Search

The alignment of food production systems with the trends and demands of the world population plays an important global role. This study aims to discuss the convergence of trends related to the Brazilian beef cattle supply chain from a food security perspective. Therefore, it includes important reports on the future of this supply chain and its input production, taking on a qualitative approach to consider trends in animal health, genetics, nutrition, forage, and farm machinery in terms of the development of Brazilian agriculture and the future of food and agribusiness. From a managerial point of view, it was possible to provide information capable of leading to a sustainable understanding. Thus, a content analysis of the documents was carried out, coding them through the Sustainable Development Goals and categorizing them by taking into account the 2030 Agenda’s five Ps (people, planet, prosperity, peace, and partnerships). Along this line, the discussion highlights the themes of poverty and climate change, emphasizing them with regard to the categorization social aspects – the P of people). Future trends will require a workforce prepared to deal with the additional limitations that can arise with the use of new technologies as productivity increases. La alineación de los sistemas de producción de alimentos con las tendencias y demandas de la población mundial desempeña un papel global importante. Este estudio tiene como objetivo discutir la convergencia de tendencias relacionadas con la cadena productiva de carne vacuna brasileña desde la perspectiva de la seguridad alimentaria. Por lo tanto, comprende importantes informes sobre el futuro de esta cadena productiva y sus insumos, desde un enfoque cualitativo para considerar tendencias en: salud animal, genética, nutrición, forrajes y maquinaria agrícola en el desarrollo de la agricultura brasileña y en el futuro de la alimentación y agroindustria. Desde el punto de vista de la gestión, fue posible proporcionar información capaz de conducir a una comprensión sostenible. Así, se realizó el análisis de contenido de los documentos, codificándolos a través de los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible y categorizándolos, tomando en cuenta los cinco Ps de la Agenda 2030 (personas, planeta, prosperidad, paz y alianzas). En esta línea, la discusión destaca los temas de pobreza y cambio climático, enfatizándolos en la categorización de los aspectos sociales - P de las personas. Las tendencias requerirán una fuerza laboral preparada para hacer frente a las limitaciones adicionales que pueden surgir del uso de nuevas tecnologías a medida que aumenta la productividad. O alinhamento dos sistemas de produção de alimentos com as tendências e demandas da população mundial desempenha um importante papel em nível global. Este estudo tem como objetivo discutir a convergência de tendências relacionadas à cadeia produtiva da carne bovina brasileira na perspectiva da segurança alimentar. Para tanto, compreende importantes relatórios sobre o futuro dessa cadeia produtiva e de seus insumos, a partir da abordagem qualitativa para considerar tendências em: saúde animal, genética, nutrição, forragem e máquinas agrícolas no desenvolvimento da agricultura brasileira e no futuro da alimentação e dos agronegócios. Do ponto de vista gerencial, foi possível fornecer informações capazes de levar a um entendimento sustentável. Assim, a análise de conteúdo dos documentos foi realizada, codificando-os por meio dos Objetivos de Desenvolvimento Sustentável e categorizando-os, levando em consideração os cinco Ps da Agenda 2030 (pessoas, planeta, prosperidade, paz e parcerias). Nessa linha, a discussão destaca os temas pobreza e mudanças climáticas, enfatizando-os no que diz respeito à categorização de aspectos sociais - o P de pessoas. As tendências exigirão uma força de trabalho preparada para lidar com as limitações adicionais que podem surgir com o uso de novas tecnologias à medida que a produtividade aumenta.

Domestic milk production is currently only able to meet 20% of the total domestic demand of milk, but this opportunity has not been responded well by dairy farmers. The objectives of this study were: (1) to analyze the performance of dairy farmers and (2) to analyze the impact of external factors (concentrate feed and milk prices) and internal factor (marginal productivity of concentrate feed) on production, income, and household welfare of dairy farmers. The number of sample households was 97 cooperative-member farmers and 46 cooperative-nonmember farmers in Lembang, West Java. The analytical method used included descriptive analysis and household economic models in the form of simultaneous equations. The results of the study showed that the scale of small-scale business with the percentage of lactating cattle and dairy farmers’ productivity was still low. When the price of concentrate feed rises, the impact of the policy of increasing milk prices is greater than the increase in the marginal productivity of concentrate feed on increasing business income and household welfare of dairy farmers.

The alignment of food production systems with the trends and demands of the world population plays an important global role. This study aims to discuss the convergence of trends related to the Brazilian beef cattle supply chain from a food security perspective. Therefore, it includes important reports on the future of this supply chain and its input production, taking on a qualitative approach to consider trends in animal health, genetics, nutrition, forage, and farm machinery in terms of the development of Brazilian agriculture and the future of food and agribusiness. From a managerial point of view, it was possible to provide information capable of leading to a sustainable understanding. Thus, a content analysis of the documents was carried out, coding them through the Sustainable Development Goals and categorizing them by taking into account the 2030 Agenda?s five Ps (people, planet, prosperity, peace, and partnerships). Along this line, the discussion highlights the themes of poverty and climate change, emphasizing them with regard to the categorization social aspects ? the P of people). Future trends will require a workforce prepared to deal with the additional limitations that can arise with the use of new technologies as productivity increases. Made available in DSpace on 2021-11-25T15:01:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 22-The-Brazilian-beef-supply-chain-and-food-security-a-productive-inputs-view.pdf: 197908 bytes, checksum: 0f1b0a1feb3482ec990872f09493343c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2021

