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Previous research has highlighted the effects of receiving interpersonal touch on persuasion. In contrast, we examine initiating touch. Individuals instructed to touch engage in egocentric projection in which they project their own affective reaction onto their expectations for how the recipient will feel (i.e. empathic forecast), how they appear to the recipient (i.e. metaperception), and the evaluation of the interaction itself (i.e. interaction awkwardness). Touch initiators expect that recipients will feel worse with touch, express concern for how they, themselves, will be perceived, and think that interactions are more awkward. Interestingly, touch recipients do not evaluate these interactions more negatively and leave higher tips after having been touched; touch initiators do not expect this to be the case. As a result, instructed touch initiators (vs. volitional touch initiators) are less (more) likely to engage in subsequent interactions with customers, potentially undermining future service provided to customers. Across five studies, four of which involve actual dyadic interactions, we test the consequences of initiating touch with an inquiry into the effects of interpersonal touch on the initiator. We discuss theoretical and managerial implications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we derive a new projection algorithm by incorporating inertial effects for solving a split feasibility problem in real Hilbert spaces. We then establish a weak convergence theorem under some suitable conditions. As an application, we apply our result to image restoration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Existing scholarship highlights the novel approaches and the capacity of northern states to control mass mobility by externalizing the border; outsource their control apparatus to migrant sending and transit countries; process and detain irregular arrivals in offshore locations; and expand the reach of sovereign powers extraterritorially. Significantly, the processes and outcomes of externalization are neither homogeneous nor uncontested. This article seeks to provide critical insights into the divergent nature of border externalization and contributes to a de-centring of northern-centric notions of the state's role in border control by comparing how border control plays out in Malaysia and Indonesia under Australia's externalization policy agenda. Their different border control outcomes reflect important intervening factors in the two countries' internal (domestic political and economic realities; attitudes towards migrants and their control) and external (interstate geo-political relations) environment in shaping the situated meanings and the realities of border security building. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The defensive mechanisms that the individual uses in order to obtain comfort and get rid of anxiety are among the important reasons that affect the course of his life, which is (drop) of the most important types, which the researcher chose as a topic for his research, the research was divided into four chapters, the first chapter included (the methodological framework), which included the research problem, which came with the following question: What is projection in the Arabic theatrical text, and also included the importance of research and the need for it, most notably studying the concept of psychological projection and socially, and shedding light on the concept of projection in the Arab theater, The chapter also included the goal of the research, which is to know the projection in the Arab theatrical text, and it also included the limits of the research and ended with defining the terms and defining them linguistically, idiomatically and procedurally. And he ended with the indications that resulted from the theoretical framework, the most prominent of which is attributed to the projection all what the ego does not want from bad and undesirable thoughts to others. Projection emerges in the theatrical text when the ego struggles with any threat and considers it external, and thus begins the process of defense through projection, and previous studies did not address this topic, and the third chapter included samples and samples were selected for two samples and were chosen in the intentional way. The fourth chapter concluded with the results of the analysis of samples Most notably: the projection is represented in the theatrical text as a result of the theatrical character's struggle with itself due to emotional or subconscious stimuli. The projection is accomplished as a result of the writer's ideas because of the shape of a specific situation that he lived in that left its impact on him. The chapter also included conclusions, recommendations and suggestions. The researcher used an abundant set of sources and references that the researcher benefited from. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent research suggests that consumers often exhibit the "commonness fallacy" by overestimating the likelihood of others choosing a frequently consumed item (e.g., vanilla ice cream) rather than a less frequently consumed item (e.g., tiramisu). This research tests whether the extent to which consumers perceive their choices as similar to others—their social projection tendency—explains the commonness fallacy. Two preregistered studies (N = 605) found that consumers with a higher social projection tendency overestimated the extent to which others would choose commonly consumed options if they themselves chose such options over less commonly consumed options. However, social projection cannot fully explain the commonness fallacy as participants with lower social projection tendencies also displayed the commonness fallacy in both studies. The findings delineate the commonness fallacy from consumers' well‐documented tendency to view others' choices as similar to their own. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we study a class of bilevel multiple-sets split pseudomonotone equilibrium problems in real Hilbert spaces. A new parallel projection method is presented and a strong convergence theorem for solving the problem is established under mild assumptions. Our result is general and extends several existing results in the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Iterative projection methods may become trapped at non-solutions when the constraint sets are nonconvex. Two kinds of parameters are available to help avoid this behavior and this study gives examples of both. The first kind of parameter, called a hyperparameter, includes any kind of parameter that appears in the definition of the iteration rule itself. The second kind comprises metric parameters in the definition of the constraint sets, a feature that arises when the problem to be solved has two or more kinds of variables. Through examples we show the importance of properly tuning both kinds of parameters and offer heuristic interpretations of the observed behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the class of strongly PI-lifting modules is introduced and investigated. The connections between strongly PI-lifting modules and the generalizations of lifting modules are presented. We provide that the class of strongly PI-lifting modules is contained in the class of PI-lifting modules. Moreover, it is proved that for an Abelian ring R, R is PI-lifting as a right R-module if and only if R/I has a projective cover for every right ideal I of R. The structural properties of strongly PI-lifting modules are determined, and examples are provided to exhibit our results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Optical trap displays (OTD) are an emerging display technology with the ability to create full-color images in air. Like all volumetric displays, OTDs lack the ability to show virtual images. However, in this paper we show that it is possible to instead simulate virtual images by employing a time-varying perspective projection backdrop. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study conceptually and empirically distinguishes two mental processes in narrative processing of food safety health messages-identification with and egocentric projection onto story characters. Two studies examined the effects of narrative autobiographical accounts of contracting foodborne illness (salmonella) because of careless food preparation. Both studies consistently found that identification increased, but egocentric projection decreased audience members' behavioral intention to perform safe food handling practices, indicating that egocentric projection and identification represent unique mental processes and yield distinct persuasive outcomes. In addition, confirmatory factor analyses provided evidence that egocentric projection and identification are distinct constructs. Implications for the role of identification and egocentric projection for understanding narrative processing and for health persuasion are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: People gather important social information from subtle nonverbal cues. Given that one's attachment style can meaningfully affect the quality of one's relationships, we investigated whether people could perceive men's and women's attachment styles from photos of their neutral faces.Method: In two studies, we measured targets' attachment styles then asked participants (total N = 893) to judge the male and female targets' attachment anxiety and avoidance from photos of their neutral faces (total N = 331) and to report their own attachment anxiety and avoidance.Results: Participants detected men's attachment style from face photos significantly better than chance in an initial exploratory study and in a preregistered replication but did not consistently detect women's attachment style from their face photos. Moreover, participants' own attachment style biased these first impressions: Individuals with greater attachment anxiety viewed others as more anxiously attached.Conclusions: People can detect some hints of unacquainted others' attachment styles from their faces but their own anxious attachment can bias these judgments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a coupled finite/infinite element method is applied for computing eigenfrequencies of structures in exterior acoustic domains. The underlying quadratic eigenvalue problem is addressed by a contour integral method based on resolvent moments. The numerical framework is applied to an academic example of a hollow sphere submerged in water. Comparisons of the computed eigenfrequencies to those obtained by boundary element discretizations as well as finite element discretizations in conjunction with perfectly matched layers verify the proposed numerical framework. Furthermore, extensive parameter studies are carried out illustrating the performance of the method with regard to both projection and discretization parameters. Finally, we point out that the proposed method achieves significantly smaller residuals of the computed eigenpairs than the Rayleigh Ritz procedure with second-order Krylov subspaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the role that the consumers' need for uniqueness has in consumer product preferences. It states that consumers often use social comparisons to gauge their own preferences for a product. It utilizes two common social comparisons, projection and introjection, in determining the role of consumer preferences for product uniqueness. It mentions that consumers with a higher preference for unique products are less likely to rely on the estimates from other consumers' preferences in determining their own interests. It suggests that the process underlying introjection has a motivational nature than the process underlying projection.

