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The article provides a historical account of the establishment of independent labor and industry by Black refugees and freedpeople in postwar Yorktown, York County, Virginia. Information is provided on the patterns of land use and production introduced by formerly enslaved people, efforts of Black residents to negotiate with federal authorities for economic independence, alternate forms of industry to farming free-labor such as oystering and fishing, the advocacy for self-supporting farming.

A circular economy is a "closed-loop" system designed so that products flow back into the production cycle after use. With many companies implementing take-back programs as part of their sustainability strategy, a fundamental shift in consumption has occurred, with consumers considering disposal during and even before purchase decision making. Eight experiments reveal that consumers indicate a greater willingness to pay for circular program products. An increase in psychological ownership underlies the difference in product valuation. Specifically, the additional disposal control uniquely afforded by circular products increases the capacity of circular take-back program products to evoke psychological ownership. The process explanation is directly tested through mediation. Experimentally manipulating antecedents of psychological ownership (i.e., disposal control and psychological ownership) provides further support for the conceptual framework. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aims to analyze the Human Capital Plan strategy implemented by FranchiseGlobal.com to increase the competitiveness and productivity of the company. This research collects data through interviews, documentation, and direct observation using a qualitative descriptive approach. This study also evaluates the implementation of McKinsey's 7S Framework in the Human Capital strategy at FranchiseGlobal.com. The results showed that FranchiseGlobal.com has implemented a strategy divided into short, medium, and long term to improve recruitment, employee development, and talent retention. Although the company has made progress in HR management, there are still challenges in building an inclusive corporate culture and integrating new technologies in the HR management process. This research concludes that the Human Capital Plan implemented at FranchiseGlobal.com effectively supports company growth but requires improvement in technology and cultural inclusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Small and medium industries (SMEs) are vital sectors in Indonesia's economy, with significant contributions to Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and job creation. The IKM Center, which groups small and medium-sized business units in one location, is expected to improve production efficiency and industrial competitiveness. However, many centers are experiencing problems in management and revitalization. This research aims to explore the role of the Ministry of Industry as the main stakeholder in the development of IKM Centers in Indonesia. Using a descriptive qualitative approach, this study examines the role of the Ministry of Industry as a regulator, facilitator, catalyst, investor, and strategic planner in developing SME Centers. The results of the study show that although the IKM Center has great potential, there are still challenges in policy implementation and management that require revitalization. The government is expected to continue to strengthen its role to support the sustainability and growth of the IKM Center in the long term. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alongside bilateral one-off transactions, contracts are used to govern the dynamic, multi-tiered production networks that constitute a majority of global commerce today. Contract law and contract theory do not reflect this change in contractual modalities. In this paper, we look first to summarize earlier theories of contract and posit that the theory of functional contracting offers a novel and more useful approach for understanding contractually governed dynamic and multitiered transactions. We then underscore the difference between functional contracting and earlier theories by describing a recent practical case on the contractual governance of business-model transitions. Finally, on the basis of the theoretical comparison, case study, and other related case studies, we evaluate how the model of functional contracting helps legal scholars and practitioners to understand changes in contractual modalities brought about by recent changes in the global economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We propose that stock market liquidity affects corporate investment and production. Illiquidity, which raises firms' cost of capital, lowers investment in capital assets, R&D, and inventory. This effect holds after we control for endogeneity using exogenous liquidity events, the 2001 decimalization, and the 1997 Nasdaq reform and after employing instrumental variable estimation. Illiquidity affects investment regardless of firms' financial constraints. Consequently, illiquidity induces firms to adopt less capital-intensive production processes. Illiquid firms have higher marginal productivity of capital, greater labor input increases for given increases in assets, and lower operating leverage, which means lower reliance on fixed costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

