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Potresi su iznimno stresni i teški trenutci u životu s kojima se ljudi nažalost susreću te jedna od najgorih prirodnih katastrofa. Zanimljivi su za istraživanje inženjerima i svima koji se bave zaštitom objekata i ljudi od elementarnih nepogoda.Građa Zemlje sastoji se od tri glavna dijela – jezgre, plašta i kore. Litosferu tvore Zemljina kora i gornji dio plašta. Geofizičar Andrija Mohorovićić prvi je primijetio nagli prijelaz između kore i plašta. Njemu u čast taj je prijelaz nazvan Mohorovičićev diskontinuitet. Kontinenti izgrađuju Zemlju te su stalno u pokretu. Grana geofizike koja proučava potrese i njihove pojave je seizmologija. Glavni uzrok potresa leži u tektonskim pločama koje su u stalnom gibanju zbog topline u Zemljinoj unutrašnjosti. U unutrašnjosti Zemlje njihova su kretanja intenzivna na rubovima velikih tektonskih ploča. Također, potresi se mogu javljati i unutar samih ploča. Izdvajaju se tri načina kretanja tektonskih ploča. Potresi se najčešće javljaju na mjestima uzduž jakih rasjeda, ali i na sjecištima rasjeda različite orjentacije. Što su rasjedi veći, veća je i mogućnost jačeg potresa. Plitki potresi su potresi kojima je hipocentar iznad Mohorovičićeva diskontinuiteta. Upravo se na području Hrvatske svi potresi ubrajaju u plitke potrese. Prostor Hrvatske obuhvaća nekoliko zona veće seizmičke aktivnosti. Prvi veliki potres zabilježen u Hrvatskoj bio je 361. godine. Neki jači potresi u Hrvatskoj zbili su se u Dubrovniku, Stonu, Makarskoj, Zagrebu, Sinjskom polju, Vinodolu te na području Banovine. Nažalost, u posljedicama nekih potresa izgubljeni su ljudski životi, a materijalna šteta bila je ogromna. Iako ih ne možemo predvidjeti, u budućnosti se na području Hrvatske mogu očekivati jaki potresi. Iznimno je važno ostati priseban u tim katastrofalnim situacijama te pružiti prvu pomoć unesrećenima. Kako bi se prva pomoć pružila na najbolji mogući način, potrebno je prikupiti osnovne zdravstvene podatke o unesrećenoj osobi., Earthquakes are extremely stressful and difficult moments in life that people unfortunately encounter and one of the worst natural disasters. They are interesting for research by engineers and everyone involved in the protection of buildings and people from natural disasters. The structure of the Earth consists of three main parts - core, mantle and crust. The lithosphere is formed by the Earth's crust and the upper part of the mantle. Geophysicist Andrija Mohorovićić was the first to notice the sudden transition between the crust and the mantle. In his honor, this transition was named Mohorovičić's discontinuity. Continents make up the Earth and are constantly in motion. The branch of geophysics that studies earthquakes and their occurrence is seismology. The main cause of earthquakes lies in the tectonic plates, which are in constant motion due to the heat in the Earth's interior. In the interior of the Earth, their movements are intense at the edges of large tectonic plates. Also, earthquakes can occur within the slabs themselves. There are three ways of movement of tectonic plates. Earthquakes most often occur in places along strong faults, but also at the intersections of faults with different orientations. The larger the faults, the greater the possibility of a stronger earthquake. Shallow earthquakes are earthquakes whose hypocenter is above the Mohorovicič discontinuity. Precisely in the territory of Croatia, all earthquakes are considered shallow earthquakes. The territory of Croatia includes several zones of greater seismic activity. The first major earthquake recorded in Croatia was in 361. Some of the strongest earthquakes in Croatia occurred in Dubrovnik, Ston, Makarska, Zagreb, Sinjsko polje, Vinodol and in the Banovina area. Unfortunately, as a result of some earthquakes, human lives were lost, and material damage was enormous. Although we cannot predict them, strong earthquakes can be expected in Croatia in the future. It is extremely important to remain calm in these catastrophic situations and provide first aid to the victims. In order to provide first aid in the best possible way, it is necessary to collect basic health data about the injured person.

A fundamental and interdisciplinary approach to investigate abrupt climate change enables us to obtain valuable data and interpret the dynamics of these changes. These data and their interpretation can form the basis for both comparing paleoclimate changes with modern ones and predicting the dynamics of these changes in the future. These insights can make it easier for humankind to adapt to changes that will affect all aspects of life on Earth. Because of the fast and unquestionable climate change and threats that have emerged, geologists have been trying, based on records in Quaternary sediments, to identify the process of change. The exploration is focused on loess/paleosoil sequences and the Đurđevac Sands in the Pannonian area (continental climate) and fluvioglacial sediments in the foothills of the Velebit Mt. and lake sediments from Lake Vrgorac in the Dinaric area (Mediterranean climate). Firstly, explorations of loess-paleosoil sequences revealed the existence of 14 cumulic horizons, which evolved just above well-developed paleosoils. They represent paleoclimate archives of the dynamics of 14 climate changes. The research is focused on analyzing cumulic horizons in NE Croatia, providing detailed descriptions of transitions from the warm to the glacial period in the Late Pleistocene. Next, the investigation of paleosoils and geomorphological/sedimentological features in the dunes of the Đurđevac Sands may help to determine the nature of the Pleistocene- Holocene transition in this area, as well as potential Holocene climate-related paleoenvironmental changes. Those terrestrial archives in the south of the Carpathian Basin provide insight into the magnitude, timing, and spatial variability of climate changes. In addition, fluvioglacial sediment successions in the foothill of the Velebit Mt. are crucial for describing abrupt climate change during the Late Pleistocene, as it will reveal the magnitude, timing, and spatial variability of climatic transitions and correlate them with transitions in a continental climate as based on the other archives outlined above. Finally, the depositional environments and sediment facies found in Vrgoračko polje are considered to represent a typical Quaternary lacustrine sedimentation pattern for other Dinaric karst fields in a Mediterranean climate. The dynamics of all mentioned facies transitions in all proposed sections are a consequence of past climate change. The specific geological and pedological diversity, geographical position, geomorphology and climate diversity of Croatia enable the parallel high- resolution study of the development of abrupt climate changes at locations only 300 km apart. This research will improve our understanding of the spatial extent and differences in the occurrence of paleoclimatic events in the Pannonian and Dinaric areas. That will yield insight into eolian-fluvioglacial-lacustrine teleconnections in SE Europe. In turn, this forms the basis for supraregional correlations with the European Sand Belt (NW Europe) and the Adriatic Sea.

Paleosols are ancient soils formed in the landscapes of the past. They have preserved pedogenetic features that reflect the conditions of their formation and are therefore an excellent terrestrial archive for paleoenvironmental and paleoclimate reconstruction. Micromorphological analysis of the undisturbed samples of the soil gives information about the intensity and/or duration of soil-forming processes. Micromorphology contributes to the understanding of soil development that is directly aff ected by past climate conditions and environmental change. Moreover, it enables differentiation of the lithogenic and pedogenic origin of certain constituents and even traces eroded paleosols. The specific morphologies of the investigated soils indicate the climate dynamics records preserved within different Quaternary sediment-paleosol sequences in Croatia. The combination of micromorphological, chemical, physical and mineralogical characteristics of paleosols will enable the qualitative and quantitative estimation of the paleotemperatures and paleoprecipitation in the continental and coastal Croatia within the Late Pleistocene and Holocene time frame. The correlation of climate change intensities in continental and Mediterranean climates throughout the past will provide parameters for a proposal of the prognostic model of climate dynamics effect on the pedogenesis of these two regions.

“Abrupt climate changes–Evidence from Quaternary sedimentary sequences in Croatia” is a four-year research project that is funded by the Croatian Science Foundation and started on April 1st 2021. A fundamental and multidisciplinary approach is producing meaningful data on past abrupt climate changes (CC). Interpretation of these data helps to create the basis both for comparison of paleo- and modern climate changes and for predicting their dynamics in the future. The specific geological, pedological, geomorphological and climatic diversity of Croatia enables us to study in high-resolution the parallel development of abrupt CC during the Late Pleistocene and Holocene. Four investigated locations are only 300 km apart: loess/palaeosoil sequences and dunes in the Pannonian area (continental climate) on the one hand, and fluvioglacial sediments and karst lacustrine sediments in the Dinaric area (Mediterranean climate) on the other hand. The Đurđevac Sands form a unique terrestrial dune landscape that covers Late Pleistocene loess deposits and Holocene river Drava fluvial and associated marshy deposits. Based on the superposition principle, in the Guidebook of the geological map for the Đurđevac sheet 1:100.000, the Đurđevac Sands are Holocene in age. Samples were taken in an abandoned sand quarry, Draganci, in the town of Kalinovac. The quarry is carved out into what seems to have been a massive (hummocky) dune, bordering a partially degraded large-scale parabolic dune created by northern winds. Samples were taken after clearing the excavation wall, turning it partially into a staircase. Within the dunes sets, two palaeosoils were discovered. Preserved bioturbations confirm that the palaeosoils are found in situ. Several analytic methods were applied to characterise soils and sediments, together with their age and paleoenvironmental significance: radiocarbon and optically stimulated luminescence dating, digital elevation model, geoelectrical, pedological, sedimentological, modal and grain-size analyses. According to the grain-size measurements, the sand fraction dominates in all analysed samples, mostly between 95 and 100 %. Medium and fine sand grains represent equally the sand fraction. Therefore, most of the samples are classified as sand, or less frequently as fine sand. The dunes are composed of high spherical sand grains with quartz dominating in the light mineral fraction. The heavy mineral fraction contributes with 22-46%, and garnet is dominating. Recent radiocarbon dating results of charcoal suggests that the older palaeosoil (14 659 ± 498 cal yr BP) developed at the beginning (peak), and the younger palaeosoil (13 566 ± 229 cal yr BP) developed in the middle part of the Bølling–Allerød warming (BA). They represent an abrupt interstadial period, roughly between 14.7 and 12.9 ka BP, just before the Younger Dryas cooling, the final stadial of the Pleistocene. Optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating was applied to verify those recent findings using the aeolian sands covered by and covering the palaeosoils. The two lowermost samples below the palaeosoils yield OSL ages of around 14.5 ka, while the uppermost sample above the upper palaeosoil has an age of around 8 ka. It thus seems that at this site, aeolian activity has been registered during the period just before the BA warming, and later in the Holocene, but not during the Younger Dryas. A detailed sampling campaign with additional analyses is foreseen, together with digital elevation surveys, in order to refine the palaeoenvironmental history of the Đurđevac Sands.

Knjiga sadrži sažetke 6. simpozija studenata doktorskih studija PMF-a, koji se održao 23. i 24. travnja 2022. na Prirodoslovno-matematičkom fakultetu Sveučilišta u Zagrebu.