A series of studies explored people's metacognition about moral judgments. These studies begin by demonstrating a metacognitive asymmetry: When faced with a dilemma, consequentialist responders tend to feel more conflict than deontological responders, such that they feel more compelled to give the alternative response. As a consequence, they are aware that other people might make different judgments from them. Deontological responders, on the other hand, are less likely to consider giving the alternative response, and are therefore more likely to project their moral judgments onto others. Results from experimental manipulations, mediational analyses, and process dissociation suggest that these differences in social inference originate in the conflict that people feel when trying to form moral judgments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The importance of the information in the direct sound to human perception of spatial sound sources is an ongoing research topic. The classification between direct sound and diffuse or reverberant sound forms the basis of numerous studies in the field of spatial audio. In particular, parametric spatial audio representation methods use this classification and employ signal processing in order to enhance the audio quality at reproduction. However, current literature does not provide information concerning the impact of ideal direct sound representation on externalization, in the context of Ambisonics. This paper aims to assess the importance of the spatial information in the direct sound in the externalization of a sound field when using binaural reproduction. This is done in the spherical harmonics (SH) domain, where an ideal direct sound representation within an otherwise Ambisonics signal is simulated, and its perceived externalization is evaluated in a formal listening test. This investigation leads to the conclusion that externalization of a first order Ambisonics signal may be significantly improved by enhancing the direct sound component, up to a level similar to a third order Ambisonics signal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gradient projection rotation (GPR) is an openly available and promising tool for factor and component rotation. We compare GPR toward the Varimax criterion in principal component analysis to the built-in Varimax procedure in SPSS. In a simulation study, we tested whether GPR-Varimax yielded multiple local solutions by creating population simple structure with a single optimum and with two optima, a global and a local one (double-optimum condition). The other conditions comprised the number of components (k = 3, 6, 9, and 12), the number of variables per component (m/k = 4, 6, and 8), the number of iterations per rotation (i = 25 and 250), and whether loadings were Kaiser normalized before rotation or not. GPR-Varimax was conducted with unrotated and multiple (q = 1, 10, 50, and 100) random start loadings. We found equal results for GPR-Varimax and SPSS-Varimax in most conditions. The few very small differences in favor of SPSS-Varimax were eliminated when Kaiser-normalized loadings and 250 iterations per rotation were used. Selecting the best solution out of multiple random starts in GPR-Varimax increased proximity to population components in the double-optimum condition with Kaiser normalized loadings, for which GPR-Varimax recovered population structure better than SPSS-Varimax. We also included an empirical example and found that GPR-Varimax and SPSS-Varimax yielded highly similar solutions for orthogonal simple structure in a real data set. We suggest that GPR-Varimax can be used as an alternative to Varimax rotation in SPSS. Users of GPR-Varimax should allow for at least 250 iterations, normalize loadings before rotation, and select the best solution from at least 10 random starts to ensure optimal results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Financial advisors would be well directed to measure their clients' tolerance for risk on an ongoing basis. This is particularly true whenever market conditions change significantly from the original client data-gathering-process environment. In addition, a client's portfolio needs to be strategically reallocated on a regular basis to account for changes in risk tolerance. Financial advisors need to remember that projection bias is a real phenomenon. Educating clients about this bias and developing strategies that incorporate the bias is a worthwhile financial planning practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Application of a novel method for computing centrality in two-mode networks. • Testing seven different betweenness measures to identify criminal leaders • Dual projection approaches perform better in identifying leaders. • Confirmation of the importance of brokerage for criminal networks. Abstract Brokerage is crucial for dark networks. In analyzing communications among criminals, which naturally induce bipartite networks, previous studies have focused on the classic Freeman's betweenness, conceived for one-mode matrices and possibly biasing the results. We explore different betweenness centrality including three inspired by the dual projection approach recently suggested by Everett and Borgatti 2013. We test these measures in identifying criminal leaders in a meeting participation network. Despite the expected high correlations among them, the measures yield different node rankings, capturing different characteristics of brokerage. Overall, the dual projection approaches show higher success than classic approaches in identifying the criminal leaders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article we will develop a logic for the shame of the other's. The shame as a symptom and as a variation of the embarrassment adopts a complex modality when presented as a shame before what other people say or do. It is considered insufficient to interpret the shame of the other's as a mere sympathy before a peer in a shameful scene. This shame can be understood as a projection of the jouissance. The foundation will be developed taking as a central source Lacan's Ella Sharpe's case which he analyzed on the lecture of 21st January in 1959 within his VI Seminar: Desire and its interpretation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ferenczi's understanding of the primitive defenses required to cope with trauma, such as introjection, identification with the aggressor, atomization and reckoning, supports the author's clinical observations of patients who introject a pain mother. Introjecting a pain mother assures that the terrorism of the original external event of a suffering mother keeps the internal suffering going, resulting in being tormented by pain. Such an introjection creates technical difficulties for the analyst. A clinical case is presented to demonstrate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article argues American military strategists must incorporate multidimensional power projection into their planning processes to counter adversarial actions by gray-zone actors. By developing a more complete concept of power projection, the United States can apply its resources more effectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dimensionality reduction is a compelling alternative for high-dimensional data visualization. This method provides insight into high-dimensional feature spaces by mapping relationships between observations (high-dimensional vectors) to low (two or three) dimensional spaces. These low-dimensional representations support tasks such as outlier and group detection based on direct visualization. Supervised learning, a subfield of machine learning, is also concerned with observations. A key task in supervised learning consists of assigning class labels to