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This study focuses on the analysis of optimization and sensitivity in dairy production, utilizing linear programming to achieve an optimal production structure and maximize net income. The model identifies key products with the highest revenues and those having the greatest impact on overall revenue and costs. Sensitivity analysis reveals which products are most sensitive to price changes and how these changes affect production structures, providing valuable insights for dairy management in pricing strategies and future investments. Additionally, the research opens opportunities for further improvements and exploring new market avenues and product diversification in the dairy industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contrary to the traditional approaches for the evaluation of human capital, this study proposes the assessment of human capital through its qualitative characteristics (knowledge, skills, abilities, and working activities). To investigate the knowledge content density in the Greek production structure for the year 2018, the methodology followed concerns a sectoral analysis of the economy and the matching of each occupation with four knowledge items from the O*NET database. The findings indicate that the prevailing knowledge characteristics (66% of total) of the Greek production structure of 2018 concern a simple rather than sophisticated knowledge background which is reflected in the economic structure and in middle and low specialization of the workforce. This study contributes to the literature by providing an original and robust way to evaluate the knowledge content in total within the economy without being based on model forecasts but sectoral data. Furthermore, it provides policymaking insights for the intervention in specific areas of the knowledge content which could "nudge" economic growth of the existing production structure. The grounds for policymaking concern education, reskilling, and especially lifelong learning programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focuses on the analysis of optimization and sensitivity in dairy production, utilizing linear programming to achieve an optimal production structure and maximize net income. The model identifies key products with the highest revenues and those having the greatest impact on overall revenue and costs. Sensitivity analysis reveals which products are most sensitive to price changes and how these changes affect production structures, providing valuable insights for dairy management in pricing strategies and future investments. Additionally, the research opens opportunities for further improvements and exploring new market avenues and product diversification in the dairy industry.

The production structure of farms has a great importance in the context of Romania where there are many mixed farms and most of them have problems of economic viability. Optimization of the production structure is essential in ensuring the viability of farms therefore our study focuses on applying the model of linear programming for the optimization of the production structure. The model was applied to a case study where the optimization was performed from different perspectives by using various economic indicators such as the standard output, gross margin, profit per hectare and production costs. The results have shown that the optimal structure differs depending on the farms’ medium and long-term objectives. As a result of the analysis for the proposed scenarios, to increase the efficiency, the use of the category of youth under 1 year old must be abandoned and the cattle for meat category should be developed. Gross margin was found to be the most suitable indicator depending on which the optimal production structure should be modeled.

The production structure of farms has a great importance in the context of Romania where there are many mixed farms and most of them have problems of economic viability. Optimization of the production structure is essential in ensuring the viability of farms therefore our study focuses on applying the model of linear programming for the optimization of the production structure. The model was applied to a case study where the optimization was performed from different perspectives by using various economic indicators such as the standard output, gross margin, profit per hectare and production costs. The results have shown that the optimal structure differs depending on the farms' medium and long-term objectives. As a result of the analysis for the proposed scenarios, to increase the efficiency, the use of the category of youth under 1 year old must be abandoned and the cattle for meat category should be developed. Gross margin was found to be the most suitable indicator depending on which the optimal production structure should be modeled. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Access to credits to cover the costs needed to buy production inputs at the optimal level is necessary, and budget restrictions can be an effective factor in not using the optimal economic level of production inputs. Due to the importance of the poultry industry in providing a major part of the food and protein needs of the country, the aim of this study is to investigate the effect of budget restrictions on the production of meat poultry farms in Masjid Soleyman city. Materials and Methods: In this study, the indirect production function approach was used and the required information was collected by completing 43 questionnaires at the city level in 2018. Findings: The results of the study showed that 62% of poultry units had budget restrictions of 26.62%, which caused a decrease in chicken meat production by 32.12% in this city. The return to scale was equal to 1.30, which indicates an increasing return to scale for the studied units. Conclusion: Removing the budget limit of poultry farming units can be considered an effective step towards increasing production and productivity. In this regard, it is recommended that the price policies of inputs and products, as well as the import of inputs, should be given special attention in order to reduce the problems related to the budget