Ribe, kao živi organizmi, izrazito su prilagodljive prirodnim i antropogeno uvjetovanim okolišima gdje svojstvo fenotipske plastičnosti omogućava poveznicu starih i novih sredina putem morfoloških, fizioloških prilagodbi ponašanja. Posljednjih godina zamijećeno je povećanje ulova divlje komarče na području istočnog Jadranskog mora, gdje riblji zbjegovi i priljev jedinki iz kavezno povezanih okoliša uzgajališta tuna doprinose povećanju brojnosti populacija u prirodnom staništu. Predmetnim istraživanjem vrednovane su fenotipske prilagodbe kod komarče u okolišu pod utjecajem kaveznog uzgoja tuna te fenotipska obilježja divljih i uzgojnih populacija s ciljem razvoja brzog i učinkovitog alata za raspoznavanje zbjegova u lovini. Primjenom metoda geometrijske morfometrije kvantificirana su morfološka obilježja tijela i otolita, dok je fiziološki odgovor promatran kroz trofički status i spolna obilježja protandričnih populacija. Cjelogodišnja prostorna i vremenska zastupljenost komarči oko uzgajališta tuna upućuje na važnu ulogu jadranskih uzgajališta tuna kao pogodnih staništa za divlju komarču. Taj izmijenjeni okoliš u kojem prevladava drugačija dinamika morskih struja i dostupnost plijena uvjetovao je specifičan odgovor kod komarče formirajući novi kavezno povezani morfotip. Manja i tuplja glava te vretenastije tijelo predstavljaju osnovna obilježja spomenutog morfotipa. U blizini kaveza tuna dokumentirana je promjena spola komarče pri nižim dužinskim veličinama u odnosu na prirodne populacije zbog značajne trofičke podrške koja osigurava bolji kondicijski i reproduktivni status. Promatrajući divlje i uzgojne komarče, primjenom metoda geometrijske morfometrije uspješno su klasificirane jedinke prema izvornom podrijetlu u iznosu od 99,6 % s obzirom na oblik tijela te više od 70 % u odnosu na oblik otolita. Zaokruženiji profil glave sa supraterminalnim pozicioniranim ustima te zdepast oblik tijela s tamnijom i bljeđom srebrnkasto-sivom obojenošću glavna su obilježja uzgojnih komarči, dok su divlje jedinke opisane s izduženijim tijelom i subterminalnim ustima na većem profilu glave. Prikupljene informacije primjenjive su u budućim biotehnološkim istraživanjima za potrebe prepoznavanja podrijetla ribe strojnim učenjem i dugoročno u upravljanju zbjegovima te u razvoju selekcijskih programa vrsta iz akvakulture. Fish, as living organisms, are highly adaptable to natural and human-mediated environments due to their morphological, physiological and behavioural adaptations through phenotypic plasticity. In recent years, a increase of gilthead seabream in fisheries landings has been documented in the eastern Adriatic Sea, with aquaculture escapes and spillover of seabream from tuna farm concession areas contributing to population increases in natural habitats. The aim of this research was to investigate the phenotypic adaptations of gilthead seabream in a tuna farm impacted environment and to evaluate the phenotypic characteristics of wild and farmed populations in order to develop a rapid and effective tool for detecting escapes in fisheries landings. Morphological characteristics of body and otolith shape were quantified by geometric morphometrics methods, while physiological responses were studied through trophic status and sexual characteristics of protandrous populations. The year-round spatial and temporal occurrence of seabream near tuna farms indicates that they play an important role as suitable habitat for wild seabream populations in the Adriatic Sea. This altered environment, characterised by different hydrodynamics and prey availability compared to natural habitats, has triggered a specific phenotypic response of seabream by forming a new morphotype associated with tuna farms. The smaller and blunt head and the more spindle-shaped body are the main characteristics of the mentioned morphotype. In the vicinity of tuna farms, the sex change of seabream has been documented at lower lengths compared to wild populations, due to the significant trophic support that ensures better condition and reproductive status. When observing wild and farmed seabream, geometric morphometrics methods successfully assigned 99.6% of individuals to their correct origin in terms of body shape and more than 70% in terms of otolith shape. A rounder head profile with a supraterminal positioned mouth and a stocky body shape with darker and paler silver-grey coloration are the main characteristics of farmed seabream, while wild individuals are described with an elongated body and a subterminal mouth on a larger head profile. The information collected in this research can be used in future biotechnological research to identify the origin of fish through machine learning and, in the long term, in the management of escapes and the development of selection programmes for aquaculture species.

“Abrupt climate changes–Evidence from Quaternary sedimentary sequences in Croatia” is a four-year investigation project that is funded by the Croatian Science Foundation and started on April 1st 2021. We propose a fundamental and multidisciplinary approach to produce meaningful data on past abrupt climate changes (CC) Interpretation of these data can help create the basis both for comparison of paleo- and modern climate changes and for predicting their dynamics in the future. The specific geological, pedological geomorphological and climatic diversity of Croatia enables to study in high- resolution study the parallel development of abrupt CC during the Late Pleistocene and Holocene at four locations only 300 km apart. A stepwise fieldwork approach will be applied. Initial fieldwork is required to investigate four different geological successions and harmonize terminology and research approaches in different scientific fields and among various experts. Further, dedicated and focused fieldwork will be exercised including outcrop and core sampling. Several analytic methods will be applied to characterise soils and sediments, together with their paleoenvironmental significance and age: micromorphology and stable isotope analysis, granulometry, radiocarbon and optically stimulated luminescence dating. Gathered data will be subjected to geostatistical analysis. For selected sites, digital elevation model analysis and geoelectrical soundings will be performed. The loess–palaeosol sequences of NE Croatia show great potential in reconstructing the Upper Pleistocene climate and environmental changes. The cumulic horizons are mentioned in descriptions of the sections and geochronologically framed by IRSL- dating as weakly developed incipient soils representing the sedimentological record of short- term warming that preceded the long-term cooling and sedimentation of loess (Fig. 1a). The lower parts of the horizons are bioturbated, indicating intensive life in cumulic horizons (soils), while the silty texture and pale color indicate short exposure to pedogenic processes. 14 horizons represent paleoclimate archives of 14 CC episodes. Preliminary studies on dune sands (Đurđevac Sands) were conducted in the Podravina area. Within the dunes sets, two paleosoils, type arenosol, were discovered. Preserved bioturbations confirm their in situ formation (Fig. 1b). Radiocarbon analysis of charcoal from the paleosoils showed that they developed before the very beginning of the Holocene, and, consequently, the oldest dune sediments were already formed before the end of the Pleistocene. Glacial features and forms in karst indicate different ages of glaciations on the Velebit Mountain. Presumably fluvioglacial features can be observed (Fig. 1c) 1 m above the sea level. Their properties and age of formation will be the subject of detailed analysis. Finally, the Vrgoračko Polje is a karst field situated at the southern edge of the Dalmatian Zagora. During the Quaternary, the polje was flooded for variable periods and a lacustrine environment was established. The multidisciplinary study of drilling cores, outcrops and geoelectric measurements recognized five main sedimentary facies: laminated sediment, redeposited sediment, coarse-grained carbonate debris, littoral clay and lacustrine chalk. A stratigraphic break between littoral clay and lacustrine chalk could be time- equivalent to the disturbed laminated sediments deposited in deeper water (Fig. 1d). According to radiocarbon dating, deposition of the lacustrine chalk started at the beginning of the Holocene and lasts until today. The described depositional environments and sediment facies found in the Vrgoračko Polje are considered to represent a typical Quaternary lacustrine sedimentary pattern for other Dinaric poljes. So far, preliminary investigations and a short literature survey suggest that the four proposed Croatian sites represent meaningful archives in the context of Late Pleistocene and Holocene CC. The main objectives of the project are: 1) Understanding of the spatial extent and differences in appearance of paleoclimatic events in the Pannonian and Dinaric areas ; 2) Determine teleconnections in SE Europe and compare it with abrupt CC in the European Sand Belt, and 3) Correlate it with climate archives from the Adriatic Sea. Reaching the set objectives and goals will help researchers to identify and map critical ecological conditions during the Quaternary, where major geomorphological, hydrogeological and pedological changes had occurred and where current ecotones can be expected to exist in the future in different climatic regions. Ultimately, the outcomes can be applied by land-use planners and stakeholders to check whether the present land-use will be sustainable any longer under changing conditions and, if not, to suggest alternative management of land-use changes, especially concerning geohazards like landslides, slumps, debris flows, floods and drifting dunes.

Knjiga sadrži sažetke 5. simpozija studenata doktorskih studija PMF-a, koji se održao 24. i 25. travnja 2021. na Prirodoslovno-matematičkom fakultetu Sveučilišta u Zagrebu.

The Đurdevac Sands are named after its informal type-locality near the town of Đurdevac, where they form a unique terrestrial dune landscape that covers Late Pleistocene loess deposits and Holocene river Drava fluvial and associated marshy deposits (Galović and Posilović, submitted). Based on the superposition principle, Hećimović (1989) concluded that the Đurdevac Sands must be Holocene in age. However, recent 14C dating results of charcoal found in palaeosoils within the dune sands suggest that they were, at least partially, deposited during the Late Pleistocene (Galović and Posilović, submitted). The aim of the current study is to verify those recent findings using optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating of the aeolian sands that is covered by and covering the palaeosoils. OSL dating is proven to be a reliable technique to determine the burial ages of Late Pleistocene and Holocene aeolian sands in similar landscapes in northwestern Europe (Vandenberghe et al., 2013). Samples were taken in an abandonned sand quarry, Draganci, in the town of Kalinovac (Figure 1). The quarry is carved out into what seems to have been a massive (hummocky) dune, bordering a partially degraded large-scale parabolic dune created by northern winds. Samples were taken after clearing the excavation wall, turning it partially into a staircase. Stainless steel cylinders were hammered into each of the steps. After removing the steel cylinders and taping the caps until fixed, surrounding sediment was sampled for determining the radioactivity concentrations. After removing the outer material from the cylinders (dark room lab), a portion of each sample was subjected to a 10% HCl, a 15% H2O2 treatment, a 2.77 g/cm³ polytungstate treatment, and, finally, a 45% HF treatment in order to purify the quartz. Equivalent doses were determined on individual aliquots using the 100- 200 µm quartz fraction fixed onto disks using a 4 mm mask. A single aliquot regenerative (SAR) dose procedure (Murray and Wintle, 2003) was used, stimulating the samples for 40s with blue light diodes. A preheat of 240°C was used, and early background subtraction was applied to isolate the fast component. In addition, after drying, 500 g of surrounding sediment was analysed using high- resolution gamma-spectrometry. Dose rates were calculated taking into account beta and gamma contributions from all relevant radionuclides, a fixed internal dose and a depth-dependent cosmic dose contribution. The preheat plateau test, applied on one sample only, did not show any significant dose dependency on preheat, even though the individual data points showed significant scattering. The dose recovery test for the a cutheat/preheat combination of 200°C/240°C yielded a recovery ratio of 1.00 ± 0.02 (23 aliquots) and an overdispersion of 9.0% (± 0.4%). The resulting OSL ages are shown in Figure 1c-d. Overdispersion ranged from 42% for the second lowermost sample to 10% for the uppermost sample. However, given the fact that the distributions are rather symmetrical, and there is no reason to assume significant incomplete bleaching in this depositional setting, the ages are simply based on a central age model. The two lowermost samples yield OSL ages of around 14.5 ka, with a rather large uncertainty, and seem to overestimate the radiocarbon age of the lower palaeosoil (LPS), which is around 12.4 ka BP (Galović and Posilović, submitted). The two uppermost samples, however, seem to be in agreement with the radiocarbon age of ca. 11.7 ka BP for the uppermost palaeosoil (UPS), and seem to confirm the position of the Pleistocene-Holocene boundary in this sediment- soil archive on top of the UPS. A more detailed OSL sampling scheme will be set out in the near future, in the framework of the ACCENT project (Galović et al., submitted), in conjuction with (palaeo)pedological, geomorphological and geophysical techniques to elucidate the evolution of the Đurdevac landscape during the later Pleistocene and the Holocene, against a background of climate, land use and socio-economic change.