Overcapacity and low economic returns have been long ending problems for the Turkish marine fisheries while various conflicting and inadequate fisheries regulations under inconsistent political decisions were developed over many decades. Purse-seine fishery, as one of the biggest marine fishery sub-sectors, has a pioneering socioecological influence within the marine fisheries sector of Turkey. In this study, we examined the technical efficiencies of the Turkish purse-seine vessels along the Aegean coasts of Turkey. To implement this analysis, we first collected a data set of technical and economic dimensions of active Turkish purse-seine vessels in the Aegean Sea. Then, we used two-stage Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) approaches, including input-oriented bootstrapped DEA under constant and various returns-to-scale technologies. In the first stage, we calculated bootstrapped efficiencies across vessels by using technical factors of fisheries production and harvest value as input/ output factors. At the second stage, we performed an in-depth analysis of the endogenous determinants of the efficiency scores by using the statistical models under various statistical specifications. We found that most of the purse seine vessels in fleet segment 1 (= 24 m) emerged to have scores that were homogeneously distributed between 0 and 1. Landing amounts and landing values of fleet segment 1 appeared to have superior efficient frontier levels compared with fleet segment 2 although fleet segment 2 had substantially positive relationships with the predicted efficiency scores. Higher engine power, as well as higher numbers of crew onboard, did not statistically explain neither desired efficiency scores nor expected landings and market values. Overall, various excess production inputs, including gross tonnage, engine power, total generator power, lamp boat generator power, were predicted to be in excess use. To conclude, fisheries managers should account for the operational performance of the fishing vessels to better design optimal fisheries policies in the future., Ege University Scientific Research Project Coordination Unit [FYL-2019-20581], The present study was funded by the Ege University Scientific Research Project Coordination Unit (Project No. FYL-2019-20581). The authors thank to Dr. Sinan Mavruk for drawing the map in the paper. The authors would like to thank all purse-seine fishers for participating and sincerely answering the questions in the survey.

Energy and other factors of production are the primary inputs in the context of sustainable economic growth. This makes energy relatively strategic in the development stage and in the energy importers economies. In this study, the effect of elasticity of substitution on economic growth is investigated for 31 OECD countries over the period from 1990-2014. Although the effect of elasticity of substitution between capital and aggregate energy consumption on economic growth has been examined in many studies, the issue of how this effect changes between the different sources of energy has not been adequately addressed. The research is aimed at contributing to the related literature in this regard. The effect of elasticity of substitution between capital and different energy sources on economic growth is examined within the neoclassical Solow-Swan Growth model. In this model, technology is defined by a variable elasticity of substitution (VES) production function. The empirical model is estimated by the non-linear least squares (NLLS) method. The results show that oil and primary energy consumption are substitutes; natural gas, coal, and hydroelectricity consumption are the complement in the final production of output.

Farklı sektörlerde girdi çıktı analizi konusunda birçok çalışma yapılmış, ancak bunların hiçbiri, girdi fiyatlarındaki dalgalanmaların Türkiye'deki tekstil ve giyim şirketlerinin performansı üzerindeki etkilerine odaklanmamıştır. Buna göre, bu tezde, Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu'ndan (TÜİK) ikincil veriler kullanarak, girdi fiyatlarındaki dalgalanmaların Türkiye'deki tekstil ve giyim şirketlerinin performansı üzerindeki etkisi araştırılmaktadır.D-OLS model yaklaşımını kullanarak bu çalışmadaki bağımlı değişkenler final tekstil ve giyim ürünlerinin fiyat endeksleridir. Ham petrol, elektrik enerjisi, sanayi için su, final tekstil ürünü fiyat endeksleri ve dolar bazında pamuk ve asgari ücret bağımsız değişkenler olarak kullanılmaktadır. Bu çalışmada D-OLS Eş bütünleşme regresyon modeli E-views 9.0 yazılımı kullanılarak tahmin edilmiştir. Testlerden elde edilen sonuçlar, giyim endüstrisindeki tüm girdilerin, hem Tekstil hem de Giyim sektöründe son ürün fiyatları üzerinde anlamlı etkiye sahip olduğunu göstermektedir. Sonuçlar, girdi ve final ürün fiyatları arasında pozitif ilişki olduğunu iddia eden teorik bulguları doğrulamıştır. Tekstil ve hazır giyim sektörü, Türkiye için stratejik ve en önemli sektörlerden biridir. Türkiye, doğal kaynaklara, altyapıya ve iyi coğrafi konumundan dolayı T&G sektöründe dünya liderlerinden biri olma yüksek potansiyeli vardır. Girdilerin performanslarına etkisi hakkında doğru bilgiye sahip olmak, yönetimin her alanında gelişmesi için kullanılabilir. Tekstil ve giyim Sektörü, dünyanın en küreselleşmiş, en rekabetçi ve dinamik endüstrilerden biri olduğu için değişiklikleri yönetmek şirketlerin başarısı için çok önemlidir. Buna göre, bu araştırmanın amacı, Türkiye'deki tekstil ve giyim şirketlerinin performansını ve yönetimini geliştirmek için bir altyapı oluşturmaktır. Many studies have been conducted on the topic of input output analysis in different sectors but none of them focused on impact of fluctuations in input prices on the performance of textile and clothing companies in Turkey. Accordingly, this thesis explores the impact of fluctuations in input prices on the performance of textile and clothing companies in Turkey, using secondary data from Turkish Statistical Institute (TÜİK). Using D-OLS model approach, the study uses price indexes of final textile and clothing products as dependent variables and Price indexes of crude oil, electric energy, water for industry, cotton, final textile product and minimal wage as independent variables. In this research D-OLS Cointegration regression model was estimated using E-views 9.0 software. The results from the test shows that all inputs in clothing industry have significant impact on prices of final product in both Textile and Clothing industry. The results confirm theoretical findings which claims positive relationship between inputs and price of final products along with strength of that impact for each variables. Textile and clothing industry is one of the strategic and most important sectors for Turkey. Turkey has natural resources, infrastructure and good geographic position to become one of the world leaders in appeal industry. Having accurate information about impact of inputs on their performance can be used to improve in all aspects of management. Since textile and clothing industry is world's most globalized and one of the most competitive and dynamic industries managing changes is crucial for success of companies so according to that this research's aim is to become framework for improving performance and management of textile and clothing companies in Turkey. 122