observations based on generalization from previous experience. Effective development of such classification systems depends on many choices, including features descriptors, learning algorithms, and hyperparameters. These choices are not trivial, and there is no simple recipe to improve classification systems that perform poorly. In this context, we first propose the use of visual representations based on dimensionality reduction (projections) for predictive feedback on classification efficacy. Second, we propose a projection-based visual analytics methodology, and supportive tooling, that can be used to improve classification systems through feature selection. We evaluate our proposal through experiments involving four datasets and three representative learning algorithms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multidimensional projection techniques have become essential analytical tools. Typically, they map data from a high-dimensional space into a low-dimensional visual space, preserving distance or neighborhood structures on the produced layout. Despite the advances, with faster and highly precise techniques, existing methods still carry deficiencies that impair their use as exploratory tools. An example is the mismatching that can occur between what the user considers similar/dissimilar and what is conveyed by the visual representation. Recently, a class of projection techniques aims at addressing this limitation, allowing users to control the projection process by changing the distance relationships using small data samples. Among such methods, Local Affine Multidimensional Projection has proved to be the state-of-the-art regarding the effectiveness of user intervention. Although Local Affine Multidimensional Projection has attained a relative success, it is limited to certain application domains. Since it relies on feature vector representations with data instances described by vectors embedded into a Euclidean space, scenarios that offer only distance information or a distance function cannot be handled. In this article, we present a novel multidimensional projection technique, called User-assisted Projection Technique for Distance Information, which takes advantage of the solid mathematical framework provided by Local Affine Multidimensional Projection, adapting it to scenarios where only distance information or a distance function is available. The results show that User-assisted Projection Technique for Distance Information is as fast, accurate, robust, and flexible as the existing state-of-the-art techniques, enabling the application of the refined user control provided by Local Affine Multidimensional Projection on domains not previously covered. Its versatility is illustrated in an application that involves the organization of book collections that employs an external source of information for the recommendation of new readings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two studies document that people are more willing to express emotions that reveal vulnerabilities to partners when they perceive those partners to be more communally responsive to them. In Study 1, participants rated the communal strength they thought various partners felt toward them and their own willingness to express happiness, sadness and anxiety to each partner. Individuals who generally perceive high communal strength from their partners were also generally most willing to express emotion to partners. Independently, participants were more willing to express emotion to particular partners whom they perceived felt more communal strength toward them. In Study 2, members of romantic couples independently reported their own felt communal strength toward one another, perceptions of their partners’ felt communal strength toward them, and willingness to express emotions (happiness, sadness, anxiety, disgust, anger, hurt and guilt) to each other. The communal strength partners reported feeling toward the participants predicted the participants’ willingness to express emotion to those partners. This link was mediated by participants’ perceptions of the partner’s communal strength toward them which, itself, was a joint function of accurate perceptions of the communal strength partners had reported feeling toward them and projections of their own felt communal strength for their partners onto those partners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study examines whether there is a primus inter pares effect in the domain of prejudiced attitudes, where there is hardly any information on this effect. It also explores the relationship between the prejudiced attitudes perceived in others and one’s own and how this relationship influences our general prejudice. To do so, we compared two opposite hypotheses in two studies. The assimilation hypothesis suggests that attitudes perceived in others influence our own attitudes and our general prejudice. The social projection hypothesis claims that our attitudes influence the attitudes we perceive in others, and consequently our prejudice. A total of 243 students in compulsory secondary education participated in the first study, in which the attitudes towards fat1 people were measured. In the second study, 442 psychology students participated, and we measured their attitudes towards Moroccan immigrants. In both studies, participants considered themselves less prejudiced than others, and their own attitudes mediated the relationship between the attitudes perceived in others and their general prejudice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article describes the 4-year treatment in a community setting of a woman who experienced significant childhood trauma that she replayed in her adult life. The case is presented through a relational lens with particular attention to enactments, the transference/countertransference matrix, and the inevitable participation of the therapist in the treatment. The case will demonstrate how the roles enacted by the therapist and patient allowed for therapeutic space to be opened to facilitate mutual recognition between therapist and patient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Individuals often have a need to predict the preferences of others (e.g., offering a recommendation, gift giving). In doing so, it is not uncommon that individuals project their attitudes and preferences onto others. Extant consumer research literature related to social projection focuses largely on particular situational variables that influence social projection. The current research adds to a smaller body of consumer research which focuses on specific characteristics of consumers’ selves that may drive an individual's tendency to project his/her attitudes onto others. Specifically, the present paper explores an individual‐level moderator of social projection, namely, interpersonal attachment style. Across five studies, interpersonal attachment style, and attachment anxiety, specifically, is shown to influence social projection. In addition, the mechanism underlying this relationship is demonstrated. The results show that high (vs. low) anxious attachment individuals tend to naturally consider more counter‐valence attributes of a product, that is., liked attributes of a disliked product and disliked attributes of a liked product, and this availability of counter‐valence attributes lowers social projection. Important theoretical and practical implications are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers the author's insights on agnostic and Catholic funerals. Topics mentioned include the celebration of the Requiem Mass, the philosophy on projectionism, and the meaning of the word transcendence in religious philosophy. It also mentioned the different views of believers and nonbelievers of God on its existence.

