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Kırsal alanda tarımsal örgütler tarımsal gelişmenin sağlanmasında ve üretici gelirinin artırılmasında önemli araçlardan biridir. Özellikle küçük ölçekli aile işletmelerinin ortak hareket edebilmeleri ve piyasada temsil edilebilmeleri için tarımsal kooperatifler şarttır. Tarımsal amaçlı kooperatifler diğer kooperatifler ve sermaye şirketleri gibi ekonomik faaliyetlerde bulunan bir işletme özelliğini taşımasının yanında sosyal açıdan ortaklarına ayrıcalıklar sunmaktadır. Kooperatiflerin, piyasada etkin bir şekilde rol alması ve sermaye şirketleri ile rekabet edebilmesi için performanslarının, sermaye şirketleri ile rekabet edebilir düzeyde olması gerekmektedir. Bu araştırmada kooperatif ve özel sektör işletmelerin performansının, bu işletmeler ile çalışan üreticiler tarafından değerlendirilmesi ve performans analizinin yapılması amaçlanmıştır. Türkiye’de süt sektörü ve sütçülük kooperatifleri açısından önemli illerden birisi olan İzmir ilinde gerçekleştirilen çalışmada kooperatife ortak olan ve olmayan 200 süt üreticisi ile görüşülmüştür. Bu çerçevede kooperatif ve özel sektör işletmelerin performansını analiz etmek için kompozit performans endeksi hesaplanmıştır. Kompozit performans endeksinin boyutlarının belirlenmesinde, çok değişkenli analiz tekniklerinden Faktör analizi kullanılmış, ağırlıklandırma aşamasında ise objektif ve subjektif yöntemler kullanılmıştır. Boyutların ağırlıklandırılmasında subjektif yöntemlerden uzman görüşüne dayalı ağırlıklandırma, göstergelerin ağırlıklandırılmasında ise objektif yöntemlerden eşit ağırlıklandırma yöntemi kullanılmıştır. İşletmelerin performansını etkileyen faktörler Tobit analizi yardımı ile belirlenmiştir. Araştırmada elde edilen bulgulara göre, kooperatife süt satan işletmelerin özel sektöre süt satan işletmelere göre daha küçük ölçekli olduğu, kooperatiflere karşı sosyal ve ekonomik güven, fiyat memnuniyeti, iletişim ve sadakat düzeylerinin yüksek olduğu bulunmuştur. Endeks sonuçlarına göre ise kooperatiflerin performansının, özel sektör işletmelere göre daha yüksek olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Kooperatifler arasında performansı en yüksek hesaplanan kooperatifin üreticilerden süt satın alırken miktar kotası koymadığı, belirli sınırlar içerisinde süt topladığı ve ürün çeşitliliğinin diğer kooperatiflere göre fazla olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Özel sektör işletmeler içerisinde ise en yüksek performansa sahip işletmelerin süt fabrikaları olduğu belirlenmiştir. Tüm işletmeler arasında en düşük performans puanına sahip işletmeler ise süt toplayıcılarıdır. Kooperatiflerin özel sektör işletmelerine göre performansını en olumsuz etkileyen faktör kapasite yetersizliğidir. Kooperatiflerin kapasitelerini artırarak daha çok üreticiye ulaşmaları gerekmektedir. Bunun için kooperatifler arasında yatay ve dikey entegrasyonun sağlanması önerilmektedir., Agricultural organizations in rural areas are important for ensuring agricultural development and increasing farmers’ income. Agricultural cooperatives are crucial for especially small-scale farms to act jointly and to be represented in the market. Agricultural cooperatives, like other cooperatives and investor owned firms, have the same characteristics such as being engaged in economic activities, and offer social privileges to their members. The performance of agricultural cooperatives must ensure that they take an active role in the market in order to compete against investor owned firms. This research is aimed to evaluate the performance of cooperative and private sector firms. To conduct the performance analysis farmers work with either the cooperatives or the private sector firms. In this study which was carried out in Izmir, as it is one of the most important provinces for the Turkish dairy industry. It consists of 200 dairy farms which have cooperative members and non-members. These members were interviewed in-person. In line with this a composite performance index was calculated for the analysis of the cooperative and private firms. Factor analysis is one of the multivariate analysis techniques, which was used to determine the dimensions of the composite performance index, objective and subjective methods were used in the weighting process. . In this weighting of the dimensions, the subjective method was based on expert opinion. Furthermore, equal weighting was used as the objective method when weighting the indicators. Factors affecting the performance of firms were determined by the Tobit analysis. The results show that the dairy firms working with cooperatives are smaller in scale than the dairy firms working with private sector. The level of social and economic trust, price satisfaction, communication and loyalty are higher in the dairy firms working with cooperatives. According to results of performance index, the level of cooperative performance is higher than private sector firms. The cooperative with the best performance does not set a quantity quota when purchasing milk from farmers, collects milk within specific zones, and product variety is higher than other cooperatives. The dairy factories have the best performance among the private sector firms. The milk collectors have the lowest performance scores among all firms. The most negative factor affecting cooperative performance in comparison to private sector firms is a lack of capacity. Cooperatives should reach more farmers by increasing their capacities. To do this, it is recommended to introduce horizontal and vertical integration between other cooperatives.

