches and 15% interested in sports-related professions. Only 17% of respondents considered their future in other fields. The study also found that 42% of athletes reported having a strongly negative attitude towards leaving professional sports, experiencing feelings such as despair, grief, anger, disgust, and confusion. Another 36% of athletes characterized their emotional state as anxious-depressive, which also requires attention. Meanwhile, 22% of respondents stated a positive emotional attitude towards ending their careers, demonstrating interest in new circumstances and their future, which helps them to transition effectively into new lives. The study results on life orientations revealed that athletes tended to be more focused on past achievements and current goals than on the future, which may complicate their adaptation to post-sports life. Nevertheless, 37% of athletes are oriented towards a positive future and are willing to make efforts to achieve the necessary goals. Therefore, the findings clearly indicate the need for post-sports support and increased attention to the large proportion of former athletes (79%), whose mental health depends on the timeliness and speed of measures taken by specialists. Conclusions. The transition process for athletes after ending their professional careers to a life without sports is defined as individually nuanced, complex, and prolonged; it depends on past career success, is accompanied by stressful situations and negative emotions, and often requires a sudden conclusion to preserve the sense of being a champion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study provides a summary, reflection, and clarification on the existing literature amid the recent rise in physical literacy assessment through a critical narrative that will contribute to future developments. In this review, the author addressed the significance of acknowledging the ultimate goal of assessing physical literacy throughout the life course is to foster authentic human flourishing. The study questioned the assessment practice in detail by discussing whether it is to translate and validate or to establish locally and to quantify or to specify qualitatively. The current tendency of a comprehensive dimension but not an inclusive journey was found. Subject to limitation, the merits of this study still stand and, moreover, further point to valuable areas for further inquiry that may refine and foster physical literacy and authentic human flourishing across the life course. And based on the arguments, future direction and recommendations when conducting assessment were discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Teaching and learning of the psychodiagnostic procedures is a challenging task for university teachers and students. The study aims to test the implementation of a Digital Educational Escape Room with postgraduate psychologists and examine its influence on learning and on confidence for establishing mental disorder diagnoses. Postgraduate students of two applied psychology programs (one online, one face-to-face) (N = 280; Mage = 32.17; 84.3% female) completed the activity. Students answered questions related to user experience and learning before and after the activity. Almost all students (98.6%) enjoyed the activity and considered that it contributed to their learning. Perceived confidence for establishing a diagnosis increased (t = 13.5; p < .001), whereas perceived difficulty with differential diagnosis remained the same (t = 0.121; p = .226). This is the first Escape Room implemented to the teaching and learning of future psychologists. The study provides evidence for its successful implementation and proposes its use as a handy tool for assisting the learning of psychodiagnostics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The proposed work deals with psychological intervention in a twelve-year-old highcompetition figure skater, who presents phases of demotivation in the face of sports training. The objective focused on evaluating and intervening, for which a planned psychological approach was carried out together with a psychodiagnosis, subsequently an emerging motivational micro process was executed. As a result, the athlete's motivation indices were obtained using the SMS/EMD Sports Motivation Scale and the training processes after the intervention were improved. Additionally, a bibliographic review was carried out in which the following databases were used: EBSCO, Psycinfo, Google Academico, Medline, PsycArticles, Psicodoc and main repositories that contain postgraduate theses. For the approach, all ethical protocols were followed, such as the signing of the informed consent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to develop a new approach of decision-making for addressing multi-attribute decision-making problems within a trapezoidal intuitionistic fuzzy environment, while taking into account decision makers' psychological behavior. As a starting point, we propose and apply a distance metric model for trapezoidal intuitionistic fuzzy numbers. Then, by incorporating the expected value, score function, and accuracy value, we create a novel approach by comparing it with the results obtained from the VIKOR multi-criteria decision-making technique, allowing us to account for decision makers' risk tolerance. Through correlation analysis, we assess the similarities and deviations in the resulting rankings. Finally, we illustrate the practical utility and feasibility of our proposed approach by evaluating the digital marketing capabilities of a few metaverse platforms using standards set in line with marketing mix criteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study introduces the Questionnaire of AI Use Motives (QAIUM), an instrument designed to measure motivation levels in individuals using artificial