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Objective: Major depressive disorder (MDD) is often accompanied by psychotic symptoms. However, few studies have examined the relationship between psychotic symptoms and endocrine factors in adolescent patients with MDD. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the prevalence and related endocrine clinical factors of psychotic symptoms in Chinese adolescent patients with MDD. Methods: In total, 601 patients (aged 12–18) with MDD were recruited. The Patient Health Questionnaire – 9 items (PHQ – 9) was utilized for assessing depressive symptoms. Psychotic symptoms were assessed through clinical interviews. Prolactin (PRL), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), triiodothyronine (T3), free triiodothyronine (FT3), thyroxine (T4), and free thyroxine (FT4) were also measured. Results: The incidence of psychotic symptoms in adolescent patients with MDD was 22.6%. The findings demonstrated that age, self-harming behavior, PHQ-9 score, FT4, and normalized PRL were independently associated with psychotic symptoms in patients with MDD (All p < 0.05). Conclusions: PRL and FT4 levels are more likely to be abnormally elevated in major depressive adolescents with psychotic symptoms. Prolactin and thyroid hormones in patients with MDD should be paid more attention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a medical condition that affects the function of the ovaries and hormone production in women. It causes symptoms such as irregular menstruation, increased testosterone secretion, weight gain, excessive hair growth and insulin resistance. The causes are not completely known, but genetic, environmental and lifestyle factors play a role. Possible complications include increased risk of heart disease, diabetes, and high blood pressure. It is diagnosed through laboratory tests, such as examining hormones and white blood cells. Recently, studies are focusing on the level of nesfatin-1 protein in PCOS patients, and the results indicate that its levels differ between patients and healthy people, and it is considered a diagnostic tool that needs extensive study. This study aims: Evaluating the histological changes in the ovaries of women with polycystic ovary syndrome and some vital variables. Materials and working methods: 270 blood samples were collected, divided into two groups. The first group included 180 blood samples from women with polycystic ovary syndrome, and the second group included 90 blood samples from healthy women (control samples). The results between the two groups were carefully evaluated, including evaluating the levels of testosterone and follicle-stimulating hormone. As well as evaluating the level of nesfatin-1 and white blood cells between women with polycystic ovary syndrome and healthy women. Results: Our results showed a relatively high level of nesfatin-1 in polycystic ovary syndrome patients compared to healthy controls. The results showed statistically significant differences at the P≤0.05 level The levels of testosterone, follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, and progesterone also showed an increase in affected patients, and it also showed that there was a significant difference at the p level ≥0.05. While the levels of estrogen (E2) and prolactin showed no significant differences at the level of P>0.05. Women with this syndrome had relatively high white blood cell counts compared to unaffected women. Conclusions: Our results indicate a decreased level of nesfatin-1, as nesfatin-1 is a metabolic regulatory protein. The results also showed an increase in both follicle-stimulating hormone and testosterone and a slight increase in white blood cells, which leads to an imbalance in the regulation of hormones and the menstrual cycle and a threat to the reproductive process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most breast cancer deaths are caused by malignant estrogen receptor–positive breast tumors that later recur as metastatic disease. Prolactin (PRL) has been documented as a factor promoting breast cancer development and metastasis. We therefore developed superactive prolactin receptor (PRLR) antagonists aimed at blocking PRL action. We purified 12 novel mutants to homogeneity as monomers, and the most potent antagonist was over 95-fold more active than the previously reported weak antagonist, the mutant Del 1-9 human PRL G129R. This enhanced antagonistic activity resulted mostly from prolonged interaction with the extracellular domain (ECD) of PRLR. All mutants were properly refolded, as indicated by interaction with human PRLR-ECD and by circular dichroism analysis. We then prepared monopegylated variants of the most active mutants to extend their biological half-life in vivo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most prevalent endocrinopathies among young women. Ultrasound evidence of polycystic ovaries is one of its crucial diagnostic criteria. Objectives: Our main objective is to study the contribution of ultrasound data in diagnosing PCOS. In addition, we aim to establish a new cutoff point for the use of ultrasound and to determine its sensitivity as well as its specificity. Design: It was a prospective study, including all patients presenting with clinical hyperandrogenism. Methods: The ultrasound examination of these patients was performed using a novel ultrasound machine (18 MHz) compared to an older ultrasound machine (2 Hz–8 MHz). Inclusion criteria encompassed adult female patients over 18 years presenting symptoms suggestive of PCOS, particularly hyperandrogenism and oligo-anovulation, meeting Rotterdam's diagnostic criteria. Prior to inclusion, assessments were conducted to eliminate other potential causes explaining hyperandrogenism or menstrual disorders in both groups. Results: We examined 92 patients diagnosed with PCOS. Menstrual disorders were the main symptoms, with amenorrhea being more frequent in the PCOS group (G1) (48.9% vs the control group (G2): 11.1%). The follicle number was significantly lower in the control group, as assessed by both ultrasound machines (p < 10−3). The accuracy of the new ultrasound device was evaluated compared to the old one using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, revealing a cutoff of 18 follicles (sensitivity of 68.1%, specificity of 100%) and an area under the curve of 0.955. We found a significant difference between the median values of the number of follicles (NF) by both ultrasound machines (18 vs 12). It was positively correlated with an index of r = 0.916. For the volume, it was distinctively higher in G1 (p < 10−3). ROC curve analysis revealed an ovarian volume cutoff of 9.25 ml with a sensitivity of 48.9% and a specificity of 100%. Both ultrasound machines were positively correlated with an index of r = 0.979 (p < 10−3). Conclusion: In conclusion, we were able to establish significant correlations between the new and the old ultrasound devices for both the NF and ovarian volume. Our study is distinctive as it represents the first on the African continent to re-evaluate the ultrasound criterion for PCOS. Plain language summary: Validating ultrasound criteria for PCOS in North African patients In this study, we explored patients using ultrasound to better diagnose Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) in North African women. Ovarian follicles are small sacs in a woman's ovaries that not only release eggs but also produce important hormones like estrogen and progesterone. These hormones regulate the menstrual cycle, prepare the body for pregnancy, and influence many aspects of a woman's health and well-being. We set new standards for measuring follicles and ovaries to improve diagnosis accuracy. Background: Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is often diagnosed using ultrasound in North African women. Current ultrasound standards may not be accurate enough for this group. This study aimed to improve PCOS diagnosis by setting new standards for measuring ovarian sizes and follicle numbers. Methods: We reviewed a new ultrasound method. We then established new measurement thresholds specific to North African women. These new standards were tested for accuracy in diagnosing PCOS. Results: Our new measurement thresholds were more accurate in diagnosing PCOS. The improved standards led to better identification of PCOS in North African women. This suggests that current ultrasound methods might need adjustments based on population-specific data. Conclusions: Using ultrasound with new measurement standards can improve PCOS diagnosis in North African women. Adjusting diagnostic criteria to specific populations may enhance overall healthcare outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Iron is an essential element for human health. In humans, dysregulated iron homeostasis can result in a variety of disorders and the development of cancers. Enhanced uptake, redistribution, and retention of iron in cancer cells have been suggested as an "iron addiction" pattern in cancer cells. This increased iron in cancer cells positively correlates with rapid tumor growth and the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, which forms the basis for tumor metastasis. However, the source of iron and the mechanisms cancer cells adopt to actively acquire iron is not well understood. In the present study, we report, for the first time, that the peptide hormone, prolactin, exhibits a novel function in regulating iron distribution, on top of its well-known pro-lactating role. When stimulated by prolactin, breast cancer cells increase CD44, a surface receptor mediating the endocytosis of hyaluronate-bound iron, resulting in the accumulation of iron in cancer cells. In contrast, macrophages, when treated by prolactin, express more ferroportin, the only iron exporter in cells, giving rise to net iron output. Interestingly, when co-culturing macrophages with pre-stained labile iron pools and cancer cells without any iron staining, in an iron free condition, we demonstrate direct iron flow from macrophages to cancer cells. As macrophages are one of the major iron-storage cells and it is known that macrophages infiltrate tumors and facilitate their progression, our work therefore presents a novel regulatory role of prolactin to drive iron flow, which provides new information on fine-tuning immune responses in tumor microenvironment and could potentially benefit the development of novel therapeutics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The two primary types of non-puerperal mastitis (NPM) are granulomatous lobular mastitis (GLM) and plasma cell mastitis (PCM). Existing research indicates that immune inflammatory response is considered to be the core of the pathogenesis of GLM and PCM, and both innate and adaptive immune responses play an important role in the pathophysiology of PCM and GLM. However, the regulatory balance between various immune cells in these diseases is still unclear. Consequently, we present a comprehensive summary of the immune-related variables and recent advances in GLM and PCM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Menopause is the cessation of menstruation for a year due to reduced ovarian follicular activity. This results in decreased estrogen secretion and affects haemoglobin and prolactin levels. Haemoglobin levels increase due to decreased estrogen-induced erythropoiesis inhibition. Prolactin levels decrease due to estrogen inhibition of hypothalamic Prolactin Inhibitory Factor (PIF). Estrogen deficiency after menopause causes osteoporosis, increased cholesterol levels, and risk of coronary artery disease. The impact of estrogen deficiency on haemoglobin and prolactin levels is not well studied, but it may affect these hormones in postmenopausal women. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted on women in Guwahati, aged between 35-44 and 45-75 years, who provided informed consent. Those with tuberculosis, malignancy, diabetes, anaemia, thyroid disorders, renal diseases, rheumatoid arthritis, or on hormone replacement therapy were excluded. Blood samples were collected after fasting for 12 hours and stored for estrogen and prolactin estimation using the Enzyme Linked Fluorescent Assay (ELFA) technique. Haemoglobin was estimated using a digital photo colorimeter. Data analysis was done using Microsoft Excel, with mean, standard deviation, ANOVA, and Pearson's correlation coefficient. Results: The study aimed to compare the levels of serum estrogen (17β-estradiol), serum prolactin, and haemoglobin in premenopausal and postmenopausal women in Guwahati. The study population consisted of 100 women, with 50% in the premenopausal group (35-44 years) and 50% in the postmenopausal group (45-75 years). The study found that premenopausal women had higher levels of serum estrogen and serum prolactin, while postmenopausal women had lower levels of both. Haemoglobin levels were higher in postmenopausal women compared to premenopausal women. The study also found a positive correlation between serum estrogen and serum prolactin in both premenopausal and postmenopausal women, but a negative correlation between serum estrogen and haemoglobin in premenopausal women. Discussion: Postmenopausal women experience decreased serum estradiol, leading to symptoms like hot flashes and increased risks of heart disease, osteoporosis, and fractures. Elevated haemoglobin levels post-menopause suggest a link between estrogen and erythropoiesis. Lower estrogen levels are associated with decreased prolactin, impacting health and necessitating hormone replacement therapy monitoring. Conclusion: This study compares estrogen, prolactin, and haemoglobin levels in premenopausal and postmenopausal Guwahati women, revealing significant changes with menopause. Higher estrogen correlates with lower haemoglobin and higher prolactin, while hormone replacement therapy may correct postmenopausal deficiencies. Follow-up studies are warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Certain antipsychotics elevate prolactin levels in patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSD), potentially affecting cognition, symptoms, and hormone levels. This study examines the association between prolactin, testosterone, and estrogen and cognition and symptoms in men with SSD, considering antipsychotic medication. This cross-sectional study included 