As part of the investigations carried out under the bilateral Croatian-German project NALPS (North Adriatic Loess-Paleosol Sequences), the 7.5 m thick loess- paleosol sequence was investigated with a modern soil on top, overlying the Cretaceous limestone at Savudrija. Within the 7.5 m thick profile, a total of 17 samples (Figure 1) were taken and subjected to various analyses in order to determine the provenance of the modern soil/palaeosol parent material and to reconstruct the conditions of its paleopedological evolution. The subject of this study was the upper part of the 7.5 m thick profile, consisting of modern soil on the top of the loess-paleosol sequence (between 0 and 205 cm). Six horizons were recognized within the studied sequence, arranged from top to bottom: AB-B-BC-CB- 2BC-2C. Laboratory work included chemical analyses, particle size analyses, analyses of iron and manganese oxides and hydroxides soluble in dithionite citrate bicarbonate and oxalate, detailed physical and chemical analysis of the palaeosols (including measurements of CEC and base saturation), mineral composition analysis (using the XRD method), quartz optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating and micromorphological analysis of thin sections. This study showed that the uppermost part of the sequence studied was represented by presumably polygenetic soil developed on loess (AB-B-BC-CB) underlain by brown palaeosol developed on older loess (2BC2C). Based on the Sm/Nd and La/Ce geochemical ratios (Sheldon & Tabor, 2009), it was also determined that the loess parent material examined in this study has the same provenance as the materials examined in Baniček (2016) and Durn et al. (2018a, b). XRD analysis revealed that all soil samples contain a significant amount of quartz, plagioclase, alkali feldspar, illitic material, kaolinite, chlorite, 14 Å minerals (vermiculite and/or smectite), mostly irregular mixed-layer clay minerals, goethite and amorphous components, whose content increases with depth. The micromorphological investigations have shown a significant proportion of rhizoconcretions, ironmanganese concretions and clay coatings, indicating significant illuviation in the horizons of the uppermost part of the Savudrija pedosediment complex. Based on quartz OSL dating, the age of the studied soil horizon CB is 9 ± 0.8 ka and of soil horizon 2C is 20.9 ± 2.1 ka (Zhang et al., 2018).

Istraživani su sedimenti u slanoj močvari na ušću rijeke Mirne u Istri. Terenska istraživanja sastojala su se od plitkog jezgrovanja sedimenta na profilu od kopna prema moru. Na odabranim intervalima sedimentnih jezgara provedena je granulometrijska i mikropaleontološka analiza. U tu svrhu svaki odabrani uzorak je podijeljen za analizu mokrim sijanjem i sedigrafom, te za mikropaleontološko standardiziranje uzoraka za određivanje rodova i vrsta foraminifera i druge prateće biote. Rezultati granulometrijske analize potvrdili su sitnozrnati karakter i vrlo lošu sortiranost sedimenta u svih sedam jezgri, mikropaleontološkom obradom pronađeno je 8 foraminiferskih vrsta i 14 rodova. Za slanu močvaru sitnozrnati muljeviti sedimenti i mala raznolikost zajednice tipične su karakteristike s obzirom na nestabilnost takvog okoliša. Najbrojnija vrsta je Ammonia tepida, a veliku zastupljenost ima Trochammina inflata, vrste koje su rasprostranjene obalnim močvarama širom svijeta. Vrijednosti indeksa bioraznolikosti slijede manje promjene u osobinama okoliša kako prostorno tako i kroz vrijeme. Seven shallow cores were collected in a salt marsh at the mouth of Mirna River in Istria along the land-to-sea transect. Granulometric and micropaleontological analysis were performed at selected intervals of each sediment core. The cores were sliced into 2 cm thick intervals, and selected samples were subjected to wet sieving and sedigraph analysis, whereas for micropaleontological studies, determination of foraminiferal genera and species and other accompanying biota were done on standardized aliquots. The results of the granulometric analysis confirmed the fine-grained character and the very poor sediment sorting in all 7 cores. Altogether, 8 foraminiferal species and 14 genera have been identified. The salt marsh is characterized by muddy sediments and low biodiversity (due to unstable conditions). The most common species is Ammonia tepida, followed by Trochammina inflata, both species are universally present in marshes all over the world. Values of biodiversity indices show some changes in characteristics of environment, both spatial and temporal.

Geological modeling at the Croatian Geological Survey is a developing discipline. In the past few years, a number of geological models were made, mostly for internal use, or as a training result for the ongoing projects, primarily GeoTwinn and Geosekva, while others were built for the purposes of scientific publication. This review will give several examples of selected geological models developed during the past few years period. It will also list different types of geological models and needed typical input data, and give a basic workflow for model building. Geological modeling requires acquisition of different spatial surface and subsurface input data, including primarily digital elevation model – DEM (or similar), different base maps, and other spatial data containing various geological information. Besides the resulting geological model, in the model building process, a whole series of resulting maps and other cartographic outputs are developed.

Knjiga sadrži sažetke Simpozija studenata doktorskih studija PMF-a, koji se održao 28.2.2020. na Prirodoslovno-matematičkom fakultetu Sveučilišta u Zagrebu.

The GeoTwinn is the Horizon 2020 Twinning project funded by European Commission and is fully entitled: Strengthening research in the Croatian Geological Survey: Geoscience-Twinning to develop state-of-the-art subsurface modelling capability and scientific impact. The project twins the Croatian Geological Survey (HGI-CGS) with two world-leading geoscience research institutions: the Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS) and the British Geological Survey of the United Kingdom Research and Innovation (BGS-UKRI). The Project has started in October 2018, and is coordinated by HGI-CGS. The major aims of the project are: to significantly strengthen HGI-CGS’s research potential and capability, networking between scientists and institutions, and also development of ideas and new projects proposals. During three years of implementation, HGI-CGS experts will have the opportunity to collaborate with eminent sci-entists from other two partnering institutions. HGI-CGS will also benefit from a range of research tools, technologies, software and methods at the disposal of GEUS and BGS-UKRI. Almost thirty scientists from HGI-CGS will participate in the training programme which includes intensive training, consultations, and application of gained knowledge on test areas/data. The program involves short term visits, two-way scientific exchanges and workshops which will support HGI-CGS to strengthen research and capabilities in four important geoscience subject areas (Fig. 1): (1) 3D geological surveying and modelling (WP1) – to em-bed state-of-the-art geological surveying, interpretation and modelling. In the first activity, modern digital geological workflow and subsurface modelling capabilities including 3D virtual reconnaissance will be introduced. Also, digital field data capture, geological databases and 3D geological modelling are introduced. The second activity will reinforce these 3D visualisation and modelling skills by applying them to pilot areas using deep seismic reflection and borehole data. (2) advanced groundwater flow and contaminant transport modelling (WP2) – to understand, simulate and predict the movement of groundwater and contaminants in the subsurface. It comprises two activities, the first of which deals with strengthening HGI-CGS’s capacity to undertake cutting-edge numerical groundwater flow in porous aquifers, incorporating the robust assessment of uncertainty. The second activity deals with groundwater flow in the karst aquifers of Dinaric karst region of Croatia using advanced statistical time-series analysis methods. It will also introduce research methods to identify and analyse emerging groundwater contaminants. (3) identification and analysis of geohazards (WP3) – to introduce cutting-edge remote sensing methods for hazardous geological processes detection, monitoring and analysis. Training also includes the interpretation and visualisation of stereo imagery, processing of satellite imagery, INSAR interferometry and satellite detection of small-scale movements. The project also contains training on heuristic, statistical and geostatistical techniques to enable production of landslide susceptibility mapping. (4) geothermal energy (WP4) – scientific exchanges and training that will lead to new research into geological controls on subsurface heat flow and geochemical processes operating in hydrothermal systems. HGI-CGS staff will attend training on sampling and analytical methods of noble and dissolved gases from hydro-thermal systems. The training is also directed toward interpretation of hydrochemical data and geochemical modelling of hydrothermal systems. Second segment of the training develops fluid and heat flow modelling capability through numerical modelling of geothermal systems.The project will increase the research capacity, excellence and skill of the coordinating partner whilst fostering a network of both early career and more experienced researchers who can collaborate to produce high quality and impactful results: • a step-change in the excellence and impact of the re-search published HGI-CGS staff; • raise the reputation and the research profile of HGI-CGS scientists for novel research; • enhance research and innovation related to environmental issues, including the need for a shift to a low-carbon economy, climate change adaptation and risk management, and environmental protection and resource efficiency; • write successful bids into EU and other research grant schemes; • develop and enhance network of collaborators across the European Union; • form partnerships between the participating organisations, that outlast the project. Whilst the project focuses on supporting HGI-CGS to achieve a step-change in its research capacity, and the research profile of its scientists, it also offers significant benefits to GEUS and BGS-UKRI. By exposing GEUS and BGS-UKRI staff to a diverse range of geological set-tings within Croatia, particular environmental challenges, and to a different, large group of stakeholders, partnering institutions will also increase their level of expertise and knowledge.

Modelling of Geological Basins is typically based on integration of deep seismic and borehole data. In order to have systematically arranged data needed for the interpretation and modelling, it requires establishment of a basic Interactive Interpretation and Data Correlation Sys-tem (IIDCS). The establishment of a basic Interactive Interpretation and Data Correlation System (IIDCS) at the Croatian Geological Survey is one of the main goals of the GeoTwinn project. GeoTwinn is a Horizon 2020 project intended and designed to twin the Croatian Geological Survey (HGI-CGS) with two world-leading geoscience research insti-tutes; the Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS) and the British Geological Survey of the United Kingdom Research and Innovation (BGS-UKRI), leading to significantly strengthen HGI-CGS’s research collabo-ration (http://projects.hgi-cgs.hr/geotwinn/). GeoTwinn project consists four Work Packages (WPs); (1) 3D geo-logical surveying and modelling, (2) advanced groundwater flow and contaminant transport modelling, (3) geological hazards, and (4) geothermal energy.The IIDCS is built primarily for the GeoTwinn project, and will be used for the interpretation of geophysical and geological data, the advanced reservoir modelling, and fi-nally, for building an Initial 3D reservoir-properties model for the greater Zagreb area. It is also the intention of Geo-Twinn to use the IIDCS for introducing the digital storage, organization and management of all kinds of geophysical, geological and petrophysical data available at the Croatian Geological Survey.Geological modelling of the greater Zagreb area and its deep geothermal aquifer is the main objective of WP1. The model is to be used for modelling of geochemical processes, and fluid and heat flow modelling in the WP4. Zagreb geothermal aquifer is situated inside Triassic do-lostones and dolomitic limestones, and Badenian bioclas-tic limestones of the Vrapče formation. Well data shows that geothermal aquifer lays in depths between (approx.) 800 to 900 meters, and seismic data shows very com-plex structural and stratigraphic relations. The bottom and the base of aquifer were mapped using Halliburton Landmark DecisionSpace Geoscience software, and the data was stored into the Interpretation and Data Cor-relation System (IIDCS) using Halliburton Landmark OpenWorks database.