Rapid and consistent economic growth of Ethiopia over the past decade has contributed to reducing the number of people living in poverty. The Government of Ethiopia has created the growth and transformation plan (GTP), focusing on two overarching themes: fostering competitiveness and employment, and enhancing resilience and reducing vulnerabilities. This plan recognizes that for poverty reduction and economic growth to be sustainable, the Ethiopian economic structure will have to undergo a fundamental transformation. In accordance with a focus on poverty reduction and economic growth, the GTP has identified five main levers for change: public sector investment in infrastructure to lay the ground for private sector development, enhancement of policies and regulations to provide an environment conducive to competitiveness and productivity, expanding access to credit for small and medium size enterprises, provision of training and education to augment the supply of skilled labor, and improved access to land. Technological adoption and innovation will play a crucial role in delivering the goals laid out in the GTP. Participation in foreign markets also induces firms to become more innovative, a phenomenon known as learning through exporting, as observed among Ethiopian leather exporters. Another vital determinant of innovative activity is the accumulation of human capital and the skill level of the workforce. This study seeks: (i) to empirically analyze the extent of innovative activities that formal firms are undertaking in Ethiopia; (ii) to conduct a review of the existing innovation landscape; and (iii) to identify opportunities to foster innovations at the base of the pyramid (BoP) in Ethiopia. This study is structured as follows: chapter one gives introduction. Chapter two provides a detailed overview of the characteristics of growth and innovation, by providing key insights based on the enterprise survey analysis on the characteristics, motivations, operational and market environment and constraints of the innovators in Ethiopia. Chapter three assesses the innovation landscape in Ethiopia, by looking at the governmental and private agencies responsible to promote innovation, as well as active programs, and donor initiatives which may play a role in promoting firm level and pro-poor innovations. Chapter four provides policy recommendations to promote innovation in Ethiopia both at the firm level and in the form of pro-poor initiatives.

This paper is framed as a User’s Guide to help city officials and city competitiveness practitioners in implementing interventions. This guide aims to support cities in identifying collaborative configurations of actors from the public and private sector along with the management approaches that can help leadership implement interventions to support the city economy.

Economic activity continued to firm up in 2015, driven by domestic demand. After coming in at 6 percent in 2014, GDP growth accelerated to 6.28 percent during the first half of 2015, the fastest first-half-of-the-year growth rate in the past five years. The recovery was driven by strong activity in manufacturing and construction, which together contributed nearly half of overall GDP growth. Retail sales also performed strongly, posting 8.3 percent (in real terms) in the first six months of 2015, up from 6.3 percent in 2014. However, despite the pickup in retail activity, overall services (which account for nearly 40 percent of GDP) rose modestly at 5.9 percent in the first half of 2015. In part, this reflected a struggling tourism sector, with tourist visits in the first six months down by 11 percent year-on-year. On the demand side, stronger growth was driven by investment (spurred by strong FDI inflows) and stronger private consumption boosted by low inflation. The contribution of net exports turned negative as sluggish external demand weighed on export growth while strengthened domestic activity continued to fuel import growth.