intelligence (AI) applications. Building on a theoretical framework that emphasizes motivation over dispositions and defines motivation as expectancy/value, the QAIUM aims to fill a research gap in understanding the motivational factors that govern AI application use. Previous studies have often overlooked this human aspect, focusing instead on technological facets while failing to provide a robust theoretical foundation for measuring motivation. The QAIUM, administered to 1068 university students across various degree programs, was evaluated for its factorial structure, reliability, discriminatory capacity, and correlation with the General Attitudes to Artificial Intelligence Scale (GAAIS). The results demonstrate that the QAIUM aligns with the Eccles and Wigfield motivation model, boasts good reliability levels, discriminatory capacity, and a significant correlation with GAAIS, confirming its validation and reliability. Hence, the QAIUM provides an effective tool for investigating motivational factors affecting AI application utilization in academic instruction and intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study was aimed to develop and validate a measurement test to assess mathematical proficiencies in the numbers and algebra strand. A total of 125 seventh-grade learners with diverse learning abilities from secondary educational institutions under the management of the Khon Kaen Educational Service Area 25, Thailand was chosen as respondents. The researchers employed design-based research consisting of four building blocks to construct a prototype utilizing a construct modeling approach. Firstly, the researchers developed construct maps to identify the learners' mathematical proficiency (MP) level. This was followed by the creation of the items of measurement test according to the proficiency levels. Next, the researchers allocated scoring measures and formed the conversion of learners' MP stages. Lastly, the researchers validated the superiority of the measurement test through Wright map consuming the multi-dimensional random coefficient multinomial logit model. The construct maps of the MP level consisted of two dimensions, namely mathematical procedures and structure of learning outcome. Findings discovered that there were 20 items in the assessment tool and its quality passed the determined education and psychological assessment criteria. It can be determined that every item is capable to measure the learners' multi-dimensional mathematical proficiencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accessing quality vision care in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) remains a significant obstacle for persons with visual impairment. Practitioners are also confronted with numerous challenges when providing eye care services. These challenges are due to inadequate infrastructure, limited access to care, and a shortage of skilled healthcare personnel, which causes unique physical hardships for practitioners and patients. The physical burdens extend beyond mere physiological discomfort to encompass various psychosocial consequences, including increased levels of stress, depression, anxiety, Stigmatisation, and overall negative impacts on their well-being. To enhance treatment adherence, promote holistic well-being, and foster resilience among patients with visual impairment, practitioners in the field incorporate individual interviews and participant observations in their clinics to provide more comprehensive care. Addressing the challenges of assessing quality vision care in SSA requires an integrated approach that considers both visual impairments' physical and psychological consequences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The expert psychological evaluation is especially important to determine possible damages and risks suffered by children and adolescents (cNa) in the intrafamily environment and that merit judicial intervention and forensic psychological experts. In accordance with the principle of the best interests of the child, a psychological evaluation of the adults who exercise the parental function of such children and adolescents is indispensable. It is essential, then, that the work of these psychology-related experts promotes the encounter with other discourses, especially legal ones, and thus arrive at better resolutions for the welfare and care of children and adolescents. Objective: to review the role of the expert psychologist in his judicial intervention and to point out the vicissitudes that he may face in the evaluation of aspects related to family violence, given that new legal frameworks generate, in the intersection between psychology and law, tensions in the expert practice that need to be reviewed. Methodology: Theoretical analyses on parentality and parental competences were made, starting from the concept of family and its transformations, to reach the new theoretical frameworks on the evaluation of the parental function, placed at the service of children's development. The contribution of the present work consists in pointing out the importance of a correct and scientific psychological evaluation of the adults who are a binding part of the child to be expertly evaluated. In these adults it is also indispensable to consider the following three aspects: the adequate parental function (which starts from a particular state of mental health); the appropriate parental competences and the appropriate exercise of the role. Conclusion: the need to evaluate the mental health of adults involved in raising children and adolescents, their parental competencies and the adequate exercise of this role is proposed. In addition, it is proposed to recover the idea of judicial intervention as a way of ordering the generalized maladjustment that violence causes in a family context. In such an intervention, the