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Aim Methods Results Conclusion Our aim was to investigate whether risk factors, including selected genetic variants, appeared with the same frequency in preterm‐born and term‐born children with respiratory symptoms.We conducted an observational study on a cohort at Copenhagen University Hospital Hillerød, Denmark, consisting of 63 preterm‐born and 86 term‐born children who were included at birth and followed to 6 years of age. Odd ratios (OR) and 95% CIs were calculated.Valid genotyping data were obtained from 135 children and 126 and 64 parents completed questionnaires at the 1‐year and 6‐year follows‐ups, respectively. The C allele of rs3751972 was associated with an increased wheezing risk at 6 years of age in term‐born children, but not in preterm‐born children (OR 8.84, 95% CI 1.02–76.72, p = 0.05 versus OR 2.33, 95% CI 0.59–9.20, p = 0.23, respectively). At 1 year of age, preterm‐born children with respiratory symptoms were three times as likely to have parents who smoked than those without such symptoms (65% and 21%, respectively, p = 0.005).Genetic variants known to affect the risk of respiratory symptoms did not seem to affect the risk of wheezing in preterm children. Parental smoking was a significant risk factor for respiratory symptoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim Material and Methods Results Conclusion Infants born very preterm spend their early postnatal life in a neonatal intensive care unit, where irregular and unpredictable sounds replace the structured and familiar intrauterine auditory environment. Music interventions may contribute to alleviate these deleterious effects by reducing stress and providing a form of environmental enrichment.This was an ancillary study as part of a blinded randomised controlled clinical trial entitled the effect of music on preterm infant's brain development. It measured the impact of music listening on the autonomic nervous system (ANS), we assessed heart rate variability (HRV) through high‐resolution recordings of heart rate monitoring, at three specific postmenstrual ages in premature infants.From 29 included subjects, 18 were assessed for complete HRV dataset, including nine assigned to the music intervention and nine to the control group. Postmenstrual age appeared to be the main factor influencing HRV from 33 weeks to term equivalent age. Further analyses did not reveal any detectable effect of music intervention on ANS response.This study found that ANS responses were not modified by recorded music intervention in very preterm infants during wakefulness or sleep onset. Further research is warranted to explore other factors influencing ANS development in this population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Creative music therapy (CMT) has been shown to promote the development of brain function and structure in preterm infants. We aimed to investigate the effect of CMT on cerebral oxygenation and perfusion to examine how the brain reacts to CMT. Absolute levels of cerebrovascular oxygen saturation (StO2) were measured in clinically stable preterm-born neonates (n = 20, gestational age: ≥30 weeks and < 37 weeks) using two near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS)-based tissue oximeters over the right prefrontal cortex and left auditory cortex. We applied the systemic physiology augmented functional NIRS approach. Each CMT session lasted 55 min and involved 9 intervals, including two 10-minute intervals during which the music therapist hummed and held the neonate. We found that CMT-induced changes in cerebrovascular StO2, perfusion and systemic physiology (i) could be classified into two groups (group 1: increase in StO2 during the first singing interval, group 2: decrease in StO2), (ii) differed in female neonates compared to male neonates, and (iii) correlated with individual blood haematocrit levels. Our exploratory study (i) demonstrates the impact of CMT on the neonate's physiology and (ii) highlights the need to analyze functional NIRS measurements in neonates separately according to their response pattern to avoid erroneous conclusions, e.g. when only the group average of the signal change is determined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Few studies have found long-term effects of early musical environmental enrichment in the NICU on preterm infant's development. This study examines how early music enrichment affects emotional development and effortful control abilities in 12- and 24-month-old very preterm (VPT) infants. Methods: One hundred nineteen newborns were recruited, including 83 VPTs and 36 full-term (FT) infants. The VPT infants were randomly assigned to the music intervention (44 VPT-Music) or control (39 VPT-control) groups. VPTMusic infants listened specifically designed music intervention from the 33rd week of gestation until hospital discharge. At 12 and 24 months, children were clinically evaluated using the Bayley-III Scales of Infant and Toddler Development and the Laboratory Temperament Assessment Battery, and at 24 months, with 3 additional episodes of the Effortful Control Battery. Results and discussion: Our analysis showed that during a fear eliciting task, the VPT-Music group expressed lower level of fear reactivity and higher positive motor actions than VPT-controls and FT infants. At 24 months, the VPT-music group had lower scores for negative motor actions in the joy task, compared to both VPT-control and FT groups. In addition, both FT and VPT-music had higher scores of sustained attention compared to VPT-controls, but the contrasts were not significant. No significant effects on mental, language and motor outcomes were identified and for all three dimensions of the ECBQ. Conclusion: The present study suggests that an early music intervention in the NICU might influence preterm children's emotional processing at 12 and 24 months. Limitations and suggestions for future research are highlighted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to present clear and evidence-based proposals for the integration of Early Parental Vocal Contact into the clinical practices of neonatal units. In the first part, we present a comprehensive rationale exploring the ontogenesis of voice perception in both term and preterm newborns that establishes a foundational understanding. This knowledge serves as a crucial starting point for developing evidence-based auditory and multisensory interventions aimed at fostering the developmental trajectory of preterm infants. Drawing insights from neuroscience and brain development, our proposals underscore the significance of tailoring auditory environments within neonatal settings. Special attention is given to the unique needs of preterm infants, factoring in their gestational age and maturation levels. In the second part clinical guidelines for implementation are provided and healthcare professionals are supported to assist parents in modulating their vocal interactions, aligning them with the infant's responses. Furthermore, we provide practical suggestions for engaging in discussions with parents about the content, duration, and frequency of vocal interventions. Finally, we delve into the potential roles of caregivers, parents, and health professionals within this enriched parental vocal interactional environment. Our perspective is firmly grounded in an infant and family-centered developmental care philosophy, aiming to enhance the overall well-being and the neurodevelopment of preterm infants in neonatal units. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A stepwise approach is currently considered the best choice to manage gastroesophageal reflux (GER) in preterm infants. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different tube feeding techniques on GER frequency and features in symptomatic tube-fed preterm neonates. Tube-fed infants < 34 weeks' gestation were eligible for this prospective, bicentric, cross-over study if, due to GER symptoms, they underwent a diagnostic 24-h combined pH and multiple intraluminal impedance (pH-MII) monitoring. During the monitoring period, each infant received the same feeding cycle, repeated twice: continuous tube feeding, bolus feeding followed by tube feeding permanence and by tube feeding removal. The impact of these three feeding modalities on pH-MII GER features was assessed. Thirty-one infants were enrolled. Despite a low number of reflux episodes, a significant decrease in total GERs (P < 0.001), in GERs detected by pH monitoring (P < 0.001), and in both acid and non-acid GERs detected by MII (P < 0.001 and P = 0.009, respectively) was observed in association with continuous feeding compared to bolus feeds, followed or not by tube feeding removal. Compared to continuous feeding, both bolus feeding modalities were associated with a significantly higher number of proximal GERs (P < 0.001). No difference in any pH-MII parameter was observed in relation to tube feeding persistence after bolus feeding administration. Conclusions: Continuous feeding and boluses may have a different impact on pH-MII GER features in symptomatic tube-fed preterm infants, whereas the permanence of the feeding tube across LES did not seem to worsen GER indexes. What is Known: • Due to the functional and anatomical immaturity of the gastrointestinal tract, gastroesophageal reflux (GER) is common in preterm infants. • A stepwise therapeutical approach which firstly undertakes conservative strategies is the most advisable choice to avoid potentially harmful pharmacological overtreatments in the preterm population. What is New: • Continuous feeding and boluses may have a different impact on GER features assessed by pH-MII monitoring in tube-fed preterm infants. • The permanence of the feeding tube during or after the feeding period did not seem to worsen GER occurrence. • By reducing GER features, especially acid GER, continuous feeding may potentially contribute to limit the need for antiacid medications in this population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Concerns exist regarding potential adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes associated with paracetamol exposure during pregnancy and early infancy. This review evaluates the evidence for the impact of paracetamol use for patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) treatment on neurodevelopmental outcomes in preterm infants. Methods: A literature search was performed via Medline, Ovid Embase and Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) databases. The search details are below: ('Infant, Newborn' [MeSH] OR 'neonate*' [Title/Abstract]) AND ('Paracetamol' [MeSH] OR 'Acetaminophen' [Title/Abstract]) AND ('Ductus Arteriosus, Patent/drug therapy' [MeSH] OR 'patent ductus arteriosus' [Title/Abstract]) AND ('Neurodevelopmental Disorders' [MeSH] OR 'neurodevelopment*' [Title/Abstract] OR 'Child Development' [MeSH] OR 'Developmental Disabilities' [MeSH]). All studies were critically appraised and synthesised. Results: Seven studies reported neurodevelopmental outcomes after paracetamol use for PDA treatment in preterm infants <32 weeks gestation. The studies varied in dosage, route, and duration of paracetamol administration and in the methods used to assess neurodevelopmental outcomes. None of the studies revealed different outcomes between paracetamol‐exposed preterm infants and controls. Conclusion: Current low‐to‐moderate quality evidence suggests no association between paracetamol used for PDA treatment and adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes in preterm infants. Future well‐powered studies with standardised neurodevelopmental assessments are warranted to strengthen the current evidence base. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: There is limited evidence on benefits of SMOF lipids (mixed fatty acid emulsion of 30% soybean oil, 30% medium chain triglycerides, 25% olive oil, and 15% fish oil) in reducing parenteral nutrition–associated cholestasis in extremely low birth weight infants, compared with soybean oil–based Intralipid. Aim: To compare incidence of parenteral nutrition–associated cholestasis in preterm infants who received Intralipid vs SMOF lipid. Methods: We conducted a retrospective study on infants with birth weight <1000 g, admitted between January 2013 to December 2022, who received parenteral nutrition for >14 days and divided them into two groups based on lipid emulsion received (Intralipid, n = 187, SMOF, n = 127). Primary outcome was incidence of parenteral nutrition–associated cholestasis, defined as direct bilirubin ≥2 mg/dl. Results: Baseline characteristics did not differ between the two groups. No significant difference was noted in parenteral nutrition–associated cholestasis between the two groups on logistic regression, (adjusted odds ratio: 0.71, 95% confidence interval 0.35–1.42, P value 0.33) after adjusting for gestational age, parenteral nutrition days, lipid days, and late‐onset sepsis. Conclusion: There was no difference in the rates of parenteral nutrition–associated cholestasis between preterm infants administered SMOF lipids and those given Intralipid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the period between birth and approximately 9 months, adults introduce infants to triadic (adult–infant–object) communication. The objective of this study is to explore how early triadic interactions arise and develop in moderate–late preterm infants. We observed and analyzed seven preterm infants at 2, 3, and 4 months of age in triadic interactions with a caregiver and a sonorous object. In the first 2 months of the infant's life, the responsibility for the interaction rests with the adult. As time went by, parents used a wider range of semiotic systems to communicate with the child, about and through the object. The results demonstrated the presence of triadic interactions in a preterm population beginning in the third month of life. Interaction is structured with the object, its sound, rhythm, and pauses. The parents' use of pauses was adjusted to the child's availability. These pauses became longer and more communicative over time, which allowed more participation on the part of the infants. Communication is facilitated by the rhythmic components of the triadic interaction (time/pauses/structure of the interaction sequence). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is the predominant chronic lung disease in preterm infants, linked with various adverse long-term outcomes. Multiple prenatal and postnatal risk factors can impede lung development, leading to BPD. Current management of BPD relies heavily on pharmacotherapies and alterations in ventilatory strategies. However, these interventions only mitigate BPD symptoms without addressing underlying alveolar, vascular, structural, and functional deficiencies. Given the retarded lung development in infants with BPD and the limitations of existing modalities, new therapeutic approaches are imperative. The induced differentiation of stem/progenitor cells and the spatiotemporal expression patterns of growth factors associated with lung developmental processes are critical for lung development reactivation in BPD, which focuses on stimulating pulmonary vasculogenesis and alveolarization. This review summarizes the process of lung development and offers a comprehensive overview of advancements in therapies designed to reinitiate lung development in BPD. Furthermore, we assessed the potential of these therapies for maintaining lung homeostasis and effectively restoring pulmonary structure and function through stem/progenitor cells and growth factors, which have been widely researched. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Background and Objectives Methods Results Conclusion Preterm infants need nutritional support due to their premature digestive system, undeveloped anatomy and functional limitations. Neonatal positioning in the proper position is one of the nurses' main principles that affect the residual volume. We performed our systematic review and network meta‐analysis to determine the best feeding position for preterm infants in reducing gastric residual volume and increasing the rate of gastric emptying.We systematically searched PubMed, Cochrane, CINHAL, Scopus and Web of Science from their inception to August 2023. We included studies that assess the effect of different feeding positions for preterm infants on gastric residuals. The Cochrane risk of bias tool (ROB2) appraised the included clinical trials. Cohort studies were assessed by the NIH tool and quasi‐experimental studies by the relevant items from (Downs and Black) checklist. RevMan Version 5.4 was used for analysing the pooled data. Our study included a frequentist network meta‐analysis of the aggregate data to obtain network estimates for the outcomes of interest. Network meta‐analysis was done using R software.We included 16 studies with 1139 premature infants, comparing six preterm feeding positions. The pooled MD and 95% CI for GRV at 30 min for right lateral, prone, right anterior oblique and left lateral compared to supine position were as follows: (−12.08 [−20.09, −4.07]), (−11.14 [−18.26, −4.01]), (−9.02 [−21.66, 3.61]) and (−0.18 [−7.87, 7.5]), respectively. Moreover, the pooled MD and 95% CI for GRV at 180 min for right lateral, prone and left lateral compared to supine position were as follows: (−0.69 [−1.29, −0.09]), (−0.56 [−1.22, 0.1]) and (0.09 [−0.63, 0.81]), respectively. Nevertheless, the pooled MD and 95% CI for GRV at 120 min for right anterior oblique, prone, right lateral and left lateral compared to supine position were as follows: (−6.09 [−11.33, −0.86]), (−5.07 [−7.71, −2.43]), (−3.08 [−5.89, −0.27]) and (−0.44 [−3.41, 2.53]), respectively.We concluded that the best nursing position after preterm infants feeding for lower gastric residuals and higher gastric emptying rate is the right lateral position after 30 and 180 min post‐feeding. Also, the right anterior oblique was the best after 120 min. Although the prone position can lower the GRV better than the left lateral and supine positions, it is not advisable to use this position because it raises the SIDS risk. Our results could help healthcare professionals to provide the appropriate positioning of preterm infants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The Subglottic Cysts (SGCs) are a rare cause of respiratory distress in infants. Typical risk factors include male gender, extreme prematurity, gastro-oesophageal reflux and invasive ventilation, the latter being associated with mucosal damage and blockage of the subglottic cysts' ducts. We describe a case of acquired subglottic cysts in a premature infants presented with respiratory distress. Case presentation: A premature male infant was born at 25 weeks + 2 days with a history of monochorionic diamniotic twin pregnancy with twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome. During hospitalization, invasive mechanical ventilation was necessary for a total of 18 days; the patient was discharged at postmenstrual age of 40 weeks + 1 day in good condition. At 43 weeks post-menstrual age, he presented to our department with mixed stridor and worsening of respiratory dynamics. A laryngotracheoscopy evaluation was performed. The exam showed the presence of multiple SGCs causing an almost complete obstruction of the airway. Because of the significant reduction of the airway's patency, the child underwent a tracheotomy and thereafter cysts' removal using cold steel microinstruments. A better airway patency was restored although a slight glottic edema persisted. The histopathology confirmed the benign nature of the lesions. Successive controls showed a completely patent airway and absence of SGCs. Conclusion: In conclusion, SGCs should be considered in preterm infants with respiratory distress previously intubated, which cannot be explained by the most common causes. Early diagnosis and treatment are fundamental to reducing the morbidity and mortality associated with this disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Refeeding syndrome (RFS) is a potentially life-threatening condition that can occur in preterm infants if nutritional support is initiated or increased after a period of starvation or malnutrition. Objectives: The current study aimed to examine the short-term clinical outcomes of RFS in preterm infants born at ≤32 weeks of gestation. Methods: Infants with a gestational age of ≤32 weeks and a birth weight of <1500 g who were born and admitted to the level III neonatal intensive care unit and received parenteral nutrition upon admission were retrospectively evaluated. The modified log Poisson regression with generalized linear models and a robust variance estimator was applied to adjust the outcomes of infants. Results: In total, 760 infants met this study's inclusion criteria. Of them, 289 (38%) developed RFS. RFS was significantly associated with a composite outcome of mortality and intraventricular hemorrhage. Based on the multivariate Cox regression analysis adjusted for significant potential confounders, RFS was significantly associated with increased mortality risk, with a hazard ratio for death in infants with RFS being 1.74-fold higher compared to those without RFS. Conclusions: Preterm infants born at ≤32 weeks of gestation who develop RFS within the first week of life are at increased risk for both intraventricular hemorrhage and mortality. This study underscores the need for standardized clinical approaches for managing RFS in the neonatal intensive care unit to improve outcomes. Future research should establish a unified RFS definition and conduct clinical trials to optimize parenteral nutrition strategies for this vulnerable population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To investigate whether laboratory markers obtained at the onset of necrotising enterocolitis (NEC) predict the severity of the disease in preterm infants. Methods: Prospective cohort study conducted in a tertiary referance hospital. A total of 88 preterm infants were included in the study. Of those, 60 infants had the diagnosis of severe NEC, while the remaining 28 infants constituted the non-severe NEC group. Severe NEC was defined as surgical NEC or NEC-related mortality. Infants with and without severe NEC were compared in terms of demographic, clinical and laboratory characteristics. Results: At the onset of disease, infants with severe NEC noted to have lower platelet count and serum ALB levels (p = 0.011, p = 0.004; respectively), whereas higher CRP, and serum lactate levels (p = 0.009, p = 0.008; respectively). Multiple binary logistic regression analyses showed that CRP (1.03(1.01–1.05), p = 0.024) and serum albumin level (0.16(0.04–0.64), p = 0.010) were statistically significant independent risk factors for severe NEC. The optimal cut-off value for the serum ALB level was found to be 23 g/L with 52% sensitivity (95%CI: 37–68%) and 84% specificity (95%CI: 60–97%) (AUC 0.727; p = 0.002). Conclusion: Serum ALB level at NEC onset might be a reliable biomarker for severe disease in preterm infants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aberrant preterm infant gut microbiota assembly predisposes to early-life disorders and persistent health problems. Here, we characterize gut microbiome dynamics over the first 3 months of life in 236 preterm infants hospitalized in three neonatal intensive care units using shotgun metagenomics of 2,512 stools and metatranscriptomics of 1,381 stools. Strain tracking, taxonomic and functional profiling, and comprehensive clinical metadata identify Enterobacteriaceae , enterococci, and staphylococci as primarily exploiting available niches to populate the gut microbiome. Clostridioides difficile lineages persist between individuals in single centers, and Staphylococcus epidermidis lineages persist within and, unexpectedly, between centers. Collectively, antibiotic and non-antibiotic medications influence gut microbiome composition to greater extents than maternal or baseline variables. Finally, we identify a persistent low-diversity gut microbiome in neonates who develop necrotizing enterocolitis after day of life 40. Overall, we comprehensively describe gut microbiome dynamics in response to medical interventions in preterm, hospitalized neonates. [Display omitted] • Antibiotics and non-antibiotic drugs govern infant gut microbiome development • Antibiotic-associated microbial shifts introduce pathogens and resistance • Hospitalized preterm infants share isogenic C. difficile and S. epidermidis • Microbial development stagnates before late-onset necrotizing enterocolitis Preterm neonates undergo numerous interventions. Thänert, Schwartz, Keen, et al. use multi-omics to show that antibiotics and other drugs alter gut microbiome development, but prenatal