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Social media offers brands the ability to gauge consumer reactions to marketing and brand crises. While social media listening has focused on aggregate patterns, consumers differ in how they react to a crisis faced by a particular brand. Analyzing consumer behavior for 39 brands pertaining to 77 brand crises through the lens of consumer posts on brands' Facebook pages, we find that consumers' prior online interactions with the brand and the nature of the brand crisis moderate the language they employ in their posts. Specifically, these factors affect the extent to which consumers express anger and the familiarity of their language. While consumers who have not engaged with the brand previously employ more familiar language and self-referencing following values-related crises compared to consumers who have interacted with the brand, these individuals express more anger after performance-related crises. In contrast, consumers who have previously interacted with the brand express more anger in the wake of values-related crises. We discuss the implications of our findings for brand managers using social media posts as a means of monitoring consumer perceptions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite firms' continued interest in using influencers to reach their target consumers, academic and practical insights are limited on what levers an influencer can use to enhance audience engagement using their posts. We demonstrate that posting stories with or about people whom they share close ties with—such as family, friends, and romantic partners—can be one effective lever. Content that incorporates close social ties can be effective for several reasons: it may increase perceptions of authenticity, enhance perceived similarity, increase the perception that the influencer possesses more warmth, and could satisfy viewers' interpersonal curiosity. We analyze texts and photographs of 55,631 posts of 763 influencers on Instagram, and after controlling for several variables, we find robust support that consumers "like" posts that reference close social ties. Furthermore, this effect enhances when first-person pronouns are used to describe special moments with these close ties. We supplement the Instagram data with an experimental approach and confirm the relationship between close ties and consumer engagement. Managerially, this is a useful insight as we also show that sponsored posts tend to be perceived negatively compared to non-sponsored posts; yet, embedding social ties on the sponsored posts can mitigate consumers' negative responses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gender is traditionally conceptualized as a binary construct, which is reflected in the use of binary‐gendered third‐person pronouns. Gender‐inclusive pronouns such as singular they challenge this conceptualization, which can evoke resistance against their use. Singular they can be used generically when gender is unknown (de‐gendering), or to specifically highlight an individual's non‐binary gender identity (multi‐gendering). The different uses of singular they can threaten different ideological convictions and impact the use and perception of the pronoun. Experiment 1 (N = 599) showed that in de‐gendering contexts, participants preferred to use singular they but in multi‐gendering contexts they preferred binary pronouns. Social identification with one's gender group, RWA and binary gender views predicted less use of singular they in both contexts. In Experiment 2 (N = 199), participants evaluated sentences with singular they in de‐gendering and multi‐gendering contexts. Overall, sentences with singular they in de‐gendering contexts were more positively evaluated. SDO predicted less positive evaluations of they in de‐gendering contexts, while RWA and binary gender views predicted less positive evaluations of they in multi‐gendered contexts. The findings provide important knowledge in understanding ideological motivations for resistance against gender‐inclusive language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims and Objectives: The study investigates the extent to which offline and online comprehension of reflexive possessive pronouns in L3 and L4 is modulated by previously acquired native and non-native grammars. Design/Methodology/Approach: Thirty-one intermediate to advanced L1 Polish learners of Swedish, who have also acquired German and English (L4 Swedish learners) or only English (L3 Swedish learners), completed a self-paced reading task and a grammaticality judgement task. The tasks targeted learners' sensitivity to possessor and possessee agreement violations. Data and Analysis: Reading times and judgement accuracy were collected and analysed using generalised linear models. Findings/Conclusions: In online comprehension, L3/L4 Swedish learners showed sensitivity to possessor and possessee agreement, which was affected neither by their proficiency, nor by their prior native and non-native grammars. In offline comprehension, however, they had difficulty deploying possessor and possessee agreement. Performance on possessee but not possessor agreement increased with advancing proficiency, indicating the persistent influence of L1 Polish grammar. Furthermore, L4 Swedish learners achieved an overall higher judgement accuracy than L3 Swedish learners. At the same time, L4 Swedish learners read the relevant regions longer than L3 Swedish learners, suggesting a speed–accuracy trade-off for L4 Swedish learners. Originality: The study investigates cross-linguistic influence in the comprehension of reflexive possessive pronouns in multilingual learners, which has not been explored before. It is also the first to provide evidence for a multilingual advantage in the accuracy of reflexive possessive agreement, albeit at the cost of reading speed. Significance/Implications: The study demonstrates that native and non-native grammars differently affect the offline comprehension of reflexive possessive pronouns in L3 and L4. The native language seems to have a more direct effect that consists in the employment of agreement mechanisms, while the non-native language has a more indirect effect, as it can increase learners' sensitivity to morphosyntactic violations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To assess the panel composition of the 2 most important guideline developers in urology as equity and acceptability, important domains in clinical guideline development, require broad stakeholder representation. Following a predefined protocol, we identified all current AUA and EAU guideline documents. Two authors independently abstracted data including guideline topic, number and roles of panel members, voting status, and academic rank. We determined panel member's gender (woman, man, or nonbinary) and racialization (White or non-White) status based on name, internet picture, pronouns used, bios available, and gender listed on their