specific professional contributions of the expert are highlighted to avoid that these maladjustments in the family group are replicated in court, which would exert new violence on children and adolescents. It is argued that, on the contrary, a correct evaluation and its respective report will allow the adoption of restorative measures for children and adolescents, restoring the care and protection that were violated and that merited their prosecution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study purpose is to analyze changes in the mental health structure and its disorders among students who receive online education. The research involved 23 students (6 boys and 17 girls, average age 18 years). The study covers the period from October 2019 to September 2020. The participating students underwent the assessment using a Telegram before and after quarantine when they studied under the conventional full-time program. Additionally, they were tested during the lockdown due to the COVID-19 when they received online training. The results showed that study participants did not experience stress, depression, or anxiety before switching to online training. However, shifting to online learning mode, students under study experienced an increase in the stress level by 55.4%. Moreover, the study also showed that the stress level among students increased after returning from online to full-time training. However, the indicators had a lesser extent (by 40.2%, p = 0.0031). During online training, the number of students who did not experience stress and students with a mild stress level decreased. Meantime, students who faced stress reactions increased four times (p = 0.029). However, the study did not indicate any significant changes in anxiety levels among students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article represents the results of a study aimed on predicting the risks and odds of rehospitalization among patients with eating disorders in anxiety-depressive disorders. In total, 147 patients with anxiety and depressive disorders were examined. Patients were divided into a main group of 82 and a comparison group of 65 patients. The main group consisted of 21 (26%) men with a mean age of 38.33 (SD 11.53) and 61 (74%) women with a mean age of 43.15 (SD 11.44). The comparison group consisted of 19 (29%) men, mean age 37.53 (SD 9.75) and 46 (71%) women, mean age 45.22 (SD 12.17). At the time of the initial examination in the main group, 35 (43%) patients were hospitalized for the first time, 47 (57%) – rehospitalized; in the comparison group, 23 (35%) patients – for the first time hospitalized, and 42 (65%) – rehospitalized. It was found that 27 patients were rehospitalized within the next year after the intervention and treatment. Clinical-anamnestic, clinical-psychopathological and psychodiagnostic study supplemented by psychometric scales (PHQ-9 health questionnaire, Dutch Eating Behaviour Questionnaire (DEBQ), StateTrait Anxiety Inventory (STAI; C.D. Spielberger), Methodology for assessing the integrative Quality of Life Index (QLI; J.E. Mezzich)) was conducted. As a result of the study, it was found that patients in the main group had a 3.6 times lower risk of rehospitalization over the next year than patients in the comparison group. When constructing a unipolar regression model, the best predictive power and discriminative ability was demonstrated by the number of previous hospitalizations (p<0.01, AUC 0.75 (0.67-0.82)) and the intervention in the main group, which reduced the odds of rehospitalization over the next year by 4.8 times. The highest discriminative ability was demonstrated by the multiple logistic regression model (AUC 0.83 (0.76-0.88)), according to which intervention in the main group reduced the odds of rehospitalization in the next year by 5.9 times. The results of the study became the basis for the development of differentiated treatment and correctional measures for eating disorders in patients with anxiety-depressive disorders to improve the quality of care, prevent psychosocial maladjustment and improve the quality of life of this population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim to determine the indicators of anxiety and depression in pregnant women who are going to have an operative delivery and, depending on this, to provide the optimal type of anesthesia and psychological support during the operation. Material and methods. We examined 215 pregnant women aged 18 to 45 years (M=29,84,79) who were to undergo operative delivery. We also tested 188 women from the KG with the physiological course of pregnancy, with the same age and gestation period, whose delivery was carried out through the natural birth canal. Results. In MG patients, the optimal type of PCGD was significantly lower than in CG patients (p0.05). Euphoric, hypogestognosic and anxious types of PCGD in pregnant CG were also significantly higher than in MG patients (p0.05). When analyzing the data on personal and situational anxiety, it was found that a high degree of severity according to the Spielberg-Khanin scale was observed in patients with anxious and depressive types of PCGD Endogenous depression in pregnant women of the main and control groups is absent when using the questionnaire for the presence and severity of depressive states I.G. Bespalko. Conclusion. In pregnant women who were to have an operative delivery, the optimal type of PCGD was significantly lower than in women who were to have a natural birth. Anxious and depressive type of PCGD in patients with planned operative delivery was significantly higher than in patients with planned natural childbirth. Psychocorrective work and additional psychological support by an anesthesiologist-resuscitator during a caesarean section reduced the severity of anxiety and depressive disorders.