factors do not. Microbiome development stagnates before necrotizing enterocolitis ensues, but only among infants who experience this devastating complication after 40 days of life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Preterm birth is associated with increased risk for a spectrum of neurodevelopmental disabilities. The cerebellum is implicated in a wide range of cognitive functions extending beyond sensorimotor control and plays an increasingly recognized role in brain development. Morphometric studies based on volume analyses have revealed impaired cerebellar development in preterm infants. However, the structural covariance between the cerebellum and cerebral cortex has not been studied during the neonatal period, and the extent to which structural covariance is affected by preterm birth remains unknown. In this study, using the structural MR images of 52 preterm infants scanned at term-equivalent age and 312 full-term controls from the Developing Human Connectome Project, we compared volumetric growth, local cerebellum shape development and cerebello-cerebral structural covariance between the two groups. We found that although there was no significant difference in the overall volume measurements between preterm and full-term infants, the shape measurements were different. Compared with the control infants, preterm infants had significantly larger thickness in the vermis and lower thickness in the lateral portions of the bilateral cerebral hemispheres. The structural covariance between the cerebellum and frontal and parietal lobes was significantly greater in preterm infants than in full-term controls. The findings in this study suggested that cerebellar development and cerebello-cerebral structural covariance may be affected by premature birth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: This study was performed to construct and validate a risk prediction model for non-invasive ventilation (NIV) failure after birth in premature infants with gestational age < 32 weeks. Methods: The data were derived from the multicenter retrospective study program – Jiangsu Provincial Neonatal Respiratory Failure Collaboration Network from Jan 2019 to Dec 2021. The subjects finally included were preterm infants using NIV after birth with gestational age less than 32 weeks and admission age within 72 h. After screening by inclusion and exclusion criteria, 1436 babies were subsequently recruited in the study, including 1235 infants in the successful NIV group and 201 infants in the failed NIV group. Results: (1) Gestational age, 5 min Apgar, Max FiO2 during NIV, and FiO2 fluctuation value during NIV were selected by univariate and multivariate analysis. (2) The area under the curve of the prediction model was 0.807 (95% CI: 0.767–0.847) in the training set and 0.825 (95% CI: 0.766–0.883) in the test set. The calibration curve showed good agreement between the predicted probability and the actual observed probability (Mean absolute error = 0.008 for the training set; Mean absolute error = 0.012 for the test set). Decision curve analysis showed good clinical validity of the risk model in the training and test cohorts. Conclusion: This model performed well on dimensions of discrimination, calibration, and clinical validity. This model can serve as a useful tool for neonatologists to predict whether premature infants will experience NIV failure after birth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Moderate-to-large patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) has been linked to increased risk of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), while lung ultrasound score (LUS) has been demonstrated to accurately predict BPD. We aimed to investigate the correlation of LUS as a marker of interstitial pulmonary edema and the severity of the ductal shunt in predicting future BPD development in very preterm infants. This secondary analysis of a prospective study recruited preterm infants with gestational age < 30 weeks. LUS on postnatal days 7 and 14, and echocardiographic data [PDA diameter and left atrium-to-aortic root ratio (LA/Ao)] near LUS acquisition were collected. Correlation coefficient, logistics regression analysis, and the area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUROC) procedure were used. A statistically significant and positive correlation existed between LUS and PDA diameter (ρ = 0.415, ρ = 0.581, and p < 0.001) and LA/Ao (ρ = 0.502, ρ = 0.743, and p < 0.001) at postnatal days 7 and 14, respectively, and the correlations of LUS and echocardiographic data were generally stronger in the non-BPD group. In the prediction of BPD, LUS incorporating echocardiographic data at postnatal days 7 obtained significantly higher predictive performance compared to LUS alone (AUROC 0.878 [95% CI 0.801–0.932] vs. AUROC 0.793 [95% CI 0.706–0.865]; Delong test, p = 0.013). Conclusions: There is a statistically significant correlation between LUS and echocardiographic data, suggesting their potential role as early predictors for respiratory outcomes in very preterm infants. What is Known: • Lung ultrasound score (LUS) has shown good reliability in predicting bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) development. • Some echocardiographic data that characterized ventricular function was reported to be used to predict severe BPD. What is New: • There is a positive and statistically significant correlation between LUS and echocardiographic data at postnatal days 7 and 14. • The integrated use of LUS and echocardiographic data may have potential value in predicting BPD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lung function has never been assessed during kangaroo mother care (KMC) in preterm infants. We measured lung (rSO2L) and cerebral (rSO2C) oxygenation by near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) in infants born at less than 32 weeks of gestation or weighing ≤ 1500 g during KMC. rSO2L, rSO2C, and pulmonary (FOEL) and cerebral (FOEC) tissue oxygen extraction fraction were measured in 20 preterm infants before, during, and after a 2-h period of KMC at a mean postnatal age of 36 ± 21 days of life. We found that rSO2L, rSO2C, FOEL, and FOEC did not change in our patients. After 120 min of KMC, rSO2L was lower (71.3 ± 1.4 vs. 76.7 ± 4.6%; P = 0.012) in infants with BPD (n = 6; 30%) than in infants without BPD (n = 14 = 60%), while FOEL was higher (0.26 ± 0.02 vs. 0.20 ± 0.05; P = 0.012). Conclusion: Cerebral and lung oxygenation did not change in preterm infants during KMC. A transient decrease in lung oxygenation was offset by the increase in oxygen extraction, but these changes were clinically insignificant. These results confirm the safety of KMC in preterm infants who are in stable clinical conditions. What is Known • Kangaroo mother care (KMC) is widely used to improve the care of preterm newborns since it improves their outcome. • KMC is safe as patients' vital parameters, are not negatively affected, but lung function has never been directly assessed. What is New • Cerebral and lung oxygenation measured by near-infrared spectroscopy did not change during KMC. • A transient decrease in lung oxygenation compensated for by the increase in oxygen extraction occurred only in infants with BPD, but these changes were clinically insignificant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Objectives: The complementary feeding period is crucial for addressing micronutrient imbalances, particularly in very low birth weight (VLBW) infants. However, the impact of the timing of solid food introduction on micronutrient intake in a representative VLBW population remains unclear. Methods: This prospective, observational study investigated micronutrient intake during complementary feeding in VLBW infants categorized based on whether solids were introduced early (<17 weeks corrected age (CA)) or late (≥17 weeks CA). Nutritional intake was assessed using a 24 h recall at 6 weeks CA and with 3-day dietary records at 12 weeks and at 6, 9, and 12 months CA. Results: Among 218 infants, 115 were assigned to the early group and 82 to the late group. In total, 114–170 dietary records were valid for the final analysis at each timepoint. The timepoint of solid introduction did not affect micronutrient intake, except for a