En este trabajo se evalúan trayectorias de diversificación productiva y se propone una regla empírica de diversificación para promover el aumento de la complejidad económica. Se concluye que la complejidad beneficia el crecimiento de manera más significativa en las etapas incipientes del desarrollo económico. Los países menos complejos, al tener capacidades productivas limitadas, se diversifican hacia productos menos complejos y más similares a su estructura productiva, lo que constituye un obstáculo para el crecimiento económico. Los países de complejidad intermedia están más preparados para correr riesgos en sus estrategias, lo que los hace más competitivos en productos de mayor complejidad. Mediante el análisis de componentes principales, se construye la regla de diversificación, que presenta mayor precisión al formular estrategias de diversificación que proponen productos más similares a la estructura productiva. Este resultado demuestra que las estrategias de sofisticación productiva son más precisas cuando dimensionan las limitaciones productivas de las economías. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the growing acceptance of goose meat production, its nutritional value, and its varied cultural and gastronomic significance. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the global output of goose meat between 2023 and 2027. The investigation was carried out using statistical data websites, such as FAOSTAT. Forecasts for upcoming years were created by combining data on the production of goose meat from 1961 to 2022. The ARIMA model was used to create forecasts, and the most appropriate model was found using the SAS statistical program. Because it outperformed the other models on several metrics, including AIC, BIC, SSE, MSE, SBC, MAE, MAPE, DW, RMSE, HQC, and R2, the ARIMA (3,1,1) model was determined to be the most suitable model. It is projected that the amount of goose meat produced worldwide will rise from 150 thousand tons in 1961 to 4 million 751 thousand tons in 2027. A change of -0.019% was computed based on the differences between the average of the 61 years that followed this period and the actual production figures for the 62 years between 1961 and 2022. The current study predicts that global goose meat production will increase by 246.32% in the five years between 2023 and 2027, compared to the average of the previous 62 years. The results of this study, which used advanced statistical methods and market analysis, suggest that goose meat production will increase over the next five years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study investigates the relationship between organizational ethics and job performance in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), aiming to uncover how organizational ethics impacts employee performance. Design/Methodology/Approach: Employing various statistical analyses, the study explores the correlation between organizational ethics and job performance, utilizing a robust methodology to ascertain the influence of ethical practices on employee productivity. Findings: The study reveals a distinct negative correlation between organizational ethics and job performance in SMEs, indicating that higher organizational ethics levels are associated with lower employee job performance. Linear regression analysis confirms this negative influence, highlighting the significance of ethical considerations in shaping job performance outcomes. Conclusion: Despite the significant impact of organizational ethics on job performance, no significant gender differences in organizational ethics or job performance levels were identified in SMEs. Research Limitations/Implications: Acknowledging limitations such as sample size variations and industry-specific factors, the study proposes avenues for future research to delve deeper into these aspects and enhance the applicability of the findings. Practical Implications: The findings emphasize the importance of promoting ethical behavior in SMEs to enhance overall job performance and productivity, highlighting the need for heightened awareness of organizational ethics in managerial practices. Contribution to Literature: This study contributes a new perspective to the understanding of organizational ethics and job performance in SMEs, offering insights for management practices and contributing to the literature on organizational ethics in small business contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the sitcom Party Down (2009-10) one of the first shows commissioned by the US premium cable service Starz as it sought to compete with HBO and Showtime, but cancelled after two seasons due to low ratings. Reports in 2021 of plans for its return characterised it as a 'cult TV' show revived due to fan demand. Yet by analysing its original production contexts and its aesthetic attributes the article argues that it is best understood as a proto-typical instance of 'indie TV,' aligned with Starz' strategic positioning in relation to its indie-oriented subscriber base at that time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We study the relation between trade credit, asset prices, and production-network linkages. Empirically, firms extending more trade credit earn 7.6 |$\%$| p.a. lower risk premiums and maintain longer relationships with customers. Using a production-based model, we quantitatively explain these novel facts. Trade credit reduces the departure probability of high-quality customers, thereby reducing firms' exposures to systematic costs incurred in finding new customers. The mechanism predicts that the aggregate amount of trade credit proxies for customer-search costs and that suppliers with shorter-duration links to customers command higher expected returns. We confirm these and other novel predictions in the data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acquiring innovation through M&A is subject to information frictions, as assessing the value of innovative targets is a challenging task. We find an inverted U-shaped relation between firm innovation and takeover exposure; equity usage increases with target innovation; and the deal completion rate drops with innovation. We develop and estimate a model of acquiring innovation under information frictions, featuring endogenous merger, innovation, and offer composition decisions. Our estimates suggest that acquirers' due diligence reveals only 30 |$\%$| of private information possessed by targets. Eliminating information frictions increases capitalized merger gains by 59 |$\%$|⁠ , stimulates innovation, and boosts productivity, business dynamism, and social welfare. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article explores the theorization of temporality offered by French philosopher Gilles Deleuze through the books "Capitalism and Schizophrenia," which he authored with colleague Félix Guattari and "Difference and Repetition." It discussed the involvement of immanent variation of coexistence in temporality, the expression of immanent variation through social formations, and the response of Deleuze to Marxian claims regarding the role of economic production in the evolution of society.