profile. We identified 31 AUA and 20 EAU guidelines for inclusion. Median panel size was 19 (interquartile range [IQR]: 17; 21) with 12 (IQR: 10; 14) voting members. The average composition of voting panels was predominantly male (81.8%) and White (86.8%). Eleven guideline panels (21.6%) did not include any women, and 9 (17.6%) panels had no representation of individuals from non-White groups. While gender distribution was similar among guidelines of the 2 organizations, the AUA included more voting members from non-White groups (14.3% vs 8.0%; P =.010). Analysis of the AUA panel composition over time revealed stable proportions of female and non-White individuals. Both AUA and EAU guidelines exhibit insufficient representation of females and non-White individuals, with no evident improvement observed over time. Implementing more transparent processes that advocate for diverse panel representation may enhance the incorporation of stakeholder values and preferences, thereby improving the dissemination and adoption of guidelines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Insofar as lyric has been conceptualized as the subjective genre of poetry—invested in inner processes and states of feeling and thought in distinction to epic's investment in external action—critical interest has revolved around the lyric I and especially questions of apostrophe and address. The implications of this investment range from Marxist critiques of lyric and bourgeois individuality to theoretical debates about the relation between the historical and lyric subject. What would it mean, however, to consider the presence of a lyric it ? In this essay I consider how it can disclose a diverse set of lyric conventions—conventions that begin at the intersection of grammar and rhetoric but come to bear on larger philosophical and literary questions. Rather than defining it , poets often withhold its meaning, mining the hyperflexibility of the pronoun, its ability to be referential or dummy, context-dependent or not. Poets do this to make affective claims on their reader. At the same time, it can track a process in which lyric speakers attempt to get outside themselves to grasp their own subjectivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revue des Lettres Modernes is the property of Classiques Garnier and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper proposes a semantics of anaphora in attitude contexts within the framework of Discourse Representation Theory (DRT). The paper first focuses on intentional identity, a special kind of cross-attitudinal anaphora. Based on the DRT semantics of attitude reports summarized by Kamp et al. (in: D. Gabbay and F. Guenthner (Eds.), Handbook of philosophical logic, 2011), the author proposes a semantics of intentional identity that implements the following two ideas: (1) indefinites and pronouns appearing in attitude contexts introduce metadiscourse referents, which represent one's mental files and record appearances of discourse referents in attitude contexts; and (2) what underlies the relevant kind of anaphoric links between indefinites and pronouns across attitude contexts is the coordination relation between mental files, which is represented by using metadiscourse referents. Next, the paper expands the semantics to cover de re anaphora, in which an anaphoric pronoun in an attitude context takes as its antecedent an expression appearing outside any attitude context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During discourse comprehension, every new word adds to an evolving representation of meaning that accumulates over consecutive sentences and constrains the next words. To minimize repetition and utterance length, languages use pronouns, like the word “she,” to refer to nouns and phrases that were previously introduced. It has been suggested that language comprehension requires that pronouns activate the same neuronal representations as the nouns themselves. We recorded from individual neurons in the human hippocampus during a reading task. Cells that were selective to a particular noun were later reactivated by pronouns that refer to the cells’ preferred noun. These results imply that concept cells contribute to a rapid and dynamic semantic memory network that is recruited during language comprehension. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Literature is a medium of expressing what it is to be human and to feel human, and religious texts are one category of these expressions of humanity. Christian hymns mirror the right beliefs and right practices of their faiths. As such, this study analyzed where man roots and finds his source of worth and identity through selected contemporary hymns. The hymn "My Worth is not in what I own" and "I'd rather have Jesus" were selected using deliberate sampling. The paper utilized a descriptive qualitative design, and subjected the two hymns to both document analysis and thematic analysis, where several observations and interpretations have emerged. Based on the interpreted data, linguistic features show the dominance of the first-person pronouns and negation as effective devices in pointing the meaning and source of worth and identity. Literary devices such as comparison and rhyme also affect the rhythm and understanding of the hymns toward the discovery of one's identity and worth. The Searlean assertive, declarative, and expressive acts are found to be evident in the formation and discovery of one's worth and identity, in that there is assertion, redirection, and response to the newfound/expounded identity and worth. In conclusion, this study provides compelling evidence that material pursuits of the speaker in the two hymns are in no match and comparison to the grander scale of Jesus as ultimate source of identity, worth, pleasure and treasure. These findings have important implications that hymns do not only lay out spiritual and theological truths, but also individual and psycho-social aspects of meaning making of what it is to exist, what it is to be human, and why we exist. As such, this study contributes to our understanding of hymns. Overall, this research highlights the significance of analysis of hymns and suggests potential avenues for future investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our research examines the potential gender identity discrimination within higher education in the U.S. An audit study was conducted by sending emails to admission counselors, where the messages varied in the inclusion of gender pronouns in the signature line. The results indicate a higher response rate for emails which included preferred pronouns, with a response rate increase of approximately four percentage points, regardless of the type of pronoun used. We engage in text analysis and show that responses to inquiries with pronouns received more friendly responses receiving heightened use of exclamation marks, emojis/emoticons, and from a topic modeling algorithm were less likely to be strictly replies explaining the admission process. Finally, we apply machine learning to identify key institution attributes that are useful in predicting heterogeneous responses, and to identify the attributes of institutions where negative discrimination is likely to occur. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyses how the Stoic philosopher Epictetus uses the reflexive pronoun (e.g. myself, yourself) in his teachings on human character formation. Following Jeremiah, who has highlighted the importance of Epictetus in the history of Western philosophical self-reflexivity, the article emphasises the different verbal contexts in which this pronoun is used to show how Epictetus employs the reflexive pronoun as a complement to verbs which would normally be constructed with referential others as complements (e.g. blaming, ridiculing, distrusting, fighting). Such usage expands and changes the range and nature of one’s relation to oneself. This article presents a philological-rhetorical analysis of such reflexive relations in Epictetus’ work through the lens of the philosophical issue of self and personhood. While one text from Epictetus has already been proposed as a candidate for the nominalisation of the reflexive pronoun (a/the self), this article introduces a second text into this discussion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We determined the presumed gender – based on pronouns – and geographic affiliation of the editorial boards for the Journal of Organizational Behavior Management from 2000 through 2022. Over that period, one of five editors was a woman, and all editors had a United States affiliation. Thirty-two percent of the unique associate editors and 28% of the members of the editorial board were women. All associate editors and 94% of the members of the editorial board had a United States affiliation. There was no trend in the percentage of women as editors or associate editors during the review period, but the percentage of women on the board of editors gradually increased over time. We discuss the potential benefits of increasing the number of people of various genders and individuals with non-United States affiliations on the editorial staff, as well as the value of increasing its diversity in other ways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reflexive interpretation is a pivotal aspect of discourse comprehension, which usually reveals consistent challenges for Chinese EFL learners. These learners often breach the locality constraint of reflexive pronouns, exhibiting a persistent tendency towards optional reflexive comprehension. Recent research has demonstrated the effectiveness of the priming technique in altering biases among L2 learners in anaphora resolution. However, no existing studies have investigated comprehension priming in the context of reflexive interpretation among Chinese EFL learners. This study addresses this gap by conducting a sentence comprehension experiment with 36 high school students to explore the potential of comprehension priming in modifying L2 learners' reflexive interpretation biases and examining the persistence of the priming effect. The findings reveal immediate and cumulative priming effects, with no discernible effect observed after 1 week. The results suggest that comprehension priming can occur universally, even without lexical overlap, previously assumed to be a prerequisite. While the priming effect lacks statistical significance after 1 week, there is a numerical increase in participants consistently interpreting the target structure correctly. Thus, comprehension priming emerges as an effective method for L2 learners to internalize more abstract linguistic rules. Further research on comprehension priming across diverse L2 populations and language structures is warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study analyzes hitherto neglected uses of a second-person singular (2sg hereafter) pronoun in Japanese: the ‘generic’ and ‘vague’ uses of the 2sg pronoun anata observed in reported speech. The aim of the study is twofold. First, it refutes the broader assumption in typological studies that languages with an open-class pronominal system, such as Japanese and Korean, do not allow generic uses of 2sg (Kitagawa and Lehrer 1990. Impersonal uses of personal pronouns. Journal of Pragmatics 14(5). 739–759). This study demonstrates that the 2sg pronoun anata in Japanese is used to refer to people in general (‘generic’ use) or to human referents who are low in specificity (‘vague’ use). Second, as these uses occur in reported speech, this study sheds light on the various ways in which current speaker attitudes in reported speech may be encoded across different languages (Spronck 2012. Minds divided: Speaker attitudes in quotatives. In Isabelle Buchstaller & Ingrid van Alphen (eds.), Quotatives: Cross-linguistic and cross-disciplinary perspectives, 71–142. Amsterdam: John Benjamins: 87). Drawing on the notion of ‘constructed dialogue’ (e.g., Tannen 1989. Talking voices: Repetition, dialogue, and imagery in conversational discourse. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), the study shows that these uses of anata are most often the quoting speaker’s ‘construction’ rather than ‘report’, reflecting the quoting speaker’s attitude in specifying the referent. Using the data obtained from parliamentary debates, the study demonstrates that politicians draw on these uses of anata as one of their speech strategies for creating generalized narratives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined whether children with Developmental Language Disorder (DLD) have knowledge of binding principles (i.e., linking pronouns to their structurally licensed antecedent) during real-time sentence processing (cross-modal priming, real-time) and overt comprehension (sentence-picture matching, interpretative) and whether rate of speech impacted access to that knowledge. Fourteen children with DLD participated in two experiments, with sentences presented auditorily at either a regular or slow speech rate. Sentences were matched except to contain a pronoun, reflexive, or noun phrase (control) in the same syntactic position. Experiment (1) used a cross-modal picture priming paradigm to test real-time pronoun-antecedent linking abilities at both rates of speech. Children were instructed to make a binary decision during the uninterrupted auditory presentation of a sentence to a visually presented image (of the antecedent) at the offset of a pronoun, a reflexive, or a control noun. Response times between conditions (e.g., pronoun vs. control noun) were compared to determine whether participants showed evidence of facilitative priming (faster response times in the pronoun than control noun condition) at either speech rate. Experiment (2) used an auditory sentence-picture-matching task to test final comprehension of similar sentences containing a pronoun or reflexive. Accuracy was compared across both speech rates. For Experiment (1), children with DLD did not show evidence of real-time pronoun-antecedent priming at the regular speech rate. However, when sentences were slowed, they showed facilitative priming for the pronoun condition. For experiment (2), children with DLD performed at-chance when interpreting sentences with pronouns regardless of speech rate. While children with DLD have been shown to have difficulty processing sentences containing anaphors (such as pronouns), results suggest that this is not due to loss of intrinsic knowledge of binding principles. By slowing the rate of speech input, we showed that children with DLD do have access to that knowledge and can make the correct link during real-time processing between a pronoun and its structurally licensed antecedent (Experiment 1) but need more time to do so. However, the effect of slowed speech input does not extend to final comprehension (Experiment 2). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In child sexual abuse (CSA) testimony, attorneys may ask children questions containing pronoun anaphora (e.g., "Where was your Dad?" "What did he do?" he is a pronoun anaphora for referent, Dad). To answer these questions, children must recall the pronoun's referent and appropriate answer to the question. This may be too complex a cognitive task for young children, especially when there are multiple question‐and‐answer (Q–A) turns between the referent and pronoun, leading to misunderstanding. We examined Q–A pairs containing pronouns in 40 CSA testimonies of 5 to 10‐year‐olds. Many attorneys' questions (24%) contained pronouns. Attorneys averaged 4.11 Q–A turns between the referent and pronoun. With each additional Q–A turn, the likelihood of misunderstanding increased. Children's age was also associated with a significant decrease in misunderstanding, meaning older children exhibited fewer misunderstandings. To reduce misunderstanding, those questioning children should clarify the referent quickly when their question contains pronoun anaphora. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on Bruno Latour's writing. Through a series of examples, it shows how he has always sought to match the form of his works to their content, in a quest for coherence uncommon in the social sciences. Beyond the diversity of his works, we can nevertheless identify one dominant feature: a very explicit concern for the reader, and the use of a variety of techniques to engage him or her in an experience that is as sensible as it is intellectual. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Language is a vehicle for telling the truth and for lies. While linguistic profiles have been used to analyze the language used when telling lies, the linguistic profile of pathological liars has yet to be examined. The purpose of our study was to examine the linguistic profile of pathological liars, specifically from entries made in blogs and forums. We used the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count software to analyze the narratives of 22 self-reported pathological liars and compared those narratives to normative blog data. We found that pathological liars used more affective processes, negative emotion, risk, and family words. Additionally, pathological liars' narratives contained fewer words, were less analytic, contained less clout, consisted of less tone, and were more authentic. Lastly, pathological liars tended to use more first-person singular pronouns. Implications for research and practice are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Holmberg (Holmberg, Anders. 2005. Is there a little pro? Evidence from Finnish. Linguistic Inquiry 36(4). 533–564) and its revised version in Holmberg et al. (Holmberg, Anders, Aarti Nayudu & Michelle Sheehan. 2009. Three partial null-subject languages: A comparison of Brazilian Portuguese, Finnish, and Marathi. Studia Linguistica 63(1). 59–97) derive the availability of null subjects in a given language from the interaction between T with/without a D(efiniteness)-feature and the features of subject pronouns. Their theory predicts the existence of consistent null subject languages, whose T has the D-feature, and partial null subject languages, whose T lacks the D-feature. This paper examines this D-feature approach to null subjects against the empirical evidence provided by Brazilian Portuguese, a partial null subject language, and European Portuguese, a consistent null subject language, showing that it cannot account for the range of microvariation observed with respect to different null subject pronouns and the type of T (finite vs. participle vs. gerund). We argue that, in comparison, the ellipsis account of null subject licensing put forward in Martins and Nunes (Martins, Ana Maria & Jairo Nunes. 2021. Brazilian and European Portuguese and Holmberg's 2005 typology of null subject languages. In Sergio Baauw, Frank Drijkoningen & Luisa Meroni (eds.), Romance languages and linguistic theory 2018. Selected papers from "Going Romance" 32, Utrecht, 171–190. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins) fares better. It retains from Holmberg (Holmberg, Anders. 2005. Is there a little pro? Evidence from Finnish. Linguistic Inquiry 36(4). 533–564 et seq.) the insight that the licensing of null subjects depends on the interaction between the features of T and the features of subject pronouns but resorts only to ϕ-features and Case. Crucially, it relies on the (theoretically and empirically) plausible assumption that the relation between abstract ϕ-features and verbal agreement morphology need not be transparent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The authors analyzed 1,472 course syllabi written by 611 professors to determine whether communion-related and/or agency-related word use in professors' syllabi predicted those same professors' end-of-semester teaching evaluations. Linguistic inquiry and word count (LIWC) analyses revealed that professors who used more communal language—including third person plural pronouns (e.g., we), social words (e.g., discussion), and positive emotion words (e.g., please)—received significantly higher teaching evaluations, but agentic language did not significantly predict evaluation scores. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to explore the perception and usage of epicene pronouns in English among Chinese EFL teachers, as gender fair language becomes increasingly important for promoting inclusion, respect for identity and expression. This study employed a survey of 284 EFL teachers along with a follow‐up written task to assess their views and actual use of epicene pronouns. The results indicate that while English teachers in China are familiar with the increase of they as an epicene pronoun, the use of he or she is their preferred choice in the survey, with generic he being more common in the written task. The study further reveals that the selection of the epicene pronoun is influenced by factors such as the antecedent type, social gender and the teachers' socio‐cultural background. Promoting gender‐fair language in L2 English teaching in China is crucial. Efforts are needed to increase awareness and usage of gender‐neutral language among Chinese English teachers, emphasizing the importance of incorporating actual language use and adapting to grammatical changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This comparative syntactic study offers an alternative account of analyzing Inclusory Plural Pronominal Constructions (IPPCs), which have been recently investigated in Finnish, Icelandic, Russian, and Hungarian. The alternative analysis rests on the feature composition of personal pronouns offered by Bianchi. First, the paper discusses the proposed analyses of IPPCs in Finnish and Icelandic. Then, it surveys the existing analyses of IPPCs in Russian and Hungarian, pointing out some of their advantages and disadvantages. Under the analysis proposed here for IPPCs in Hungarian, the reference set of the 1PL personal pronoun includes only the speaker and the referent of the comitative DP, which is the complement of the pronominal head. Under the non-inclusory reading of the 1PL pronominal head, the comitative DP is a VP-modifying adjunct. This is supported by syntactic tests related to linear ordering, topicalization, and the binding conditions of the reflexive possessive pronoun saját 'one's own' and the reciprocal pronoun egymás 'each other'. The data used in the tests primarily come from the cited sources, or, they were provided and checked by native speakers. Hungarian IPPCs are contrasted with APCs concerning their lexical-semantic properties. Finally, a comparison of Finnish, Icelandic and Hungarian IPPs is made with respect to their syntactic behaviour such as reverse ordering, syntactic function, and topicalisation options. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study delves into the works of the Turkic poet Osman Kemal Efendi, commonly known as Osman Kemali. He was a devoted disciple of Jalal al-Din Rumi and a memorizer of the Quran. Rumi's profound engagement with rational and transmitted sciences, literature, jurisprudence, hadith, Quranic exegesis, and the sayings of Imam Ali (AS) provided the fertile ground for the emergence of the most exquisite panegyrics dedicated to Imam Ali (AS) in the Persian literary tradition. This influence has also inspired Osman Kemali's poetry to be crafted in an ethereal style, embodying a genuine affection for the Ahl al-Bayt (AS). The significance of the present research lies in the introduction of a poet unreserved in his expression of love for the household of the Prophet. The primary objective of this study is to examine the extent to which Osman Kemali's poetry is influenced by Rumi. The research methodology is predominantly library-based, supplemented by interviews in certain sections of the study. The theoretical framework is grounded in discourse analysis, drawing on the ideas of Fairclough (2001). Findings indicate that Kemali's poetry is deeply influenced by Rumi in terms of theme and meaning, and it can be posited that the meter of his verses closely resembles that of Rumi's. In contrast to Rumi's poetry, which incorporates both personal and impersonal pronouns, Kemali's work is characterized by a restriction to personal pronouns. Another salient feature of Osman Kemali's poetry is his use of allusion; he employs verses, hadiths, and even Rumi's poetry as allusions throughout nearly all of his works, following Rumi's stylistic approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Arts for Linguistic & Literary Studies is the property of Thamar University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Arts Magazine is the property of Thamar University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this paper, I show how pragmatics and syntax are interconnected in Old English by examining the left-dislocation system in Wulfstan's homilies. Syntactically, this article argues that left-dislocation fits in nicely with the system found in other Old English texts, despite certain superficial structural differences. The unexpected high number of demonstrative resumptives is accounted for by the accumulation of formulaic structures in one homily. Pragmatically, LFD performs a number of discourse functions. The main function is a generalizing one, as LFD introduces new topics in the discourse. This case study also shows that other functions traditionally linked with LFD can be found in Wulfstan's texts. For instance, demonstrative resumptives show some degree of topic shifting and can be accompanied by the contrastive function. By contrast, personal pronoun resumptives can mark topic continuity with specific referents. Since the corpus data are necessarily limited because only one file from the YCOE is examined, some claims are not verifiable. A good example is the assumption found in the literature that personal pronoun resumptives in LFD tend to land low in the clause. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous literature has examined the effect of using a formal or informal second-person pronoun on consumers' appreciation of an advertisement and the advertised product and their purchase intention. This is the first study that additionally examines the effect of the use of either pronoun on product price estimation. In a between-subjects web experiment, Dutch participants evaluated product ads in which either an informal or formal pronoun of address was used, or no pronoun of address at all (the control condition). Dependent variables were attitude towards the ad and the product, purchase intention, and price estimation. The results show that the use of the formal pronoun leads to a higher estimate of the price of the advertised product, while a higher price estimate may increase the purchase intention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Al-Anbar University for Islamic Sciences is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article focuses on the legal challenges surrounding teachers' religious objections to using gender-congruent pronouns and names for transgender students. Topics include the emergence of religious exemptionalism and its impact on First Amendment interpretations; court cases exploring the boundaries of free speech and religious rights in public education; and proposed guidelines for courts to differentiate religious belief from non-expressive, administrative tasks in student interactions.