128 men with SSD and 44 healthy men from two trials. Patients were divided into a prolactin-sparing (n = 53) and prolactin-raising group (n = 75) based on antipsychotic medication. We examined the association between hormones (testosterone, estrogen and prolactin), and cognition and symptoms using backward linear regression. Three domains of cognition were assessed including: processing speed, verbal fluency, and working memory, while symptoms were measured using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). Prolactin levels were highest in the prolactin-raising group, followed by the control group, and lowest in the prolactin-sparing group (H = 45.279, p <.001). Testosterone and estrogen levels did not differ significantly between groups. In the prolactin-raising group, prolactin negatively correlated with testosterone (r (73) = −0.32, p =.005). Higher testosterone predicted better cognitive functioning (working memory: β = 0.20, p =.007, verbal fluency: β = 0.30, p =.001) and lower symptom scores (total: β = −0.21, p =.001; negative: β = −0.24, p =.002) in men with SSD. Conversely, higher estrogen levels related to slower processing speed (β = −0.22, p <.001) and higher symptoms scores (β = 0.23, p =.010) in men with SSD. The results suggest positive associations between testosterone and cognition and symptoms in men with SSD, while suggesting that high prolactin levels could relate to lower testosterone levels, possibly worsening cognition and symptoms in men with SSD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context Prolactin (PRL) is a highly versatile, multifunctional hormone synthesized and secreted by lactotroph cells of the anterior pituitary. Its metabolic role has been extensively studied even in normoprolactinemic populations. Recently, a wealth of observational data have outlined the potential prognostic value of PRL in various clinical settings. Objective This systematic review aims to systematically evaluate and quantitatively synthesize the association between serum PRL levels and risk of mortality in adults without prolactinoma. Methods A systematic literature search was conducted up to June 10, 2023, to identify studies reporting the association of serum PRL levels with clinical outcomes of adults without prolactinoma. A random-effects meta-analysis was conducted to quantify the adjusted hazard ratios [(a)HRs] for all-cause and cardiovascular death (CVD) during follow-up. Results Twenty-eight studies were deemed eligible reporting the outcomes of adults without prolactinoma, in whom serum PRL levels were measured for risk-stratification. Fourteen studies reported appropriate data for meta-analysis encompassing a total of 23 596 individuals. Each unit of PRL increase was independently associated with increased risk of all-cause (pooled aHR = 1.17 [1.08-1.27]; I2 = 48%) and CV mortality (pooled aHR = 1.54 [1.14-2.09]; I2 = 89%). Individuals belonging to the highest PRL category had significantly higher risk for all-cause (pooled aHR = 1.81 [1.43-2.30]; I 2 = 65%) and CV (pooled aHR = 1.59 [1.04-2.42]; I 2 = 82%) mortality compared to their lowest-PRL category counterparts. The association between PRL levels and in-hospital death did not reach statistical significance. Conclusion PRL levels seem to be an independent predictor for mortality. Further validation is warranted before its role as a risk-stratification tool can be delineated in clinical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gender differences exist in mental and physical health in schizophrenia, and healthcare education is part of the associated clinical approach. The main goal of the present paper is to describe a women's clinic for schizophrenia and carry out a narrative review about innovative healthcare and learning strategies in the context of women who suffer from schizophrenia, and to discuss innovative strategies for both healthcare and learning projects to be applied in this context. Observing the development of our unit, four clear innovation phases can be distinguished: the generation of new ideas (clinical and social needs), strategic planning (five observatories), the execution of these strategies (observatories/teams/interventions) and feedback, iteration and scaling. We found that the observatory for morbi-mortality adopted a retroactive proactive approach, and the observatory for hyperprolactinemia was proactive and deliberate. We describe the innovation aspects, both clinical and educational, as incremental. There was one exception, the introduction of a social exclusion and discrimination observatory, that from our perspective, was not gradual, but transformative. Future learning projects should include the role of social sciences and humanities and new technologies. Our pilot project gave us the opportunity to apply new learning methods to a relatively neglected field of care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Transsphenoidal surgery for lactotroph pituitary neuroendocrine tumor (PitNET) lowers serum prolactin concentrations, occasionally below the normal range. However, the clinical significance of postoperative hypoprolactinemia is still unclear. In this study, we retrospectively reviewed the female patients with lactotroph PitNET who were treated with transsphenoidal surgery to elucidate the influence of postoperative hypoprolactinemia on regular menstruation restoration and endocrinological remission. Results: The serum prolactin levels in all thirty three participating females had decreased following surgery. Serum prolactin levels in seven patients had decreased below the lower limit of normal ranges (hypoproactinemia group) and in the remaining twenty six patients, it was within the normal range (non-hypoproractinemia group). In hypoprolactinemia group, regular menstruation was restored in all patients with only lactotroph axis deficiency. Nine patients from the non-hypoprolactinemia group experienced re-elevation of serum prolactin concentration (27%). No patient in hypoprolactinemia group experienced the relapse of hyperprolactinemia. These data suggest that early postoperative hypoprolactinemia after transsphenoidal surgery for lactotroph PitNET is not only a good predictive factor for endocrinological remission but also no unfavorable effects on regular menstruation restoration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The prolactin receptor (Prlr) is widely expressed in the brain, particularly in the hypothalamus. Prolactin also has an increasing range of well‐characterised effects on central nervous system function. Because of this, over many years, there has been interest in whether the hormone itself is also expressed within the brain, perhaps acting as a neuropeptide to regulate brain function via its receptor in neurons. The aim of this invited review is to critically evaluate the evidence for brain production of prolactin. Unlike the evidence for the Prlr, evidence for brain prolactin is inconsistent and variable. A range of different antibodies have been used, each characterising a different distribution of prolactin‐like immunoreactivity. Prolactin mRNA has been detected in the brain, but only at levels markedly lower than seen in the pituitary gland. Importantly, it has largely only been detected by highly sensitive amplification‐based techniques, and the extreme sensitivity means there is a risk of false‐positive data. Modern in situ hybridisation methods and single‐cell RNA sequencing have not provided supporting evidence, but it is hard to prove a negative! Finally, I acknowledge and discuss the possibility that prolactin might be produced in the brain under specific circumstances, such as to promote a neuroprotective response to cell damage. Collectively, however, based on this analysis, I have formed the opinion that brain production of prolactin is unlikely, and even if occurs, it is of little physiological consequence. Most, if not all of the brain actions of prolactin can be explained by pituitary prolactin gaining access to the brain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pituitary adenomas are very common representing 18.1% of all brain tumors and are the second most common brain pathology. Transsphenoidal surgery is the mainstay of treatment for all pituitary adenomas except for prolactinomas which are primarily treated medically with dopamine agonists. A thorough endocrine evaluation of pituitary adenoma preoperatively is crucial to identify hormonal compromise caused by the large sellar mass, identifying prolactin‐producing tumors and comorbidities associated with Cushing and acromegaly to improve patient care and outcome. Transsphenoidal surgery is relatively safe in the hands of experienced surgeons, but still carries a substantial risk of causing hypopituitarism that required close follow‐up in the immediate postoperative period to decrease mortality. A multidisciplinary team approach with endocrinologists, ophthalmologists, and neurosurgeons is the cornerstone in the perioperative management of pituitary adenomas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Aim: Endometrial cancer is one of the most prevalent gynaecologic cancers in advanced nations and act as the largest proportion of tumours occurring in the uterine corpus. The aim of the study was to identify potential diagnostic biomarkers for endometrial cancer among the evaluated hormones and tumour markers to enhance early detection and improve patient outcomes. Methods: A comparison was made between two groups of women: 30 individuals who were healthy and 30 individuals who had endometrial cancer. The participants in both groups were carefully selected to ensure that they were similar in terms of age and body mass index (BMI). Luteinising hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), oestradiol (E2), cancer antigen 125 (CA-125) and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) were analysed. Results: As compared to healthy individuals, females diagnosed with endometrial tumour and cancer exhibited notably elevated levels of LH, FSH, E2, CA-125 and CEA. Conversely, they demonstrated significantly reduced levels of prolactin in their serum. Conclusions: Endometrial cancer patients had significantly raised concentrations of LH, E2, FSH, PRL, CEA and CA-125 in their serum, indicating hormonal dysregulation in the development of endometrial cancer. It is not advisable to rely solely on LH, E2, FSH, PRL, CA-125 or CEA as screening markers for endometrial cancer. Instead, they should be considered as part of a comprehensive screening panel that needs to be developed in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oxidative stress-induced death of neurons and astrocytes contributes to the pathogenesis of numerous neurodegenerative diseases. While significant progress has been made in identifying neuroprotective molecules against neuronal oxidative damage, little is known about their counterparts for astrocytes. Prolactin (PRL), a hormone known to stimulate astroglial proliferation, viability, and cytokine expression, exhibits antioxidant effects in neurons. However, its role in protecting astrocytes from oxidative stress remains unexplored. Here, we investigated the effect of PRL against hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced oxidative insult in primary cortical astrocyte cultures. Incubation of astrocytes with PRL led to increased enzymatic activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX), resulting in higher total antioxidant capacity. Concomitantly, PRL prevented H2O2-induced cell death, reactive oxygen species accumulation, and protein and lipid oxidation. The protective effect of PRL upon H2O2-induced cell death can be explained by the activation of both signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and NFE2 like bZIP transcription factor 2 (NRF2) transduction cascades. We demonstrated that PRL induced nuclear translocation and transcriptional upregulation of Nrf2, concurrently with the transcriptional upregulation of the NRF2-dependent genes heme oxygenase 1, Sod1, Sod2, and Gpx1. Pharmacological blockade of STAT3 suppressed PRL-induced transcriptional upregulation of Nrf2, Sod1 and Gpx1 mRNA, and SOD and GPX activities. Furthermore, genetic ablation of the PRL receptor increased astroglial susceptibility to H2O2-induced cell death and superoxide accumulation, while diminishing their intrinsic antioxidant capacity. Overall, these findings unveil PRL as a potent antioxidant hormone that protects astrocytes from oxidative insult, which may contribute to brain neuroprotection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis is known to be involved in the pathogenesis of epilepsy and psychiatric disorders. Epileptic seizures (ESs) and psychogenic non-epileptic seizures (PNESs) are frequently differentially misdiagnosed. This study aimed to evaluate changes in serum cortisol and prolactin levels after ESs and PNESs as possible differential diagnostic biomarkers. Patients over 18 years with ESs (n = 29) and PNESs with motor manifestations (n = 45), captured on video-EEG monitoring, were included. Serum cortisol and prolactin levels as well as hemograms were assessed in blood samples taken at admission, during the first hour after the seizure, and after 6, 12, and 24 h. Cortisol and prolactine response were evident in the ES group (but not the PNES group) as an acute significant increase within the first hour after seizure. The occurrence of seizures in patients with ESs and PNESs demonstrated different circadian patterns. ROC analysis confirmed the accuracy of discrimination between paroxysmal events based on cortisol response: the AUC equals 0.865, with a prediction accuracy at the cutoff point of 376.5 nmol/L 0.811 (sensitivity 86.7%, specificity 72.4%). Thus, assessments of acute serum cortisol response to a paroxysmal event may be regarded as a simple, fast, and minimally invasive laboratory test contributing to differential diagnosis of ESs and PNESs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The conserved and multifaceted functions of prolactin (PRL) are coordinated through varied distribution and expression of its cell‐surface receptor (PRLR) across a range of tissues and physiological states. The resultant heterogeneous expression of PRLR mRNA and protein across different organs and cell types supports a wide range of PRL‐regulated processes including