Ülkeler arasındaki ticari ilişkilerin yeni bir boyut kazandığı ve giderek geliştiği günümüz dünyasında gelir dağılımın bozulması ve ülkelerin dışa bağımlı hale gelmeleri özellikle gelişmekte olan ekonomiler açısından büyük bir sorun teşkil etmektedir. Dış girdi bağımlısı ülkeler büyüme ve kalkınmalarını gerçekleştirirken dışarıya kaynak aktarmakta ve bu nedenle de ülke fertlerinin hayat standartlarında bir kötüye gidiş gözlenmektedir. Ayrıca dış girdi bağımlılığı dolayısıyla ülkelerin başta büyüme olmak üzere enflasyon, işsizlik ve faiz oranları gibi iç makroekonomik göstergelerinde istikrarsızlıklar da meydana gelmektedir. Bu bağlamda bu çalışmada Türkiye ekonomisinin uluslararası rekabette önemli bir yer edinebilme ile sürdürülebilir ihracat artışları hedefleri doğrultusunda dış girdi bağımlılığı analiz edilmiştir.Çalışmanın birinci bölümünde dış ticarete ilişkin kuramsal ve teorik çerçeveye yer verilmiş olup dış girdi bağımlılığının tanımı ve bağımlılık teorileri incelenmiştir. Çalışmanın ikinci bölümünde, Türkiye ekonomisinin dış ticaret yapısının tarihsel seyrine değinilip ithalatın mal gruplarına ve ihracatın temel sektörlere göre dağılımı araştırılmıştır. Çalışmanın üçüncü bölümünde ise üretimin ve ihracatın kilit sektörü olan imalat sanayi sektörünün dış girdi bağımlılığı analiz edilmiştir. Öte yandan döviz kurlarında meydana gelen değişmelerin imalat sanayi sektörü üzerine etkileri ve Türkiye ekonomisinde dış girdi bağımlılığının sürdürülebilirliği ortaya koyulmuştur.Çalışmanın sonucu olarak, Türkiye ekonomisinde döviz kurları ile imalat sanayi girdi fiyatları-maliyetleri arasında kuvvetli bir ilişkinin var olduğu ve Türkiye ekonomisinin mevcut döviz yükümlülüğü dolayısıyla ithal girdi bağımlılığının sürdürülebilirliğinin gittikçe zorlaşmaya başladığı gözlenmiştir. In today's world, where trade relations between countries have gained a new dimension and develops gradually, disruption of income distribution and the dependence of countries on foreign countries constitute a big problem especially with regard to developing economies. External input dependent countries transfer their resources while performing their growth and development and therefore a deterioration in the living standards of the members of the country is observed. In addition, internal macroeconomic indicators such as economic growth, inflation, unemployment and interest rates are also instability due to external input dependency. In this context, Turkey's goal of like obtainable an important place in international competition and sustainable export growth were investigated. In the first part of the study, the theoretical framework of foreign trade is included and the definition of dependency of foreign input and dependency theories are examined. In the second part of the study, the historical course of the foreign trade structure of Turkey's economy, import by groups of goods and distribution of exports by basic sector were searched in Turkey's economy. In the third part of the study, the external input dependence of the manufacturing industry sector, which is the key sector of production and exports, was analyzed. On the other hand, the effects of changes in exchange rates on the manufacturing industry sector and sustainability of external input Dependency in Turkey's economy have been demonstrated.As a result of the study, it was seen that there is a strong relationship between exchange rates and manufacturing industry input prices-costs in Turkey's economy and due to current foreign exchange obligation of Turkey's economy, sustainability of import input dependency is becoming increasingly difficult. 135

This study aims (1) identify the farmer’s individual potential in different farm sizes and (2) analyze the relationship of basic potential, availability of man power potential, provision of production input potential, and technological mastery potential with the increasing farm size of PO Kebumen cattle. 100 respondents (breeding farmers) from 6 sub-districts known as PO Kebumen beef cattle development centers are selected using a multistage sampling method. The results of Kruskal Wallis Test explain that farmer’s individual potential of PO Kebumen beef cattle farming showed significant difference at different farm size (P

Türkiye'de dış ticaret dengesi Cumhuriyetin ilanından itibaren 1930-1946 (1938 yılı hariç) dönemi dışında sürekli açık vermiştir. Türkiye ekonomisi açısından kronikleşen sorunlar arasına giren dış açığın iyileştirilebilmesi için ihracatın ve ithalatın artış hızının dengeli olması gerekmektedir. Bu nedenle ihracatın artırılması kadar ithalatın kontrol altına alınması büyük önem taşımaktadır. 2017 yılı için ithalatın mal gruplarına (ara, yatırım ve tüketim) göre dağılımına bakıldığında yaklaşık %85'inin ara ve yatırım mallarından oluştuğu görülmektedir. Bu nedenle üretimde kullanılan girdilerde ithalat payını ve bunun nedenleri belirlemek ithal girdi kullanımını azaltıcı politikaların üretilebilmesi açısından büyük önem arz etmektedir. Bu doğrultuda, bu çalışmada imalat sanayi alt sektörlerinden tekstil ve hazır giyim sektöründe ithal girdi bağımlılığının düzeyi ve ithal girdi kullanım nedenleri alan araştırması yöntemiyle Denizli özelinde incelenmektedir.Denizli tekstil ve hazır giyim sektöründe faaliyette bulunan firmalardan 86'sından anket ve derinlemesine görüşme teknikleri kullanılarak veri toplanmıştır. Üretimde kullanılan girdiler hammadde (pamuk, elyaf vb.), ara malı (boyar madde, ağartıcılar vb.) ve yatırım malı (makine ve teçhizat) olmak üzere üç gruba ayrılmıştır. Elde edilen verilere göre hammadde grubunda ithal girdi kullanımı pamukta %70, elyafta %53, iplikte %79 ve kumaşta %20 olarak hesaplanmıştır. Ara malı türünde ithal girdi kullanım payı % 4,1 ile oldukça düşük bulunmuştur. Makine ve teçhizat grubunun neredeyse tamamının ithal olduğu tespit edilmiştir. İplik üretim makinelerinin %96,4'ü, kumaş üretim makinelerinin %96'sı, ön terbiye makinelerinin %95'i, boyama makinelerinin %93,4'ü, hazır giyim makinelerinin %90'ı ithaldir. Bu bilgiler ışığında Denizli tekstil sektöründe hammadde ve yatırım malları gruplarında ithal girdi kullanımının oldukça yüksek olduğu söylenebilir. Firmaları ithal girdi kullanmaya yönelten ana nedenler hammadde grubu için maliyet baskısı bir diğer ifadeyle ithal olanların daha ucuz olması iken yatırım malı grubunda ise ithal olanın daha kaliteli olmasıdır. Foreign trade balance in Turkey has had deficit since the foundation of republic (excluding 1930-1946 period (except the year of 1938)). In order to eliminate the external deficit which is one of the chronic problems in terms of Turkish economy, the rate of increase in exports and imports needs to be balanced. For this reason, it is important to control imports as well as increasing exports. Considering distribution of imports according to the groups of goods (intermediate, investment and consumption) for 2017, it is seen that 85% of the imports consist of intermediate and investment goods. Therefore, determining the share of imported inputs used in production and its reasons is of great importance in terms of producing policies that reduce the use of imported inputs. For this reason, this study examines the reasons of imported input and imported input dependency levels by using field research technique in Denizli textile and apparel sectors as sub-sectors of manufacturing industry.Out of companies operating in Denizli textile and apparel sector, data were collected from 86 companies using questionnaires and in-depth interviewing techniques. The inputs used in production are divided into three groups: raw material (cotton, fiber etc.), intermediate goods (dye, bleach etc.) and investment goods (machinery and equipment). According to the data obtained from the raw material group, imported input usage was calculated as 70% in cotton, 53% in fiber, 79% in yarn and 20% in fabric. Imports of intermediate goods were found to be quite low by 4.1%. It was determined that almost all of the machinery and equipment groups were imported. 96,4% of yarn production machines, 96% of fabric production machines, 95% of pre-finishing machines, 93.4% of dyeing machines, 90% of ready-to-wear machines are imported. In light of this information, it can be said that the use of imported inputs in raw materials and investment goods groups in Denizli textile sector is quite high. The main reasons for the companies to use imported inputs are the cost pressure for the raw material group, which means that the imported ones are cheaper while in the investment goods group, the imported ones are of better quality. 107