The article explores the professional and personal portrayal of managers, providing a comprehensive analysis and definition of the concept of a professiogram. It emphasizes considering the psychological description of individuals when promoting them to managerial positions. The article also incorporates data from a study on the characteristics of professional activities among civil servants and outlines the fundamental requirements for leaders in public administration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on reevaluating the dehumanization of disabled individuals, acknowledging instances where disabled people are regarded as lesser humans. It explores the psychological dynamics of dehumanization, introducing the concept of metaphysical threat and its connection to the historical rhetoric of monstrosity in the context of disability and the author also discusses the intertwined nature of racialization and derogatory attitudes toward disabled people.

The use of symptom validity tests (SVTs) is standard practice in psychodiagnostic assessments. Embedded measures are indices within self‐report measures. To date, no embedded SVTs have been identified in the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist for DSM‐5 (PCL‐5). This research aimed to develop and validate PCL‐5 SVTs in two samples of veterans. Participants completed one of two prospective research studies that included cognitive and psychological tests. Participants in Study 1 were veterans (N = 464) who served following the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks; participants in Study 2 were veterans or service members (N = 338) who had been deployed to Iraq and/or Afghanistan. Both studies included the PCL‐5 and the Structured Inventory of Malingered Symptomatology (SIMS), the latter of which served as the criterion for identifying PCL‐5 SVTs. For Study 1, two separate SVTs were developed: the PCL‐5 Symptom Severity scale (PSS), based on the PCL‐5 total score, and the PCL‐5 Rare Items scale (PRI), based on PCL‐5 items infrequently endorsed at the highest item ratings. At the most conservative SIMS cutoff score, the PSS achieved excellent discrimination for both the Study 1, AUC =.840, and Study 2 samples, AUC =.858, with specific cutoff scores of ≥ 51 and ≥ 56 maximizing sensitivity while maintaining a specificity of.90. The PRI achieved good discrimination, AUCs =.760 and.726, respectively, with a cutoff score of 2 or higher indicated by both studies. The results of these two studies provide provisional support for these two embedded SVTs in the PCL‐5. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

À l'heure actuelle, l'évaluation psychologique préopératoire fait partie des éléments incontournables pour toute personne souhaitant bénéficier d'une chirurgie bariatrique. Toutefois, il aura fallu attendre la fin du XIXe siècle pour que la prise en charge de l'obésité s'inscrive dans une approche pluridisciplinaire, posant ainsi les bases de l'évaluation psychologique dans ce domaine. En étant intégrée comme un traitement possible, la chirurgie va renforcer l'intérêt d'une telle perspective, notamment en s'appuyant sur ce type d'évaluation qui a pour fonction d'établir l'existence éventuelle de contre-indications. Celles-ci sont définies selon les pays par différentes instances comme l' American Society for Bariatric and Metabolic Surgery ou la Haute Autorité de santé. Bien qu'il n'existe pas d'outil spécifique pour ce type de bilan, certains font figure de référence depuis l'émergence de cette discipline dont l'Inventaire Multiphasique de la Personnalité du Minnesota. Depuis sa création, il est utilisé dans l'univers de la chirurgie bariatrique, démontrant sa validité et ses qualités psychométriques au fil du temps. Par ailleurs, la littérature continue à s'enrichir de travaux de recherche concernant sa capacité prédictive des suites d'une chirurgie renforçant la pertinence et l'intérêt de son utilisation dans cette pratique. At present, the preoperative psychological assessment is one of the essential elements for anyone wishing to undergo bariatric surgery. However, it was not until the end of the 19th century that the management of obesity became part of a multidisciplinary approach, thus laying the foundations for psychological assessment in this area. By being integrated as a possible treatment, surgery will reinforce the interest of such a perspective, in particular by relying on this type of assessment, which has the function of establishing the possible existence of contraindications. These are defined in different countries by different bodies such as the American Society for Bariatric and Metabolic Surgery or the Haute Autorité de santé. Although there is no specific tool for this type of assessment, some have been used as a benchmark since the emergence of this discipline, including the Minnesota Multiphase Personality Inventory. Since its inception, it has been used in the world of bariatric surgery demonstrating its