reproduction, lactation, development, and homeostasis. Genetic variation within the PRLR gene also accounts for several phenotypes impacting agricultural production and human pathology. The goal of this review is to highlight the many elements that control differential expression of the PRLR across tissues, and the various phenotypes that exist across species due to variation in the PRLR gene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Suppression of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis is a well‐characterised maternal adaptation that limits the exposure of the offspring to maternally‐derived stress hormones. This current study has investigated the possible involvement of the lactogenic hormone, prolactin, in this physiologically important adaptation. As expected, circulating prolactin levels were higher in unstressed lactating mice compared to their virgin counterparts. Interestingly however, the ability of an acute period of restraint stress to further elevate prolactin levels was diminished in the former group. The stress‐induced rise in prolactin levels in the virgin animals was concurrent with an increase in prolactin receptor activation within the adrenal cortical cells. This adrenal response was not seen in either the stressed or control lactation group, an observation that may be in part explained by the observed downregulation of prolactin receptor mRNA expression within this tissue. Further evidence of suppression of the HPA axis during lactation was revealed using in situ hybridisation to demonstrate that while acute restraint stress increased corticotrophin releasing hormone (CRH) mRNA expression in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus in both virgin and lactating mice, the magnitude of this response was reduced in the latter group. This potentially adaptive response did not, however, appear to result from the altered prolactin profile during lactation because it was not affected by the pharmacological suppression of prolactin secretion from the pituitary. This study therefore suggests that during lactation the response of the HPA axis to stress is suppressed at multiple physiological levels which are mediated by both prolactin‐dependent and prolactin‐independent mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Growth hormone (GH) is fundamental for growth and glucose homeostasis, and prolactin for optimal pregnancy and lactation outcome, but additionally, both hormones have multiple functions that include a strong impact on energetic metabolism. In this respect, prolactin and GH receptors have been found in brown, and white adipocytes, as well as in hypothalamic centers regulating thermogenesis. This review describes the neuroendocrine control of the function and plasticity of brown and beige adipocytes, with a special focus on prolactin and GH actions. Most evidence points to a negative association between high prolactin levels and the thermogenic capacity of BAT, except in early development. During lactation and pregnancy, prolactin may be a contributing factor that limits unneeded thermogenesis, downregulating BAT UCP1. Furthermore, animal models of high serum prolactin have low BAT UCP1 levels and whitening of the tissue, while lack of Prlr induces beiging in WAT depots. These actions may involve hypothalamic nuclei, particularly the DMN, POA and ARN, brain centers that participate in thermogenesis. Studies on GH regulation of BAT function present some controversies. Most mouse models with GH excess or deficiency point to an inhibitory role of GH on BAT function. Even so, a stimulatory role of GH on WAT beiging has also been described, in accordance with whole‐genome microarrays that demonstrate divergent response signatures of BAT and WAT genes to the loss of GH signaling. Understanding the physiology of BAT and WAT beiging may contribute to the ongoing efforts to curtail obesity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Goals of anesthesia in neurosurgery include stable cerebral hemodynamics and provide relaxed brain to surgeon. Dexmedetomidine and lignocaine as an adjuvant can fulfill these criteria but literature comparing the two are sparse. We compared the effects of intravenous infusion of dexmedetomidine or lignocaine on stress response, postoperative pain, and recovery in patients undergoing craniotomy for intracranial tumors. Methods: Approval was obtained from IEC, and the study was prospectively registered (CTRI/2022/11/047434). Written and informed consent was obtained from 105 patients fulfilling inclusion criteria, and they were divided into three groups. Group D Group L received intravenous infusion of lignocaine 2 mg/kg over 15 minutes followed by infusion at rate of 1.5 mg/kg/h, received intravenous infusion of dexmedetomidine 1 mcg/kg over 15 minutes followed by infusion at rate of 0.5 mcg/kg/h, and Group N received intravenous infusion of normal saline at the rate of 4-8 ml/h till skin suturing. SPSS v23 (IBM Corp.) was used for data analysis. Results: There was a significant difference between groups in terms of intraoperative hemodynamic variations, brain relaxation score, extubation criteria, postoperative pain, stress indicator response, and quality of recovery. Conclusions: Dexmedetomidine as an adjuvant to anesthetic drugs has a better profile than lignocaine in suppressing stress response and preventing hemodynamic variations at intubation, skull pin application, and surgical incision. Dexmedetomidine increases the duration of effective analgesia more than lignocaine, in postoperative period in patients undergoing craniotomy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A recent Pituitary Society consensus statement provided clinical recommendations for diagnosing and managing prolactin-secreting pituitary adenomas, known as prolactinomas. Prolactinomas are rare, usually benign tumours of the anterior pituitary gland that result in excessive prolactin production, or hyperprolactinemia. Despite being non-life- -threatening, patients often prompt medical attention due to symptoms stemming from elevated prolactin levels, such as reproductive and sexual dysfunction, e.g. menstrual irregularities, galactorrhoea, infertility, or from mass effects like headaches, cranial nerve palsies, and vision problems. Laboratory testing showing hyperprolactinemia and low sex hormone levels is used for diagnosis. Unlike other pituitary tumours, the primary treatment for prolactinomas is typically pharmacological therapy with dopamine agonists. However, for patients with smaller tumours (microprolactinomas) or well-circumscribed larger tumours (macroprolactinomas), surgery may be considered the first-line option. It is a surprising shift in the therapeutic strategy. For patients resistant to dopamine agonists, alternative strategies include switching medications, increasing dosages, or pursuing neurosurgery or radiotherapy. The key treatment goals are to normalize prolactin levels, restore reproductive and sexual function, and reduce tumour size. This review aimed to provide clinicians with an up-to-date overview of diagnostics and treatment options for patients with prolactin- -secreting pituitary adenomas, as well as highlight the potential diagnostic challenges and complexity of treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antipsychotic medications are essential for managing severe mental illnesses like schizophrenia, which impacts about 1% of the global population. Despite efficacy, in some cases, they can induce hyperprolactinemia, affecting roughly half of the patients. The prevalence of this condition varies with the specific medication used. Although prolactinomas are rare among schizophrenia patients, treating them with dopamine agonists poses conflicts with antipsychotic medication, necessitating careful monitoring and adjustments. The aim of this study was to explore the presence of brain tumors, prolactinomas, and other structural brain changes in schizophrenia patients treated with second-generation antipsychotics using cerebral computed tomography (CT) scans. We conducted a cross-sectional study involving 152 hospitalized patients diagnosed between 1 January 2020 and 31 March 2024. Evaluations included cerebral CT scans, prolactin level assessments, and the monitoring of side effects. Patients, with an average age of 42.79 years and an illness duration of 17.89 years, predominantly received olanzapine (46.05%) and risperidone (36.84%). Side effects, reported by 61.78% of patients, included tremors, dizziness, and weight gain. Abnormal prolactin levels were observed in 53.95% of patients, more prevalent in females on risperidone and in both genders on olanzapine. No prolactinomas were detected on CT scans. Managing hyperprolactinemia in schizophrenia patients undergoing antipsychotic therapy is essential to prevent long-term complications and to ensure treatment compliance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Men with macroprolactinoma can present persistent hypogonadism despite normoprolactinemia achieved with clinical and/or neurosurgical treatment. Usually, testosterone replacement therapy is indicated. Nevertheless, although off-label, clomiphene citrate (CC), a selective estrogen receptor modulator, has also been used, mainly when fertility is an issue. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of CC in recovering the gonadal axis in men with macroprolactinoma, with or without hyperprolactinemia, and evaluate its safety as a long-term therapy. Methods: This is a retrospective study including 10 men with macroprolactinoma on cabergoline treatment and persistent hypogonadism. All patients received initially 50 mg/d of CC. Results: The median age at diagnosis of prolactinomas was 34 (range, 26–60) years old. All patients were treated with cabergoline at a median maximum dose of 2 (1–7) mg/week, with a median time of treatment of 8.5 (2–15) years. Prolactin was still above the normal range when CC was introduced only in two patients. The mean duration of CC therapy was 3.2 (±2.8) years. Prolactin levels maintained stable (p = 0.252) and testosterone increased (p = 0.027) significantly on CC therapy. Tumor size remained stable. Eight patients (80%) maintained testosterone above 300 ng/dL and were classified as responders. Three responders succeeded in using a lower dose of CC and one of them completed withdrawal CC and maintained eugonadism. There were no side effects or safety concerns reported. Conclusion: CC should be seen as a safe treatment option for men with macroprolactinoma and persistent hypogonadism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several studies indicate the impact of antipsychotics like risperidone and paliperidone on oxidative stress parameters, yet data remain inconsistent. We investigated the link between these medications, hyperprolactinemia (HPRL), and oxidative stress. This study was conducted at the Psychiatry Clinic, University Clinical Center, Kragujevac, between November 2022 and August 2023. Inclusion criteria comprised diagnosed psychotic disorders from the ICD-10-based F20-F29 spectrum and clinical stability on risperidone/paliperidone for ≥12 weeks with no recent dose adjustments. Exclusion criteria included pregnancy, breastfeeding, relevant medical conditions, or co-therapy with prolactin-secreting drugs. Data encompassed drug choice, administration method, therapy duration, and daily dose. Prolactin (PRL) levels, oxidative stress parameters (TBARS, H2O2, O2−, NO2−), and antioxidant system (CAT, GSH, SOD) were assessed. Of 155 subjects, women exhibited significantly higher PRL levels (p < 0.001) and symptomatic HPRL (p < 0.001). Drug choice and regimen significantly influenced TBARS (p < 0.001), NO2− (p < 0.001), O2− (p = 0.002), CAT (p = 0.04), and GSH (p < 0.001) levels. NO2− levels were affected by drug dose (p = 0.038). TBARS (p < 0.001), O2− (p < 0.001), and SOD (p = 0.022) inversely correlated with PRL levels, suggesting PRL's protective role against oxidative stress. The female sex association with higher PRL levels implies additional factors influencing PRL's antioxidant role. Antipsychotic choice and dosage impact PRL and oxidative stress markers, necessitating further exploration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Triphenyl phosphate (TPHP) - a widely used organophosphate-based flame retardant - blocks cardiac looping during zebrafish development in a concentration-dependent manner, a phenotype that is dependent on disruption of embryonic osmoregulation and pericardial edema formation. However, its currently unclear whether (1) TPHP-induced effects on osmoregulation are driven by direct TPHP-induced injury to the embryonic epidermis and (2) whether TPHP-induced pericardial edema is reversible or irreversible following cessation of exposure. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to determine whether TPHP-induced pericardial edema is reversible and whether TPHP causes injury to the embryonic epidermis by quantifying the number of DAPI-positive epidermal cells and analyzing the morphology of the yolk sac epithelium using scanning electron microscopy. First, we found that exposure to 5 μM TPHP from 24-72 h post-fertilization (hpf) did not increase prolactin - a hormone that regulates ions and water levels - in embryonic zebrafish, whereas high ionic strength exposure media was associated with elevated levels of prolactin. Second, we found that exposure to 5 μM TPHP from 24-72 hpf did not decrease DAPI-positive epidermal cells within the embryonic epithelium, and that co-exposure with 2.14 μM fenretinide - a synthetic retinoid that promotes epithelial wound repair - from 24-72 hpf did not mitigate the prevalence of TPHP-induced epidermal folds within the yolk sac epithelium when embryos were exposed within high ionic strength exposure media. Finally, we found that the pericardial area and body length of embryos exposed to 5 μM TPHP from 24-72 hpf were similar to vehicle-treated embryos at 120 hpf following transfer to clean water and depuration of TPHP from 72-120 hpf. Overall, our findings suggest that (1) the ionic strength of exposure media may influence the baseline physiology of zebrafish embryos; (2) TPHP does not cause direct injury to the embryonic epidermis; and (3) TPHP-induced effects on pericardial area and body length are reversible 48 h after transferring embryos to clean water.