limitations of broiler chicken production units. For example, by determining the appropriate import tariff and subsidizing the import of these inputs, the inputs can be provided to poultry farmers cheaper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paper aims: Housing is pivotal in advancing the quality of life. This study investigates the impact of economic complexity on the housing deficit within the Brazilian states. Originality: Several studies have investigated the significance of social policies and economic growth as explanatory factors for housing deficits. Our study sheds light on the importance of economic structure in facilitating improved housing conditions for individuals. Research method: The Fixed Effects Driscoll Kraay (FE-DK) econometric model was employed, utilizing panel data encompassing 27 Brazilian federative units spanning 2009 to 2017. Main findings: The primary finding of this research elucidates the role of economic complexity as a determining factor that significantly impacts the housing deficit within Brazilian states. In other words, an enhanced economic structure contributes to improved housing conditions for the population and fosters a higher quality of life. Implications for theory and practice: Theoretically, this paper posits the existence of a novel determinant that elucidates the housing and housing deficit theory. Moreover, the study makes a substantive contribution by advocating for public policies to facilitate housing conditions and enhance social well-being within a developing country. It underscores the pivotal significance of the productive structure in driving the economic development of the nation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Plantation Economy school of thought has been somewhat absent from mainstream discourse surrounding development despite offering a critical lens to understand the Caribbean region's historical and contemporary economic conditions. This paper examines the extent to which Plantation Economy scholarship can explain the current production structure of Guyana's extractive oil and mineral industries. This is demonstrated through a historical recapitulation of the Plantation Economy’s theoretical underpinnings, situates the pertinent particulars regarding Guyana’s extractive industries and highlights the lack of inter-sectoral linkages, significant exploitative ownership agreements and skewed export dynamics that exist. The intention is to spark a resurgence in Plantation Economy scholarship, especially since its relevance remains as vital as ever in addressing the region's structural barriers to economic development.

In chapter 15 of volume 2 of Capital, Marx introduced the concept of set-free money capital during the turnover process of industrial capital, positing its role in the credit system. Saros further formalized this process, suggesting that set-free money capital could serve as loanable funds, impacting the credit system. This article advances this research by making three significant contributions. Firstly, it offers a more succinct formalization of the turnover process, improving pedagogical clarity. Secondly, it reinterprets the significance of set-free money capital within the modern credit money system using post-Keynesian endogenous money theory, linking production directly to the money supply. Lastly, it demonstrates through simulations that production structure influences the periodic fluctuations of set-free money capital at the macro level, affecting the money supply.JEL Classification: B51, E32, E51 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From the perspective of production structure sustainability, this study investigates the source of innovation power of high-tech enterprises. It proposes that the roundaboutness of production structure is the sustainable driving force for improving innovation capability in high-tech enterprises, and enterprises can improve their innovation capability by absorbing technology from three paths. The proposed model was tested based on the survey data from 315 enterprises in 10 robotics industrial parks in the Yangtze River Delta region of China. The results show that the roundaboutness of production structure has a positive influence on the innovation capability of high-tech enterprises, which is mediated by technology absorption paths (i.e., independent development in high-tech enterprises, technology acquisition in high-tech enterprises and government policy compliance in high-tech enterprises). Meanwhile, the enterprise has different technology absorption path at different position in production structure. The findings have important enlightenment for enterprises to improve market competitiveness, production efficiency and technological innovation capability, and provides a practical basis for better ways of leveraging market and capital and more effective government processes in industrial innovation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study focuses on entrepreneurial decision-making process, namely the inclusion of chickpeas in the production structure of agricultural enterprises. In the entrepreneurial process in agriculture, a number of risky events have an unlimited number of possible outcomes and the probability of any of them sometimes happening is very small. For this purpose, a brief overview of chickpea production in the country is first made (harvested areas, average yields, total production). The mean value, the standard deviation and the coefficient of variation of yields are then calculated. It uses the cumulative distribution function as a means of displaying a large number of possible results. Finally, it is argued that entrepreneurs in agriculture should choose the alternative whose potential results have the least variability due to the smaller deviations to be overcome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the study is to optimize the feed balance of dairy cows. For this purpose, an optimization model based on linear programming is applied. In order to establish the most balanced nutrition of the cows on the farm, the production structure is optimized. A case from a farm operating in the Sofia region is presented. The optimization model has been successfully adapted to the management of an agricultural enterprise, with the criteria for optimal gross margin and profit. The solution of the task optimizes the feed balance of the dairy cows and optimizes the production structure of the farm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Attention focuses on the aspects of digital maturity required for the digital transformation of industrial sectors, within the framework of successive replacement of new production structures. The concept of digital transition is explained in the context of the production structure and digital transformations. It is concluded that a relation exists between the growth rate of digital maturity at high-tech enterprises and the replacement of one production structure by another. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates dynamic factor adjustment and corporate tax reduction in Japanese manufacturing industry using a dynamic dual approach. The own-price elasticity of the output supply is negative in the long run, whereas that of demand for labor is positive both in the short- and long-run. This is consistent with facts that output grows slowly despite deflation and employment level is irresponsive to wage changes. Labor and capital reach the new equilibrium 7–11 years after policy shocks. Providing a tax reduction as an incentive to firms for raising wage turns out to boost not only capital investment but also employment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Small business in the Russian Federation is actively developing not only in large cities, but also in small rural settlements. This is facilitated by the demand for agricultural products grown in ecologically clean territory. In addition, the Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation is developing support programs for rural entrepreneurs, which allows you to start a business without high costs. This paper discusses farming in detail as the form of small agricultural business. The theoretical part involves an analysis of the essence of the concept of a farm, the legislative aspect, the process of opening and the difference from other forms of management. From a practical point of view, the place of farms in the Russian Federation was determined in the structure of agricultural production. The study was conducted by systemic and monographic methods. As a result, the advantages, disadvantages and prospects for the development of farming in Russia were identified.

Copyright of Ekonomika APK is the property of Economy of Argo-Industrial Complex and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de Economía is the property of Universidade Federal do Parana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Scalability is a key feature of reconfigurable manufacturing systems (RMS). It enables fast and cost-effective adaptation of their structure to sudden changes in product demand. In principle, it allows to adjust a system's production capacity to match the existing orders. However, scalability can also act as a "safety buffer" to ensure a required minimum level of productivity, even when there is a decline in the reliability of the machines that are part of the machine tool subsystem of a manufacturing system. In this article, we analysed selected functional structures of an RMS under design to see whether they could be expanded should the reliability of machine tools decrease making it impossible to achieve a defined level of productivity. We also investigated the impact of the expansion of the system on its reliability. To identify bottlenecks in the manufacturing process, we ran computer simulations in which the course of the manufacturing process was modelled and simulated for 2-, 3-, 4- and 5-stage RMS structures using Tecnomatix Plant Simulation software. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the heterogeneity of exchange rate pass-through into industry-specific import, producer, and consumer prices. Results show that depending on the imported input contents, price responsiveness to the aggregate and relative exchange rate changes displays significant differences. We found that direct exchange rate impacts are more significant than indirect effects. The importance of the indirect effects is largely influenced from energy, basic metal, and chemical industries that provide intermediate inputs to others. The time horizon plays a role in the transition process: exchange rate pass-through tends to get stronger and spread to different price indices over time. The short-run impacts of aggregate exchange rate changes are not significant, while relative exchange rate changes partially transmit to producer and consumer prices in low-import content industries. In the long run direct impacts of both aggregate and relative exchange rates are significant on import prices in all industries and producer prices in high-import content industries. Another interesting finding is that the relative and aggregate exchange rate changes have opposing impacts on domestic prices: asymmetric information about industry-specific exchange rates can create pricing opportunities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Ciencia y Tecnología Agropecuaria is the property of Agrosavia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article aims to analyze the structural changes in agricultural cooperatives in Bulgaria, in terms of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) of the European Union (EU) and, on this basis, outline the main trends in their development. The analysis is based on official statistical information from the Ministry of Agriculture and Food and Forestry (MAF) “Agrostatistics”, primary data “Agricultural and Accounting Information System” (FADN) National Strategic Institute (NSI). The trend of changing the following indicators is investigated: number of agricultural cooperatives in Bulgaria, changes in the utilized agricultural area (UAA,); changes in arable land, average size of UAA, labor force, dynamics of the production structure (crop and livestock) for the 2007-2016 period. The results show that, as a consequence of the implementation of the CAP for the 20072016 period, structural changes in