Since the sex of the speaker is normally as obvious as can be, there is no point in coding first-person singular gender – or so it may seem. This typological study examines the extent of sex-based gender marking in personal pronouns, possessive determiners, predicative adjectives, and verbs across first-, second-, and third-person singular. A worldwide perusal of grammars in addition to data elicitation yields a total of 115 languages with first-person gender. The paradigms of pronouns and possessives are found to be highly inconsistent, whereas those of verbs show a tendency towards consistency. Gender marking on adjectives is fully consistent. The likelihood of first-person gender is increased by a general sensitivity to gender and a dedicated gender morpheme. A distinction is made between pronouns and possessives as referential units and gender markers on verbs and adjectives as grammatical units. By their very nature, referential markers are sensitive to the contingencies of the extralinguistic world and subject to communicative constraints such as redundancy and economy. They therefore end up being organized in inconsistent paradigms. By contrast, grammatical units are largely untouched by these extraneous influences and may therefore develop consistent paradigms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent decades, gender-fair language (GFL) has drawn considerable attention in educational settings. The field of English language teaching (ELT) likewise has contributed to this development, with gender issues receiving significant focus. The current study adds to this evolving conversation by investigating ELT practitioners' perspectives on using the third-person singular pronoun they in academic writing (AW). This area has received little attention in the literature on gender diversity in ELT, particularly in restrictive and conservative societies such as the Philippines. Using a survey with 64 English language teachers from Philippine universities, 15 of whom participated in follow-up email interviews, the study explores what these teachers think about using singular they in AW. The study likewise examines the ways these teachers include the use of singular they in their AW teaching practice. The findings demonstrate that the teachers have positive views on using singular they in AW and, in fact, find it necessary for promoting gender inclusivity and equality. However, some teachers also report their own traditional, conservative knowledge and beliefs, and possible resistance from stakeholders as challenges that need to be faced when integrating singular they in AW as a component of GFL practice. Sa nakalipas na mga dekada, ang 'gender-fair language' (GFL) ay nakakuha ng malaking atensyon sa mga espasyo ng pagtuturo. Nakapag-ambag din sa debelopment nito ang larang ng pagtuturo ng wikang Ingles o English language teaching (ELT), kung saan karamihan ay nagtuon sa isyu ng kasarian. Ang kasalukuyang pag-aaral ay paglahok sa nabanggit na yumayabong na talastasan, sa pamamagitan ng pagsiyasat sa perspektiba ng mga praktisyoner ng ELT sa paggamit ng panghalip pang-isahan na nasa ikatlong panauhan na they sa akademikong pagsulat o 'academic writing' (AW). Batay sa mga literatura hinggil sa 'gender diversity' sa ELT, kakaunti pa ang nagsagawa ng pag-aaral sa erya na ito, partikular na sa mga mahihigpit at konserbatibong lipunan tulad ng Pilipinas. Sa pagsasagawa ng sarbey sa 64 na guro ng wikang Ingles mula sa mga unibersidad sa Pilipinas, kung saan 15 sa kanila ay lumahok sa follow-up na interbyu sa email, sinisiyasat ng pag-aaral kung ano ang pagtingin ng mga guro sa paggamit ng pang-isahang they sa AW. Sinusuri din sa pag-aaral ang pamamaraan ng mga guro sa kung paano isinasama sa pagtuturo ng AW ang paggamit ng pang-isahang they. Natuklasan sa pag-aaral na mayroong positibong pananaw ang mga guro sa paggamit ng pang-isahang they sa AW at, sa katunayan, nakita nila ang pangangailangan nito sa pagsusulong ng 'gender inclusivity' at 'equality.' Gayunman, ilan sa mga guro ay ibinahagi rin ang kanilang sariling tradisyonal, konserbatibong kaalaman at mga paniniwala, at ang posibilidad ng resistans mula sa mga stakeholder bilang hamon na kailangan harapin kapag isinama ang pang-isahang they sa AW bilang bahagi ng praktika ng GFL. PLAIN LANGUAGE SUMMARY: Gender-fair language (GFL) has sparked interest in schools during the last few decades, and issues concerning the use of GFL have been emphasized in English language teaching (ELT). This study investigates ELT teachers' perspectives on utilizing the third-person singular pronoun they in academic writing (AW), an area in the literature that has received little attention, particularly in conservative countries such as the Philippines. The current study looks specifically at what these teachers believe about using singular they in AW and how they incorporate it into their AW teaching practice. The findings indicate that the teachers favor the use of singular they in AW to promote gender equality and inclusivity. When introducing singular they in AW as part of GFL practice, however, some teachers identify their own conservative knowledge and values, as well as stakeholder resistance, as barriers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article provides a syntactic analysis of the inclusory plural pronominal construction in Fenno‐Swedish and Finnish. In this construction, a plural pronoun has a singular reading: vi ...med Anna (literally "we ...with Anna") means 'Anna and I'. In addition to the plural pronoun, the construction includes a comitative PP. Similar constructions can be found in several other languages, especially in the eastern parts of Europe which suggests it is an areal feature. The structural diversity of the construction in Fenno‐Swedish and Finnish seems to require an analysis that differs from previous analyses of other languages. Instead of a derivation involving movements, the study suggests that the analysis must employ an unvalued feature. In some well‐formed examples, the necessary movements would be far too complex for an appealing explanation. Additionally, the Fenno‐Swedish construction seems to allow an insight into a degree of development where the construction has not necessarily been fully grammaticalised. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines whether delusions of thought insertion constitute a counterexample against the so-called principle of immunity to error through misidentification. After distinguishing different formulations of the principle in the literature, we suggest that thought insertion does not undermine it. After, we clarify the concept of psychological self-adscription in its use relative to first-person pronouns in the context of the debate about the relationship between thought insertion and immunity to error through misidentification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper "Pronouns in Ranglong" addresses the usage of pronouns in the Ranglong language. It identifies three distinct categories of pronouns: first person, second person, and third person. Structurally, the first and second person pronouns are monosyllabic, while the third person pronouns are bi-syllabic. Ranglong does not distinguish gender in its pronouns. The paper also discusses the morphological characteristics of these pronouns, focusing on their plural forms as well as demonstrative, interrogative, and reflexive