Abstract Objective Major depressive disorder (MDD) is often accompanied by psychotic symptoms. However, few studies have examined the relationship between psychotic symptoms and endocrine factors in adolescent patients with MDD. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the prevalence and related endocrine clinical factors of psychotic symptoms in Chinese adolescent patients with MDD. Methods In total, 601 patients (aged 12–18) with MDD were recruited. The Patient Health Questionnaire – 9 items (PHQ – 9) was utilized for assessing depressive symptoms. Psychotic symptoms were assessed through clinical interviews. Prolactin (PRL), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), triiodothyronine (T3), free triiodothyronine (FT3), thyroxine (T4), and free thyroxine (FT4) were also measured. Results The incidence of psychotic symptoms in adolescent patients with MDD was 22.6%. The findings demonstrated that age, self-harming behavior, PHQ-9 score, FT4, and normalized PRL were independently associated with psychotic symptoms in patients with MDD (All p

In modern felinology, cat owners are increasingly interested in behavior of their pets. Based on the study of testosterone levels, methods for determining the gender temperament of cats were proposed. Estradiol and prolactin levels in combination with testosterone concentrations remain less studied in cats of the Russian selection. The aim of the research was to study the relationship between the level of aggressive behavior and blood concentrations of testosterone, estradiol and prolactin inFelis catus. The experiments were carried out in Omsk, Lugansk, Moscow and the Moscow region in 20152023. The study used 162 mature cats aged 2 to 11 years, which belonged to 9 different Russian breeds. Concentration of hormones in blood serum was determined by the enzyme immunoassay (ELISA) using kits from HEMA (Russia), Sigma (USA), Vector-Best (Russia) on semi-automatic Multiskan FC analyzer (Termo Fisher Scientific; USA). The highest concentration of testosterone was in young cats, which was 16.8 and 35.8 % more (р 0.01) compared to full-aged and old cats, respectively. The highest concentration of estradiol in blood serum of Russian cats was in old animals, which was 4.3 and 33.3% more (р 0.01) compared to full-aged and young males, respectively. The highest concentration of prolactin in blood was in old animals, which was 9.6 and 48.8% more (р 0.001) than in full-aged and young males, respectively. The largest amount of estradiol was detected in female cats with the calmest type of behavior without any aggressive signsin melancholics, which was 66.7% more (р 0.001) than in phlegmatics; 54.8% more (р 0.001) than in animals with average level of aggressive behavior towards animals of the same speciessanguines, and 2.5 times more (р 0.001) in comparison with animals that showed the maximum level of aggressive behavior towards animals and humanscholerics. Therefore, it can be concluded that increase in estradiol level contributes to a calmer behavior ofFelis catusmales in homes.