Over the last 20 years, the stock market indicates that value creation has become heavily concentrated in a few headquarter cities. At the same time, firms in value-creating cities have experienced declines in their profitability, because of large increases in wages and rents. Our findings thus highlight the difference between flow-based (e.g., operating profits) and stock-based (e.g., securities prices) indicators of local productivity. Conventional proxies for a city's appeal to high value-added workers, such as education rates and weather, are positively related to stock market valuations, but negatively related to near-term operating performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the long-term macroeconomic impact of the war in Ukraine. Exploiting a new stock measure of human capital combining the quality and quantity of education and adult skills, this article quantifies the long-term effect of the war on aggregate productivity through the human capital channel. Results suggest that losses in long-run aggregate productivity could be at about 7% if the war lasts two years. These adverse effects come from school closure and the resulting decline in student learning outcomes and losses in workers' skills, which, without remedial policy action, could persist for decades. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

En este estudio se examinan los efectos de los cambios en la composición sectorial de las exportaciones y de los socios comerciales en el valor agregado del Brasil y México entre 2000 y 2019, en el marco del estructuralismo latinoamericano. A partir de un análisis de descomposición, utilizando el modelo de insumo-producto, se definen variaciones en los coeficientes de valor agregado, las técnicas de producción, la demanda interna y las exportaciones (nivel, productos y socios comerciales) y se halla una correlación significativa entre los cambios relativos a los socios comerciales y la estructura de la canasta exportadora. En ambos países, las exportaciones se concentran por geografía y sector. En México, la especialización de sus exportaciones de equipos de transporte hacia los Estados Unidos y el Canadá incidió negativamente en el crecimiento del valor agregado. En el Brasil, el efecto fue positivo debido a la especialización de sus exportaciones agrícolas y minerales hacia China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Este estudio tiene por objeto medir los efectos de la participación en las cadenas globales de valor sobre la productividad total de los factores de la economía brasileña utilizando modelos de paneles dinámicos heterogéneos y métodos que permiten diagnosticar efectos a corto y largo plazo. El estudio innova en dos aspectos: se estima el impacto de las cadenas globales de valor en la productividad total de los factores sectorial brasileña, desagregando los indicadores de participación en cadenas simples y complejas desarrollados por Wang y otros (2017), y se usa una metodología inédita en el análisis entre participación en las cadenas globales de valor y productividad total de los factores sectorial brasileña. A largo plazo, esta participación parece generar ganancias de productividad con cualquier indicador considerado. Además, los mayores efectos a largo plazo se producen cuando las actividades se desarrollan en cadenas complejas. Se encuentran efectos positivos en 15 de los 31 sectores analizados. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study empirically investigates the implications of corporate social responsibility (CSR) on the value-added intellectual capital efficiency of food and agribusiness firms in India. This study uses the firm-level data collected from the Prowess database of the Center for Monitoring Indian Economy for 362 food and agribusiness companies in 2019. The study contributes to the theoretical and managerial practices by assessing the causal relationship between the value-added intellectual capital (VAIC) and CSR for food and agribusiness firms in an emerging economy, i.e., India. The results suggest a significant mean difference in the key characteristics of firms with and without CSR expenditure. Further, there is a significant relationship between CSR and Value-Added Intellectual Capital Efficiency in the Indian food and agribusiness firms. Finally, the regression analysis indicates that CSR expenditure has a positive and significant implication on value-added intellectual capital (ß = 0.119, p < 0.01), including all the dimensions of firm's capital efficiency except structural capital; i.e., capital employed (ß = 0.095, p < 0.01), human capital (ß = 0.145, p < 0.01) and intellectual capital (ß = 0.124, p < 0.01). However, CSR does not seem to have significant implications on structural capital standalone (ß = 0.044, p > 0.10), implying that the structural capital efficiency of the firms does not get affected by CSR expenditure. The findings of the study provide a good reason for implementing mandatory CSR, which goes beyond the performance of firms, as there is a positive and significant impact of CSR on the Value-Added Intellectual Capital of the firms. This paper contributes to the existing literature by providing extended understanding