This report responds to a request from the Government of Timor-Leste (GoTL) and Dr. Mari Alkatiri. The request was for World Bank assistance to collaborate on a range of studies relating to opportunities in the special economic zone, including community development, trade and competitiveness, and regional integration. The analysis builds on a situation analysis prepared by the Zona Especial de Economia Social de Mercado (ZEESM) authority in March 2014. The transfer of significant responsibility for Oecusse’s development to the ZEESM authority, reflects a political rapprochement and collaboration between Prime Minister Xanana Gusmao and Dr. Alkatiri. The report is in two volumes. Volume one presents an overview of Oecusse’s current state in chapter one with analysis of living standards, economic activity including trade, and current constraints. Chapter two analyzes Oecusse’s phased economic potential through a range of phase one development interventions focusing on agriculture, and considers the pre-requisites for developing an SEZ in Oecusse. Volume two contains more comprehensive background chapters with full analysis of living standards in chapter three, agriculture in chapter four, transport corridor in chapter five, and migration in chapter six.

Moldova’s recent Association Agreement with the European Union (EU), which includes a Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Agreement (DCFTA), represents an important opportunity, as well as challenges. This analytical document has been commissioned by the World Bank Group to provide insights into potential outcomes of the DCFTA and of other trade options that Moldova has, using a Dynamic Computable General Equilibrium (DCGE) model calibrated to its economy. This paper begins by describing the general trends in economic relations between Moldova and the EU over the past 10 years, with an emphasis on trade, as well as Foreign direct investment (FDI) and labor migration. This section includes some additional facts and details that complement the Trade Competitiveness Diagnostic. In the second section, the paper presents the main elements of the DCFTA and highlights the trade commitments and concessions that the EU and Moldova undertook. It also includes a short review of available literature on the ex-ante or ex post impact assessments of other Association Agreements between the EU and third countries that have been done using CGE models. The third section presents key features of the DCGE and discusses the data used for assembling the Social Accounting Matrix (SAM). Then, the main features of the simulated trade scenarios are presented. Finally, this paper discusses the DCGE simulation results, including the effects of the various scenarios on welfare, trade, and economic activity level. Some distributional impacts are also brought into discussion. The final section concludes and makes several recommendations.

Drawing on international trade data, this paper uses the product space approach to analyze changes in Morocco’s goods exports in 1990–2010 and future export priorities. The level of Morocco’s gross domestic product and its moderate growth match the predictions of product space analysis, informed by changes in the income potential of Morocco’s export basket, reflecting relatively strong capabilities (a high density) in products with relatively low potentials in income and diversification. Morocco’s peripheral position in the product space map matches its slow growth and points to the difficulty of diversification into more sophisticated products. Encouraging changes since 1990 include the development of a revealed comparative advantage for medium- and high-tech manufactures, which in 2010 represented around 40 percent of total goods exports. However, the number of goods involved is relatively small and this transformation has not sufficed to raise per capita growth to the average for middle-income countries. Export projections up to 2025 suggest that future developments will follow the trends of the past. Among sectors, high growth is likely for phosphate-based fertilizer exports. However, like edible oil products, which also may grow rapidly, phosphates are hampered by low income and diversification potentials. Along with various other manufactured products, electronics and the automotive industry are promising sectors that may offer more lasting positive contributions to Morocco’s future development. Beyond goods, Morocco’s policy makers should also consider the potential contributions of service exports, which in recent years have enjoyed rapid growth.

Infrastructure is an important driving force for economic growth. It reduces trade and transaction costs and stimulates the productivity of the economy. Africa has been lagging behind in the global manufacturing market. Among others, infrastructure is an important constraint in many African countries. Using firm-level data for East Africa, the paper reexamines the relationship between firm performance and infrastructure. It is shown that labor costs are by far the most important to stimulate firm production. Among the infrastructure sectors, electricity costs have the highest output elasticity, followed by transport costs. In addition, the paper shows that the quality of infrastructure is important to increase firm production. In particular, quality transport infrastructure seems to be essential. The paper also finds that agglomeration economies can reduce firm costs. The agglomeration elasticity is estimated at 0.03–0.04.

Agriculture is vital to Moldova’s economy. It accounts for 14 percent of gross domestic product (GDP) and employs 25 percent of the labor force; together with agro-processing, it generates more than 20 percent of GDP. While the size of the agriculture sector is one of the largest in Europe, it is comparable to other countries at similar income levels. The sector is also a major foreign exchange earner, with agro-food products comprising about 60 percent of merchandise exports. The Government of Moldova (GoM) identifies agriculture as one of the main drivers of growth in its 2020 national development strategy. Agriculture in Moldova faces both short-and-long term challenges. Increasing public spending on agriculture is not an optimal response to these challenges. Instead, to make the sector more competitive and resilient to shocks, direct budget spending should be reduced in some areas and redesigned or increased in others. Tax expenditures can be streamlined to make them more efficient, cost effective, and equitable.