The present study aimed to identify the DNA polymorphisms within prolactin gene regions of Gaolao cattle and to investigate their relation with milk production traits. The genomic DNA was isolated from 245 unrelated animals of Gaolao cows, and test-day milk traits data were recorded. PCRRFLP, PCR-SSCP and direct sequencing methods for mutation confirmation were used to study polymorphism within the prolactin gene. The PCR-RFLP genotyping at the exon-3 region of the prolactin gene revealed polymorphism and found an association of the PRLG1-RsaI ‘AA’ genotype with milk yield (5.05±0.14*) in Gaolao cattle. The exon-4, intron-3,4, Exon-5, 5'flanking, and exon-1 regions of prolactin revealed SSCP polymorphisms and SNPs. The results of the study indicate the existence of a substantial amount of genetic variation within the above-studied regions of the prolactin candidate gene. The identified association at PRLG1-RsaI genotype with milk yield will aid in future geneassisted selection and improvement strategies in Gaolao indigenous cattle.

Hyperprolactinemia has multiple etiologies and is the most common endocrine manifestation of pathology of the hypo­thalamic-pituitary axis. Hyperprolactinemic hypogonadism is of great scientific interest due to the prevalence of endocrine pathology in the reproductive period and its effect on metabolic processes. Hyperprolactinemia is one of the serious obstacles to the implementation of reproductive function in both women and men. The article discusses current issues of diagnosis and management tactics for patients with hyperprolactinemia of various etiologies within the framework of preconception preparation.