higher iron and phosphorus intake at 6 months CA in the early group (early vs. late: iron 0.71 vs. 0.58 mg/kg/d, adjusted p-value (p-adj.) = 0.04; phosphorus 341 vs. 286 mg/d, p-adj. = 0.04). Total vitamin D, calcium, zinc, and phosphorus greatly met intake recommendations; however, dietary iron intake was insufficient to equalize the iron quantity from supplements during the second half year CA. While nutrient intakes were similar between infants with and without comorbidities, breastfed infants had lower micronutrient intakes compared with formula-fed infants. Conclusions: This study suggests that micronutrient intakes were sufficient during complementary feeding in VLBW infants. However, prolonged iron supplementation may be necessary beyond the introduction of iron-rich solids. Further research is essential to determine micronutrient requirements for infants with comorbidities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Varied hospital systems demonstrate diverse and often very different approaches to patient care. This may best be analyzed by looking at specific disorders and outcomes in a population with these disorders. As one such lens, hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDPs) continue to pose a severe health risk for mothers and infants, and breastfeeding outcomes play a crucial role in determining long-term maternal and fetal health. This pilot study investigated breastfeeding outcomes in two hospitals, as representatives for differing healthcare systems, among patients diagnosed with HDPs. Data were collected for 12 months at two hospitals, one private and one military, on 729 patients diagnosed with HDPs. Data were analyzed for infant maturity at birth and breastfeeding outcomes. Most participants (83.2%) stated their intention to breastfeed for the first six months of life. By hospital discharge, only 56% (p = 0.0001) of the private hospital participants were breastfeeding compared to 65% of the military hospital participants. In addition, while 69% of infants were born before term, more infants were born before term at the private hospital (71%) than at the military hospital (65%), with 37% (private) and 42% (military) of preterm infants breastfeeding at hospital discharge. Significant differences existed between these two hospital systems in the number of those initiating breastfeeding and breastfeeding at hospital discharge. The military hospital was more successful in assisting these high-risk women in meeting their breastfeeding intentions. Changes in hospital practices, such as metrics and incentivization, focusing on breastfeeding support, could improve the rate of breastfeeding at hospital discharge and impact long-term health outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to their underdeveloped physiological maturity, preterm infants often face challenges related to sucking, breathing, and swallowing coordination during initial feeding. This lack of coordination may lead to episodes of apnea and choking, resulting in unstable vital signs. Preterm infants with this issue must gradually learn oral feeding skills appropriate to their developmental stage. Registered nurses play a critical role in assessing the right time to transition from tube to oral feeding and in providing a safe and positive oral feeding experience. In this article, three validated assessment tools for feeding premature infants are introduced, accompanied by clinical research data demonstrating their use in clinical practice. These three tools include: (1) the Neonatal Oral Motor Assessment Scale, which is applied to evaluate oral motor skills using observations of nonnutritive sucking and the sucking state during the two minutes before feeding; (2) the Premature Oral Feeding Readiness Assessment Scale, which is used to assess readiness for oral feeding in preterm infants; and (3) the Early Feeding Skills assessment, which is used to evaluate the oral feeding skills of preterm infants. These tools aid nurses in helping preterm infants achieve independent oral feeding, facilitating earlier discharge and return to home. The clinical implications and effectiveness of these tools are also discussed to provide to nurses the means and confidence necessary to apply them appropriately in clinical settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The human gut microbiota is an extensive population of microorganisms, and it shows significant variations between periods of optimal health and periods of illness. Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE) and carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP) are both pathogenic agents (BPAs) that can colonize in the gut after dysbiosis of microbiotal composition following antibiotic treatment. Methods: This study aimed to investigate the impact of antibiotics on the microbiotal composition of the gut. For this purpose, the first pass meconiums of 20 patients and the first rectal swabs containing BPAs of the same patients after antibiotic treatment were studied using next-generation sequencing-based 16S rRNA gene analysis. The V1–V9 region of 16S rRNA was sequenced with Oxford Nanopore. Results: Twenty-five phyla were detected in the meconiums, and 12 of them were absent after antibiotic treatment. The four most prevalent phyla in meconiums were Bacillota, Pseudomonadota, Bacteroidota, and Actinomycetota. Only the relative abundance of Pseudomonadota was increased, while a significant decrease was observed in the other three phyla (p < 0.05). A significant decrease was observed in alpha-diversity in rectal swabs containing BPAs versus meconiums (p = 0.00408), whereas an increased variance was observed in beta-diversity in all samples (p < 0.05). As a result of a LEfSe analysis, Pseudomonadota was found to have a higher relative abundance in rectal swabs, and Bacillota was significantly higher in the meconiums of the twins. Conclusions: Our study strongly verified the relationship between the administration of antibiotics, dysbiosis, and colonization of BPAs in the infants' gut microbiota. Further research would be beneficial and needed, comprising the natural development process of the infants' gut microbiota. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Preterm infants born before 34 weeks of gestation often face respiratory challenges and may require resuscitation with an endotracheal tube and ventilator support. Unplanned extubation is a common problem for such infants, affecting their care and outcomes. This quasi-experimental study compared the incidence of unplanned extubation, stability of vital signs and oxygen saturation between a control group (n = 24) receiving routine care in a neonatal intensive care unit and an experimental group (n = 24) receiving routine care along with the use of the Endotracheal Tube Adjustable Stabilizing Set, developed by the researchers. The latter set comprises an endotracheal tube-holding cap, head-locked pillows, and an oxygen meter. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-tests, chi-square tests, and Fisher's exact tests. Results show that the control group had an average tracheal tube insertion time of 78.94 hours, while the experimental group had an average of 39.35 hours. The incidence of unplanned extubation was 33.33% (8 cases) in the control group and 4.17% (1 case) in the experimental group. The unplanned extubation rate per 100 ventilator days was 4.41 times in the experimental group, significantly less than in the control group (23.84 times). The experimental group also exhibited significantly more time spent on vital signs and oxygen saturation within normal limits than the control group. In conclusion, using the Endotracheal Tube Adjustable Stabilizing Set in neonatal care can improve patient outcomes by reducing the incidence of unplanned extubation and stabilizing vital signs. This set has passed patentability evaluation for product design and enhances neonatal care by stabilizing endotracheal tubes, reducing slippage, and helping nurses provide more effective care. However, further testing in different settings with larger sample sizes and an equal average tracheal tube insertion time between the two groups is recommended to validate these findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The introduction of newborn