This report analyzes export competitiveness in the Dominican Republic drawing from the Trade Competitiveness Diagnostic methodology (Farole and Reis, 2012). Dominican exports fare well in terms of performance, sophistication, and survival in Special Economic Zones. Three main challenges are identified: 1) quality issues and rejection of agro exports in the US border; 2) the role of Special Economic Zones in the new decade and the lack of backward linkages; and 3) excessive concentration in terms of markets that is not addressed by a fragmented institutional setup.

A limitation of most empirical cross-country studies that focus on determinants of gross domestic product (GDP) is that they fail to distinguish explicitly between inputs used in production and conditions that facilitate production. For example, physical capital, human capital, and labor are production inputs, whereas the quality of institutions, macroeconomic stability, and market quality are conditions that facilitate production. This article takes this distinction seriously and uses a stochastic frontier approach to study factors affecting economic performance. A panel data set of 71 countries for the 1980-98 periods is used to estimate a production frontier with physical capital, human capital, and labor as inputs. The article also analyzes what drives productive efficiency, using the institutional framework, macroeconomic stability, market quality, and urbanization as possible explanatory factors. Urbanization turns out to be an important determinant, with the rule of law, inflation rate, and market quality also affecting productive efficiency.

Bu çalışmada Kayseri 1. Organize Sanayi Bölgesinde panel mobilya sektöründe faaliyet gösteren bir işletmenin ahşap departmanında ürettiği ürünler için daha etkin bir üretim planlama ve dağıtım modeli geliştirilmiştir. Modelin amacı, firma karlılığını ön planda tutarak üretim, stok, dağıtım maliyetini en aza indirerek maksimum kar etmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Model doğrusal programlama modeli olarak tasarlanmış ve paket program yardımı ile çözümlenmiştir.Sonuç olarak bu uygulamanın sonuçlarına göre firma karlılığı artmış, daha etkin bir üretim planlama yapılmış stok miktarı ve maliyeti en aza indirilmiş daha düşük maliyetli üretim planı çıkarılmıştır. In this study, Kayseri Organized Industrial Zone in the first panel of a firm in the furniture industry for wood products produced by the department more efficient production planning and distribution model is developed. The purpose of the model, the profitability of the company by giving priority to production, inventory, distribution costs by minimizing the maximum profit aims. The model is designed as a linear programming model and solved with the help of the program package.According to the company as a result of this application increased profitability, more efficient production planning and cost has been reduced to a minimum amount of stock plan was more cost-effective production.Key words: Production planning, Distribution planning, panel furniture, linear programming, Integer linear programming, Wood industry 131

Agricultural investments made by developing countries and multilateral development banks (MDBs) have declined in recent decades. This decline is associated with a slowdown in the growth of agriculture productivity. Most development institutions have recognized the damage caused by this past neglect, in part evident in rising food prices, and renewed attention to agriculture and agribusiness is emerging. But this renewed interest will need to deliver results, especially in Sub-Saharan Africa, where the MDBs have had the least success but where the needs and opportunities are enormous. This paper synthesizes recent work by the independent evaluation agency members of the Evaluation Cooperation Group (ECG) and incorporates lessons from related research by MDBs and from the academic literature on agriculture and agribusiness. The objectives of the paper, in addition to distilling evaluative lessons for agriculture and agribusiness, are to examine the key constraints on the sector and to provide evaluators, operational staff, and policy makers with an evaluative perspective on interventions in countries at different stages of development.

Spatial disparity in incomes and productivity is apparent across and within countries. Most studies of the determinants of such differences focus on cross-country comparisons or location choice among firms. Less studied are the large differences in agricultural productivity within countries related to concentrations of rural poverty. For policy, understanding the determinants of this geography of agricultural productivity is important, because strategies to reduce poverty often feature components designed to boost regional agricultural incomes. Census and endowment data for Ecuador are used to estimate a model of endogenous technology choice to explain large regional differences in agricultural output and factor productivity. A composite-error estimation technique is used to separate systemic determinants from idiosyncratic differences. Simulations are employed to explore policy avenues. The findings suggest a differentiation between the types of policies that promote growth in agriculture generally and those that are more likely to assist the rural poor.

This paper studies likely macroeconomic impacts and social consequences of devaluation of the Seychelles rupee. Analyzing potential welfare impacts of devaluation ex ante is crucial for policy making, since information obtained from such analyses would allow policy makers to design cost-effective, well-targeted policy measures, with the aim of mitigating negative social consequences of devaluation. Based on the estimated welfare impact of devaluation, the paper considers mitigation policy options, and discusses their effectiveness and associated budgetary costs. The focus of this study is the likely impacts of devaluation on the prices, economy and social welfare. The reminder of the paper is structured as follows. Section two first analyzes Seychelles’ household expenditure survey data and presents the incidence of poverty and inequality in Seychelles. Section three then discusses how the Seychelles economy would adjust to an initial devaluation of the US dollar value of the rupee by 45 percent, followed by a gradual move to an equilibrium level. Projected macroeconomic variables and prices are applied to the household survey data to estimate possible impacts on the incidence of poverty. Section four discusses a variety of policy measures designed to alleviate the adverse impacts on the poor. Fiscal viability of these measures is also discussed in this section. Section five concludes the paper.

This paper proposes a new approach for estimating the demand for seed within a developing country context where only improved seeds are sold but adoption rates for improved varieties low. A farmer views an improved seed firstly as a derived input embodying production attributes and secondly, as a technology embodying consumption characteristics. He therefore jointly decides on its adoption and the quantity of seed required to plant a predetermined area. Drawing on the theory of demand for consumption goods characteristics and production input attributes, this paper specified and estimated non-separable household demand and consumption models using data collected from 300 farm households in Zambia during the 2003/04 crop season. The estimated results suggest that adoption rate, distance to market, level of household grain self-sufficiency, seed hand-outs and household wealth are significant in determining farmers' seed purchase decisions. Appropriate intervention strategies for increased over-all improved seed demand are recommended. It is concluded that apart from contributing to the literature on modelling farm level seed demand, the model provides a holistic approach for the joint estimation of determinants of improved variety adoption and seed demand relevant for better targeting to increase the impacts of maize breeding research in developing countries.