pronouns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous research has shown that readers experience stronger immersion while reading first-person narratives than third-person narratives, but whether this difference in processing is time-sensitive remains unclear. We report on a self-paced reading experiment in which French participants read short stories in first and in third person. Additionally, participants were directly addressed with either formal or informal second-person pronouns in the final sentence of the narrative, as well as in a subsequent (off-line) questionnaire soliciting post-story immersion reports. The suitability of a particular pronoun of address depends on the social context, and misplaced use can impact the way in which people perceive and assess a particular situation. We did not find significant differences between reading times with first- or third-person pronouns, but participants reported higher immersion and emotional engagement after reading first-person stories than third-person stories. Moreover, the effect of story perspective on reported immersion only occurred when participants were addressed with formal second-person pronouns. We take these findings as evidence for an effect of first- versus third-person pronouns on immersion via perspective shifts. Moreover, we argue that the effect of being addressed with an unexpected (in this case, informal) pronoun can overrule such an effect, while being addressed with an expected (in this case, formal) pronoun can be conducive of it. This finding highlights the importance of research into the impact of pronouns of address. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One characteristic of multilingual speakers is that in everyday life, they may integrate elements from their languages in the same sentence or discourse, a practice known as code-switching. This paper examines code-switching at the interfaces, in particular as related to information structure. Despite the fact that a core question of modern linguistic theory is how syntactic and information-structural theories interact in accounting for licensing of different grammatical phenomena, there has been relatively little literature on code-switching and information structure. In this paper, we provide an overview of the available literature on code-switching across different language combinations, focusing in particular on subject pronoun–verb switches, ellipsis, light verbs, topic/focus particles, and code-switching between sign languages. We argue that the study of the interplay between information structure and code-switching sheds light on our understanding of multilingual grammars and language competence more generally. In this regard, we discuss theoretical and methodological considerations to guide future studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article provides a syntactic analysis of the inclusory plural pronominal construction in Fenno‐Swedish and Finnish. In this construction, a plural pronoun has a singular reading: vi ...med Anna (literally "we ...with Anna") means 'Anna and I'. In addition to the plural pronoun, the construction includes a comitative PP. Similar constructions can be found in several other languages, especially in the eastern parts of Europe which suggests it is an areal feature. The structural diversity of the construction in Fenno‐Swedish and Finnish seems to require an analysis that differs from previous analyses of other languages. Instead of a derivation involving movements, the study suggests that the analysis must employ an unvalued feature. In some well‐formed examples, the necessary movements would be far too complex for an appealing explanation. Additionally, the Fenno‐Swedish construction seems to allow an insight into a degree of development where the construction has not necessarily been fully grammaticalised. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work explores the coupling of person-split nominative objects with anomalous subjects (Jahnsson's Rule (JR), Person-Case Constraint (PCC)). In Breton, split-nominative objects spread from an Icelandic-like combination with oblique subjects of unaccusatives, to Finnish-like combinations with subjects of transitives in constructions like the imperative, and then retreated piecewise. These changes admit of externalist sources, such as frequency entrenchment and analogy over clitic forms, but are bounded by persistent coupling of split-nominative objects with anomalous subjects, and disfavour external sources for it like ambiguity avoidance. An approach is set out through constraints on φ-dependencies, their relationship to case and licensing, and their interaction with grammaticalisable partial φ-specification, building on other work on JR/PCC. The anomalies of the restricting subject are analysed as person-only specification, and extended from quirky obliques to pronouns minimal in absence of number + n/N: imperative pro and human impersonals. The ineffability or accusative of the restricted persons is analysed through the integration of dependent case into Φ/Case theory but apparent syntactic variation is modelled through externalisation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Long distance (or "exempt") uses of anaphors in Eurasian languages are often compared to the special logophoric pronouns found in certain West African languages. By undertaking a close comparison, we show that Ibibio's (Nigerian) dedicated logophor imọ and Japanese's anaphor zibun display both striking similarities and some systematic differences, which we capture using control theory. Although imọ is intrinsically a pronoun and zibun an anaphor, both can be analyzed as bound by a null DP operator in the left periphery of the clause. We claim that when the containing clause is a complement or adjunct clause, the null DP operator undergoes obligatory control, such that the argument of the matrix verb that best matches its thematic role controls the null DP and becomes the ultimate antecedent of imọ or zibun. This captures the similarities between the two. The differences appear when the clause containing imọ or zibun is not in a position where obligatory control applies, as a relative clause or a root clause. In these contexts, Ibibio's version of the null DP is ruled out, whereas Japanese's version is permitted, being assigned a prominent (empathetic) antecedent from the sentence or discourse. This new use of control theory thus sheds light on both the similarities between logophoric pronouns and long-distance anaphors and their differences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Jahrbuch für Germanistische Sprachgeschicht is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Jahrbuch für Germanistische Sprachgeschicht is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Jahrbuch für Germanistische Sprachgeschicht is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Jahrbuch für Germanistische Sprachgeschicht