validity and psychometric qualities over time. In addition, the literature continues to be enriched by research work concerning its predictive capacity for the aftermath of surgery, reinforcing the relevance and interest of its use in this practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction and aim. Since the beginning of the Russian-Ukrainian war, many Ukrainian military personnel began to show post-traumatic stress (PTS). The purpose of the article is to identify the features of PTS exhibited in different age groups in trauma-exposed military personnel during their participation in the psychological recovery program ("Invincibility Program"). Material and methods. Ukrainian Defense Forces military personnel (n=546 males, between 20 and 60 years of age) participated in this study. All participants were divided into three age groups. Determination of the features of PTS in military personnel was carried out using psychodiagnostic tests. Results. In each age group, more than half of the participants in the "Invincibility Program" had PTS characteristics such as the sub-threshold or clinical manifestations of PTSD, adjustment disorders, low resilience to combat mental trauma, and various sleep disorders combined with somatic complaints. The data showed higher features of PTS in the younger participants and they decreased in both the 2 older sets of participants. Conclusion. The age-related features of the manifestation of PTS in military personnel must be taken into account when developing psychological recovery programs: for younger participants, such events should be carried out longer and more intensively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The State-Trait Inventory for Cognitive and Somatic Anxiety (STICSA) is a widely used measure of state and trait anxiety. Within the Classical Testing Theory model, consistent findings provide support for its multidimensional factor structure, discriminant, convergent, and nomological validity, as well as age and gender invariance, across healthy and clinical samples. Nevertheless, some issues regarding STICSA dimensionality and item-scale composition remain unresolved (e.g., both bifactor and two-factor models were found to fit data equally well). The goal of this study was to investigate the STICSA's dimensionality within the Item Response Theory, and to assess the tenability of the bifactor model as a plausible model over the multidimensional model. The sample consisted of 3338 Italian participants (58.21% females; 41.79% males) with an average age of 35.65 years (range: 18–99; SD = 20.25). Both bifactor and two-correlated dimensions of the STICSA scales were confirmed to fit data by applying the multidimensional Item Response Theory (mIRT). While the bifactor model showed better fit indices, the multidimensional model was more accurate and precise (0.86–0.88) in estimating state and trait latent anxiety. A further comparison between multidimensional item parameters revealed that the multidimensional and bifactor models were equivalent. Findings showed that the STICSA is an accurate and precise instrument for measuring somatic and cognitive symptomatology dimensions within state and trait anxiety. The use of the state/trait total score requires special attention from the clinicians and researchers to avoid bias in the psychodiagnostic assessment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Irritability represents a transdiagnostic symptom in youths, which can become a predictor of long-term psychosocial adversity. Yet, few tools investigate this symptom in childhood. The aim of this study was to evaluate the psychometric properties of the CL-ARI in an Italian population, analyzing the correlations between irritability and other pathological constructs. A cross-sectional study was carried out in a Child Neuropsychiatry Unit in Rome. A transdiagnostic sample of 67 youths aged 7–17 years, which underwent to a psychodiagnostic evaluation, was administered by a clinician with the translated version of the CL-ARI, along with tools exploring irritability and other constructs (depressive symptoms, anxiety, global impairment in functioning). The most frequent diagnosis obtained by the psychodiagnostic evaluation was anxiety disorder, followed by disruptive mood dysregulation disorder (DMDD) and no diagnosis. Cronbach's alpha values revealed good internal consistency for the total score (0.86), as well as for the score of each subscale of the tool (0.81 for temper outbursts, 0.89 for irritable mood, 0.71 for impairment). Test-retest reliability showed excellent values (ICC 0.89 to 0.98), and criterion validity exhibited good correlation among the sub-scales and between each sub-scale and the total score. Finally, positive correlations were found between total scores of the parent and the child interview, and between the CL-ARI, the measure of DMDD severity (CGI) and of depressive symptoms (CDI 2). These data confirmed that the CL-ARI is a promising tool designed to intercept irritability, with good psychometric properties. Further research on the assessment of irritability is critical and thus encouraged. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The American Psychiatric Association published the text revision (DSM-5-TR) to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-5) in March 2022. This is an update to the 2013 publication of the original manual. The DSM-5-TR features the most current text updates based on the current scientific literature with the goal of increasing the accuracy and consistency with which clinicians make a psychiatric diagnosis (1). The following article details the changes that were made in the DSM5-TR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Zeitschrift für erziehungswissenschaftliche Migrationsforschung is the property of Verlag Barbara Budrich GmbH and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

We present the first version of the Phenomenological Auditory Hallucination Scale (PAHS.1). It is an instrument designed for clinical practice and psychopathological research. Our main aim is to explore hallucinations with a specific attention to the qualitative subtle features that often are crucial for the assessment. A first step was to enrich the definitions of commonly used scales with core details of the hallucinatory phenomenon. Moreover, we considered hallucinations not as an object but as the emergence of a figure-background articulation during an interpersonal dialogue. This has at least two consequences. First, that the scale is designed to assess not only the intrinsic features of hallucinations but also the context in which they are situated. Including the landscape means to evaluate other features (above all, the state of consciousness while hearing voices) that are assessed with the methods of classical descriptive psychopathology, but also other phenomena (e.g., the surrounding atmosphere, the experience of time, etc.) that are typically studied in phenomenological psychopathology. Second, that while some phenomena are experienced in first-person by the patient, others are perceived/conceived by the clinician (often by means of empathic abilities, atmospheric perception, etc.) and need to be rated by the interviewer. Accordingly, the PAHS.1 is structured as a clinician-administered scale in which the psychopathologists can report what the patient communicate about his/her disturbances and what the clinician observe about the patient and him/herself. To avoid Procrustean eff ects and petrification of the phenomena, we publish here a first draft of the scale that will change following the inputs arriving from our readers. Only after a circular work of conceptual critiques and adjustments (collective revision) we will consider formal validation procedures. Finally, in our view the PAHS should be useful for both clinical exploration of the phenomena (the phenomenological 'unfolding' of experiences) and prototypical research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Amazonia Investiga is the property of PRIMMATE and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The relevance of the research is justified by the fact that modernity requires an increase in the productivity of graduates of higher educational institutions in independently formulating and solving professional tasks, increasing the requirements for their quality and the products they create. A special area is teaching the culture of communication, speech (oral, written), the culture of establishing professionally appropriate relationships between the subjects of education, ensuring their productive formation. One of the signs of productivity is the creation of innovative educational technologies. The purpose of the study is to develop a justification and approbation of a system of psychological and pedagogical methods to identify indicators of the productivity of the subjects of education, their development in the professional, educational and scientific environment of the university. The hypothesis that psychological training of personal growth and productive interaction of educational subjects develops activity in communication, confidence, emotional stability, and internal locus control has been confirmed. Sample: 3440 people, including 290 teachers of higher education and 3150 students of psychological and pedagogical, economic, information technology, service, technical, agricultural specialties, as well as specialties in physical culture and sports (1860 years) for the period 20012022. To identify indicators of productivity of subjects of education, the following methods were used: a questionnaire to determine the communicative potential (R.A. Maksimova); express diagnostics of SAN (V.A. Doskina, N.A. Lavrentieva, V.B. Sharai, M.P. Miroshnikov); a test questionnaire of the level of subjective control (E.F. Bazhin, E.A. Golinkina, A.M. Etkind). Results: the differences in indicators of communicative properties and features of subjective locus control in the control and experimental groups prove the effectiveness of the psychological training program developed by us. Conclusions: it is determined that the creation of innovative educational technologies play an important role in the intensification of personal growth and productive interaction of subjects of education by means of psychological training