During geological mapping of Istria (Croatia) numerous carbonate beds (megabeds) were recorded within the informal lithostratigraphic unit Istrian flysch. Istrian flysch deposits are mostly characterized by typical alternations of hemipelagical marl and gravity-flow deposits (BERGANT et al., 2003). The monotonous succession of marl and mixed carbonate-siliciclastic sandstone is intercalated with several relatively thick carbonate beds - megabeds, composed of breccia, conglomerate, bioclastic arenite/siltite and marl. The thickness of these megabeds varies between 0.5 – 5 m, rarely over 10 m. The megabeds are interpreted as complex sequences of rockfall, debrite and turbidite deposits, characteristic for the lower part of the basin fill (BERGANT et al., 2003). In eastern Istria, near the town of Pićan, an unusual carbonate layer is mapped, named “Pićan bed“, whose genesis cannot be explained by the depositional mechanisms of turbidite currents or debris flows, characteristic for the Istrian Flysch deposits. For this purpose, a more detailed field investigation was performed and a sedimentary log (Pić-I) was recorded within a tectonically undisturbed succession of Paleogene deposits. At the base of the succession an informal lithostratigraphic unit “Foraminiferal limestone” gradually transitions into “Marls with Crabs” and further into “Globigerina marls” informal lithostratigraphic units. The interval of massive “Globigerina marls” is approx. 100 m thick and transitions into the Istrian flysch lithostratigraphic unit, here represented with this unusual “Pićan bed”. Flysch deposits are composed of calcarenite beds, marl, sandstone, and, of course, megabeds are well documented in the surrounding area. The sedimentary log was used to complement the new lithostratigraphic map of the area (PETRINJAK et al., 2018). The geological model of the Pićan area was built based primarily on the lithostratigraphic map and geological cross-sections, and the Digital Surface Model (DSM) of the area. The data were modelled using Midland Valley Move geological modelling software. The new lithostratigraphic map together with other available data, such as Digital Orthophoto Images of the area were used to construct a series of geological cross-sections needed for the model, while an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) was used to record the DSM of the area. Finally, the geological model of the Pićan area displays, faithfully as possible, the spatial distribution of the “Pićan bed“ and the interesting geological setting of the Pićan area, Istria. The research has been supported by the Croatian Science Foundation project IP-2016-06-1854, GEOSEKVA, as well as by Basic geological map of the Republic of Croatia 1:50, 000 project (HGI) and Horizon 2020 Twinning project GEOTWINN.

Na lokalitetu Ždrilo uzeti su uzorci za kabinetsku analizu koja je uključivala detaljno snimanje i opisivanje jezgara te crtanje sedimentoloških stupova i laboratorijsku analizu kojom su obuhvaćene sljedeće metode: određivanja količine organske tvari u sedimentu, određivanje udjela karbonata u sedimentima, granulometrijsku analizu i određivanje sastava sedimenta metodom rendgenske difrakcije. Sedimenti koje sam istraživala bili su varvni sedimenti proglacijalnog jezera. Cilj ovog rada bio je opisati sedimente, interpretirati taložni okoliš i klimatske utjecaje u vrijeme nastanka varvi. Rezultati su pokazali da je nastanak varvi posljedica sezonskih klimatskih varijacija, ali ipak, interpretacija paleoklime na osnovu provedenih analiza moguća je samo na najnižem nivou tj. odredba topliji-hladniji period. Da bi se dobili detaljniji podaci trebalo bi se usmjeriti na opsežnija sedimentološka istraživanja. Samples were taken at the Ždrilo site and used for cabinet analysis, which included detail core recording, description and drawing of sedimentological columns and laboratory analyses that were required for verification: determination of organic data in sediment, determination of introduced carbon in sediment, granulometric analysis, and determination of sediment by X-ray diffraction. The explored sediments were proglacial lacustrine sediments. Main purpose of this thesis was sediment description, depositional environment interpretation and paleoclimatology interpretation. Results showed that varved sediments are consequence of seasonal climatic variations, but nevertheless, interpretation of the paleoclimate based on the analyses used for this thesis can only be at the lowest level. Sedimentological research has to be expanded to obtain detail information.

Fosilni ostatci vrste Marmota marmota (Linnaeus, 1758) pronađeni su u gornjopleistocenskim naslagama Pećina u Brini, nedaleko od Drniša. Od ukupno 233 skeletna elementa, njih 219 pronađeno je u istočnoj, a 14 u zapadnoj Pećini u Brini. Nadalje, u cijelom uzorku 119 ostataka pripada dugim kostima. Prema morfologiji dugih kostiju razvrstane su 23 adultne, 33 subadultne i 63 juvenilne kosti planinskog svisca. Proučavani fosilni materijal je nakon mjerenja uspoređivan s izmjerenim recentnim kostima. Uspoređivan je samo adultni skeletni materijal, a rezultati mjerenja uvršteni su u odgovarajuće tablice kako bi se lakše uočile i objasnile morfološke razlike između fosilnih i recentnih marmota. The fossil remains of the species Marmota marmota (Linnaeus, 1758) were found in the Late Pleistocene deposits of the Pećine u Brini caves near Drniš. From the whole sample of 233 skeletal elements, 219 were found in the eastern and 14 in the western cave. Furthermore, 119 elements belong to the long bones. According to the long bone morphology, there are 23 adult, 33 subadult and 63 juvenile bones of the alpine marmot. Studied fossil material was compared to the measured bones of the recent animals. Only the adult skeletal material was compared, and the measurement results are presented in the appropriate tables. Morphological differences between the fossil and recent marmots on the base of the skeletal elements are explained and presented as well.

Profil Bukova glava BGM5 smješten je unutar kamenoloma Našicecement, d.d, na sjevernim padinama planine Krndija koji je tijekom miocena pripadao prostoru Centralnog Paratethysa. Uzorci su obrađeni metodom šlemanja i mikroskopski analizirani. Detaljno je proučena mikrofosilna zajednica, a određene su vrste bentičkih foraminifera. Na temelju stratigrafskog raspona autohtonih bentičkih foraminifera, starost naslaga određena je kao sarmat. Određen je udio planktonskih i bentičkih foraminifera, izračunati su indeksi raznolikosti, indeks kisika bentičkih foraminifera (BFOI), odnos infauna/epifauna i salinitet metodom transfer funkcije. Promjena dominacije infaune ili epifaune te indeks kisika bentičkih foraminifera pokazali su promjenu količine kisika i količine nutrijenata pri morskom dnu. Na temelju određenih autohtonih vrsta bentičkih foraminifera i njihovih ekoloških zahtjeva, određen je plitkovodni marinski okoliš normalnog saliniteta.

Područje Labina bilo je više od dva stoljeća središte hrvatskog rudarstva, metaloprerađivačke industrije i proizvodnje električne energije na ugljen. Lokalni sumporom bogati Raški ugljen jedinstven je u svjetskim razmjerima u usporedbi s drugim vrstama ugljena zbog iznimno visokih vrijednosti organskog sumpora, do 11%. On je korišten u termoelektrani Plomin tijekom razdoblja 1970.-2000. Nakon toga je zamijenjen uvoznim niskosumpornim ugljenom. U ovom radu prikazane su razine S, Se, V, U, Hg, Sr, Cd, Cr, Pb, Cu i Zn u dva tipa ugljena, njihovih pepela, morske vode i biljnih (djetelina, gljive i lišće) uzoraka prikupljenih s područja grada Labina, dok su sulfat izmjeren u površinskoj vodi. Njihove su razine uspoređene s relevantnim zakonodavnim i objavljenim podacima s različitih svjetskih lokaliteta. Analiza podataka protumačena je u kontekstu prošlih i nedavnih aktivnosti izgaranja ugljena. The Labin city area has represented the major Croatian coal mining, metal industry, and coal-fired electricity centre for more than two centuries. The domestic superhigh-organic-sulphur (SHOS) Raša coal is a unique variety compared to other coal types worldwide, based on its highest organic sulphur values, up to 11%. It was utilised in the Plomin coal-fired power plant during the period 1970–2000.. Afterwards, it was replaced by an imported low-S coal. This thesis elaborates levels of S, Se, V, U, Hg, Sr, Cd, Cr, Pb, Cu, and Zn in two coal types, their bottom ash, seawater, and plant (clover, mushroom, and foliage) samples collected from the Labin City area, while the sulphate was measured in surface stream water. Their levels are compared with relevant legislative as well as the published data from different world localities. Data analysis was interpreted in the context of past and recent coal combustion activities.

Odlagalište otpada Gorjak je odlagalište neopasnog, komunalnog otpada smješteno u SZ Hrvatskoj. To odlagalište izgrađeno je u skladu s Pravilnikom, a sastoji se od brtvenog i drenažnog sloja, zdenaca za otplinjavanje i sabirnog bazena za prihvat procjednih voda. Cilj rada bio je procijeniti utjecaj tog odlagališta otpada na okoliš, a navedeno se procjenjivalo pomoću rezultata kemijskih analiza procjednih voda sakupljenih na odlagalištu otpada dva puta godišnje u periodu od 2016. - 2018. godine. U tu svrhu svaka kemijska analiza bila je obrađena statističkim metodama, a dobiveni rezultati uspoređivani su međusobno i s maksimalno dopuštenim koncentracijama (mdk) propisanim legislativom. Analizom je dokazano da se koncentracije svih izmjerenih parametara (Pb, Cd, Hg, As, Zn, Ni, Cu, nitriti, fluoridi i cijanidi) nalaze ispod MDK propisanih Pravilnikom o graničnim vrijednostima emisija otpadnih voda. Iz navedenog proizlazi da po trenutno važećim propisima ovo odlagalište otpada ne predstavlja rizik za zdravlje ljudi i okoliš. Landfill Gorjak is a landfill of non-hazardous, municipial waste located in NW Croatia. The landfill is constructed in accordance with the Regulations and consist of a sealing and drainge layer, degassing wells and a collecting pool for receiving leachate. The aim of the study was to evaluate the environmental impact of this landfill and the above was evaluated using the results of chemical analyzes of leachate collected at the landfill twice a year in a period 2016. - 2018. For this purpose, each chemical analysis was processed by statistical methods and the results were compared with each other and with the maximum permissible concentrations (mdk) prescribed by the legislation. The analysis has shown that the concentrations of all measured parameters (Pb, Cd, Hg, As, Zn, Ni, Cu, nitrites, fluorides and cyanides) are below the MRLs prescribed by the Regulation on the Limit Values of Waste Water Emissions. From the above it follows that according to the regulations currently in force this landfill does not pose a risk to human health and the environment.

Naslage miocenske starosti vidljive su uz cestu Gornja Planina – Karivaroš. Karbonatne i klastične naslage predstavljaju slijed od aluvijalnih preko jezerskih do morskih uvjeta, zatim opet jezerskih uvjeta taloženja. Tijekom izrade rada načinjena je geološka karta trase i geološki profil, određeni su fosili te su doneseni zaključci o starosti i o okolišu taloženja. Marinski dio slijeda sastoji se od koralinacejskih bioklastičnih vapnenaca, sitnozrnatih vapnenaca s planktonskim foraminiferama i vapnenaca s fragmentiranim foraminiferama i ostrakodima. Bioklastični vapnenci bili su taloženi na unutarnjem šelfu, vjerojatno tijekom starijeg badena, sitnozrnati vapnenci na vanjskom šelfu ili padini tijekom mlađeg badena, dok su vapnenci s fragmentiranim mikrofosilima najvjerojatnije taloženi početkom sarmata u vrlo plitkom moru. Miocene deposits are exposed along the Gornja Planina - Karivaroš road. Carbonate and clastic deposits represent a sequence from the alluvial through the lacustrine to the marine and back to the lacustrine conditions. During the preparation of this paper, a geological map of the route and a geological profile were made, fossils were determined and conclusions were reached about the age and the depositional environment. The marine part of the sequence consists of the coralinaceous bioclastic limestones, fine-grained limestones with planktonic foraminifera and limestones with fragmented foraminifers and ostracods. Bioclastic limestones were deposited on the inner shelf during the Early Badenian, fine-grained limestones on outer shelf/slope during the Late Badenian, while limestones with fragments of foraminifera were probably deposited during the Early Sarmatian in a very shallow sea.