Abstract Background In the context of rheumatoid arthritis and its systemic inflammatory implications, there is an increasing interest in investigating the role of prolactin in the clinical and metabolic aspects of the disease. This study aimed to explore the potential links between serum prolactin levels, serum glucose levels, and the clinical manifestations of arthritis. Methods This exploratory, cross-sectional, observational study focused on women diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis. The research involved assessing prolactin and blood glucose concentrations, alongside specific clinical traits such as disease-related inflammation, morning stiffness, and fatigue intensity. The presence of changes in serum prolactin (PRL) was initially compared among the groups based on disease activity intensity. Using a multinomial regression analysis, the study analyzed the impact of predetermined clinical and metabolic factors on various categories of prolactin concentration. Results Out of the 72 participants included in the study, hyperprolactinemia was detected in 9.1% of the sample. No differences in serum PRL were identified among the evaluated groups based on disease activity. Following multivariate analysis, no statistically significant differences were identified for the outcomes of inflammatory activity and morning stiffness within each PRL category when compared to the reference category for PRL. There was no increased likelihood of encountering blood glucose levels below 100 mg/dl among individuals with higher prolactin concentrations compared to those in the lowest prolactin category (OR 5.43, 95% CI 0.51–58.28). The presence of clinically significant fatigue revealed a higher likelihood of encountering this outcome among patients with intermediate PRL values (prolactin categories 7.76–10.35 with OR 5.18, 95% CI 1.01–26.38 and 10.36–15.29 with OR 6.25, 95% CI 1.2–32.51) when compared to the reference category. Conclusions The study found no discernible correlation between prolactin concentrations and worse scores for inflammatory activity of the disease, nor between prolactin concentrations and serum glucose levels. The findings regarding fatigue should be approached with caution given the exploratory nature of this study.

Background. Radiation is an environmental factor that can lead to changes in the level of hormones in the body and to variables in the function of the body. The study examined the impact of radiation on certain hormones and vital indicators for understanding its physiological effects on human health. Methodology. The study was carried out on two groups of non-smokers, non-alcoholics, and peaceful people with chronic diseases, and each group (40 blood samples) aged 20–6 years and 3–5 ml of blood were collected from each person. The decomposed samples were excluded to avoid erroneous results: the two groups were a non-irradiated group and an irradiated group. The level of prolactin hormone, cortisol hormone, colon cancer protein (CEA), and pancreatic cancer protein(CA19-9) was measured in both groups using MINDRY precision laboratory techniques and devices. Results. Prolactin prolactin results showed a pronounced significant decrease in the irradiated group with the non-irradiated group. Cortisol: The results of the cortisol study showed a clear increase in people exposed to radiation compared to people who were not exposed to radiation. The results of colon cancer protein (CEA) and pancreatic cancer protein (CA19-9) showed a significant and clear increase in people exposed to radiation compared to people not exposed to radiation. Conclusion. This study showed that radiation exposure negatively affects hormone levels and vital disease indicators in the human body. This study highlights the importance of systematic monitoring and complete preventive health care in individuals exposed to radiation to assess health risks.

Abstract Objective Transsphenoidal surgery for lactotroph pituitary neuroendocrine tumor (PitNET) lowers serum prolactin concentrations, occasionally below the normal range. However, the clinical significance of postoperative hypoprolactinemia is still unclear. In this study, we retrospectively reviewed the female patients with lactotroph PitNET who were treated with transsphenoidal surgery to elucidate the influence of postoperative hypoprolactinemia on regular menstruation restoration and endocrinological remission. Results The serum prolactin levels in all thirty three participating females had decreased following surgery. Serum prolactin levels in seven patients had decreased below the lower limit of normal ranges (hypoproactinemia group) and in the remaining twenty six patients, it was within the normal range (non-hypoproractinemia group). In hypoprolactinemia group, regular menstruation was restored in all patients with only lactotroph axis deficiency. Nine patients from the non-hypoprolactinemia group experienced re-elevation of serum prolactin concentration (27%). No patient in hypoprolactinemia group experienced the relapse of hyperprolactinemia. These data suggest that early postoperative hypoprolactinemia after transsphenoidal surgery for lactotroph PitNET is not only a good predictive factor for endocrinological remission but also no unfavorable effects on regular menstruation restoration.

Although growth hormone (GH) and prolactin (PRL) are usually recognized as pituitary hormones, their expression is not restricted to the adenohypophysis and can also be found in extra-pituitary tissues including placenta. Furthermore, GH, PRL, and their receptors structurally belong to the cytokine family of proteins, and indeed they have remarkable pleiotropic effects. In this review, we analyzed the biological roles of GH/PRL from an evolutionary perspective. We have recognized that the biological significance of GH/PRL can be summarized as follows: cytokines (metabokines) that regulate the shift of nutrients and even of whole bodies to live in the most appropriate environment(s) for conducting growth and reproduction. In this sense, the common keyword of the two metabokines is “shift” for environmental adaptation. Considering that these metabokines flexibly changed their biological roles, GH/PRL may have played important roles during vertebrate evolution.