The study includes an analysis of inequality patterns in terms of labor force participation as well as a review of policy responses, and areas for possible further policy action. In particular, the report looks at the two main dimensions of inequality that characterize Macedonia’s labor market: gender and ethnicity. Almost half the female working age population is inactive, whereas male inactivity is considerably lower. Labor market outcomes also vary significantly with ethnicity. In particular, a strong interaction exists between gender and ethnicity, with ethnic minority women forming a particularly vulnerable group. Hence, it is worthwhile to investigate in more detail how gender and ethnicity shape the Macedonian labor market, and how public policy could be used to increase labor market participation and job opportunities for women and ethnic minorities. This report is organized as follows. First, the report describes the main characteristics of the Macedonian labor market, emphasizing the most important patterns of inequality in terms of labor market participation (section two). Section three addresses the possible causes of these inequality patterns. Section four discusses potential policy responses and concludes.

This report, funded by the Trust Fund for Environmentally and Socially Sustainable Development (TFESSD), seeks to identify labor market inequalities in the ten countries outlined above, to relate these inequalities to other forms of social exclusion, and to propose areas for policy action aimed at boosting labor market participation. The remainder of the report is structured as follows. Chapter two describes the role that jobs play in fostering good living standards, productivity and social cohesion, and contextualizes the discussion on jobs and participation in the ten countries. Chapter three zooms in, highlighting inequalities in labor force participation across demographic groups. Chapter four shifts the focus to the factors explaining unequal labor force participation across groups, and discusses a policy agenda for these ten countries, drawing on experiences from the rest of the world. Chapter five concludes.

This study presents the vision and implementation recommendations for the electronic identity based service delivery framework (EISDF) in Vietnam. It also delineates the roles to be played by the diverse stakeholders (private, public, development community, etc.) in the field. The study recommends various relevant and innovative electronic identity (eID) services that can be implemented to transform and enhance the accountability and efficiency of service delivery across sectors. These recommendations are based on the stocktaking of international experiences and identified possibilities based on the country assessment. Special emphasis is placed on eID systems that operate on mobile phones, and on those that have the potential of being scaled up by both the public and private sectors in Vietnam. The eID systems can help reduce identity fraud and enable individuals to avail of services more securely in a variety of contexts as in mobile banking and mobile applications for health care.

This report provides an overview of jobs,workers, and employment opportunities in Nigeria, using recent household data. Jobs are critical for Nigeria’s present and future, as better jobs and income-earning opportunities form the basis for more diversified economic growth, poverty reduction, and greater prosperity. This report relies heavily on the wealth of information gathered through the General Household Survey conducted by the National Bureau of Statistics. The diagnostics included in this report are intended to describe the landscape of jobs in the country and provide broad analysis as an input into the development of a jobs strategy for Nigeria. The analysis conducted for this report has highlighted three areas that need attention: (i) data quality issues, as shown in the several rounds of data cleaning needed to provide consistent statistics; (ii) poor documentation and archiving, which prevented the use of several rounds of the household survey, especially to produce national-level statistics using population weights; and (iii) standardization, to permit comparisons of key variables over time and track the impact of policy changes and other events. As shown in this report, many Nigerians work, but generally in low-earning activities. Most work opportunities in the country are informal and do not come with a wage. This report presents an updated picture of jobs in Nigeria and identifies opportunities for improving the quality of jobs. This report has shown that Nigeria combines middle-income status and Africa’s largest economic power with high poverty levels, largely because the main sectors of economic growth are disconnected from the sectors that provide employment, notably subsistence activities in the agricultural and services sectors. Finally, the diagnostics included in this report show that both new and existing jobs, whether in agriculture or other sectors, will need to be more productive to help the population move out of low-earning employment and poverty.