Na prijevoju ceste Adamovec - Marija Bistrica nalaze se izdanci sitnozrnatih do krupnozrnatih šarenih konglomerata. Nakon detaljne kvalitativne i kvantitativne analize zaključeno je da se radi o polimiktnim parakonglomeratima, čije su valutice uglavnom izrađene od trijaskih i krednih stijena iz neposredne podloge. U valuticama i matriksu nisu nađeni fosili, no, prema sličnim naslagama u okolici, vjerojatna starost naslaga je otnangkarpat. Naslage su istaložene tijekom kratkotrajnog naglog događaja, vjerojatno poplave. At the Adamovec - Marija Bistrica road pass, outcrops of fine-grained to coarsegrained variegated conglomerates are present. After a detailed qualitative and quantitative analyses, it was concluded that these are polymictic paraconglomerates, which pebbles are mainly composed of Triassic and Cretaceous rocks from the immediate bedrocks. No fossils were found in the pebbles and matrix, but according to similar deposits in the surrounding area, the probable age of the deposits is Ottnangian-Karpatian. The conglomerates were deposited during a short abrupt event, probably flooding.

Na uzorcima krednih naslaga iz šest profila koji se nalaze sjeverozapadno od Vela Luke, otok Korčula, provedena je mikrofacijesna analiza. Određeno je ukupno 20 mikrofacijesa koji odgovaraju facijesnim zonama raspona od platformskih sabkhi i nadplimne zone preko zaštićenih platformskih plićaka i plimne ravnice do otvorene platforme. Temeljem njihovog širokog raspona i relativno velikog diverziteta taloženje se odvijalo u paleookolišu plimskih otočića. Starost gornji alb–turon istraživanih naslaga određena je na temelju stratigrafskog raspona bentičkih foraminifera Protochrysalidina elongata, „Valdanchella“ dercourti, Pastrikella balcanica, Chrysalidina gradata, Pseudocyclammina spheroidea, Moncharmontia apenninica te Scandonea samnitica. Početak cenomansko–turonske sekvencije na istraživanom području karakteriziraju plitkomorske karbonatne naslage relativno otvorenijeg okoliša taloženja. Microfacies analysis was carried out on the rock samples of Cretaceous deposits located northwest of Vela Luka, Island of Korčula. 20 microfacies were determined in total. They correspond to facies zones in range from platform sabkhas and supratidal zone, protected shallow platform tidal enviroment toward open platform paleoenviroments. At the basis of their wide ranges and relatively high diversity, depositional paleoenviroment corresponds to the tidal islands model. Upper AlbianTuronian age of researched deposits was determined according to stratigraphic ranges of benthic foraminifera Protochrysalidina elongata, „Valdanchella“ dercourti, Pastrikella balcanica, Chrysalidina gradata, Pseudocyclammina spheroidea, Moncharmontia apenninica and Scandonea samnitica. The beginning of Cenomanian–Turonian sequence in investigated area is characterized by the shallow water limestones of a relatively more open depositional enviroment.

Rijeke imaju važnu ulogu u životu na Zemlji te čine važan prostor za proučavanje raznih utjecaja i procesa na mineralni i geokemijski sastav njihovih sedimenata. Među glavnima ističe se utjecaj litologije, kemijskog trošenja i erozije, hidrauličkog sortiranja i veličine čestica, te antropogeni utjecaj. Gornji tok rijeke Save karakterizira velika količina oborina, strme padine, te česta erozija materijala čime je utjecaj kemijskog trošenja sveden na minimum te prevladavaju procesi fizičkog trošenja i recikliranja. U takvim uvjetima modeliranje sastava izvorišnog materijala i kvantifikacija njegovih krajnjih članova pokazala se kao dobra metoda za bolje razumijevanje nastanka sedimenata. U kombinaciji s dijagramima koji se zasnivaju na teorijskoj osnovi, navedenom je metodom utvrđen prevladavajući doprinos kvartarnih sedimenata. U sklopu istraživanja prvi put su upotrijebljena pasivna uzorkovala za prikupljanje suspendiranog materijala u rijeci srednje veličine kakva je Sava. Prednost pasivnih uzorkovala je mogućnost prikupljanja značajnije količine uzorka, ali problem predstavljaju razdoblja jakog protoka pri kojima dolazi do gubitka najsitnijh čestica – Fe-Mn (oksi)hidroksida, minerala glina, organske tvari, čime se umanjuje reprezentativnost uzorka. Sastav površinskih voda rijeke Save odražava geološku podlogu, ali i antropogeni utjecaj. Većina analiziranih elemenata nema korelaciju s hidrološkim parametrima ili je ona slaba. Raspodjela antropogenih elemenata u sedimentima i tlima ukazala je na tri središta pod najvećim antropogenim opterećenjem: prvo područje vezano za je tvornicu čelika Acroni Jesenice, drugo obuhvaća područje Celja i proizvodnju cinka, dok je treće vezano za poljoprivredne aktivnosti i kanalizacijske ispuste okolice Zaprešića. Rivers have a key role in life on the Earth and make an important environment for the investigation of different processes and features that may impact the mineralogical and geochemical compostion of the fine-grained sediments. The most important impact derives from lithology, chemical weathering and erosion, hydrodynamic sorting, particle size and anthropogenic influence. The upper course of the Save River is characterized by a large amount of rainfall, steep slopes, and frequent erosion of the material, causing minimal influence of chemical weathering, and prevailing influence of physical weathering and recycling. In such conditions, sediment source modelling and its quantification turned out to be a good method for a better understanding sediment generation processes. The model, combined with theoretically based diagrams, led to the conclusion that Quaternary sediments contributes most to the sediment balance. This research also implemented a new sampling method – this was the first use of time integrated mass flux samplers (TIMS) for colleting the suspended particulate material (SPM) in medium sized river, such as the Sava River. The main advantage of TIMS is the possibility of collecting considerable amount of the SPM, but the problem occurs during flood events. High discharges cause loss of the finest sediment particles – Fe-Mn oxide/hydroxides, clay minerals, organic particles, by which the representativeness of the sample is diminished. The composition of surface water of the Sava River reflects the geological background, but also the anthropogenic influence. Vast majority of elements have no correlation with hydrological parameters, or very weak negative correlation. Spatial distribution of anthropogenic elements in soils and sediments pointed out three main areas under the anthropogenic pressure; the first one is related to steel factory Acroni at Jesenice, the second one includes Celje area and zinc production, while the third is related to agricultural activities and sewage discharges in Zaprešić area.

Slana močvara Lokunja poznata je po zdravom blatu. Ručnim uzorkovanjem prikupljena su četri uzorka sedimenta. Mokrim sijanjem su izdvojene foraminifere i ostrakodi čije su vrste taksonomski određene. Mikropalaeontološke analize provedene su na uzorcima ispranim na situ promjera rupica 63 μm, a ostatak je iskorišten za granulometrijsku analizu. Bioraznolikost foraminiferske zajednice određena je na temelju pet ekoloških indeksa. Populacijska dinamika je napravljena na dominantnoj foraminiferskoj vrsti Ammonia parkinsoniana (d'Orbigny). Bogatstvo vrsta u svim ispitivanim uzorcima varira (vrijednosti su od 4 do 8), dominacija pokazuje maksimalnu vrijednost 0,43. Vrijednosti indeksa ukazuju na lagunski, hiposalinski okoliš. Zajednicu A. parkinsoniana karakterizira gausova (normalna) raspodjela veličine, a najbrojnije su jedinke u rasponu 260-300 μm. Uzorci sadrže brojne karapakse vrste ostrakoda Cyprideis torosa (Jones), široko rasprostranjene eurhalinske forme. Mala raznolikost zajednica mikro-organizama, dominacija adultnih jedinke bentičke foraminifere, ujednačena veličina ljuštura ostrakoda kao i prisustvo isključivo muških jedinki, sve to sugerira post-mortem nakupljenih ostataka. Saltmarsh Lokunja is well known for its healthy mud. Four samples were collected by hand sampling. Wet sieving method was applied, and foraminifera and ostracods were taxonomically identified on species level. Micropalaeontological analyses were performed on samples washed through a 63 μm sieve, and the rest of the samples were used for granulometric analysis. The biodiversity of the foraminiferal community was determined on the basis of five ecological indices. Population dynamics were made on the dominant foraminiferal species, on Ammonia parkinsoniana (d'Orbigny). Index of Species richness, in all samples, varied from 4 to 8, dominance showing a maximum value of 0.43. The values of all indices suggest hyposaline, lagoonal setting. The population of A. parkinsoniana is characterized by a Gaussian (normal) size distribution pattern, with peaks occurring among specimens of 260-300 μm diameters. All ostracod assemblages are dominated by Cyprideis torosa (Jones), a widespread euryhaline species that can live from freshwater to hypersaline conditions. Low values of ecological indices, the dominance of adult foraminiferal specimens, carapaces of the same sizes of male individuals, all these suggest post-mortem transport of remains of organisms.

Ovaj seminarski rad prikazuje glavne značajke crvenog mulja i drugih ostataka iz proizvodnje aluminija te njihov utjecaj na okoliš. Crveni mulj i otpadna lužina su dvije tvari koje godišnje nastaju u velikim količinama i predstavljaju prijetnju za okoliš ako dođe do curenja ili širenja čestica i kapljica na okolno područje i u rijeke, te se zbog toga moraju odlagati na siguran način. Krške rijeke su jako osjetljiv ekosustav i treba biti oprezan s izgradnjom bilo kakvih tvornica u njihovoj blizini jer može vrlo lako doći do zagađenja čime se uništava pitka voda i direktno se utječe na život čovjeka i organizama. Opisan je način nadziranja i sanacije ekološke katastrofe izlijevanja mulja 2010. godine iz tvornice aluminija Ajka u Mađarskoj te je prikazana važnost brzog odgovora na nastalu situaciju. Također je opisana i sanacija ovog otpada iz tvornice glinice Jadral kod Obrovca u Hrvatskoj koja je trajala oko 5 godina, nije dovršena i koštala je previše, iako su postojali i drugi mogući načini sanacije boksitnog otpada. Crveni mulj je tvar koja može učiniti štetu okolišu, ali, ako je njome rukovano na pravilan način, može biti jako korisna u očuvanju okoliša. Izuzetno je važno razvijati multidisciplinaran pristup u zaštiti okoliša, provoditi česte kontrole i brzo reagirati ako se dogodi neka nesreća ili je potrebna sanacija. This seminar paper presents the main features of red mud and other residues from alumina production and their environmental impact. Red mud and the related waste base are two substances that are produced annually in large amounts and pose a threat to the environment if leakage or the spread of particles and droplets occur in the surrounding area and into rivers and therefore, they have to be safely disposed. The karst rivers are a very sensitive ecosystem and people should be careful with the construction of any factories in their vicinity as it can very easily cause pollution, which destroys resources of drinkable water and directly affects the lives of humans and organisms. The method of monitoring and remediation of the ecological catastrophe spill in 2010 in case of the Ajka alumina plant in Hungary is described and as well as the importance of a rapid response after this spill. The process of remediation of waste from the Jadral alumina plant near Obrovac in Croatia is also described. It lasted about 5 years, it was not completed until now with too high recovery costs, although there were other possible ways of remediation for the bauxite waste. Red mud is a substance that can do harm to the environment, but if properly handled, it can be very useful in protecting the environment. It is extremely important to develop a multidisciplinary approach in environmental protection, to carry out frequent controls and to respond quickly in case of an accident and if the remediation is necessary.

Knjiga sadrži sažetke Simpozija studenata doktorskih studija PMF-a, koji se održao 22.2.2019. na Prirodoslovno-matematičkom fakultetu Sveučilišta u Zagrebu.