Background and purpose: Previous reports on the symptoms and quality of life of patients with pituitary adenomas have paid little attention to physical activity. However, numerous studies have shown that physical activity can significantly influence prolactin secretion. Prolactin secretion levels, in turn, can affect various clinical outcomes, including tumor size, sleep quality, and fatigue levels in patients with pituitary adenomas. Given the intricate relationship between these factors, it is crucial to investigate how they interact to impact the overall health and quality of life of these patients. This study aims to bridge this gap by exploring the relationship between tumor size and fatigue levels, sleep quality, and physical activity in patients with pituitary adenomas. Understanding these relationships can provide insights into potential therapeutic strategies to improve patient outcomes. Materials and methods: A total of 116 patients diagnosed with pituitary adenomas from the Neurosurgery and Internal Medicine departments of Imam Khomeini Hospital in Sari were included in the study via census sampling. The inclusion criteria ensured that all participants had a confirmed diagnosis of pituitary adenoma. Demographic characteristics, tumor size (from patients' imaging records), prolactin levels (from patient records), physical activity levels (using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire), sleep quality (using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index), and fatigue levels (using the Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory 20) were measured using checklists and validated questionnaires. Results: In the present study, 68 participants (58.6%) were female, and 48 (41.4%) were male. A total of 108 participants (93.1%) were aged 55 years or younger, and 8 participants (6.9%) were older than 55, with a mean age of 43.72±7.70 years. Of the participants, 71(61.2%) had prolactinomas, and 39(33.6%) had non-functional tumors. Tumor sizes ranged from 2.1 to 42.9 mm, with a mean size of 16.16±8.71 mm. The mean prolactin level was 561.52±413 ng/mL, with a minimum level of 8 ng/mL and a maximum of 1578 ng/mL. The results showed significant differences in the mean scores of sleep quality (5.81±1.91 vs. 6.73±2.14), fatigue (55.86±8.79 vs. 60.32±8.39), and physical activity (1203.95±258.65 vs. 1085.20±310.99) between patients with microadenomas and macroadenomas (P=0.048, P=0.008, P=0.038). Furthermore, correlation coefficients for age (r=0.415), fatigue (r=0.336), sleep quality (r=0.253), physical activity (r=-0.230), and prolactin (r=0.496) with tumor size were significant. The findings indicated that with increasing age, fatigue scores, sleep quality scores, and prolactin levels, tumor size also increases, while higher physical activity levels are associated with smaller tumor sizes. Additionally, as tumor size increases, prolactin levels, fatigue scores, and sleep quality scores increase, whereas physical activity scores decrease. Conclusion: The study concludes that with increasing age, fatigue and sleep quality scores worsen, but physical activity levels decrease. Moreover, as tumor size increases, prolactin levels, fatigue scores, and sleep quality scores increase, while physical activity scores decrease. An increase in prolactin levels is also associated with increased fatigue.

Groupers are economically important species in the fishery and aquaculture industries in Asian countries. Various species of grouper, including hybrids, have been brought to market even without precise species identification. In this study, we analyzed the structure and expression profile of the gene encoding prolactin (PRL) in the red-spotted grouper Epinephelus akaara based on genomic DNA and cDNA templates. The results showed that the PRL gene consists of five exons encoding an open reading frame of 212 amino acids, including a putative signal peptide of 24 amino acids and a mature structural protein of 188 amino acids. It showed amino acid identities of 99% with Epinephelus coioides, 83% with Amphiprion melanopus, 82% with Acanthopagrus schlegelii, 75% with Oreochromis niloticus, 70% with Coregonus autumnalis, and 67% with Oncorhynchus mykiss, indicating its closer similarity to E. coioides and other groupers but marked distinction from non-teleost PRLs. PRL mRNA expression was detected mostly in the brain, including the pituitary gland, with little expression in other tissues. While the 5-exon structure of the PRL gene of red-spotted grouper and the exon sizes were conserved, the sizes of the introns, particularly the first intron, were markedly different among the grouper species. To examine whether these differences can be used to distinguish groupers of similar phenotypes, exon-primed intron-crossing analysis was carried out for various commercially important grouper species. The results showed clear differences in size of the amplified fragment encompassing the first intron of the PRL gene, indicating that this method could be used to develop species-specific markers capable of discriminating between grouper species and their hybrids at the molecular level.

Background: Goals of anesthesia in neurosurgery include stable cerebral hemodynamics and provide relaxed brain to surgeon. Dexmedetomidine and lignocaine as an adjuvant can fulfill these criteria but literature comparing the two are sparse. We compared the effects of intravenous infusion of dexmedetomidine or lignocaine on stress response, postoperative pain, and recovery in patients undergoing craniotomy for intracranial tumors. Methods: Approval was obtained from IEC, and the study was prospectively registered (CTRI/2022/11/047434). Written and informed consent was obtained from 105 patients fulfilling inclusion criteria, and they were divided into three groups. Group D received intravenous infusion of dexmedetomidine 1 mcg/kg over 15 minutes followed by infusion at rate of 0.5 mcg/kg/h, Group L received intravenous infusion of lignocaine 2 mg/kg over 15 minutes followed by infusion at rate of 1.5 mg/kg/h, and Group N received intravenous infusion of normal saline at the rate of 4–8 ml/h till skin suturing. SPSS v23 (IBM Corp.) was used for data analysis. Results: There was a significant difference between groups in terms of intraoperative hemodynamic variations, brain relaxation score, extubation criteria, postoperative pain, stress indicator response, and quality of recovery. Conclusions: Dexmedetomidine as an adjuvant to anesthetic drugs has a better profile than lignocaine in suppressing stress response and preventing hemodynamic variations at intubation, skull pin application, and surgical incision. Dexmedetomidine increases the duration of effective analgesia more than lignocaine, in postoperative period in patients undergoing craniotomy.

Toxoplasmosis is an infection caused by the parasite Toxoplasma gondii. One-third of the world’s population has come into contact with this parasite. In Mexico, the prevalence is between 15% and 50% in the general population and 34.9% in women with high-risk pregnancies. In pregnancy, the highest incidence of infection occurs in the third trimester and fetal damage is inversely proportional to gestational age. Maternal hormones play a fundamental role in the immune response. There are very few studies, with controversial results, on the levels of increased hormones and their relationship to the kinetics of T. gondii infections during pregnancy. The aim was to determine the serum levels of 17-β estradiol, prolactin, and progesterone, and their association with anti-T. gondii antibodies’ kinetics in pregnancy. Fifty-two pregnant patients were studied. A questionnaire with sociodemographic and clinical aspects was used. Afterward, 10 mL of venous blood was collected by venipuncture every trimester. The concentrations of 17-β estradiol, progesterone, and prolactin were measured, using the ELISA method. In addition, anti-Toxoplasma IgG and IgM antibodies were also determined in the first, second, and third trimester. The prevalence of anti-Toxoplasma IgG antibodies was 26.92% in the first and second trimester and 32.7% in the third trimester. In seropositive women, 17-β estradiol increased in the second and third trimesters of pregnancy. Progesterone increased significantly p < 0.039 in the third trimester in these women, while prolactin increased in the second trimester with a statistical significance of p < 0.021. In addition, 17-β estradiol, progesterone, and prolactin are associated with T. gondii infection during pregnancy. New studies are necessary to clarify the specific mechanisms of immune response related to these hormones during pregnancy.

【Objective】Discus fish (Symphysodon aequifasciatus) has special parental care behavior. In the study, prolactin (PRL) gene from discus fish was cloned and localized and its expression pattern during parental care was analyzed, with an aim to provide a basis for understanding the function of PRL in parental care of discus fish.【Method】A prolactin gene named dfprl was identified by analyzing the whole genome data of the discus fish through BLASTP. The CDS region of dfprl genes were used to design the primer of gene cloing and PCR. The full length of dfprl gene was cloned by RACE technology, and the structure of dfprl gene was analyzed by bioinformatics and its amino acid sequence was analyzed by physicochemical properties and phyletic evolution. Transcriptome sequencing was performed on brain, gonad and skin of discus fish at different rearing stages to explore the expression pattern of dfprl gene during parental care. The dfprl gene in the skin of discus fish was located by paraffin-fluorescence probe-FISH.【Result】The full length of dfprl was 1 282 bp, with 639 bp cDNA sequence encoding 212 amino acids, 309 bp 5'-UTR and 334 bp 3'-UTR. The dfprl protein has the typical domain of PRL family, the Hormone_1 domain. dfprl protein is highly similar to PRL protein of other Cichlidae, and the amino acid sequence homology of dfprl with Archocentrus centrarchus prolactin (AcPRL) was the highest (96.70%). The expression level of dfprl in gonad and skin increased gradually after the parent fish entered the rearing stage, and decreased at the end of the rearing stage. The paraffin-fluorescence probe-FISH results showed that dfprl was expressed in skin mucous cells, and it was coincident with the expression site of prolactin receptor (dfprlr) and was highly expressed in the early stage of parental care.【Conclusion】The dfprl gene is highly conserved and has stable Hormone _1 domain. dfprl gene was highly expressed in the skin during the parental care stage, . and the expression sites of dfprl and dfprlr overlapped in skin mucous cells during the parental care stage of discus fish, suggesting that dfprl might be involved in the occurrence of unique parental care behavior of discus fish.

