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Background: Tobacco price increase is an effective measure to reduce tobacco smoking. In Japan, the price of combustible cigarettes increased in 2018 and 2020, and that of heated tobacco products increased every year from 2018 to 2020 by tobacco excise taxation. Also, the general consumption tax increase in 2019 slightly raised the retail prices of tobacco products. We investigated the impact of this stepwise tobacco price increase on combustible cigarette smoking status among Japanese adults.Methods: Five waves of annual longitudinal data (2017-2021) from The Japan "Society and New Tobacco" Internet Survey (JASTIS) (31,930 observations of 11,896 individuals) were analyzed. Multivariable logistic regression with generalized estimating equation was fitted, adjusting for the prefecture of residence, age, sex, socioeconomic status, health status, alcohol drinking, former smoker's duration of smoking cessation, and the current smoker's number of cigarettes smoked per day.Results: The 2018 price increase was associated with a reduction in relapse (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 0.54, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.42 to 0.68) and an increment in cessation (aOR 1.20, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.42). The price increase in 2019 was not associated with relapse (aOR 0.84, 95% CI 0.63 to 1.10) or cessation (aOR 0.95, 95% CI 0.80 to 1.13). The 2020 price increase was associated with a reduction in relapse (aOR 0.59, 95% CI 0.42 to 0.81) and an increment in cessation (aOR 1.45, 95% CI to 1.21, 1.73).Conclusion: The price increase caused by tobacco excise taxation was associated with a reduction in combustible cigarette smoking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is well recognized that there emerged a trend of inward‐looking trade policies even before the COVID pandemic crippled the world. These were reflected in both BREXIT and US‐China trade conflicts. As countries become inward‐oriented, usually local prices start rising. With this backdrop, this paper explores how rising local prices are likely to affect employment in the short and long runs when we accommodate for the finite change in a general equilibrium structure whereby sectors not only contract but might also close down altogether due to the capital reallocation effect following a price incentive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pazarlama literatüründe fiyat indirimleri üzerine çok sayıda araştırma olmasına rağmen, fiyat artışlarının etkisini araştırmak için sınırlı sayıda çalışma yapılmıştır. Özellikle fiyat artış hızının tüketici davranışları üzerindeki etkisine yönelik çalışmalara ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır. Bu çalışma, fiyat artış hızının, fiyat algısı, panik satın alma davranışı, stoklama niyeti ve düşük fiyat bekleme üzerindeki etkisini incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Bu doğrultuda, farklı fiyat artış hızlarına sahip ürün görsellerini içeren iki senaryo 204 tüketiciden oluşan iki farklı katılımcı grubuna gösterilmiş ve araştırma değişkenlerini ölçmek amacıyla anketler uygulanmıştır. Araştırmada elde edilen verilere uygulanan analiz sonuçları, incelenen gruplar arasında düşük fiyat beklentisi, stoklama niyeti ve fiyat algısı açısından istatistiksel olarak anlamlı farklılıklar olduğunu göstermiştir. Araştırmanın sonucunda hem fiyatlandırma ile ilgilenen uygulayıcılar hem de pazarlama alanında çalışan araştırmacılar için çıkarımlarda bulunulmuştur.

Copyright of Strategic Issues of Northern Hungary ECONOMY-REGION-SOCIETY / Észak-magyarországi Stratégiai Füzetek GAZDASAG-REGIO-TARSADALOM is the property of University of Miskolc, Faculty of Economics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

At the same time, a negative impact on consumers is the very high inflation in the Republic of Moldova, which negatively affects the social environment and is caused by the increase in food and energy prices. Similarly, agriculture being an important economic sector for our country, this year has shown a lower productivity than the rest of the economy. Also, national economic agents, facing logistics problems, have generated increases in transport costs for exports from the Republic of Moldova. The aim of the research is to analyze the changes in the agricultural sector in the year 2022 compared to previous years and their impact on the country's population and food security, highlighting vital needs and how to respond to new challenges in the social and economic sphere. The research was carried out based on data provided by the National Bureau of Statistics, the National Bank of Moldova, the World Bank, the National Energy Regulatory Agency and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations using analytical, synthetic, tabular and graphical methods. On the basis of the research carried out, it was found that the impact of the crisis caused by the multiple changes in the agricultural sector poses a threat to the national economy and to the standard of living of citizens, but these obstacles force the development of the agro-industrial sector and its increased adaptation to the situation created and provides first of all for the development of the infrastructure for production, post-harvesting and processing, which is at an early stage of development and has been influenced by the presence of cheaper raw materials from import. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On November 8, 2016, voters in Arizona, Colorado, Maine and Washington enacted large increases in their states’ minimum wage levels—to $12 and higher. These states join California, New York, Oregon and eight large cities that will be increasing their minimum wages to levels at or near $15. What are the expected effects of such minimum wage increases? Will they reduce jobs, lead to price increases, and/or reduce profits? We take advantage of the emergence of websites such as AllMenus and GrubHub to obtain information about restaurant menu prices, and show that an overnight 25 percent increase in San Jose in 2013 led to price increases, on average, of about 1.5 percent. San Jose was thus able to substantially boost the wages of the lowest paid workers without layoffs or reducing the competitiveness of its restaurants. These results suggest that the new and higher minimum wages may primarily transfer income from most consumers to low-wage workers.