U diplomskom radu istraživane su naslage na lokalitetu nedaleko od mjesta Bregana, na SI dijelu Samoborskog gorja. Ove su naslage prethodno označene samo kao gornjopaleozojske (karbon i perm) ili, u novijim radovima, kao naslage srednjeg i gornjeg perma. Analizom prikupljenih uzoraka određena su četiri mikrofacijesa (mudstone, mudstone do wackestone, wackestone do packstone, facijes karbonatnih breča) interpretacijom kojih je zaključeno da je do taloženja dolazilo u plitkomorskom, dijelom i zaštićenom, do nadplimnom okolišu u kojem je povremeno dolazilo i do isušivanja. Određena fosilna zajednica odgovara pretpostavljenom plitkomorskom okolišu kakav je specifičan za razdoblje perma na istraživanom području, te unatoč nedostatku provodnih oblika možemo isključiti karbonske i pretpostaviti da se radi o naslagama permske, točnije gornjopermske starosti kakve se mogu naći i na susjednim lokalitetima na području Samoborskog gorja. In this Thesis, research includes deposits in the area of Bregana, in the north-eastern part of the Samoborsko Gorje Hills. In former investigations, studied deposits were marked as Upper Paleozoic (Carboniferous and Permian), or as Middle and Upper Permian. By detailed analysis of collected samples, four microfacies were defined (mudstone, mudston/wackestone, wackestone/packstone and microfacies of carbonate breccia). It is concluded that the deposition took place mostly in shallow marine areas, partialy in isolated, and occassionally supratidal areas with occassional dry periods. Described fossil association is accordant with the assumed shallow environment specific for the Permian period in this area. Inspite lack of the index fossils we can rule out Carboniferous and assume we are dealing with the Permian, even Upper Permian deposits, which can also be found nearby.in the Samoborsko Gorje Hills.

S ciljem određivanja provenijencije klastičnog materijala (detritusa) koji ih izgrađuje, istraživani su paleogenski klastiti Banovine različitih granulometrijskih značajki (konglomerati, pješčenjaci, šejlovi). Pritom su korištene i različite metode istarživanja; od terenskoga rada, preko petrografske analize i određivanja udjela CaCO3 metodom otapanja, pa sve do analize teških minerala. U pokušaju pobliže odredbe starosti prikupljenih uzoraka, na uzorcima šejlova provedena je i preliminarna mikropaleontološka analiza. Detritus u najvećoj mjeri potječe od trošenja različitih magmatskih i metamorfnih stijena, a samo manjim dijelom i od trošenja starijih sedimentnih stijena; stoga izvorišno područje ovih klastita vjerojatno treba tražiti u stijenama Zapadnovardarskog ofiolitnog kompleksa i Sava zone, a možda i u onima Tisije. Jasno vidljiva razlika u sastavu klastita rubnog predgorskog bazena upućuje i na određene promjene u donosu detritusa, a do kojih vjerojatno dolazi tijekom kasnog paleocena, odnosno na premještanje glavnog izvorišnog područja sa Zapadnovardarskog ofiolitnog kompleksa prema Sava zoni i Tisiji. Aiming at determining provenance of clastic material (detritus) that composes them, research encompassed paleogene clastics of the Banovina area of different granulometric characteristics (conglomerates, sandstones, shales). At the same time different research methods were used; from field work, through petrographical analysis and determination of CaCO3 content (by means o dissolution), to heavy mineral analysis. In an effort of trying to determine the age of gathered samples more closely, preliminary micropaleontological analysis on shales was also carried out. The detritus mostly originates by weathering of different igneous and metamorphic rocks, and only by a small amount by weathering of older sedimentary rocks; therefore the source area of these clastics presumably should be sought in the rocks of the Western Vardar Ophiolitic Unit and the Sava zone, and possibly in those of the Tizsa Mega–Unit. Clearly seen differnce in the composition of these peripheral foreland basin clastics indicates certain changes in the detritus yield, which most probably occurs during late paleocene, that is the relocation of the main source area from the Western Vardar Ophiolitic Unit to the Sava zone and Tizsa Mega–Unit.

Researching the hydrogeological properties of karst systems is very challenging due to their ex- treme heterogeneity. A grey-box approach in karst research combines the results from classical hydrogeological methods with direct observations within the karstic underground, i.e. in the caves. Isotope research has become a widely used method in the investigation of karst systems. The results presented are of a preliminary 2H and 18O stable isotope study of the Northern Vele- bit karst system (Croatia) employing the grey-box approach. Groundwater samples were col- lected during two summer expeditions in deep caves within the karst massif. Monthly precipita- tion samples were also collected (at three locations between approx. 900 m and 1600 m altitude), as well as water samples at some of the most significant springs, i.e. discharge outlets of the system. For a single expedition, the stable isotope composition is almost constant, i.e. the stable isotope measurements are within the measurement error across the complete cave profile. Simi­ lar characteristics across different caves during the same year were also noted. Samples of wa- ter from the springs were taken during base-flow conditions and they have similar isotopic con- tents to the cave water. The results obtained indicate that homogenization of the water already occurs within the subsurface epikarst zone above the sampling locations in the caves, but a fu- ture extended sampling campaign during variable hydrologic conditions is needed to confirm this. The final research goal is to establish a conceptual grey-box model for the functioning of this complex hydrogeological system.

Ovim diplomskim radom obuhvaćene su Prominske naslage na području Maslenice u sjevernoj Dalmaciji. Na navedenom području naslage su uglavnom izgrađene od vapnenačkih konglomerata, kalkarenita i vapnenaca. Naslage su dobro otkrivene i relativno slabo poremećene, tako da je njihova analiza omogućila interpretaciju facijesa, facijesnih asocijacija, određivanje površina poplavljivanja i površina forsirane regresije, što je poslužilo za interpretaciju taložnih okoliša i relativnih promjena razine mora u ovom dijelu Prominskog bazena. Proučavane naslage taložene su u sjeveroistočnom dijelu Novigradskog sub-bazena u okolišima padina lepeznih delti, šljunčanim plažama, obalnom licu, prijelaznoj zoni i distalnijim okolišima gdje je bila moguća biogena karbonatna sedimentacija. Površine poplavljivanja i površine forsirane regresije ukazuju na česte promjene relativne razine mora, koje su najvjerojatnije bile uvjetovane tektonikom uslijed izdizanja Dinarskog orogena i razvoja Dinarskog predgorskog bazena. This thesis encompasses the Promina beds in the area of Maslenica in northern Dalmatia. In this area the sedimentary succession mostly comprises carbonate conglomerates, calcarenites and limestones. The succession is well-exposed and relatively undisturbed, which enabled the interpretation of facies, facies associations, determination of flooding surfaces and surfaces of forced regression, which served to interpret depositional environments and relative changes of sea level in this part of the Promina basin. The studied sedimentary succession was deposited in the north-eastern part of the Novigrad sub-basin in a range of depositional environments, which include fan delta slopes, gravel beaches, shoreface zone, offshore-transition zone and more distal environments where biogenic carbonate sedimentation was possible. Flooding surfaces and surfaces of forced regression indicate frequent relative changes of sea level, which were probably caused by tectonics due to the uplift of the Dinaric Orogen and the development of the Dinaric Foreland Basin.

Tema ovog rada je provenijencija pješčenjaka uzorkovanih na izdancima dubokomorskih naslaga kredne i paleocenske starosti sa područja Banovine. Metodom kvantitativne analize teških frakcija pomoću polarizacijskog mikroskopa prouceno je podrijetlo siliciklastičnog detritusa u pješčenjacima kredne i paleocenske starosti. Teška mineralna frakcija ovih pješčenjaka sastoji se od apatita, cirkona, turmalina, rutila i različitih količina Cr-spinela. Pješčenjaci su dominantno su sastavljeni od kvarca, sedimentnih i metamorfnih čestica vrlo niskog do niskog stupnja, zajedno s mafičnim litičnim česticama. Sastav mastrihtskih pješčenjaka vjerojatno odražava eroziju ekshuiranih dijelova kore u kolizijskoj zoni. Porijeklo detritusa u paleocenskim pješčenjacima vjerojatno je bilo povezano s erozijom magmatskog luka koji je nastao duž područja subdukcije jadranske ploče ispod Europe, kao i metamorfnih jedinica ekshumiranih u akrecijskom klinu i / ili eventualno iz jedinica Tisza ploče. The topic of this paper is the provenance of sandstones sampled on the outcrops of deep-sea Cretaceous and Paleocene ages from the Banovina area. The origin of siliciclastic detritus in Cretaceous and Paleocene sandstones was investigated by quantitative heavy fraction analysis using a polarization microscope. The heavy mineral fraction of these sandstones is composed of apatite, zircon, tourmaline, rutile and various amounts of Cr-spinel. The sandstones are predominantly composed of quartz, sedimentary and metamorphic particles of very low to low grade, together with mafic lithic particles. The composition of the Maastrichtian sandstones probably reflects the erosion of exhumed kontinental units in the collission zone. The origin of detritus in the Paleocene sandstones was probably related to the erosion of the igneous arch that occurred along the subduction zone of the Adriatic plate beneath Europe, as well as metamorphic units exhumed in the accretionary wedge and / or possibly from Tisza plate units.

Uz sve veću primjenu nanočestica u širokoj lepezi industrijskih i potrošačkih proizvoda povećana je mogućnost da će takve nanočestice dospjeti u vodeni okoliš, zadržati stabilnost kroz slatke vode te u konačnici dospjeti do morskog sustava. Osim toga, velika naselja u priobalnim područjima povećavaju vjerojatnost dospijeća nanočestica u estuarijske i morske vode zbog izravnog odljeva otpadnih voda. Posebice je za okoliš od velike važnosti odrediti ponašanje, sudbinu i utjecaj srebrnih nanočestica (AgNP) na biotu. Naime, srebro posjeduje antimikrobna svojstva te je u „nano“ obliku pronašlo primjenu u mnogim potrošačkim proizvodima. U tom kontekstu, cilj ove doktorske studije jest karakterizirati AgNP u morskoj vodi te ispitati njihov utjecaj na morske beskralježnjake: embrije ježinaca Arbacia lixula, Paracentrotus lividus i Sphaerechinus granularis. Pri tom je poseban naglasak stavljen na nisku, po okoliš relevantnu, koncentraciju AgNP različitih veličina. Nadalje, piretroidni insekticidi, koji se danas široko primijenjuju u različitim područjima poljoprivrede, rasadnicima, pri kontroli vrtnih štetočina u kućanstvu (posebice pri uklanjanju komaraca), također imaju potencijal za ulazak u otpadne i priobalne vode. Potencijalna interakcija između AgNP i tih insekticida može značajno povisiti toksičnost potonjeg. Stoga, ovaj doktorski rad također uključuje istraživanje biološkog učinka AgNP u kombinaciji s piretroidnim insekticidima, cipermetrinom i deltametrinom, na modelu školjkaša Mytilus galloprovincialis određivanjem aktivnosti enzima acetilkolinesteraze i glutation S-transferaze u škrgama te koncentracije metalotioneina u probavnoj žlijezdi dagnje. With the ever growing use of nanoparticles in a broad range of industrial and consumer applications there is an increasing likelihood that such nanoparticles will enter the aquatic environment and be transported through freshwater systems, eventually reaching marine waters. In addition, large population centres in near-coastal areas increases the probability of nanoparticles rapidly reaching estuarine and marine waters due to direct outflow of wastewater streams. Due to silver’s known antimicrobial properties and widespread use of silver nanoparticles (AgNP) in consumer products, the latter’s environmental fate and impact is therefore of particular concern. In this context, the aim of this doctoral study is to characterize AgNP in sea water and investigate the species-specific effects of low, environmentally-relevant, concentrations and different sizes of AgNP on marine invertebrate: sea urchin embryos of the species Arbacia lixula, Paracentrotus lividus and Sphaerechinus granularis. Further, pyrethroid insecticides, which are widely used today in a diverse range of applications from agriculture, to nurseries, urban structural and landscaping sites, residential homes' garden pest control and mosquito abatement, also have the potential to enter wastewater streams and coastal waters. The potenital interaction between AgNP and these insecticides may significantly increase the toxicity of the latter. Thus, this doctoral work also includes investigation of the effect of AgNP in combination with two commonly used pyrethroid insecticides, cypermetrin and deltametrin, in bivalve Mytilus galloprovincialis as a model by determination of the activity of two enzymes in mussel gills: acetylcholinesterase and glutathione S-transferase, and the concentration of metallothioneins in the digestive gland.