Relevance. Military conflicts around the world have continued to grow steadily in recent decades. The fighting taking place in populated areas, near residential buildings, cannot but affect the civilian population. Being on the territory of an ongoing military operation is associated with a threat to life, which is a powerful stressor and, under certain conditions, can cause violations of the regulation of the functional systems of the body, which subsequently lead to the formation of nosology. Goal. To determine the features of psychophysiological status of adolescents whose mothers lived in the zone of armed conflict during hostilities. Materials and methods. The features of the psychological status of adolescents in the Republic of Dagestan, whose mothers experienced a high risk of terrorist threat during the occupation by militants in September 1999, were analyzed. The results of psychodiagnostic techniques were studied in 548 girls aged 11-14 years and 1090 boys aged 13-17 from the Republic of Dagestan. Of these, 270 girls and 376 boys had mothers in areas exposed to the terrorist threat and occupation by terrorists in 1999, and 278 girls and 614 boys were the offspring of mothers who were not subjected to vital stress. Results. The analysis showed that mild depression and masked depression in adolescents of both sexes, whose mothers experienced a life-threatening mental trauma, was determined much more often than in the group of adolescents whose mothers did not experience vital stress. At the same time, there were no cases of severe depression in both groups. Adolescents of both sexes, whose mothers experienced vital stress in the period before pregnancy, are characterized by a high level of neuroticism, combined with introversion. Boys are characterized by self-doubt, emotional instability, vulnerability combined with resentment and suspicion, at the same time, at the age of 13 to 14, these boys are less aggressive than their peers from the control group. Girls are characterized by coldness, formality in contacts, as a rule, they take a destructive position in conflicts. Conclusion. The presence of mothers in the pregravid period in the zone of military conflict, associated with high psycho-emotional stress, leads to the peculiarities of the psycho-physiological functioning of their children. Data have been obtained that allow us to speak about gender differences in neurodynamic characteristics: in girls, the processes of excitation prevailed, in boys, the processes of inhibition. With identically high rates of neuroticism-introversion, the girls had higher rates of aggressiveness.

The Psychodynamic Diagnostic Manual – Second Edition (PDM-2) has emerging evidence supporting its clinical utility, yet one of the main limitations remains the conjecture that considerable training and experience is required. It also remains unclear how the PDM-2 framework compares with current DSM measures of personality pathology such as the Level of Personality Functioning Scale (LPFS). The aim of the present study is to examine these issues by testing whether less clinically experienced second year doctoral psychology students are able to reliably assess patients' level of personality pathology using the PDM-2's Psychodiagnostic Chart (PDC-2), and to investigate the convergence between the PDC-2 and the LPFS. Results showed adequate inter-rater reliability for both of the main PDC-2 axes, with 52% of the variance for the overall personality organization (P-Axis) rating, and 29% of the overall M-Axis score being due to rater consensus. Reliability of individual ratings ranged from fair to excellent for the overall scores on both axes (ICC = 0.59 to.90). Results also showed that student evaluations were valid, with the latter's assessment of the patients' level of personality organization converging both with the experts' rating of the PDC-2 as well as the LPFS. Implications for clinical training are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Panamerican Journal of Neuropsychology / Cuadernos de Neuropsicología is the property of Cuadernos de Neuropsicologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article explores the idea that non-person animals have a lower moral status than persons due to their relative lack of psychological sophistication, but argues that this justification is untenable when the first two ideas are analyzed more precisely using a hybrid moral theory that combines utilitarian and deontological principles. The author formulates the principles and discusses the concept of psychological unity as a necessary and sufficient condition for personhood.