on the relationship between CSR and VAIC among food and agribusiness firms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Countries worldwide aim to improve their comparative advantages by efficiently using scarce resources for economic growth and development. While many studies have been conducted to measure intellectual capital at the firm's level, measuring it at the national level has been under-examined. In addition, while the important role of national intellectual capital in economic growth has been theoretically recognized in literature, this important link has largely been ignored in empirical analyses. Design/methodology/approach: This study uses the newly developed index of national intellectual capital from Vo and Tran's (2022) study to examine its effects on national economic growth in the long run. The dynamic common correlated effects technique and the pooled mean group estimation are used on the sample of 23 economies in the Asia–Pacific region from 2000 to 2020. Findings: Findings from this study confirm the positive and significant contribution of the national intellectual capital to economic growth in the region. The authors also find that, as a feedback effect, economic growth will also enhance and improve the accumulation of national intellectual capital. Practical implications: The findings of this paper provide valuable evidence and implications for policymakers in managing and improving national intellectual capital in the Asia–Pacific region. Originality/value: To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first empirical study to examine the impact of national intellectual capital on economic growth in the long run in the Asia–Pacific economies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agarbatti (incense stick) is the fragrance ambassador of India and has been a staple across various cultures for thousands of years. The present study was conducted in six districts of the Konkan region of Maharashtra state to investigate the production and marketing pattern of incense sticks. Results of the study revealed that over 50 per cent of the respondents applied fragrance to raw Agarbatti. The average production cost per kg of Agarbatti in the Konkan region was found to be Rs 140.28, with an average daily production of 66.12 kg and average selling price of Rs 290.28. The survey revealed that 40.32 per cent of respondents sold Agarbatti to wholesalers, 38.71 per cent to retailers and 20.97 per cent directly to the consumers. There were three marketing channels viz producer to wholesaler to retailer to consumer, producer to retailer to consumer and producer to consumer. Respondents preferred channel I for selling Agarbatti, while Channel III was found to be more effective due to the 100 per cent gross market margin earned by producers. It was observed that the bamboo incense stick-making business provided a source of income to rural people and contributed to India's economic growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We introduce and test a firm-level innovation-efficiency measure new to the finance literature. The measure, termed the research quotient (RQ), defined as the firm-specific output elasticity of research and development (R&D), was first developed in the management literature. RQ has a low correlation with existing innovation input, output, and efficiency measures. We test RQ in a number of innovation tests common to the finance literature and find that RQ is robust in all tests of firm value, even after controlling for previous innovation measures. The results suggest that RQ may serve as a relevant complementary measure of a company's innovation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We develop a novel measure of volatility pass-through to assess international propagation of output volatility shocks to macroeconomic aggregates, equity prices, and currencies. An increase in country's output volatility is associated with a decrease in its output, consumption, and net exports. The average consumption pass-through is 50% (a 1% increase in output volatility increases consumption volatility by 0.5%) and it increases to 70% for shocks originating in smaller countries. The equity volatility pass-through is larger and in the order of 90%. A novel channel of risk sharing of volatility risks can explain our empirical findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discussed the Late Roman Red Slip Ware which was found during the excavations of Buildings A and B in Amemurium (Rough Cilicia). The wares concern three groups: African Red Slip Ware (ARSW), Late Roman C (LRC) and Late Roman D (LRD). ARS forms that were identified are Hayes 50, 67, 73/76, 99, 104, 105 and 106. LRC forms that were identified are Hayes 1, 3 and 10. The last and major group is LRD of which the following forms were recognised: Hayes 1, 2, 6, 8, 9, 10 and 11, Meyza Type H12D and the so-called Well Form. The proportions of these three ware groups are: LRD 83.6 %, LRC 9.7% and ARS 6.6%. The inhabitants of these buildings, and Anemurium as a whole, definitely belonged to the LRD cultural region. Most of this pottery can be dated to the second half of the 6th century and the first half of