Na jezgrama NER3 i NER4 te iz rezultata preuzetih iz disertacije Felja (2017) za jezgre NER5 i NER6 iz područja deltne ravnice rijeke Neretve provedena je foraminiferska analiza, s ciljem da se rekonstruiraju taložni okoliši koji su se izmjenjivali tijekom holocena. U jezgrama je određena apsolutna brojnost foraminifera, relativna brojnost foraminifera i indeksi bioraznolikosti (indeks dominacije, Berger-Parker-ov indeks, Simpson-ov indeks, Shannon-Wiener-ov indeks, Fisher-ov indeks). Najzastupljenije vrste foraminifera pripadale su rodovima Ammonia, Haynesina i Porosononion. Povećanjem dubine rasla je i raznolikost vrsti, pa su nađene miliolide i jedinke roda Elphidium. Taložni okoliši koji su prepoznati na temelju indeksa bioraznolikosti i zastupljenosti foraminiferskih rodova su: aluvijalni okoliš (deltna ravnica), brakični okoliš (močvare/lagune, unutrašnji estuarij), te središnji/vanjski estuarij. Na temelju rezultata utvrđena je progradacija delte unutar estuarija te zapunjavanje estuarija tijekom holocena. On the cores NER3 and NER4, and from the results given in disertation Felja (2017) for cores NER5 and NER6 from the area of the Neretva river delta plain, a foraminiferal analysis was carried out to reconstruct the depositional environments that were changing during Holocene. In all drilled cores total number of foraminifera, relative percentage of foraminifera and biodiversity indices (Dominance, Berger-Parker index, Simpson index, Shannon-Wiener index, Fisher's index) were calculated. The most common types of foraminifera belonged to the genera Ammonia, Haynesina and Porosononion. The biodiversity increased with depth and various miliolids and Elphidium genus were present in the deeper layers. Depositional environments that were recognized based on biodiversity indices and the abundance of foraminiferal genera are: alluvial environments (deltaic plain), brackish environments (marhes/lagoons, inner estuaries), central/outer estuaries. Based on the results, progradation of intra-estuarine delta and the filling of the estuarine basin occurred during Holocene.

During a site survey in 2012 an unknown marble quarry was discovered near the ancient city of Euromos (Milas), where a very typical grey veined stepped marble was extracted. A systematic archaeological investigation of the quarry site was undertaken and extensive sampling was carried out for archaeometric analyses (isotopes, EPR, MGS) in order to obtain a reference data bank, even if the macroscopic aspect of the Euromos marble allows an easy preliminary autoptic distinction, thanks to the frequent presence of stepped grey veins, due to shear fractures of the marble outcrop. The use of the Euromos marble was not limited to the region, where it was employed at Euromos and Iasos, but it was diffused all over the Roman Empire probably from the Hadrianic period onwards and it is attested in several coastal cities of Asia Minor, Palestine, north Africa and obviously also in Rome.

After the recent re-edition of Tarraco’s epigraphic corpus (CIL II2/14), we initiated a multidisciplinary project to study the stones used for the town’s inscriptions. The study of Santa Tecla stone and the knowledge of the quarries of the territory provides a basis for the study of stone from Alcover, which was employed during the founding period of the colonia. Its lithology is very different from the bioclastic limestones and calcarenites so common around Tarragona that supplied large blocks and ashlars (El Mèdol and soldó stones) and facilitates obtaining uniform, thin pieces perfect for plaques. Its use for the earliest epigraphy is one of the clearest pieces of evidence to date the first historic urban phases. Alcover stone was used alongside another local stone, Santa Tecla limestone, which was gradually introduced during Augustan and Julio-Claudian times. However, in Flavian times, Alcover stone was no longer used in epigraphy.

This research deals with the study of two types of building materials (sandstone and limestone) used in the Roman city of Thamugadi founded in 100 AD (the present Timgad), and the ancient quarries from which they had been extracted (inside a perimeter of 25 km). The fieldwork survey conducted in the ancient quarries of Thamugadi revealed sites that were previously unknown. Petrographic studies led to the identification of three sandstone lithotypes and five limestone lithotypes among the building materials sampled from fourteen monuments of the city. The survey of rock outcrops led to the identification of two main sandstone lithotypes and quarries: (T1) Djelfaoune and (T2) Mechta Rebaa. Nine limestone lithotypes and four main groups of open cast quarries or exploitation sites have been identified: Djebel Afia-Lambèse-Ain Drinn, Taouint Abderahman, Medjeba-Berbaga, and Lerdham-Elghar Nithviren-Ain Cherchar.

Interdisciplinary Studies on Ancient Stone

Knjiga sadrži sažetke Simpozija studenata doktorskih studija PMF-a, koji se održao 9.2.2018. na Prirodoslovno-matematičkom fakultetu Sveučilišta u Zagrebu.

Green schist marble stone was used in Antiquity both as a building stone for private and public constructions, and as an ornamental stone for sculpting funeral monuments and for engraving epigraphic texts. Three quarries that once provided green schist blocks have been located to the Eastern part of Jebel el Hairech situated in the governorate of Jendouba (North-West of Tunisia). The preserved cutting marks left on the quarry fronts led to the identification of the quarrying techniques and the determination of the sizes of some cut blocks. The results of petro-mineralogical and chemical analyses, together with physico-mechanical tests, revealed the green schist marble stones to be of high quality with physical and mechanical properties that are fully adapted for construction as well as for the sculpture of architectural and funeral structures.

The Hispano-Roman city of Valeria, in the province of Cuenca (Spain), is well known in the archaeological field worldwide for its significant archaeological and architectural remains and for the evidence of its splendour and development. Less known are the quarries located near the city of Valeria. These quarries provided most of the blocks resulting in this public and monumental architecture. The abundant existence of quality stone material, the geomorphological arrangement of the rocky layers that facilitated its massive exploitation and the existence of roads in the immediate vicinity that allowed the evacuation and transportation of extracted material to its final destination are features that facilitated the exploitation in the Roman age. The preserved remains and the finding of some semi-finished stone elements are the starting points to establish the system of exploitation and utilization of construction resources in the immediate vicinity of this Roman city.

U ovom diplomskom radu određene su geokemijske i mineraloške značajke sedimentne jezgre iz deltne ravnice rijeke Mirne. Cilj rada je određivanje koncentracija određenih elemenata u sedimentu delte. Na temelju prikupljenih podataka nakon mineraloških analiza zaključeno je da u ukupnom uzorku orijentiranih preparata prevladavaju karbonati, a daljnim detaljnijim analizama u uzorcima su pronađeni i minerali glina. Sediment delte rijeke Mirne taložen je u mirnom okolišu. Koncentracije elemenata unutar sedimenta ne ukazuju na značajan antropogeni utjecaj. In this graduate thesis, the geochemical and mineralogical characteristics of the sedimentary core from the delta plain of the river Mirna have been determined. The aim of the research is to determine the concentration of certain elements in the delta sediment. Based on the data collected after the mineral analyzes it was concluded that carbonate is predominant in the total sample-oriented preparations, and further detailed analyzes in the samples have found the clay minerals. The sediments of the delta of the Mirna River have been deposited in a peaceful environment. Concentrations of elements within the sediment do not indicate significant anthropogenic influence.

Na području Vejalnice (središnja Medvednica) je u miocenskim glinovitim vapnencima zabilježen „pteropodni događaj“ i u tu svrhu je istražen profil kroz naslage koje sadrže pteropode. Popratna fauna (foraminifere, ostrakodi, spikule spužvi, ostatci bodljikaša, zubi riba) izdvojena je metodom muljenja, a prikupljeni su i makrofosili mekušaca. Paralelno s ovim istraživanjem uzeti su i uzorci za druge analize, te je na temelju nanoplanktona određena srednjobadenska starost uzoraka, a okoliš je određen kao izrazito dubokomorski. In the Vejalnica area (central Medvednica) Miocene clayey limestones bear evidence of "pteropod event" and for this purpose a profile was surveyed through deposits containing Miocene pteropods. Supporting fauna (foraminifers, ostracods, sponge spicule, echinoderm remains and fish teeth) were isolated by the wet-sieving technique, and macrofossils of molluscs were also collected. Based on nannoplankton analysis, the age of samples was determined as the middle Badenian, and the environment was defined as the deep-sea environment.

U ovom radu analiziran je kvartarni sediment iz 80-metarske bušotine s lokaliteta BGG zgrade na Horvatovcu, koji se nalazi u centralnom dijelu takozvane Zagrebačke terase. Jezgra je analizirana granulometrijski, petrografski i metodom rendgenske difrakcije na prahu te je izrađen sedimentološki stup. Cilj je bilo istražiti porijeklo detritusa te analizirati i interpretirati taložne procese i taložni okoliš. This thesis analyzes the Quaternary sediment retrived from an 80-meter drillhole from BGG building on Horvatovac site, located in the central part of the so-called Zagreb terrace. The core was analyzed by granulometric, petrographic and X-ray powder diffraction method and a sedimentary log was created. The aim was to study the origin of the detritus as well as analyze and interpret sedimentation processes and depositional environment.

Sedimentološkim analizama granulometrijskog sastava i kalcimetrije te makro-paleontološkim analizama biogenih ostataka materijala u jezgri MIR1 iz deltne ravnice rijeke Mirne pokušala se rekonstruirati morska razina tijekom prošlosti. Također, pokušali su se rekonstruirati taložni facijesi u ušću rijeke te geomorfološki razvoj i evoluciju okoliša. U ovom radu također su ispitivani preciznost i točnost terenskih metoda procjene granulometrijskog sastava usporedbom s egzaktnim rezultatima laboratorijskih analiza. Strukturno gledano, područje porječja Mirne dio je vanjskih Dinarida kojima dominiraju vapnenci taloženi na Jadransko-Dinarskoj karbonatnoj platformi u vremenskom rasponu od krede do eocena. Nakon transgresije u holocenu razina mora je dosezala nekoliko kilometara više uzvodno u riječnu dolinu od današnje obalne linije. U zadnjih 7000 do 6000 godina delta unutar estuarija rijeke Mirne progradirala je prema Jadranskom moru te se tako razvila današnja obalna linija. Sedimentna jezgra MIR1 sadrži zapise o tim promjenama budući da svaki taložni okoliš sadrži karakteristične fosilne zajednice i sedimentne značajke koje odražavaju uvjete života i sedimentacije materijala u tim taložnim okolišima kako je ušće rijeke progradiralo s vremenom. Antropogeni utjecaj na riječno ušće i obalu rijeke Mirne konstantno se povećavao i potpomognuo je evoluciji obale budući da traje još od 6. tisućljeća pr. Kr. kada se ljudi prvi put naseljavaju na tom području. Using sedimentological analyses of granulometric composition, calcimetry and macropaleontological analysis of biogenous material residues in the MIR1 core of the Mirna River delta plain the reconstruction of the past relative sea levels, depositional facies in the Mirna River and the geomorphological and environmental evolution was attempted. This thesis also examines the precision and accuracy of field methods by comparing them with the exact results of laboratory analysis. The area of the Mirna River valley is structurally part of the External Dinarides which are dominated by limestones deposited on the Adriatic-Dinaric carbonate platform in the time range from Cretaceous to the Eocene. After the Holocene trangression sea level reached upstream in the Mirna River valley for a few kilometers further than the recent coastal line does. In the last 7,000 to 6,000 years, the Mirna River intra-estuarine delta has prograded into the Adriatic Sea. The sediment core MIR1 contains records of these changes in the environment since each depositional environment contains characteristic fossil assemblages and sedimentary characteristics that reflect the living conditions and sedimentation conditions of the material as the river progressed over time. Human activity has been continuously increasing and furthering the evolution of Mirna River valley and the estuarine (bay-head) delta and the river banks since it began 6000 years ago BC when the first settlers arrived in the area.