agricultural cooperatives are reported. They are expressed in the lasting tendency to decrease both their number and the land they manage. The analysis shows that the incentives under the various CAP support schemes have positive effects on the diversification of crop production. In general, the areas with cereals and oilseeds have decreased over the years. In 2016, there was an increase in the production of fresh fruits and vegetables as a result of the implementation of CAP measures resulting from coupled payments. Despite the CAP subsidies to support the livestock sector, including the support of farms included in selection control schemes, at the end of the period the number of cooperatives developing cattle breeding was almost halved. Despite the negative results in general, at the level of the production unit the result is in the consolidation of production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Designing of today's complex and diverse production systems requires a comprehensive analysis of their operations in three spatial dimensions and over time. Only this approach is a guarantee of identification, optimization, respectively elimination of project disadvantages before their future physical implementation. The designer of tomorrow's production groups must be a professional and a specialist. He must have the creativity and professional theoretical and practical knowledge of the issues that are solved in the project. In technical project solutions, he must have a sense of precision and addressing details as a limiting requirement for the success and implementation of a future project. He must follow the development trends of designing new production structures and the direction of their development and he can't stay at the level of selection the outdated, time-consuming technical solutions and applied technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores economic opportunities of Opuntia cultivation in Spain regarding fresh food production (comparing production structures of Mexico, Italy and Spain), cactus pear non-food uses (exploiting its bio-functional, medicinal, nutraceutical and cosmetic properties) and environmental issues related to climate change mitigation through soil carbon sequestration. Cactus pear production structures and costs are different in the three countries: Mexico (939.77 €), Italy (4.055.1 €) and Spain (9453.77 €). Spain does not present a real productive sector but only isolated farms. Opuntia is an interesting opportunity for non-food production due to the amount of its bioactive compounds. Main components (μg g−1 dried weight) are: kaempferol (34), myrcetin (65), isorhamnetin and derivatives (590), luteolin (8.4), ferulic acid and derivatives (1,050), and catechin (50). Obtaining these compounds could be a way of increasing cactus pear production profitability and creating jobs and value in rural areas. Cactus pear cultivation is a successful tool to mitigate climate change in arid and semiarid regions considering adequate farm and cultivation practices and systems. This crop is often located in high rurality areas, cultivated by small and micro-farmers. Cactus pear cultivation can be an effective tool for rural development in European arid and semiarid areas regarding production, job creation and environmental issues. • Opuntia is cultivated by micro-farmers in areas of high rurality. • Cactus pear cultivation could be a success to mitigate climate change in arid regions. • Opuntia can be an effective tool for rural development in European arid regions. • Italy presents a developed Opuntia sector and is the model to be followed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Social & Economic Studies is the property of University of the West Indies - Mona and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Agro Productividad is the property of Colegio de Postgraduados and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This work aims to generate a conceptual contribution by discussing two key dimensions of the development literature: the role of technological taxonomies and the emergence of global value chains. It is proposed that the discussion about structural change needs to be related not only to the taxonomic approach, but also to that of GVC. The applied methodology is based on a mixed protocol of structured review and literature synthesis. The contributions of this work propose an analytical scheme capable of highlighting the weaknesses of treating both approaches in isolation, concluding that an enriched view of the phenomena of structural change requires the fusion of both views, in order not to incur in incomplete recommendations or evaluations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agricultural land is distributed on farms of different types and legal forms, which differ depending on the size of the resources held. The result of agricultural production depends on the volume of resources, although the low degree of investment concentration, in the case of family farms, complicates the exploitation process. A general analysis of the structure of vegetable production in Galati County has highlighted a number of deficiencies in recent years, which have created distortions between local demand and supply of agricultural products. In Galai County there have been changes in the structure of crops, with the decrease of the share of cereals and the increase of areas for peas and sunflowers. The research results showed that there were certain structural imbalances related to the supply of agricultural raw materials to the local processing sector. These researches are part of a complex study, which aims to optimize agricultural production in the Galati area and increase the competitiveness of the national agricultural sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We develop an alternative input–output approach and apply it to the determination of key sectors in emissions. This methodology allows us to assess and classify the different productive sectors according to their greenhouse gas emissions and the role that they play in the productive structure, as well as the participation of their output in the total volume of production. In contrast