Food prices and affordability play an important role in influencing dietary choices, which in turn have implications for public health. With inflationary increases in the cost-of-living in the UK since 2021, understanding the dynamics of food prices becomes increasingly important. In this longitudinal study, we aimed to examine changes in food prices from 2013 to 2023 by food group and by food healthiness. We established a dataset spanning the years 2013–2023 by combining price data from the UK Consumer Price Index for food and beverage items with nutrient and food data from the UK nutrient databank and UK Department of Health & Social Care's National Diet and Nutrition Survey data. We calculated the price (£/100 kcal) for each food item by year as well as before and during the period of inflationary pressure, and classified items into food groups according to the UK Eatwell Guide and as either "more healthy" or "less healthy" using the UK nutrient profiling score model. In 2023, bread, rice, potatoes and pasta was cheapest (£0.12/100 kcal) and fruit and vegetables most expensive (£1.01/100 kcal). Less healthy food was cheaper than more healthy food (£0.33/100 kcal versus £0.81/100 kcal). Before the inflationary pressure period (from 2013 to late 2021), the price of foods decreased by 3%. After this period, the price of food increased by 22%: relative increases were highest in the food group milk and dairy food (31%) and less healthy category (26%). While healthier foods saw smaller relative price increases since 2021, they remain more expensive, potentially exacerbating dietary inequalities. Policy responses should ensure food affordability and mitigate price disparities via, for example, healthy food subsidies. • Between 2013 and 2023, food prices increased by 20% (£0.07/100 kcal). • Before the inflationary pressure period from 2013 to 2021, food prices fell by 3%. • During the inflationary pressure period from 2021 to 2023, food prices increased by 22%. • Milk and dairy had the highest price increases, and fruit and vegetables the lowest. • More healthy food had a higher absolute price rise, while less healthy food had a larger relative rise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When a supplier declares a price increase at an assured time in the future, for each retailer it is essential to decide whether to buy a supplementary stock at the current lower price to get benefit or buy at a new price. In economic business, the offer of selling an account at a later date is common practice to boost the market demand by attracting more players. So, a Permissible delay in payment is one of the best policies to gain business. This paper focuses on the possible effects of price increase on a retailer's reordered scheme for constant deterioration of items where the supplier gives a mutually agreed credit limit to the retailer. Here, quadratic demand is debated; which is appropriate for seasonal products. Two scenarios are discussed in this study: (I) when the special-order time coincides with the retailer's replenishment time and (II) when the special-order time falls during the retailer's sales period. An optimal ordering policy for each case is determined by maximizing total cost savings between special and regular orders during the depletion time of the special-order quantity. Scenarios are established and illustrated with numerical examples. Through, sensitivity analysis important inventory parameters are classified. Graphical results, in two dimensions, are exhibited with a supervisory decision. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Pamukkale University Journal of Business Research / Pamukkale Üniversitesi İşletme Araştırmaları Dergisi is the property of Pamukkale University Journal of Business Research and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

As a result of "Zaman-e- Darak" (i.e., When someone sells the other's property, the original owner can follow his property and can catch it everywhere that he finds it), the buyer shall refund the price and in case of seller's ignorance, shall pay the related compensation that is caused by this situation. In this case, if the original owner refers to the buyer and takes back his property and its interests, he should inevitably refer to the seller and refund the money which has paid. In our law, if the buyer was ignorant that the subject of the contract belongs to another right, he can want the money spent and his damages. A significant loss is the contract subject's increased price, and the main question is whether the seller is liable to demand the modified price on the refund date? Although this matter was controversial at first, it seems that according to the Supreme Court decision, this increase is considered a loss and, therefore, awardable. Due to the devaluation of money, our courts understood that just paying the pure price and the losses about transaction costs is not enough, and the social and legal customs don't accept it. This is necessary to choose a way that compensates for all certain damages. In this way, we should interpret the Verdict of the supreme court of unity procedure number 733 so that this kind of loss can be demanded and assessed. This method's advantage is that we compare the contract issue with the things that have similar value.