screening (NBS) for spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) has increased the early diagnosis of 5q-associated SMA in presymptomatic and symptomatic preterm infants. National and international recommendations for treating preterms and newborns < 38 weeks of gestational age are unavailable. Our retrospective multicentre study aimed to evaluate the postnatal clinical course of preterm infants with 5q-associated SMA diagnosed since the implementation of NBS in Germany in 2021 and to summarize the German experience regarding the decision-making process for available treatment regimens for preterm infants with ≤ 3 survival of motor neuron 2 (SMN2) copies. Results: Twelve preterm infants with 5q-associated SMA and a mean gestational age of 34.0 weeks (range: 26.1–36.8) and birth weight of 2022 g (range: 645–3370) were reported from 8/20 German SMA NBS follow-up centers using a pseudonymized questionnaire. Confirmatory diagnosis, including SMN2 copy number, was completed on average on postnatal day 13. All patients had a biallelic deletion of exon 7 or exons 7 and 8 of the survival of motor neuron 1 (SMN1) gene, with SMN2 copy numbers of two in 10 patients and three in two patients. The neonatal course was complicated by respiratory distress due to prematurity (n = 2), sepsis (n = 2), and jaundice (n = 2). At birth, 11 preterm infants (91.6%) were presymptomatic. However, the neurological status of one patient deteriorated at five weeks of age (postconceptional age of 41.8 weeks) prior to the start of treatment. Disease-modifying treatments were initiated in all patients at a mean postconceptional age of 38.8 weeks, with the majority receiving onasemnogene abeparvovec (83.3%, including 2 patients with prior risdiplam bridge therapy). Notably, consensus among participating experts from German neuromuscular centers resulted in 83.3% of patients receiving disease-modifying treatment at term. Conclusions: Premature infants with SMA require interdisciplinary care in close collaboration with the neuromuscular center. SMA NBS facilitates early initiation of disease-modifying therapy, ideally during the presymptomatic phase, which significantly influences the prognosis of the newborn. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Hypoxic–ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in neonates. Therapeutic hypothermia (TH) has improved outcomes and mortality in infants with >36 weeks' gestational age (GA) with moderate-to-severe HIE. There are limited data on the safety and efficacy of TH in preterm infants with HIE. This study describes our experience and examines the safety of TH in neonates with <36 weeks' GA. Study Design A single-center, retrospective study of preterm neonates born at <36 weeks' GA with moderate-to-severe HIE and treated with TH, compared to a cohort of term neonates with HIE (≥37 weeks' GA), was conducted. The term cohort was matched for degree of background abnormality on electroencephalogram, sex, inborn versus outborn status, and birth year. Medical records were reviewed for pregnancy and delivery complications, need for transfusion, sedation and antiseizure medications, electroencephalography and imaging findings, and in-hospital mortality. Results Forty-two neonates born at <36 weeks' GA with HIE received TH between 2005 and 2022. Data from 42 term neonates were analyzed for comparison. The average GA of the preterm cohort was 34.6 weeks and 39.3 weeks for the term cohort. Apgar scores, degree of acidosis, and need for blood product transfusions were similar between groups. Preterm infants were more likely to require inotropic support (55 vs. 29%, p = 0.026) and hydrocortisone (36 vs. 12%, p = 0.019) for hypotension. The proportion of infants without evidence of injury on magnetic resonance imaging was similar in both groups: 43 versus 50% in preterm and term infants, respectively. No significant difference was found in mortality between groups. Conclusion In this single-center cohort, TH in preterm infants appears to be as safe as in term infants, with no significant increase in intracranial bleeds or mortality. Preterm infants more frequently required inotropes and steroids for hypotension. Further research is needed to determine efficacy of TH in preterm infants. Key Points TH is used off-protocol in preterm infants. Preterm and term infants have similar mortality. Preterm cohort required more inotropic support. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) account for over 35% of pediatric in-hospital costs. A better understanding of NICU expenditures may help identify areas of improvements. This study aimed to validate the Canadian Neonatal Network (CNN) costing algorithm for seven case-mix groups with actual costs incurred in a tertiary NICU and explore drivers of cost. Study Design A retrospective cohort study of infants admitted within 24 hours of birth to a Level-3 NICU from 2016 to 2019. Patient data and predicted costs were obtained from the CNN database and were compared to actual obtained from the hospital accounting system (Coût par Parcours de Soins et de Services). Cost estimates (adjusted to 2017 Canadian Dollars) were compared using Spearman correlation coefficient (rho). Results Among 1,795 infants included, 169 (9%) had major congenital anomalies, 164 (9%) with <29 weeks' gestational age (GA), 189 (11%) with 29 to 32 weeks' GA, and 452 (25%) with 33 to 36 weeks' GA. The rest were term infants: 86 (5%) with hypoxic–ischemic encephalopathy treated with therapeutic hypothermia, 194 (11%) requiring respiratory support, and 541 (30%) admitted for other reasons. Median total NICU costs varied from $6,267 (term infants admitted for other reasons) to $211,103 (infants born with <29 weeks' GA). Median daily costs ranged from $1,613 to $2,238. Predicted costs correlated with actual costs across all case-mix groups (rho range 0.78–0.98, p < 0.01) with physician and nursing representing the largest proportion of total costs (65–82%). Conclusion The CNN algorithm accurately predicts NICU total costs for seven case-mix groups. Personnel costs account for three-fourths of in-hospital total costs of all infants in the NICU. Key Points Very preterm infants born below 33 weeks of gestation account for most of NICU resource use. Human resources providing direct patient care represented the largest portion of costs. The algorithm strongly predicted total costs for all case-mix groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The incidence of vitamin D deficiency among pregnant women remains high and is associated with vitamin D deficiency in infants. In normally breastfed infants, Bifidobacteriaceae and Lactobacillaceae are known to help in maintaining immunotolerance and prevent infection. Vitamin D in the gastrointestinal tract plays a role in determining the composition and function of intestinal bacteria. Preterm infants are vulnerable to intestinal dysbiosis and sepsis due to bacterial translocation. This study aimed to determine the association between vitamin D levels and intestinal dysbiosis. Methods: It was a cohort study conducted in the Neonatal Unit, Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Tertiary hospital in Indonesia, from November 2019 to January 2021. The inclusion criteria in this study were preterm infants with a gestational age of less than 32 weeks or a birth weight of less than 1500 g. Total 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) levels were collected from the umbilical cords of very preterm or very low birth weight infants. A fecal examination was performed on the seventh day of life to assess intestinal bacteria using real-time PCR for four bacterial genera: Bifidobacteriaceae, Lactobacillaceae, Enterobacteriaceae, and Clostridiaceae. Results: A total of 43 infants were included in this study. Among the subjects, 53.4% had vitamin D deficiency. There was no association identified between vitamin D deficiency and intestinal dysbiosis (RR 0.67; 95% CI (0.15–2.82), p-value = 0.531). However, the ratio of Lactobacillacecae to Enterobacteriaceae was lower in those with vitamin D deficiency. Conclusion: Vitamin D deficiency was not associated with dysbiosis in preterm infants. However, this study found that the ratio of Lactobacillaceae to Enterobacteriaceae in those with