Data from China's national rural and urban household surveys are used to measure and explain the welfare impacts of changes in goods and factor prices attributable to accession to the World Trade Organization (WTO). The price changes are estimated separately using a general equilibrium model to capture both direct and indirect effects of the initial tariff changes. The welfare impacts are first-order approximations based on a household model incorporating own-production activities calibrated to household-level data and imposing minimum aggregation. The results show negligible impacts on inequality and poverty in the aggregate. However, diverse impacts emerge across household types and regions, associated with heterogeneity in consumption behavior and income sources, with possible implications for compensatory policy responses.

ÖZET Bu çalışmada konut binalarının yapımında kullanılan imalat girdi miktarlarının ve bu girdilerin maliyetlerinin birbirlerine göre ağırlıklarını tesbit etmek ve özellikle gereç tüketimlerine ilişkin bazı temel göstergeleri oluşturmak, ayrıca konut binaları bünyesinde yer alan imalat ve imalat grupları maliyetlerinin, inşaat işleri maliyetleri içerisindeki oranlarını saptayarak, konut yapımında inşaat işleri maliyetlerinde hangi imalat ve imalat gruplarının en büyük maliyet payına sahip olduğuna ilişkin bulgulara ulaşmak amaçlanmaktadır. Bu amaca ulaşmak için, Toplu Konut İdaresi tarafından Ankara-Eryaman'da yaptırılmış olan toplu konut projesi kapsamındaki 9 konut binası üzerinde, Doç. Dr. Murat Çıracı yürütücülüğünde yapılan `Eryaman (1. Etap) Konutları, Genel Tanıtım (Mimari Projeler, Bina özellikleri, Alansal Büyüklükler ve Göstergeler, Maliyetler)` adlı çalışma sonuçlan veri olarak kullanılarak analiz yapılmakta ve yukarıda tanımlanan amaca yönelik çeşitli bulgular elde edilmeye çalışılmaktadır. Konutlar üzerinde yapılan bu analizde miktar ve maliyet verisi olarak: Türkiye genelindeki inşaat sektörüne yönelik imalat ve imalat girdilerine ilişkin miktar ve maliyet bilgilerini içeren ve Bayındırlık ve İskan Bakanlığı tarafından, Bayındırlık ve İskan Bakanlığı Genel (İnşaat Birim) Fiyat Analizleri adı altında her yıl yayımlanan analizler kullanılarak miktar verilerine ulaşılmakta ve maliyet verileri günceleştirilmektedir. Çalışmanın 2. bölümünde Bayındırlık ve İskan Bakanlığı Genel (İnşaat Birim) Fiyat Analizleri tanıtılarak, analizde sıkça geçen kavramların tanımları yapılmaktadır. 3. bölümde ise Doç. Dr. Murat Çıracı tarafından yürütülen `Eryaman (1. Etap) Konutları, Genel Tanıtım (Mimari Projeler, Bina Özellikleri, Alansal Büyüklükler ve Göstergeler, Maliyetler)` adlı çalışma sonuçlarının üzerinde analiz yapılan toplu konut binaları genel özellikleri ile tanıtılarak, çalışmada amaçlanan bulgulara ulaşmak için söz konusu binalar üzerinde yapılan analizde izlenen yöntem tanıtılmakta ve yine bu bölümde her bir bina için gerçekleştirilen analiz adımları açıklanmaktadır. Çalışmanın 4. bölümünde ise 3. bölümde miktar ve maliyet yönünden incelenen konutlar için elde edilen bulgular:. İmalat Girdileri Bazında Maliyet ve Miktar Analizleri. İmalat ve İmalat Grupları Bazında Maliyet Analizleri olmak üzere iki grupta sınıflandırılarak tüm binalar için ortalama değerler oluşturacaktadır. Sonuç bölümünde ise 4. bölümde ulaşılan bulgular özetlenerek, bu bulguların hangi doğrultuda kullanılabileceği ve yararlılığı tartışılmaktadır. XI SUMMARY COST AND QUANTITY ANALYSIS ON THE BASIS OF MANUFACTURING, MANUFACTURING GROUPS AND MANUFACTURING INPUTS IN RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS Cost saving is one of the fundamental problems concerning buildings in general and residential buildings in particular. Various research has been conducted at different levels With the purpose to find ways of cost savings especially for residential buildings. The past researches are mostly about factors influencing the costs of design, project delivery systems, alternative types of organizing residence construction that might be relevant for acquiring residences, financing residences, technologies of residence construction and other similar subjects. Within the literature and past research studied, however, information could not be found on the consumption of manufacturing inputs used, their quantity, kind, number and the ratio of the costs of inputs. In other words, there are no data regarding the quantity and the percentage of the costs of different kinds of inputs such as labour, construction machinery and equipment and material. There is no accurate knowledge on the kinds of inputs used and the ratio of these inputs, especially for residential buildings. In relation to this, question such as the position of these inputs acquired mostly form natural resources within the national economy, the potential production possibilities, the necessary quantity of the fundamental inputs needed for satisfying the need for residences and the way the investment programs should be developed to meet these ends, are left unanswered. This thesis might be considered as an introductory research study to find solutions to the above stated problems. For this reason, the study is aimed to determine the ratio of the quantities of the inputs as well as the ratio of the costs of these inputs used for constructing residential buildings and to develop certain fundamental indexes regarding the consumption of materials. Besides, by means of calculating the ratio of the costs of manufacturing and manufacturing groups within the costs of construction, the study aims to reach results regarding which manufacturing and manufacturing groups have the highest percentage among the costs of construction. To meet these ends, the study obtains various results related to the above defined objectives by means of analysing nine residential buildings within the scope of the house project carried out in Ankara-Eryaman by Project House Directory. In order to reach the above stated purpose, the data or resource opportunities necessary for correctly determining the quantity of inputs used for the construction of residential buildings and necessary for determining the ratio of the costs of manufacturing and manufacturing groups, are very limited. The only document andofficial report that exists in Turkey on this subject is the analysis named `Ministry of Settling and Public Works General (Unit of Construction) Price Analysis` (BFA) published annually by the Ministry of Settling and Public Works. These texts include quantity and cost information regarding manufacturing and manufacturing inputs. In this analysis, quantity data are obtained and cost data are updated by means of using the `1997 Ministry of Settling and Public Works General (Unit of Construction) Price Analysis` as the data on quantity and cost. In the second part of this study, the concepts, that are very often used, are defined by means of introducing the `Ministry of Settling and Public Works General (Unit of Construction) Price Analysis`. Furthermore, unit price lists, unit price analysis and the current value lists used in the analysis that are used in the third part, are explained. In the third part, the structure of the results of the study named `Eryaman (1st Set) Residences, General Introduction (Architectural Projects, Characteristics of Buildings, Sizes of Areas, Indexes and Costs)`, and that is carried out by Assoc. Prof. Murat Çıracı, will be explained. In this way, nine different residential building that are within the body of Eryaman (1st Set) residences, will be introduced. The common characteristic of the residences is that they are all constructed by the tunnel mould technology. The most obvious characteristic that differentiates these residences is the differences in the numbers of flats and the numbers of apartments in each flat. In the second part of this section, the steps of analysis will be indicated by means of explaining the method of analysis applied on Eryaman (1st Set) Residences. The analysis* that consist of quantity and cost analysis, have been carried out in twelve steps. Some of these analysis steps are carried out separately for each building and the findings obtained from these analyses are used as data for all the buildings in the fourth part. The steps carried out in the analysis are as followed:. STEP 1: Classifying the manufactures within the body of Eryaman (1st set) residences according to BFA classifications and identifying the special manufactures that do not take place in BFA.. STEP 2: Quantity Analysis on the Basis of Manufacturing Inputs. Identifying the manufacturing input according to BFA; finding out the total quantity of manufacturing input by means of calculating the