Products price, including those of agroindustry, keeps increasing constantly with no indication of stopping. By default, people comprehend the cause of price increase is attributable to inflation. In fact, the inflation is determined based on the price before and the price after increase. It implies that the price increase is the cause of inflation not vice versa.This article was intended to explore and analyze two types of financing system so as to formulate a mathematical expression as a basis to find the root of the cause of price increase. The comparison method and cause-and-effect were used to undertake the objective. Each of the two compared financing systems is modeled in order to extract necessary variables.The results show that the high price is due to the number of comprising elements of the price especially interest rate of the loan. Numerical example substantiates that the interest-bearing loan system forces business to set price to contain more variables in order to keep the business operating while the partnership system shows a significant contrast. Out of the findings the articleconcludes that the price increase will never be stopped until businesses(agroindustry) start implementing partnership financing system in place of interest-bearing. The article further infers that the inflation is absent from the causing factors of the price increase.

Copyright of Belügyi Szemle / Academic Journal of Internal Affairs is the property of Ministry of Interior of Hungary and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The aim of this article. The paper provides an inventory management model for industrial enterprises under conditions of expected increase of energy prices. Different approaches to the formation of reserves will allow industrial enterprises to be aware of the risks of energy prices increase and, depending on the choice of a particular strategy of stockpiling of raw materials or components, to calculate the size and timing of deliveries while minimizing costs for shipping and storing. The results of the analysis. In terms of expected increase of energy prices industrial enterprises can make reserve stocks of raw materials for further production for lower prices than competitors. In this case, the company can supply raw materials according to three strategies: simultaneous delivery, even delivery, and firstly by smaller and then larger batches. For each of these strategies it was got: an optimal size of delivery, number of delivery periods, and the length of each period. Different approaches to formation of reserves will allow industrial enterprises to take into account risks of increased cost of energy and with the choice of a certain strategy of raw stockpiling to calculate the size of supply and delivery terms to minimize the cost of delivery and storage. Conclusions and perspectives for further research. The practical approbation of theoretical results obtained on actual data is important in further studies. The main objective of approbation is to determine the situations according to which one of the three proposed in the study strategies is chosen: a simultaneous delivery, even delivery and delivery firstly by smaller then by larger batches. In further studies it is also important to determine the other risks that arise with increasing energy prices. Among them can be defined such as reduced demand for products of the enterprise, inability to fulfill contractual obligations, increased competition in the market.

Seven studies test and support the prediction that consumers are more willing to accept a price increase for an experiential versus a material purchase; an effect explained by the greater uniqueness of experiences. Critically, the uniqueness model advanced here is found to be independent of the happiness consumers derive from the purchase. To gain a deeper understanding of the uniqueness mechanism, this investigation then advances and tests a four‐facet framework of uniqueness (unique opportunity, unique purchase, unique identity, and counterconformity). Together, the findings converge on the conclusion that consumers perceive the opportunity to have a particular experience (vs. object) as more unique, and this unique opportunity increases their willingness to accept a price increase. Overall, this work extends the experiential versus material purchases literature into a new domain—that of pricing; identifies the dimension—uniqueness—and its precise facet responsible for the effect—unique opportunity; and demonstrates that this model unfolds in a pattern distinct from the oft researched model centered on consumer happiness. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When a supplier announces a price increase at a certain time in the future, for each retailer it is important to choose whether to purchase supplementary stock to take benefit of the current lower price or procure at a new price. This article focuses on the possible effects of price increase on a retailer’s replenishment strategy for constant deterioration of items. Here, quadratic demand is debated; which is appropriate for the products for which demand increases initially and subsequently it starts to decrease with the new version of the substitute. We discuss two scenarios in this study: (I) when the special order time coincides with the retailer’s replenishment time and (II) when the special order time falls during the retailer’s sales period. We determine an optimal ordering policy for each case by maximizing total cost savings between special and regular orders during the depletion time of the special order quantity. Scenarios are established and illustrated with numerical examples. Through, sensitivity analysis important inventory parameters are classified. Graphical results, in two and three dimensions, are exhibited with supervisory decision.