Abstract Sexual dimorphism has been revealed for many neurological disorders including chronic pain. Prelicinal studies and post-mortem analyses from male and female human donors reveal sexual dimorphism of nociceptors at transcript, protein and functional levels suggesting different mechanisms that may promote pain in men and women. Migraine is a common female-prevalent neurological disorder that is characterized by painful and debilitating headache. Prolactin is a neurohormone that circulates at higher levels in females and that has been implicated clinically in migraine. Prolactin sensitizes sensory neurons from female mice, non-human primates and humans revealing a female-selective pain mechanism that is conserved evolutionarily and likely translationally relevant. Prolactin produces female-selective migraine-like pain behaviors in rodents and enhances the release of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), a neurotransmitter that is causal in promoting migraine in many patients. CGRP, like prolactin, produces female-selective migraine-like pain behaviors. Consistent with these observations, publicly available clinical data indicate that small molecule CGRP-receptor antagonists are preferentially effective in treatment of acute migraine therapy in women. Collectively, these observations support the conclusion of qualitative sex differences promoting migraine pain providing the opportunity to tailor therapies based on patient sex for improved outcomes. Additionally, patient sex should be considered in design of clinical trials for migraine as well as for pain and reassessment of past trials may be warranted.

The purpose of writing this review is to provide an update on recent advances in pregnancy and lactation-associated osteoporosis (PLO) research and summarize the current evidence for specific treatments. PLO is a transient and rare form of osteoporosis that affects women of childbearing age during the third trimester of pregnancy and post-partum. Though the pathophysiology of the PLO is poorly understood, several case series, case studies, and fewer cohort studies are available highlighting the role of pregnancy and lactation apart from conventional risk factors in the progression of PLO. Approximately 300 research and review articles related to PLO have been read from 1996 to 2023 which include several case studies, case series, cohort studies, meta-analyses, and narrative reviews from PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Google Scholar, World Health Organization regional databases. Common clinical manifestations include lower back and hip pain and rarely vertebral compression fractures. During pregnancy and lactation, women undergo reversible changes in mineral homeostasis and skeletal metabolism. Increased calcium absorption and urinary excretion during pregnancy and increased bone resorption along with renal calcium reabsorption in lactation are the main maternal metabolic adaptations that support the skeletal growth and development of the fetus and newborn respectively. Management of the PLO depends upon proper diagnosis and prognosis using biochemical bone turnover markers and bone histomorphometry. Conventional methods include calcium and vitamin D supplementation, giving up breastfeeding, physiotherapy, supportive braces, and bed rest. Bisphosphonates, denosumab, and teriparatide are commonly prescribed medications, assuring the recovery of bone mineral density besides certain side effects. Considering the transient nature, and underreporting of the cases, treatment recommendations should be personalized based on the parity, duration of lactation, presence or absence of fractures, societal status, age, ethnicity, and race.

The objective of this study is to conduct a bibliometric analysis of research trends in hyperprolactinemia from 2011 to 2023. This analysis aims to provide researchers with insights into the current hotspots and frontiers related to hyperprolactinemia. It is worth noting that there are currently no existing reports on bibliometric analyses of hyperprolactinemia. The Social Science Citation Index (SSCI) and Science Citation Index Expanded (SCIE) databases of the Web of Science Core Collection were systematically searched for “articles” and “review articles” related to the topic of hyperprolactinemia from 2011 to 2023. VOSviewer was employed to conduct bibliometric analysis, aiming to analyze the research trends in hyperprolactinemia over the past 13 years. A total of 1865 eligible articles were retrieved, with contributions from 9544 scholars representing 83 countries in the field of research. The United States had the highest number of publications, followed by China. The keywords were categorized into six clusters: (1) etiology of hyperprolactinemia and other related endocrine and metabolic diseases. (2) Hyperprolactinemia and mental illness. (3) Diagnosis and management of hyperprolactinemia. (4) Treatment of hyperprolactinemia and prolactinoma. (5) Detection of macroprolactin and macroprolactinemia. (6) Symptoms of male hyperprolactinemia. Over the past 13 years, there has been a consistent and slightly increasing trend in the number of research papers focusing on hyperprolactinemia. The primary areas of research focus are centered around the diagnosis and treatment of hyperprolactinemia caused by antipsychotic drugs or prolactinoma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) is a key stimulator for gonadotropin secretion in the pituitary and its pivotal role in reproduction is well conserved in vertebrates. In fish models, GnRH can also induce prolactin (PRL) release, but little is known for the corresponding effect on PRL gene expression as well as the post-receptor signalling involved. Using grass carp as a model, the functional role of GnRH and its underlying signal transduction for PRL regulation were examined at the pituitary level. Using laser capture microdissection coupled with RT-PCR, GnRH receptor expression could be located in carp lactotrophs. In primary cell culture prepared from grass carp pituitaries, the native forms of GnRH, GnRH2 and GnRH3, as well as the GnRH agonist [D-Arg6, Pro9, NEt]-sGnRH were all effective in elevating PRL secretion, PRL mRNA level, PRL cell content and total production. In pituitary cells prepared from the rostral pars distalis, the region in the carp pituitary enriched with lactotrophs, GnRH not only increased cAMP synthesis with parallel CREB phosphorylation and nuclear translocation but also induced a rapid rise in cytosolic Ca2+ by Ca2+ influx via L-type voltage-sensitive Ca2+ channel (VSCC) with subsequent CaM expression and NFAT2 dephosphorylation. In carp pituitary cells prepared from whole pituitaries, GnRH-induced PRL secretion was reduced/negated by inhibiting cAMP/PKA, PLC/PKC and Ca2+/CaM/CaMK-II pathways but not the signalling events via IP3 and CaN/NFAT. The corresponding effect on PRL mRNA expression, however, was blocked by inhibiting cAMP/PKA/CREB/CBP and Ca2+/CaM/CaN/NFAT2 signalling but not PLC/IP3/PKC pathway. At the pituitary cell level, activation of cAMP/PKA pathway could also induce CaM expression and Ca2+ influx via VSCC with parallel rises in PRL release and gene expression in a Ca2+/CaM-dependent manner. These findings, as a whole, suggest that the cAMP/PKA-, PLC/PKC- and Ca2+/CaM-dependent cascades are differentially involved in GnRH-induced PRL secretion and PRL transcript expression in carp lactotrophs. During the process, a functional crosstalk between the cAMP/PKA- and Ca2+/CaM-dependent pathways may occur with PRL release linked with CaMK-II and PKC activation and PRL gene transcription caused by nuclear action of CREB/CBP and CaN/NFAT2 signalling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]