Multiple sclerosis is a chronic progressive inflammatory autoimmune disease of the central nervous system. This disease mainly affects young females and leads to disability of the patient, which causes a significant socio-economic burden which this disease causes. Clinically, multiple sclerosis is characterized by a wide variety of neurological and neuropsychological manifestations: movement disorders, sensory disturbances and cognitive dysfunction. One of the most typical psycho-emotional disorders that occur in patients with multiple sclerosis are anxiety and depression. The article is devoted to the study of the features of these disorders in patients with multiple sclerosis. The purpose of the study is to evaluate and characterize psycho-emotional disorders in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. The study included 105 patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis who underwent inpatient treatment in the Department of Neurology No. 1 Municipal Institution “Dnipropetrovsk Regional Clinic Hospital named after I.I. Mechnykov" Dnipropetrovsk Regional Council". Among the patients included in the study, there were 74 women (70.5%) and 31 men (29.5%). The largest proportion of those surveyed falls on the age group from 25 to 40 years – 80 (76.2%). All participants were assessed according to the generally accepted scale for multiple sclerosis patients assessment – Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS). All study participants were divided into two groups – group 1 and group 2 – according to the degree of disability according to EDSS. Considering that the degree of disability according to EDSS≤3.5 is defined as mild, and most patients had just this level, they were assigned into group 1, patients with a score of 3.5

This article examines the milieu of Hermann Rorschach's Psychodiagnostics (1921/2021) under development between 1911 and his death in 1922 and explores new evidence about the direction Rorschach's test might have taken after publication of Psychodiagnostics. This includes direct and indirect influences from turn of the century continental philosophy and science and innovative colleagues in the Swiss psychiatric and psychoanalytic societies. The availability of newly translated scholarship, including the correspondence between Ludwig Binswanger and Hermann Rorschach following the 1921 publication of Psychodiagnostics, Binswanger's posthumous 1923 commentary in the International Journal of Psychoanalysis, and recent new translation of Psychodiagnostics, permits a fresh appraisal of the milieu and foundations of Rorschach's development. Understanding these sources and influences opens new vistas in reappraising the nature of Rorschach's "test theory" which Rorschach considered undeveloped at the time of his death. This paper presents new evidence that, under the influence of Rorschach's close colleague, Ludwig Binswanger, the Geisteswissenschaften and phenomenology might have figured prominently in future developments. The paper concludes that Rorschach, preoccupied with considerations of kinesthetic subjectivity in his innovative conceptualization of human movement responses, was a nascent phenomenologist whose untimely death cut short further developments in his theory of the test. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Security: Theory & Practice / Bezpieczeństwo.Teoria i Praktyka is the property of Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski Krakow University, AFM Publishing Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article analyzes theoretical and methodological foundations of sports psychological counseling, taking into account professional requirements for the personality of the athlete. The problem of the influence of psychological counseling on the personal development of the athlete is theoretically examined. Recent technologies of psychological counseling for the personal development of athletes are presented. The main tasks of sports and psychological counseling on personal development are considered. The personal criteria of formation of psychological readiness of the athlete for professional activity in the context of the personality-oriented approach to sports-psychological counseling are specified. The influence of professional deformations on the structure of the athlete's personality is emphasized and consultative technologies of their weakening are offered. At the methodological and applied level it is proved that in the sports-psychological counseling the problem of development of the athlete's personality is inextricably linked with his / her individual sports style. Recommendations on technologies for the development of the client's confidence on the principles of trust and partnership in the process of counseling work with the conveyance have been developed, taking into account the individual approach, the presence of personal deformities in the client-athlete. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Latent Class and Latent Profile Models are widely used in psychological assessment settings, especially when individual differences are suspected to be related to unobserved class memberships, such as different personality types. This paper provides an easy-to-follow introduction and application of the methodology to the data collected as part of more extensive educational research investigating social-emotional competency profiles of preservice teachers (n=184) who responded to an Emotional Awareness Questionnaire. Suspected that there would be two or more latent emotional awareness sub-groups in the sample, a series of latent profile models was estimated. The results suggested three distinct emotional awareness profiles; namely, introverted, extroverted, and less sensitive to others' emotions, with proportions of 9%, 56%, and 35%, respectively. Subsequent analyses showed that preservice teachers with higher levels of emotionality, sociability, and well-being were more likely to be in the extroverted profile. The findings suggest that nearly half of the teachers in the sample could be expected to possess the most professionally desirable teacher profile. Nonetheless, it was noted that if timely diagnostic and tailored training or intervention programs were available, at least some of the preservice teachers in the less sensitive to others' profiles, and most of the preservice teachers in the introverted profile could be helped to self-observe the way which they tend to identify and regulate their emotions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the research was to study personal factors that can influence the formation of attitudes towards the success and failure of the other in adolescence. The psychodiagnostics techniques used in the study included Beskova's methodology modified by Dubovskaya and Serdakova, the methodology for diagnosing the level of empathy by Boyko, emotional intelligence test by Hall and Dembo-Rubinstein self-esteem measurement methodology modified by Prikhozhan. There is a correlation between the attitudes towards the success and failure of a peer and personality traits in adolescence. It has been shown that young men and women are frequently characterized by a positive perception of the other, sincere joy and admiration for their success, and sympathy in case of failure and success of the other. A direct correlation was revealed between the level of empathy and a positive attitude towards the success of the other, which confirms the role of the personal factor in the formation of interpersonal relations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]