with previous approaches, we do not focus on the responsibility of final demand, but on the responsibility of the total production of each sector. We apply our methodology to the 2014 input–output table for Spain provided by the World Input–Output Database (2016). The results show that the sectors that induce more emissions from other sectors are manufacture of food products, wholesale and retail trade, and construction. Those that are pulled to emit coincide with those that are relevant for their own final demand, being the most important electricity and gas provision, agriculture, and transportation. The classification obtained allows to orient the design of greenhouse gas emission mitigation policies for the different sectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although scarcity of irrigation water restricts grain production, it can promote agricultural technology progress to increase supply elasticities of grain. To shed light on the comprehensive effect of irrigation water pressure on grain production structure, this paper explores the effects of irrigation water pressure, grain price changes and their interaction on the yields of different crops based on heterogeneous coefficient Nerlove model and panel data of 27 provinces from 2002 to 2017. The results show that: (1) The direct effect of irrigation water pressure on grain production structure is increasing proportion of corn yield and reducing proportions of other crops yields. Specifically, the magnitude of that impact is in a descending order from rice, potatoes, beans and wheat. (2) The indirect effect of irrigation water pressure on grain production structure is decreasing supply elasticities of wheat, beans and potatoes while making supply elasticities of rice and maize even larger, which contributes to the increase of proportions of rice yield and corn yield. (3) With growth of irrigation water pressure from 2002 to 2017, its comprehensive effect on grain production structure makes a significant increase in proportion of corn yield and a significant decrease in proportions of beans yield and potatoes yield. Regional analysis reveals an increase in yield proportions of maize and rice in main grain production areas of Northern China, leading to more irrigation water consumption in this region where scarcity of water is severer. And this finding of our paper is a support for "the paradox of irrigation efficiency". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focuses on the effects of changes in material and energy input structure on the consumption-based CO2 emissions. Previous studies demonstrated the connection between domestic structural changes including the shift toward a service economy and the increase in greenhouse gas emissions embodied in consumptions of a specific country. This study is an important follow-up research that examines the environmental effects across countries and evaluates whether or not the development levels of countries can explain those environmental effects. Specifically, we employed a multiplicative structural decomposition analysis based on the World Input–Output Database during 1995–2008 and decomposed consumption-based CO2 emissions of 40 nations into the following four inducement sources: (1) inputs from material goods (including energy) to material goods, (2) inputs from material goods to services, (3) inputs from services to material goods, and (4) inputs from services to services. The results from this paper is helpful for policymakers to identify the target segment of supply chain to reduce the domestic CO2 emissions without lowering the level of the country's production activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores whether similarities in production structures have been an important determinant of business cycle co-movement in the Euro Area. We constructed an index of cross-country differences in industry composition using value added data from 62 sectors. Then we tested whether this specialization index can explain several measures of cross-country output and employment co-movement within the European Monetary Union between 1999 and 2016. The results indicate that changes in real gross domestic product exhibit a stronger correlation between countries producing similar goods and services. However, the composition of output cannot explain co-movement in employment or unemployment. We checked the robustness of the results by dividing the sample period and by adding several control variables, including bilateral trade intensity and differences in country risk spreads. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Reducing the total CO2 emissions intensity (TCEI) in the Chinese construction industry is an important strategy to cut its CO2 emissions, which share a considerable proportion of sectoral CO2 emissions in China. However, there is lack of an in-depth analysis of the effect of production structure on the TCEI. This study comprehensively investigates the effect of production structure on the TCEI in the Chinese construction industry by using structural decomposition analysis and sensitivity analysis methods collectively. The results show that the TCEI in the Chinese construction industry declined by 0.3505 tons CO2/104 RMB between 2007 and 2012, and the effect of production structure contributed 110.66% to such decline. Over 95% of the effect was contributed by the electricity, steam and hot water production and supply industry and the refined petroleum, coke products, and nuclear fuel industry. The results also demonstrate that the three most critical technical coefficients were for the nonmetallic mineral products industry consumed by the construction industry, the metal smelting and pressing industry consumed by the construction industry, and the metal smelting and pressing industry consumed by itself in 2012. Besides the first two coefficients, the coefficient for the electricity industry consumed by itself was also critical in 2007. The production chains of the construction industry itself and the metal smelting and pressing industry included over half of the twenty most critical technical coefficients. This study can provide valuable reference for Chinese policy makers to take proper strategies to adjust the production structure in order to reduce the TCEI. Highlights • The effect of production structure on TCEI in construction industry was analyzed. • The TCEI in the Chinese construction industry declined by 19% between 2007 and 2012. • The three most critical technical coefficients were identified. • The production chains of construction industry and metal industry were most critical. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The energy sector is particularly important in the national economy as a whole, while the electricity sector is its main component. The developments in this area have strong economic and social repercussions. This article makes an overview of the electricity sector, illustrating the monthly evolution of consumption and production of instantaneous electricity in Romania in the past few years. Further on, the paper presents the monthly evolution of instantaneous consumption and production of electricity in Romania, the annual structure of electricity production and the depiction of some basic indicators of centralized electricity markets managed by OPCOM. The quantitative analysis presents the monthly evolution of weighted average prices on the competitive markets managed by OPCOM and a linear correlation analysis of the spot market prices in the Eastern European region. The conclusions of the article are in line with the research in the field and show that the electricity markets have registered important evolutions in Romania, both in terms of size and prices, evolutions based on both structural and behavioral factors. It also showed that spot market prices had relatively similar developments over the period analyzed in several countries in the region, with price correlations that seem to be even stronger as the interconnection of electricity grids is higher. Therefore, the results confirm the economic theory, namely that increasing the interconnection of electricity markets can lead to energy prices being brought closer, but also to mitigating the shocks affecting these markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of implementing the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) is a constantly discussed issue among society, politicians, academicians, practitioners and others. The aim of this paper is to test the mathematical model to examine the impact of CAP subsidies on the structure of production in the Bulgarian agricultural enterprise operating in a mountain region. In order to optimize the production structure, complex factors and dependencies are considered. Mathematical model does not allow taking into account informal relationships that do not have quantitative dimensions (habits, traditions, preferences). The results show that CAP subsidies have no impact on the structure of production, but only increase in gross margin and profit. The resulting optimization did not prove the successful applicability of the model in the CAP study. The model is applicable in optimizing production structure, animal feed ration, etc., but must be applied separately. It is not appropriate to apply to study the influence of CAP subsidies on production structure, livestock breeding, labor, plant growing, food ration. The article presents one case from which no conclusions can be drawn about the effects of the CAP subsidies on farms. This is due to the fact that the more criteria from different groups (land, plant, livestock, labor, food rations) are included in the optimization, the more the model strikes for a balance between the created organizational conditions, which is often a prerequisite for compromise solutions to the task significant discrepancies of expectations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is oriented on the new approaches to designing production system structures. It is divided into four main sections. First main section deals with philosophical aspects of production structure designs and their complexity. Second main section is about new approaches to designing customer-oriented productions and there are summarized technologies for viewing virtual scenes. Third main section treats with innovative process design in mechanical production and you can find their pillars of customer oriented production systems of the future. Fourth main section is oriented on production systems supported by design using virtual reality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Maintenance & Reliability / Eksploatacja i Niezawodność is the property of Polish Scientific & Technical Society Consumables, Polish Maintenance Society and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Linkages between rural migration and agricultural restructuring have become a key aspect of rapid urbanization in developing countries and a research focus for optimizing rural–urban development and rural reconstruction. Using continuous statistical data from the mountains of Southwest China, we examined the structure, changes and regional differences in agricultural cultivation under urbanization, analyzed the reasons for the restructuring of agricultural cultivation, and revealed the adaptation linkages between the rural–urban transition and agricultural restructuring. The results showed that land-use changes and rural migration caused by urbanization significantly affected the cultivation structure and its change trends: the proportion of food crops decreased, while the proportion of vegetables and orchards increased. However, regional differences in the agricultural cultivation structure were significant in the various township zones. Rural migration weakened agricultural cultivation in the lake basin and nationality townships but enhanced agricultural cultivation in the river valley townships. On the basis of the adaptation linkages of urbanization, rural migration, agricultural intensification, cultivation structure and economic development, chain-type changes and adaptation processes between rural migration and agricultural restructuring were demonstrated. These findings indicate that favorable locations and appropriate policies can promote the integration and restructuring of smallholder agriculture for commercialization and intensification and vice versa.