vitamin D deficiency was lower than in those without vitamin D deficiency. Further research is warranted to confirm this finding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Premature infants have less physiologic reserve and often delayed vaccination compared to full-term infants. The birth dose of hepatitis B vaccine (HepB-BD) is an essential measure to achieve the goal of "zero infections" of hepatitis B virus in all newborns. However, there are few investigations of hepatitis B vaccination of preterm infants, leading to uncertainty of coverage and insufficient knowledge of factors influencing timely vaccination of this important population. Methods: We obtained hepatitis B vaccine (HepB) vaccination histories of premature infants born during 2019–2021 in three provinces from the respective provincial immunization information systems. Extracted data included date of birth, sex, region, and dates of HepB administration. We conducted descriptive analyses that included basic characteristics of the study subjects, HepB-BD administration, and full-series HepB vaccination. Factors potentially influencing HepB-BD and full series vaccination were analyzed by logistic regression. Results: There were 1623 premature infants included in the analytic data set. Overall HepB-BD coverage was 71.41%; coverage among premature infants born to mothers with unknown hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) status was 69.57%; coverage was higher at county-level-and-above hospitals (72.02%) than hospitals below county level (61.11%). Full-series HepB coverage was 94.15%; full-series coverage among preterm infants weighing less than 2000 g at birth was 76.92%. Logistic regression showed that the HepB-BD vaccination rate was positively associated with being born to an HBsAg-positive mother and being preterm with high birth weight. Regression analysis for factors influencing full-series HepB coverage showed that being born prematurely was positively associated with full-series coverage and being premature with a very low birth weight was negatively associated with full-series coverage. Conclusions: HepB-BD coverage levels in three provinces of China were less than the target of 90%, especially among premature infants born to mothers with unknown HBsAg status and at hospitals below the county level. Screening of pregnant women should be a universal normal standard. Hepatitis B vaccination training should be strengthened in hospitals to improve the HepB-BD vaccination rate of premature infants and to effectively prevent mother-to-child transmission of hepatitis B virus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Prematurity presents a significant life crisis for families, often exceeding their expectations. Fathers of premature infants face the burden of multiple caregiving roles and undergo psychological changes. When confronted with such crises, individuals often engage in self-evaluation and may experience positive transformations. This study aims to employ a qualitative research methodology to explore the experiences of fathers of preterm infants. Materials and Methods: A phenomenological approach design will be utilized, drawing upon semi-structured in-depth interviews informed by existing literature. Thematic analysis will be employed, adhering to the Consolidated Criteria for Reporting Qualitative Research (COREQ) guidelines. In-depth individual interviews, lasting 40-60 minutes, will be conducted with fathers of preterm infants to understand their experiences. The thematic analysis process will facilitate a comprehensive understanding of the factors contributing to posttraumatic growth among these fathers. This methodology provides a structured approach to investigating the experiences and influences on post-traumatic growth in fathers of preterm infants. Results: This study will highlight changes in post-traumatic growth among fathers of preterm infants. Discussion: Research on the post-traumatic growth (PTG) of fathers of preterm infants is crucial to understanding the unique challenges and psychological transformations they experience. This study aims to explore the factors contributing to PTG in these fathers and how cultural contexts in China influence this process. By elucidating these aspects, the findings can inform targeted interventions and support systems tailored to the needs of fathers of preterm infants. The results may also contribute to developing guidelines and policies to promote psychological well-being and resilience among this population in the healthcare system. Ethics and dissemination: This study adheres to the International Ethical Guidelines for Biomedical Research and the Declaration of Helsinki. Approval has been obtained from the People's Hospital of Deyang Human Research Ethics Committee (No: 2019-04-150-K01). The research follows the principles of open science, and the findings will be published while ensuring participants' confidentiality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Objectives To construct reference growth curves for the preterm population from North India and compare it with global charts. Methods This prospective study enrolled preterm neonates (23 to 36 weeks) from July 2018 to August 2019 after excluding stillbirths and those with congenital malformations. Anthropometry was performed within 18 hours of birth. Gestation age was assessed by the best estimate of a combination of the last menstrual period, antenatal first-trimester ultrasound, and Expanded New Ballard Score (ENBS). Centile curves were constructed for both genders for twins and singleton neonates separately using the GAMLSS method using R software. Results During the study period, of the 14,908 births, 3253 (21.8%) were born preterm. After excluding malformations and stillbirths, 2976 preterm neonates were eligible, out of which anthropometry within 18 hours was done for 2719 neonates. Data was analyzed for 2290 singleton and 414 twin preterm neonates. Smoothed reference growth curves were constructed for all anthropometric parameters for both genders for singleton as well as twin neonates. Indian preterm infants were smaller compared to international standards. The proportion of small for gestational age (SGA) neonates was 23.1% (Fenton's charts) but only 10.9% when the data from the newly constructed chart was used. The concordance with international standards was better for very preterm neonates <32 weeks than moderate and late preterm neonates (32 to 36 weeks). Conclusions The reference charts derived from the present study can be used for the North Indian preterm population. The use of western growth charts tends to overestimate the incidence of SGA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Less invasive surfactant administration (LISA) has become the preferred method of surfactant administration for spontaneously breathing babies on continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP). Summary: The development of LISA followed the need to combine CPAP and surfactant replacement as mainstay treatment options for respiratory distress syndrome, thereby avoided exposure to positive pressure ventilation. Key Messages: This review summarises the current knowns and unknowns of LISA including the physiological concept, its relevance for short-term and long-term outcomes and the challenges for practical implementation of LISA as part of a less invasive respiratory care bundle. Further, we provide an update of the evidence on alternatives to LISA, for example, nebulised surfactant administration, pharyngeal deposition of surfactant and delivery via supraglottic airway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Despite the increasing use of non-invasive support modalities, many preterm infants still need invasive mechanical ventilation. Mechanical ventilation can lead to so-called ventilator-induced lung injury, which is considered an important risk factor in the development of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Understanding the concepts of lung protective ventilation strategies is imperative to reduce the risk of BPD. Summary: Overdistension, atelectasis, and oxygen toxicity are the most important risk factors for VILI. A lung protective ventilation strategy should therefore optimize lung volume (resolve