quantity of manufacturing input for each building.. STEP 2.1: Determining the total quantity of labour for each building.. STEP 2.2: Determining the total quantity of construction machinery and equipment for each building.. STEP 2.3: Determining the total quantity of material for each building.. STEP 3: Finding out the average quantity of material used in each m2 of the construction area of all the buildings.. STEP 3.1: Determining the average amount of labour force used in each m2 of the construction area of all the buildings.. STEP 3.2: Determining the average amount of construction machinery and equipment used in each m2 of the construction area of all the buildings. » STEP 3.3: Determining the average amount of material used in each m2 of the construction area of all the buildings.. STEP 4: Analysis of Cost on the Basis of Manufacturing Inputs. Calculation of the costs of manufacturing inputs for each building according to BFA current value in 1997.. STEP 4.1 : Calculating the cost of labour for each building.. STEP 4.2: Calculating the cost of construction machinery and equipment for each building.. STEP 4.3: Calculating the cost of material for each building.. STEP 5: Calculating the costs of average input sub-groups per each m2 of construction area of all buildings.. STEP 5.1: Calculating the average cost of labour groups per each m2 of construction area of all buildings.. STEP 5.2: Calculating the average cost of construction machinery and equipment groups per each m2 of construction area of all buildings.. STEP 5.3: Calculating the average cost of material groups per each m of construction area of all buildings.. STEP 6: Calculating the cost of different kinds of average cost per each m of construction area of all buildings.. STEP 7: Analysis of Cost on the Basis of Manufacturing and Manufacturing Groups. Calculating the cost of manufacturing and manufacturing groups per each m2 of construction area of all buildings according to the 1997 BFA current value.. STEP 8: Calculating the average cost of manufacturing and manufacturing groups per each m2 of construction area of all buildings.. STEP 9: Listing the average manufacturing cost of each building per each m2 of construction area according to their percentage in the total cost.. STEP 10: Listing the average cost of manufacturing inputs of each building per each m2 of construction area according to their percentage in the total cost.. STEP 11: Finding out the percentage of cost types among the cost of manufacturing and manufacturing groups per each m2 of construction area of each building.. STEP 12: Finding out the average percentage of cost types among the cost of manufacturing and manufacturing groups per each m2 of construction area of all buildings. XIV. STEP 12.1 : Finding out the average percentage of the cost of labour among the costs of manufacturing and manufacturing groups per each m2 of construction area of all buildings.. STEP 12.2: Finding out the average percentage of the cost of construction machinery and equipment among the costs of manufacturing and manufacturing groups per each m2 of construction area of all buildings.. STEP 12.3: Finding out the average percentage of the cost of material among the costs of manufacturing and manufacturing groups per each m2 of construction area of all buildings. In the fourth part of the study, the findings obtained in the third part for the residences analysed in terms of quantity and cost are classified in two groups. Analysis of Cost and Quantity on the Basis of Manufacturing Inputs. Analysis of Cost on the Basis of Manufacturing and Manufacturing Groups. The two groups are demonstrated in Figure 1. In this way, average values are found out for all the buildings through the steps demonstrated in the figure. In the conclusion part, the findings reached in the fourth part are summarised; for what ends these findings can be used and their utility are discussed. The findings obtained as a result of this study can be summarised as follows: Findings of Analysis on the Basis of Manufacturing Inputs:. It is found out that the cost of material has the highest percentage with 66 % among the cost variables (labouring, construction machinery and equipment and material). It is also the manufacturing input that has the greatest influence on the costs of residential buildings.. It is found out that the Essential Construction Material group (pebble, sand, cement, facade bricks, wall bricks, tiles, etc.) has the greatest percentage with 18 % among the costs of material groups.. It is found out that the cost of labour has the greatest percentage with 31 % among the cost variables (labour, construction machinery and equipments and material). It is found out that construction machinery and equipments have a small percentage with 3 % among the different cost variables. Therefore, it does not as much influence the cost of residential buildings compared to other cost variables. XV1 »0 ` J».` «8° BU W i H^ T bO Ö i.8 3 & >S bO a 'C İ o en 'ot PQ g OT 60 C 3 c u 12 'ot od o a) 3 a OT O U E OT S` O XVIFindings of Analysis on the Basis of Manufacturing and Manufacturing Groups:. Within the costs of construction works, the manufactures that have the greatest percentage of cost among the 134 manufactures are as following: 1 6.043 Iron B225 Concrete 1 1.52 % ÖİML-9 Tunnel Mould 8.13% 30. 101 Pre-made Facade Board 5.80 %. Within the cost of construction works, the manufacturing groups that have the highest cost percentage among the 18 manufacturing groups are as follows: ÖÎML Special Manufactures 15.5% 27 Plaster-Seam- Alum Works 15.4% 23 Ironworks 13.7%. The manufacturing groups that have the highest cost of labour among the manufacturing groups and the ratio of labour costs per each m2 construction are as follows: 27 Plaster-Seam-Alum Works 7.3% ÖÎML Special Manufactures 6.4 % 23 Ironworks 3.0%. The manufacturing groups that have the highest cost of construction machinery and equipment among the manufacturing groups and the ratio of the costs of construction machinery and equipment per each m2 of construction area are as follows: ÖÎML Special Manufactures 2.64 % 15 Excavations with Machinery 0.15%. The manufacturing groups that have the highest cost of material among the manufacturing groups and the ratio of the costs of material per each m2 of construction area are as follows: As it is also obvious from the summary of the findings obtained as a result of the analysis conducted in the above research, one of the most striking results of the research is mat among the costs of all the construction works of residences, the percentage of material costs with 66 % is very high in comparison with the other manufacturing inputs. As opposed to this, the cost of construction machinery and equipments is very low with 3 % as opposed to what is expected. In this way, it is seen that the highest potential for cost saving of building residences lies in the materials. According to our point of view, besides all the other precautionsthat will help to economise on the costs of building residences, the decrease of the consumptions of materials is an important goal. Since we have come across no other similar researches, the findings of this research are not evaluated on a comparative basis. On the other hand, the residences subject to this research have been built by the tunnel mould technology. If similar inputs analysis are made for residences constructed with different technologies in the researches to be conducted hereafter, the quantities of inputs for residences constructed with different technologies could be compared. The analyses in this study are structured as indexes of values per m2 construction area. These indexes enable to develop hypothesis regarding the current capacity of material production as well as the necessary quantity of production that is dependent on the need for residential buildings. These hypotheses could be at a national scale as well as for a single project. Another utility that is provided by the indexes indicating the quanties of inputs necessary per m2 of the construction area is that the cost calculation of the design of buildings with similar characteristics is made possible. In this cost prediction, the quantities of inputs used per each m2 of the construction area will enable us to calculate the current value at the time the cost calculation was made. It will further enable us to calculate the cost of the designed building by means of multiplying the current value by the total are of construction. However, in order to use these indexes as tools of prediction in the pre-design phase, they have to be tested and developed with other researches. 165