Getting youth into productive employment is an urgent policy issue for countries around the world. Many governments in low and middle-income countries are actively engaged in policies to help youth attain the skills they need to do well in work and in life, as well as to find suitable employment. The involvement of the private sector in youth skills development and employment is a complex issue because the nature of the firms and their motivations vary significantly. Multinational corporations operating in low and middle-income countries may be motivated by direct productivity or profit objectives - to secure a skilled workforce, or reliable suppliers - but also, or even primarily, by corporate social responsibility (CSR) factors. Firms that supply training or employment services will be driven by profit considerations when entering these markets and deciding what services to offer and to whom. The purpose of this paper is threefold: (1) to provide a comprehensive look at the way the private sector is involved in youth skills and employment in low- and middle-income countries, considering the broad range of program types and firm types; (2) to present and interpret the available evidence of the effectiveness of this involvement; and (3) to understand where the private sector has been most effective at promoting young people’s labor market success, and what can be done to enhance the role of the private sector to achieve this objective. The report is organized as follows: chapter one gives introduction. Chapter two provides background to the analysis of the private sector role in youth employment in low- and middle-income countries. In chapter three the authors characterize the private sector’s role more systematically using the youth employment inventory, a global database of interventions that are designed to integrate young people into the labor market. Chapter four reviews the evidence of effectiveness of youth interventions involving the private sector. Chapter five briefly draws together strands from the previous review, as well as from the broader literature, to gain an understanding of the institutional and other factors leading to (and in other cases preventing) successful public-private partnerships for youth employment. Chapter six summarizes the main findings of this review, and is followed by a discussion of key gaps in knowledge on the role of the private sector in different types of youth employment intervention that future research should attempt to address, and a review of the main lessons for policy and programming emerging from the study.

Public-private dialogue (PPD) is highly necessary in fragile and conflict-affected situations (FCS) to fill the gap resulting from the lack of legitimate institutions, to help create transparency and trust among stakeholders, and to identify the need for reforms and interventions that can improve the business environment and attract investment. Moreover, creating a platform for PPD can provide a useful starting point for private sector development in FCS for projects in key sectors, such as agribusiness and extractives, where PPD can help build links between large-scale investments and the local economy. To support PPD projects in FCS, the World Bank Group has conducted a survey of 27 task team leaders and other program staff members with experiences from 30 FCS countries. The survey was followed by in-depth interviews with 13 key staff members who have experience from selected countries. By conducting in-depth interviews, the Bank Group aimed to capture important experiences and lessons learned, including a description of challenges, useful tools and methods, and do s and don ts. The results of PPD are produced by the reforms it initiates and also the process it implements. In FCS, the peacebuilding and conflict-mitigating results are difficult to capture. However, the stakeholders that benefit from the results highly value them. This study will inform the design of guidelines intended for PPD project managers operating in FCS environments.

Inclusive innovation seeks to expand access to essential goods and services, thereby improving quality of life, and enhancing economic empowerment through knowledge creation, acquisition, adaption, absorption, and deployment efforts targeted directly at the needs of excluded populations. Inclusive innovation is of high relevance for the Chinese authorities, but the concept is new to the Chinese government from both conceptual and policy perspective. So far China has emphasized frontier innovation, yet has recognized the importance of inclusive innovation in addressing increasing disparity between the rich and poor. In China many efforts are being made in the domain of inclusive innovation, but there is no clear strategy and implementation plan. This report aims to help build awareness and set the stage for the potential implementation and operationalization of inclusive innovation policy in China and possibly in other countries. This report is presented in four Chapters and an Executive Summary. Chapter I presents the concept of inclusive innovation and why it is relevant for China. Chapter II discusses the current landscape for inclusive innovation in China. Chapter III presents international experience and examples. Chapter IV outlines some policy options for consideration by the Chinese authorities.

Economic growth in West Bank and Gaza (WB&G) slowed in the first quarter (Q1) of 2012. The real growth rate is estimated to have reached 5.6 percent, more than three percentage points lower than the Q1 2011 growth figure and almost one percent lower than the growth forecast contained in the Palestinian Authority's (PA's) budget. This decline is attributed to a major slowdown in Gaza, where real growth decreased from 21.3 percent to 6 percent on a year-on-year basis. The slowdown in Gaza during Q1 of 2012 was mainly attributed to a major decline in the agriculture and fishing sector, which offset much of the growth witnessed in other sectors. This sector shrank by 43 percent in Q1 2012 due to frequent power outages resulting from the lack of fuel in Gaza. Nevertheless, other sectors in Gaza expanded and the highest growth levels were witnessed in the construction, and hotels and restaurants sectors. In the West Bank, growth in Q1 2012 was broadly unchanged from its 2011 level. Most of the growth was from an expansion of services, which contributed around 2.2 percentage points of the 5.4 percent total growth in Q1 2012. The recent slowdown in economic growth is also reflected in higher unemployment levels. Overall unemployment in WB&G was 20.9 percent in the second quarter of 2012 compared to 18.7 percent during the same period in 2011. A serious concern in WB&G is the high level of youth unemployment that is accompanied by low youth participation in the labor force.