the 7th century AD. Many of the ceramics evaluated in this article represent the last production phases of these three groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document summarizes a paper by Acemoglu, Autor, and Patterson that investigates the connection between productivity growth and innovation spillovers from upstream suppliers. The authors argue that balanced productivity growth in upstream industries maximizes innovation spillovers and contributes to overall productivity growth. However, the document raises concerns about the timing of the productivity slowdown analyzed in the paper, as it contradicts other data sets that show a productivity speedup during that time. It also questions the quality of the data used and suggests using an alternative data set for more accurate results. The document concludes that further research is needed to fully understand the relationship between unbalanced growth and innovation spillovers. [Extracted from the article]

The article titled "Comment" summarizes and analyzes a research paper that explores the relationship between industry total factor productivity (TFP) growth and the variance of supplier TFP growth. The authors of the comment agree with the original paper's findings that there is a negative relationship between industry TFP growth and the cross-sectional variance of supplier TFP growth. However, they find that when using an adjusted TFP measure, the relationship becomes less significant. The comment also suggests an alternative approach that includes own-industry employment growth as an additional factor, which reduces the coefficient of interest. The authors of the comment conclude that the Neoclassical channel is present in the data, but there are limitations to their analysis. [Extracted from the article]

This article explores the connection between long-term expectations and aggregate fluctuations in the stock market and the economy. The authors argue that expectations of earnings growth can account for stock market volatility and variation in other business cycle indicators. They find that high expectations of long-term earnings growth are associated with excess optimism and predict future disappointment in earnings. These expectations also have implications for interest rates, credit spreads, investment, and macroeconomic variables such as consumption, employment, and wages. The authors suggest that overreaction in expectations of long-term profits may be a key driver of investment cycles and aggregate volatility. [Extracted from the article]

Purpose: The primary objective seeks to answer the question of the impacts of accounting digitization on the profession and productivity. To this end, two specific objectives were established: 1) Examine the increase in productivity resulting from digitization in the process of document reception and recording in accounting; 2) Analyze the impact of digitization on the professional practice of accountants. Methodology: This study adopts a qualitative and exploratory methodology based on a case study. To measure productivity, the CRM platform of Digital Company was used, allowing for the evaluation of working times before and after the implementation of digitization. Regarding the second objective, a questionnaire was used to collect the perception of the company's professionals. Results: The obtained results confirm significant improvements in productivity, work quality, satisfaction, and motivation with the implementation of digitization in accounting. It enabled a productivity increase of 54.45%, evidencing operational optimization and better utilization of working time, leading to an extremely positive perception of digitization among accountants. Research limitations: This study focuses on specific aspects of accounting, namely sales, purchases, payments, and receipts, excluding processes such as bank reconciliations and monthly closing records, not covering the entirety of accounting operations affected by digitization. Being a case study, the results may not reflect all business realities in the accounting area. Originality: This study contributes to the understanding of digitization in accounting by exploring, through a case study, the practical effects of this transformation. It analyzes together the perceptions of accountants and productivity gains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Environmental & Social Management Journal / Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental is the property of Environmental & Social Management Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Purpose: The study applied the Management by Objectives (MBO) method for organizational development intervention (ODI) for enhancing employee productivity, job satisfaction, performance, and customer satisfaction. Design/Methodology/Approach: A total of 33 people were involved under the tools of observations, interviews, and primary data analysis from employees, suppliers, and customers. This study employed qualitative methodologies, specifically open-ended interview questions, to guide the approaches leveraged during pre-ODI, diagnosis, and post-intervention. Findings: Based on the findings, MBO is critical in