There is much experimental evidence suggesting that chimpanzees understand that others see. However, previous research has never experimentally ruled out the alternative explanation that chimpanzees are just responding to the geometric cue of ‘direct line of gaze’, the observable correlate of seeing in others. Here, we sought to resolve this ambiguity by dissociating seeing from direct line of gaze using a mirror. We investigated the frequency of chimpanzees' visual gestures towards a human experimenter who could see them (as a result of looking into a mirror) but who lacked a direct line of gaze to them (as a result of having his/her head turned away). Chimpanzees produced significantly more visual gestures when the experimenter could see them than when he/she could not, even when the experimenter did not have a direct line of gaze to them. Results suggest that chimpanzees, through a possible process of experience projection based on their own prior experience with mirrors, infer that an experimenter looking at the mirror can see them. We discuss our results in relation to the theory of mind hypothesis that chimpanzees understand seeing in others, and we evaluate possible alternative low-level explanations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Breakdowns are states in which the continuity of being was destroyed. A breakdown has happened but could not be experienced. It is not possible to observe these states because they are beyond our intuition. We have to paraphrase them as ‘shadow’, ‘non-existence’, or ‘black hole’. In these dynamics, the development of a Super-Ego precedes the development of the ego. Under such a Super-Ego, the unthinkable turns into omniscience - no intimacy is left. This process is demonstrated using the example of a treatment in which a patient regresses into a severe autistoid depression (major depression). In a depressive lock-in, all mental life collapsed and intrapsychic and interpsychic communication was not possible, neither of the depression nor of the panic. The ‘me’ is threatened with dissolution, the ‘not-me’ is flattened into a two-dimensional non-existence. For the analyst, it is nearly impossible to understand anything, to build up any empathy, i.e., to grasp the depression intuitively. Finally, intimacy gets lost - until it is possible to communicate this agony (e.g., by projective identification). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Some accounts of social projection view it as an essentially cognitive phenomenon, prompted by the need for a relatively low-effort way to arrive at inferences about others. Other accounts argue that projection is motivated by self-enhancement and self-protection concerns. This investigation evaluates these accounts by having participants make inferences about liked and disliked real-world targets. In Studies 1 and 2, participants projected more to liked than disliked targets, supporting a motivational account; however, when perceived similarity was accounted for, this difference disappeared, supporting the cognitive account. In Study 3 participants made inferences about targets who varied along both the valence and similarity dimensions; there was greater projection to all similar targets, but target valence only influenced projection if the targets were also seen as similar. The implications of these findings are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the still-obscure relationship between image space and dispositional space. It states the concerns of the continuum from perception to mental representations and eternally latent that forms cerebral archives that consist of abstract records of potentialities. It mentions that experimental films attempted to test own functioning through dispositif of projection that makes them possible.

Esther Bick introduced psychoanalytic infant observation courses at the Tavistock Clinic in London in 1948 as part of the training for child psychotherapists in order to facilitate clinical training. She thought that being able to observe infantile processes as they developed was a good grounding for psychoanalytic practice, and noted that it was helpful for mothers to have someone visiting who could admire and appreciate their baby. Since then, there has been considerable writing and some research about the value of infant observation to trainee psychotherapists (Sternberg, ), but relatively little has been written about the effect of being observed in this way. Watillon-Naveau () wrote about the families she visited after they had been observed; Bekos () did an MA study of three observed mothers. Both concluded that it was an important experience for the observed. This paper endeavours to understand more about what exactly can be perceived in the interrelated and intersubjective communication and feedback loops between the infant, their primary carers and the observer. The author argues for the theoretical possibility of healthy narcissism and for projective identification being a reactive process. The paper considers what learning from infant observation can offer psychoanalytic theory and what clinical implications could be drawn. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]