This report presents State-level soybean production cost and return estimates for the 1990 production year, along with coefficients of variation for each cost item. Per-acre costs are highly variable among States due to differences in production practices, inputs, and type and size of machines used in soybean production. Total per-acre economic costs varied from $151 in Mississippi to $258 in Nebraska. Soybean yields varied significantly, from about 10 bushels in Georgia to 43 bushels per planted acre in Indiana. Methods used to develop the State-level production costs and returns for 1990 are the same as those used to develop regional and U.S. weighted averages published in the Economic Indicators of the Farm Sector: Costs of Production, 1991--Major Field Crops & Livestock and Dairy. State-level estimates should be used for general discussion only, because statistical reliability diminlshes for estimates below the regional and U.S. level due to sample size. Coefficients of variation included in this report are an indicator of the statistical reliability of each estimate.

This report presents State-level corn production cost and return estimates for the 1991 production year, along with coefficients of variation for each cost item. Per-acre costs are highly variable among States due to differences in production practices, inputs, and type and size of machines used in corn production. Total per-acre economic costs varied from $231 in South Dakota to $381 in Colorado. Corn yields varied significantly, from about 82 bushels in Ohio to 147 bushels per planted acre in Colorado. Methods used to develop the State-level production costs and returns for 199'1 are the same as those used to develop regional and U.S. weighted averages published in the Economic Indicators of the Farm Sector: Costs of Production, 1991--Major Field Crops & Livestock and Dairy. State-level estimates should be used for general discussion only, because statistical reliability diminishes for estimates below the regional and U.S. levels due to sample size. Coefficients of variation included in this report are an indicator of the statistical reliability of each estimate.

This report presents State-level peai1ut production cost and return estimates for the 1991 production year obtained from the USDA's Farm Costs and Returns Survey, along with coefficients of variation for each cost item. Per-acre costs are highly variable among States due to differences in climate, variety grown, production practices, and inputs used in peanut production. Total per-acre economic costs ranged from $637 in Florida to $925 in Virginia. Peanut yields varied significantly, from about 1,800 pounds in Oklahoma to over 3,300 pounds per planted acre in Virginia. Methods used to develop the State-level production costs and returns for 1991 are the same as those used to develop regional and U.S. weighted averages published in the Economic Indicators of the Farm Sector: Costs of Production, 1992--Major Field Crops & Livestock and Dairy. State-level estimates should be used for general discussion only, because statistical reliability diminishes for estimates below the regional and U.S. level due to sample size. Coefficients of variation included in this report are an indicator of the statistical reliability of each estimate.

ids report summarizes cotton production practices and costs in the United States. Results show marked regional differences in cotton production practices and costs. Fertilizer and chemical inputs are major components of total cash expenses for producing cotton in the Southeast. Chemical inputs and irrigation are major cost items for cotton in the West. Most of the data were obtained from a survey of cotton producers in the major cotton producing regions.]

This report, summarizing information on grain sorghum production in the United States for 1982 and 1983, shows marked regional differences in production practices and costs. Fertilizer and chemical inputs are major components of total cash expenses for producing grain sorghum in all areas. Irrigation is a major cost item for grain sorghum in all irrigated areas.

This bibliography covers economic research reports prepared during 1950-80 on the inputs used in farm production. Categories of inputs include farm supply cooperatives, feed, fertilizer, finance, labor, land, machinery and buildings, pesticides, petroleum, seed, and water., Research funding for this bibliography was provided by the Economics and Statistics Service of the U.S. Department of Agriculture. The literature search was conducted at the University of Minnesota���s Agriculture Experiment Station.

This report presents results of a survey of cotton production inputs and costs in 20 major producing regions of the United States. Average costs per acre and bale are given by input subgroups for each region and the United States. Average costs and receipts (including Government payments) per pound of lint produced are also shown. Production is distributed by cost level regionally and nationally.