improving internal circumstances at focal organization, which helped to increase employee productivity, job satisfaction, performance, and customer satisfaction and build more alignment within the organization. Conclusion: The organization failed to engage its employees successfully as a result of a lacking MBO process coupled with ineffective employee involvement. This led to poorer performance and lower productivity among employees, as well as decreased job satisfaction. Research Limitations/Implications: The current study was conducted by the CEO, and the limitations arising are that employees may not be able to answer the questions with honesty about their prospects. Practical Implications: The research has offered a vital understanding of MBO as an intervention tool and highlighted how companies in similar sectors could embrace the practice of MBO to improve employee productivity, job satisfaction, performance, and customer satisfaction, which will benefit the industry. Contribution to Literature: The study lied in the ability of MBO in the home shopping industry, as it affected the performance of employees, which was critical to improving organizational outcomes. All of the above contributed to the uniqueness of this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The governance of artificial intelligence (AI) is at a historical juncture. Legislative acts, global treaties, export controls, and technical standards are now dominating the discourse over what used to be a predominantly market-driven space. Amidst all this frenzy, this paper explains why none of these projects will achieve 'alignment' of AI with the prospect of a sustainable model of production authentically committed to the rights and freedoms of people and communities. By reflecting on the role of law in consolidating the visions and logics of few multinationals in the global value chains of AI, it warns against the peril of regulating AI without looking at the methods and logistics of its material production. Following a detailed overview of the various (techno-)legal ways through which law enables the flow of materials, capital, and power from Global South to Global North, and from small players to lead firms, the paper concludes with some preliminary thoughts on a transformative agenda for the transnational regulation of infocomputational production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Knowledge, as one of the pillars of success, is an essential factor for innovation, production and economic growth. Currently it has become an important tool for some type of contest between organizations. Knowledge management is a new strategy that organizations, including agricultural knowledge-based companies, would need that so as to increase their performance and success. In fact, in case companies don't use knowledge management system correctly and at proper time, they would be either faced with failure or obliged to leave the arena of contest. Agricultural knowledge-based companies have a key role for the regeneration of the agriculture and increase of the employment of agricultural graduates in this field. As presently the challenge of managers is to provide a suitable environment for the growth of the human mind in knowledge-oriented companies that embrace a cutting-edge approach to knowledge management, wherein knowledge is tailored to fit the specific context, are poised for success. By fostering effective learning, this approach leads to enhanced performance and improved efficiency. Methods: In this study, many studies were reviewed and generations of knowledge management were analyzed with a paradigmatic approach. Almost 100 related books and articles were reviewed through archival research. Results: The findings showed that knowledge-based companies should go from the first generation of knowledge management to the use of the fourth generation; that way the internet use, social networks, analytical tools, intelligent agents, etc., might have a great participation with one another, which leads to their stay in the contest scene, and their faster achievement of future-oriented and dynamic results. Conclusions: Therefore, it is suggested that agricultural knowledge-based companies have focus on transformational management and its characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of International Journal of Engineering Research & Development (IJERAD) is the property of International Journal of Engineering Research & Development and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Today, por ts are regarded as the entry and exit gates of every country, and their proper performance and high efficiency can play a very decisive role in the prosperity of the economy and changes in the spatial structure of cities and hinterland areas. To have one of the important factors in the evaluation of ports is their geographical location, equipment and performance, which indicates the difference in the level of efficiency, productivity and development of ports and, by nature, cities and hinterland areas. The purpose of this research is to identify, analyze and level, capacity, facilities and capabilities of the coastal ports of the Persian Gulf and the Sea of