Jordan faces extremely high levels of youth unemployment: 19 percent of male and 48 percent of female youth between the ages of 19 to 24 years old want to work but can't find jobs. For men, the transition from school to work is slow (on average 15 months), but for women the school to work transition often never takes place. In this context of high female unemployment and low female labor force participation, the Jordanian government, requested the World Bank's support to develop an employment pilot targeting female community college graduates in 2009. This pilot is part of a broader technical assistance program supporting the reform of the public community college system in Jordan. The objective of the Jordan New work Opportunities for Women (NOW) pilot was to increase female labor force participation and help women gain real world job experience. In particular, the hope was to improve information between firms and potential workers, create an opportunity to change negative stereotypes from firms and young women about women's role in the labor market, and improve soft skills and communication. Overall, the objectives of the Jordan NOW pilot were to increase labor force participation and to give young female graduates a chance to accrue some work experience.

Innovation is the main driver of long-term economic growth. The accumulation of capital, whether in the form of physical assets such as plants and equipment, or through better human capital, cannot indefinitely sustain growth unless new products, services, processes, and/or business models are developed and implemented. This paper describes the actors involved and the types of funding available at different stages of the innovation process, the rationales for public intervention, and the advantages and disadvantages of some of the most commonly used policy instruments. Innovation activities are more difficult to finance than other types of investment for several reasons. Innovation produces an intangible asset that does not typically constitute accepted collateral to obtain external funding. Also, the technological and market uncertainty of innovation activities makes the returns to investment highly uncertain, creating significant problems for the standard risk adjustment methods used by providers of funds. This paper uses a streamlined version of an innovation process with three stages to categorize the different sources of finance available; in reality, considerable crossover takes places among instruments because innovation processes are not discrete.

Outside of China, despite rapid economic growth in many low and middle income countries, there has been little progress in meeting the MDG1 target of halving the incidence of global poverty by 2014. Part of the explanation for this weak poverty-reducing performance has been the historic trajectory of innovation. During the 20th Century, most of global innovation had its origins in the north, producing products for high income consumers, developing technologies which excluded poor producers and technologies which were energy intensive and polluting. This innovation trajectory gave rise to the not-for-profit Appropriate Technology movement after the 1970s. But many of the technologies which they it were inefficient and were scorned by both producers and consumers. However a series of disruptive factors the growth of low income consumers in the context of global economic slowdown, the development of radical technologies (such as mobile telephony and renewable power), the development of capabilities in low income economies and the emergence of new types of innovation actors have begun to transform the potential of AT to support pro-poor growth. Whilst this new vintage of ATs will be largely market-driven (since it provides the potential for profitable production), there are important dimensions in which this market-driven process can be supported by policy.

The objective of this paper is to share the experiences and good practices of early business registry reformers who implemented web-enabled and automated electronic business registries (e-BRs). These lessons are hoped to be of help to EU New Member countries as they embark on delivering EU-conformant e-BRs. At the same time, policymakers in other developing countries may also find these lessons of use. This paper cites examples of good practices rather than best practices. As elsewhere in the development agenda, solutions that have worked well in some countries may not work in other local circumstances. In the case of e-BRs, success depends on a broader set of reforms; as will be discussed in a subsequent chapter, e-BRs require a supportive legal and regulatory infrastructure, such as electronic signature laws and document authentication. A needs assessment and analysis of the options in the local country context need to be conducted in order to find the most relevant best practice options for a specific country. Nevertheless, a number of practical good practices can be identified and are presented in this paper for consideration.