is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Forms of address must be pronominal in English but can be either pronominal or nominal in Vietnamese. I propose to analyze this fact as a parametric difference: the two languages choose different ways to implement one and the same general preference principle. This principle is Rule I, which favors binding over coreference. For English, Rule I compares bound and free expressions. For Vietnamese, Rule I compares bound and free pronouns. The analysis crucially relies on the hypothesis that speech acts are represented in the syntax. • There is a typological distinction between languages which allow nominal reference to discourse participants and languages that do not. • This distinction derives from a parametric difference. • English compares free and bound expressions while Vietnamese compares free and bound pronouns. • Speech acts are represented in the grammar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the syntactic variations of concord in sentences involving referential metonymy in English. Apart from the standard type in which syntactic agreement is shown between the metonymic NP and the verbs or pronouns that follow, this article also discusses and summarizes other types where there are various degrees of disagreement. Moreover, this paper formalizes the principles of Ruiz de Mendoza and Díez (2004) by introducing the metonymic function, and proposes simplification of these principles based on the notion of metonymy as a contingency. Finally, this paper discusses other possible factors – both contextual and non‐contextual – that may lead to these syntactic variations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pronoun we can be used to refer to various collections of people depending on various pragmatic factors. This article reports the results of two online experiments that investigated children's interpretation of inclusive we, in which the child-listener is part of the intended referent of we. 128 2- and 4-year-olds collaborated with three partners in a coloring task. Before they played together, one partner informed participants that, e.g., "we can color!" Participants had their own markers and had to choose to how many partners to distribute (virtual) markers. In the first experiment, the partners appeared more like an aggregation of individuals than a collaborative group. The second experiment flipped this so that the partners appeared more like a collaborative group. Contrary to expectations, there was relatively little evidence for development in children's interpretation of we. Additionally, participants did not sharply distinguish their interpretations of we from those of we both or we all. Rather, participants were more likely to choose group interpretations when contextual cues indicated that their partners were a collaborative group than an aggregation of individuals. Interestingly, this interpretational distinction was sharpest for the pragmatically ambiguous we, compared to the relatively unambiguous we both and we all. These results are informative about the kinds of cues that shape young children's interpretation of pragmatically ambiguous pronominal reference. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Australia, and indeed in many countries around the globe, teaching pronouns for reading comprehension and cohesion in writing in English language classrooms is not only a curriculum directive but a social justice imperative. In this paper, we combine the teaching of pronouns in English with social justice concepts of political representation and cultural recognition for gender equity. We engage a gender‐expansive understanding of the term gender, beyond a male and female binary, and recognize that children identify with and express genders that are non‐binary. For gender equity to progress and for children to have parity of participation for learning English, gender‐expansive understandings about language such as pronouns is important for engaging in socially just teaching and learning in English language classrooms. This paper presents three resources related to teaching about pronouns in primary school contexts using a gender‐expansive understanding. Children must see themselves represented in the language that they are immersed in, learning in, and learning about. Here we offer gender‐expansive teaching practices for teaching pronouns in the English language classroom. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research discusses the variations of Cirebon dialect in Indonesian conversations among students at the Faculty of Education and Science, Swadaya Gunung Jati University, Cirebon. The research background is based on initial findings in student conversations, which show the diversity of dialects when communicating in Indonesian. UGJ students come from various regions, influencing their communication styles, thus resulting in diverse variations of Indonesian used as a means of communication among students, including dialectal variants. This study examines dialectal variations based on phonological and lexical aspects. The method used is qualitative descriptive with conversation monitoring techniques among students. The research findings indicate the presence of Cirebon dialect variations in Indonesian conversations among FPS UGJ Cirebon students. Dialectal variations include: Indramayu dialect, Javanese-Sundanese dialect, Arjawinangun dialect, Plered dialect, and Gegesik dialect. Phonological and lexical analysis highlight differences in word pronunciation, intonation, as well as the use of particles, pronouns, nouns, and adjectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the results of a corpus study on the Wycliffe Bible and the King James Bible, examining the distribution of the pronouns who(m)/which and the complementiser that in relative clauses with a personal referent. The data indicate that the decisive factor in both periods was the function of the gap (subject vs. non‐subject): wh‐pronouns are preferred in object relative clauses, while that is preferred in subject relative clauses. In addition, the paper argues that the subject/non‐subject distinction was decisive not only regarding the major wh/that distribution but also regarding the who(m)/which distinction. While in the case of the wh/that distinction, a syntactic difference (relative pronoun versus relative complementiser) underlies the attested asymmetry, the pronouns who(m) and which do not differ in their core syntactic properties. The data clearly indicate that both the wh‐strategy in general and the pronoun who(m) in particular started to spread from the lower functions of the Noun Phrase Accessibility Hierarchy, whereby the spread of who(m) was one step behind the general spread of the wh‐strategy. The findings thus suggest that asymmetries along the lines of the Noun Phrase Accessibility Hierarchy are not necessarily paired up with syntactic asymmetries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]