Oman. The research method used in this research is descriptive-analytical using documentary sources and reliable internet sites. In order to rank the criteria and sub-criteria, the BWM model has been used, and the MABAC model is used to rank the development level of the ports. After a general review and comparison of the criteria and sub-criteria, among the coastal ports of the Persian Gulf and the Sea of Oman located in the Middle East region, 20 ports of Bushehr, Asalouye, Chabahar, Shahid Rajaei, Shahid Bahonar, Shahid Haqqani, Dammam, Doha, Hamad, Muscat, Rashid, Jabal-Ali, Al-Hamriya, Manama, Mina Salman, Sitra, Shoaiba, Shoveikh, Doha and Al-Ahmadi were selected for the purpose of conducting research. The findings of the research show that Jabal-Ali port, as the largest port in the Middle East and the world in the city of Dubai, is at the first level of development among the 20 compared ports, in terms of the criteria and sub-criteria examined; Therefore, it can be said that despite the fact that Rashid Port is considered as the oldest port in Dubai, Jabal Ali Port has been affected by internal factors such as oil revenues and government strategies and external factors during the last two decades. Like the regional and global forces such as container construction, it has the highest level of development. This issue has been able to affect the development of commercial, recreational and oil port infrastructures on the coast of Dubai metropolis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article we look at data on management and skills demand of firms in existing databases and we highlight the strong positive relationship between both variables. We develop a model that explains this relationship and calibrate it in order to present quantitative results, which we then compare with our own estimates. We discover that a simple model with management as a technology can replicate well the estimated influence of management in the skills that firms require. We also present evidence of the influence of the sub-items of management on skill requirements and found that aside from the talent component of management, target and performance components greatly influence the demand for skills. Keywords: Management practices; productivity; human capital. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Football clubs are traditional institutions with the particularity of having the main characters of their successes as intangible assets, that is, their players. The aim of this work is to analyse the determinants of the market values using intellectual and structural capital indicators as explanatory variables. Descriptive statistics and panel data model estimates were used in the analyses to control the footballers' fixed effects, the club's fixed effects and the effects of player-year and club-year interactions. Results confirmed that footballers' market value is determined by a set of variables that can be explained by components of human capital (one's skills), structural capital (infrastructure that supports human capital). Understanding the players' pricing can help both clubs and players to improve their management and increase the possibility of financial success. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the 1930s the colonial authorities in Zimbabwe set aside geographical areas where Africans were allowed to purchase land. Despite having private property rights to land, a rare occurrence among Africans in colonial times, the performance of this group of farmers has rarely been investigated. In this article, we show that the average group of 'native purchase' farming households performed far better than the average African farmer in the native reserves. We do more, by offering one of the first explanations behind the 'success' of this group of farmers. We argue that the explanation for this is not that private property rights were more secure than other forms of land rights as argued in mainstream economics. The farmers who owned land performed better than those who did not because private property rights changed social relations in a wider sense of the term. Private property rights enabled the emergence of various forms of non-family labour relations including sharecropping and wage labour that the landowner could exploit to increase production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

National governments are increasingly focusing on 'place' in attempts to tackle economic challenges. This puts pressure on regions to deliver productivity improvements. Drawing from stakeholder interviews, document analysis and secondary data analysis, this paper considers the productivity policy levers available to regional leaders. Three UK regions are compared in relation to four policy levers (nodality; authority; treasure; organization) and four drivers of productivity (investment and innovation; transport infrastructure; entrepreneurship and employment; skills). Despite differences, all three regions can be identified as 'nodality institutions', lacking the authority, treasure and organization to drive productivity improvements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we investigate whether destruction due to