Dio obale Paškog zaljeva na otoku Pagu, sjeverno od Crnike, prekriven je izdankom visine i do 5 m, u kojem je terenskom analizom utvrđena izmjena slojeva gline, pijeska i šljunka očigledno bogatih fosilnim sadržajem te je na dva mjesta izrađen sedimentološki stup s označenim slojevima i dubinama uzorkovanja. Terenskom i laboratorijskom analizom utvrđeno je da se marinski i terigeni organizmi javljaju u istim slojevima, što upućuje na promjenu okolišnih uvjeta te da veliki udio fosilnog sadržaja primarno obuhvaća marinske organizme, od kojih je mikrofauna pretaložena iz okolnih starijih naslaga, dok podrijetlo recentne makrofaune ostaje nerazjašnjeno. Prema nalazima keramike i stakla, koji upućuju na rimsko doba te blizini nekadašnjeg rimskog grada Cisse, današnje Caske, neobjašnjivog nestanka, moguća poveznica anomalnih slojeva s marinskom i terigenom faunom te nestanka grada je nagli i kratkotrajni događaj – oluja ili tsunami. S obzirom na nedostatak povijesnih zapisa i podataka, katastrofalnu štetu bez ikakvih tragova prijašnjih konstrukcija te veličinu i način života nekih od marinskih recentnih organizama, vjerodostojniji je scenarij tsunamija, iako ostaju nejasni uzrok, mjesto žarišta te putanja i način ulaska u Paški zaljev. Coastal part of the Gulf of Pag at the Pag island, north of Crnika, is covered with outcrop in height up to 5 m made of alternation of layers of clay, sand and gravel, evidently rich in fossils as determined by the field analysis, where two sedimentological columns with marked layers and sampling depth have been made. Fieldwork and laboratory analysis found that the marine and land organisms are appearing in the same strata layers which indicates a change of environment, and also that the majority of the fossil record are of marine origin, with microfauna redeposited from the surrounding older strata while the origin of recent macrofauna remains unexplained. The discovery of Roman era glass and ceramics probably from the nearby Roman settlement Cissa, today known as Caska, which mysteriously dissapeared, together with the anomalic marine and terigenic fossils could indicate that the area was hit by a sudden and abrupt event like a storm or a tsunami. Considering the absence of historic record as well as no traces of previous constructions and the size of the recent marine organisms, the more probable cause is a tsunami, although the cause and the source of a tsunami remains unexplained, as well as its entry path in the Gulf of Pag.

U radu je opisan kemijski i mineralni sastav te je utvrđena starost i porijeklo tufova koji su tijekom miocena taloženi na prostoru Sjevernohrvatskog bazena, smještenog u južnom dijelu Panonskog bazenskog sustava. Osim toga, analiziran je fosilni sadržaj u naslagama iz neposredne podine i krovine tufa. Analizirani tufovi s područja Banovine, Medvednice, Moslavine i Slavonije primarno su bili riolitnog do tefrifonolitnog sastava, a naknadno su dijelom ili u potpunosti alterirani u smektite i heulandit. Vulkanska aktivnost najvećim se dijelom odvijala tijekom sin-riftne faze razvoja bazena. Prema rezultatima datiranja 40Ar*/39Ar metodom na sanidinima, najintenzivnija je bila u razdoblju od 17-14,4 Ma odnosno tijekom karpata, te donjeg i srednjeg badena. Po prvi puta zabilježena je, znatno slabija, vulkanska aktivnost u postriftnoj fazi razvoja bazena, krajem sarmata, prije oko 12 Ma. Prema klasifikacijskim dijagramima temeljenima na kemijskom sastavu tufova, izvorište piroklastičnog materijala bio je aktivni kontinentalni rub koji je najvjerojatnije bio smješten na prostoru Istočnih Karpata. Fosilna zajednica foraminifera, ostrakoda, nanoplanktona i palinomorfa pokazala je da su tufovi stariji od 15,1 Ma taloženi u slatkovodnim ili bočatim jezerskim okolišima, a oni datirani na 14,8 do 14,4 Ma u marinskim okolišima. Time je je marinska transgresija u Sjevernohrvatskom bazenu, ranije uglavnom smještena na početak karpata, pomaknuta na približno 15 Ma, tj. na granicu donjeg i srednjeg badena. Tuffs have been deposited during the Miocene in the North Croatian Basin which is located in the southern part of the Pannonian Basin System. In this thesis chemical and mineral composition of the tuffs as well as their age and origin were determined. In addition, the fossil content was analyzed in the underlying and overlying beds of the tuffs. Based on chemical composition tuffs have been classified as neutral (tephriphonolite) to acid (riolite). In most tuffs volcanic glass was partially or completely altered to clay minerals (smectite) or in some cases zeolites (heulandite). During the sin-rift phase of basin development volcanic activity was at its peak. According to the results of the 40Ar*/39Ar dating on sanidine, the most intensive period of volcanic activity was during the Karpatian and the Early and Middle Badenian (17 – 14.4 Ma). For the first time, the volcanic activity in the post-rift stage of the development of the basin has been recorded at the end of Sarmatian ~ 12 Ma ago. Based on the content of immobile trace elements the source of the pyroclastic material was placed on an active continental margin, most probably located in the Eastern Carpathians area. The fossil assemblage of foraminifera, ostracods, nannoplankton and palinomorphs has shown that the tuffs older than 15.1 Ma were deposited in freshwater or brackish lake environments, and those dated from 14.8 to 14.4 Ma in marine environments. Older studies place the onset of the marine sedimentation in Karpatian time, while this study suggests it should be moved to the Early/Middle Badenian boundary.

U ovom diplomskom radu određene su granulometrijske i geokemijske karakteristike tri plitke jezgre dubine od oko 10 m iz područja delte rijeke Neretve. Cilj rada je određivanje prirodnih (pozadinskih) koncentracija određenih elemenata u sedimentu delte, te postoji li antropogeni doprinos njihovim koncentracijama. Rezultati granulometrijskih analiza ukazuju na dominaciju frakcije praha i malu zastupljenost frakcije šljunka. Glavni izvor elemenata u tragovima su čestice koje su nastale trošenjem magmatskih, metamorfnih i sedimentnih stijena kroz koje teče rijeka Neretva. Snažne pozitivne korelacije Al s Fe i elementima u tragovima ukazuju na njihovu povezanost, te na povezanost s glinom. Prema tome, gline imaju veliku ulogu u prijenosu elemenata u tragovima. Suprotno tome, snažna negativna korelacija Al s Ca, Mg i Sr, te pozitivna korelacija Ca i Mg pokazuju povezanost tih elemenata s karbonatima. U sedimentu analiziranih jezgara, na istim dubinama na kojima su zabilježeni visoki udio karbonata i visoke koncentracije Ca, zabilježene su niske koncentracije Al i Fe i obrnuto, što ukazuje na izmjenu perioda u kojem je dominiralo taloženje karbonata i onog s dominantnim taloženjem terigenog materijala. Koncentracije elemenata u jezgrama su u okviru pozadinske koncentracije, te nije primjetan antropogeni utjecaj. In this graduate thesis, granulometric and geochemical characteristics of three shallow core, depths of about 10 m, in the area of the Neretva River Delta have been determined. The aim of the research is to determine the natural (background) concentration of certain elements in the delta sediment and whether there is anthropogenic contribution to their concentrations. The results of granulometric analysis indicate the dominance of the silt fraction and the low representation of the gravel fraction. The main source of trace elements is the particles generated by the consumption of magmatic, metamorphic and sedimentary rocks through which the river Neretva runs. Strong positive correlations of Al with Fe and trace elements point to the connection of those elements with clay. Therefore, clay has a major role in the transfer of trace elements. Conversely, the strong negative correlation of Al with Ca, Mg and Sr, and the positive correlation of Ca and Mg show the connection of those carbonate elements. In the sediment of the analyzed cores, low concentrations of Al and Fe were observed in the same depths as the high carbonate and Ca content, and vice versa, suggesting a change in the period dominated by the deposition of carbonate and the dominant sedimentation of terigene material. Concentrations of core elements are within the background concentration, and no anthropogenic influence is noticed.

Klastični sedimenti poznati kao Viviparus slojevi predstavljaju posljednju fazu jezerske sedimentacije u južnom dijelu PBS-a. Stratigrafski pripadaju pliocenu, a taloženi su unutar kata cernik u vremenskom rasponu od 4,5 – 2 milijuna godina. Na prostoru Vukomeričkih gorica, gdje su površinski najrasprostranjeniji, dokazano je taloženje donjih i gornjih Viviparus slojeva. Analizom facijesa i fosilnog sadržaja utvrđeno je da se njihovo taloženje odvijalo u plitkom slatkovodnom jezerskom i aluvijalnom okolišu. Donji Viviparus slojevi diskonformni su na miocensku podlogu, pripadaju zoni Viviparus kochanskyae i taloženi su u vrijeme umjereno tople i vlažne klime s izraženim sezonskim oscilacijama sezonalnošću. Gornji Viviparus slojevi taloženi su u uvjetima pliocenskog klimatskog optimuma, bez izražene sezonalnosti, a pripadaju zoni Viviparus hoernesi. Međusobno ispreplitanje jezerskih i aluvijalnih okoliša ukazuje na oscilacije razine vode uz zapadni rub tadašnjeg jezera Slavonija, a izostanak srednjih Viviparus slojeva pokazatelj je smanjenja površine jezera, odnosno jake regresije u srednjem cerniku. Modalni i kemijski sastav klastičnog detritusa ukazuje na njegovo dominantno podrijetlo iz starijih sedimentnih i kiselih magmatskih stijena čija su izvorišta bila lokalno izdignuta gorja i pretaloženi gornjomiocenski materijal alpske provenijencije. Clastic sediments known as Viviparus beds represent the last phase of lacustrine sedimentation in the southern part of Pannonian Basin System. Based on stratigraphy they belong to the Pliocene epoch, within time period from 4.5 to 2 Ma as a part of the Cernikian stage. In the area of Vukomeričke gorice two stratigraphic horizons have been detected, Lower Viviparus beds and Upper Viviparus beds. Facies analysis and fossil content have shown that the deposition of these freshwater sediments occured in predominantly shallow lacustrine and alluvial environment. The Lower Viviparus beds lay disconformly on Miocene sediments, they belong to the Viviparus kochanskyae zone and they are deposited in the moderately warm and humid climate with strong seasonality. Upper Viviparus beds, belonging to Viviparus hoernesy zone, were deposited under conditions of the Pliocene climate optimum, without strong seasonality. Alternation of lacustrine and alluvial environment indicates the fluctuations of water level along the western edge of the former lake Slavonia while the absence of middle Viviparus beds suggests a decrease in the lake’s surface or its regression in the Middle Cernikian. Modal and chemical composition of clastic detritus indicates that it originates from the older sedimentary rocks as well as predominantley acidic igneous rocks whose source were locally raised mountains and resedimented material of Alpine provenance from Upper Miocene.