natural disasters induces industries to increase their regional production efficiency using the case of pre-war Japan, a setting of frequent disasters and technological upgrading. To this end we compile a regional sectoral dataset of natural disaster destruction and production for machinery and textiles. We then employ a stochastic frontier analysis (SFA) approach to estimate the role of disaster events on changes in production efficiency. Our results show that earthquakes led to increases in efficiency for both machinery and textiles, although they were substantially greater for textiles due to the recovery persisting longer. Overall earthquakes contributed 6.8% of efficiency gains in textiles and 3.1% in machinery. However, allowing events to compound in their impact showed that such gains were dampened when there were damaging earthquakes in subsequent years. In contrast, for climate-related natural disaster events there is only weak, if any, evidence that these played a significant role in determining productive efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Private organizations that produce public goods often receive offers for funding from large donors who seek to influence the nature of the public goods produced. We consider a model in which the potential for large donor influence creates a commitment problem for the organization in the sense that, from an ex ante perspective, the organization sets the price for influence too low given the opportunity cost. Our analysis identifies determinants of the likelihood of large donor influence and assesses various mechanisms that can alleviate or exploit the commitment problem—greater transparency, organization leadership preferences and/or incentives, and targeted small donor campaigns. Finally, we assess how an option to walk back influential large donor contributions or an inability to commit to longer-term agreements with influential donors alters the implications of potential large donor influence. JEL Classifications: D64; L31. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Company is an organization that provides or produces products/services. Various types of companies and the complexity of the process make the company must be able to continue to grow and compete with competitors. To win the competition, companies must have a strategy to improve performance. TPM is part of the strategy implemented in the company. In Indonesia, not all companies apply TPM, automotive component painting companies apply and measure performance through PQCDSM as a whole. The result of TPM implementation is an increase in production performance which has an impact on reducing quality costs, increasing production, increasing the effectiveness of equipment use because the total of damaged equipment is less. TPM implementation through OEE production performance/engine efficiency increased by 68.7%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Farming has changed the face of the earth in Africa as much as elsewhere. But histories of African farmscapes, shaped by millennia of agriculture, are obscured by narratives of pristine landscapes, whether of forests or savanna, and the role of farming in transforming African farmscapes is seldom taught in schools. We present examples of farming strategies and systems from western and southern Africa, which we hope are inspiring and maybe, at times, even surprising. Our exploration of the farmscapes, structured along the classical elements of Earth, Fire, Water, and Air, describes how plants and people deal with the influence these elements have on successful farming and how these influences show up in farmscapes. We hope these stories of flexibility, adaptation, and success and failure motivate teachers and students to think out of the box in grappling with the challenges our world is facing. These stories also provide opportunities for teaching about the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly the goals of Zero Hunger (SDG 2), Responsible Consumption and Production (SDG 12), and Life on Land (SDG 15). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Marx argued that transitions to capitalism require the violent dispossession of direct producers from their means of production. Many scholars have gone beyond the violence of transition to argue that state force is continuously used to maintain market relations. A major debate focuses on whether Marx's "so-called" primitive accumulation was an historical or continuous process. This paper contributes an empirical puzzle to this debate: the dispossession of peasants across the former Soviet Union after 1991, which resulted from land privatization, was predominantly non-violent. This is due, I argue, to a temporal separation between violence, which occurred during the process of Stalinist collectivization, and the subsequent dispossession of cultivators in the 1990s. Peasant dispossession could unfold peacefully after 1991 only because historical violence was embedded in the structure of the collective farm—a structure that was maintained in the process of dispossession—thus constituting a Soviet "subsidy" to the capitalist transition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]