atelectasis), limit tidal volumes, and reduce oxygen exposure. Executing such a lung protective ventilation strategy requires basic knowledge on neonatal lung physiology. Studies have shown that volume-targeted ventilation (VTV) stabilizes tidal volume delivery, reduces VILI, and reduces BPD in preterm infants with respiratory distress syndrome. High-frequency ventilation (HFV) also reduces BPD although the effect is modest and inconsistent. It is unclear if these benefits also apply to infants with more heterogeneous lung disease. Key Messages: Understanding basic physiology and the concept of ventilator-induced lung injury is essential in neonatal mechanical ventilation. Current evidence suggests that the principles of lung protective ventilation are best captured by VTV and HFV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Identifying sensory processing problems of 12‐month‐old preterm and term children and defining their relationship with motor skills are essential for appropriate interventions and optimal sensory‐motor development. This study aimed to determine sensory processing difficulties in 12‐month‐old babies and examine their relationship with motor skills. Methods: This cross‐sectional study included 61 infants (28 preterm and 33 full‐term, ages 12 months). The infants' sensory processing skills were evaluated using the Test of Sensory Functions in Infants (TSFI), and their gross and fine motor skills were assessed with the Peabody Developmental Motor Scales‐2 (PDMS‐2). Results: Sensory processing difficulties were more common in preterm babies. Multiple linear regression models indicated a significant positive association between PDMS‐2 gross/fine motor scores and TFSI total scores, reactivity to tactile deep pressure, and ocular‐motor control in the total sample. Furthermore, there was a relationship between gross motor and adaptive motor function, and fine motor scores were found to be associated with visual‐tactile integration sensory scores. Conclusions: Preterm babies are more likely than their full‐term peers to have sensory processing problems around the age of one, which can affect their motor skills. The results support the relationship between children's sensory and motor processing skills. Practitioners such as occupational and physical therapists should be alert to this relationship in infants with sensory processing and motor problems. Taking this relationship into consideration when planning intervention programs can be a guide for an effective intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The aim of this study was to understand how neurological development of preterm infants can be predicted at earlier stages and explore the possibility of applying personalized approaches. Methods: Our study included a cohort of 64 preterm infants, between 24 and 34 weeks of gestation. Linear and nonlinear models were used to evaluate feature predictability to Bayley outcomes at the corrected age of 2 years. The outcomes were classified into motor, language, cognitive, and socio-emotional categories. Pediatricians' opinions about the predictability of the same features were compared with machine learning. Results: According to our linear analysis sepsis, brain MRI findings and Apgar score at 5th minute were predictive for cognitive, Amiel-Tison neurological assessment at 12 months of corrected age for motor, while sepsis was predictive for socio-emotional outcome. None of the features were predictive for language outcome. Based on the machine learning analysis, sepsis was the key predictor for cognitive and motor outcome. For language outcome, gestational age, duration of hospitalization, and Apgar score at 5th minute were predictive, while for socio-emotional, gestational age, sepsis, and duration of hospitalization were predictive. Pediatricians' opinions were that cardiopulmonary resuscitation is the key predictor for cognitive, motor, and socio-emotional, but gestational age for language outcome. Conclusions: The application of machine learning in predicting neurodevelopmental outcomes of preterm infants represents a significant advancement in neonatal care. The integration of machine learning models with clinical workflows requires ongoing education and collaboration between data scientists and healthcare professionals to ensure the models' practical applicability and interpretability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To assess the safety and efficacy of ripasudil for retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). Study design: Phase 1/2, multicenter, open-label, single-arm, 12-week clinical trial. Methods: Infants born with gestational age (GA) of ≤ 32 weeks or weight of ≤ 1500 g with zone I or II, ≥ stage 1, ROP in both eyes were enrolled. Ripasudil eye drops were administered to patients in both eyes. Phase 1 was a dose-escalation study (once daily for 1 week, then twice daily for 2 weeks); an additional dosing up to 9 weeks was allowed if no safety issues occurred. In phase 2, ripasudil was administered twice daily for up to 12 weeks. Adverse events were assessed. The proportion of patients with type 1 ROP progression, number of days for type 1 ROP progression, and progression to the most advanced ROP stage were estimated. Results: Twenty-four infants were enrolled (phase 1, n = 3; phase 2, n = 21). Nineteen and four patients experienced systemic and ocular adverse events, respectively. Efficacy endpoints were not different between the ripasudil and historical control groups. However, in the GA ≤ 27 weeks subgroup, fewer patients progressed to type 1 ROP in the ripasudil than in the historical control group (P = 0.09). In the GA ≤ 27 weeks subgroups, the 25th percentile for the number of days for type 1 ROP progression was 22 days in the historical control group and 44 days in the ripasudil group. Conclusion: Ripasudil was safe and inhibited/delayed type 1 ROP progression, especially in infants with short GA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The primary goal was to estimate reference values of parathyroid hormone (PTH) in very low birth weight infants without severe neonatal morbidity. A secondary objective was to assess the relationship between PTH serum levels and selected laboratory markers of bone metabolism. Methods: Ninety two infants with birth weight less than 1500 g met the inclusion criteria of the study. Serum levels of PTH, 25-hydroxyvitamin-D [25(OH)D], C3-epi-25(OH)D, total calcium, phosphorus, and alkaline phosphatase, and urinary levels of calcium, phosphorus, and creatinine were examined on day 14 and subsequently every 2 weeks until discharge. Results: Of the total 167 serum samples examined for PTH levels in infants without 25(OH)D deficiency the estimated range was 0.9–11.9 pmol/l (8.5–112.3 pg/mL). During the first month, no statistically significant correlation was observed between PTH level and that of 25(OH)D, C3-epimers of 25(OH)D, S-Ca, S-P, or ALP, nor with urinary excretion of calcium and phosphorus. From the second month of life, there was a moderately significant correlation between PTH and 25(OH)D (Rho = −0.40, P =<.001), between PTH and calcium/creatinine ratio (Rho = −0.56, P = <.001), and between PTH and phosphorus/creatinine ratio (Rho = 0.51, P = <.001). Conclusions: The physiological range for PTH levels for preterm neonates without 25(OH)D deficiency was estimated as 0.9–11.9 pmol/l (8.5–112.3 pg/mL). It seems that elevation of serum PTH above this range can be considered as hyperparathyroidism in very low birth weight infants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Premature infants admitted to the NICU often require intravenous (IV) therapy. Peripheral intravenous catheter (PIVC) insertion is a common painful/stressful/invasive procedure. Repeated exposure to stressors produces toxic stress: a prolonged, frequent activation of the body's stress response that occurs when buffering relationships, that is, mother/supportive adult, are absent. This article presents an exemplar case study of a PIVC insertion to describe toxic stress responses a premature infant experienced during the procedure. The infant was admitted for extreme prematurity and respiratory failure. Twenty-nine days later, the infant developed possible necrotizing enterocolitis that necessitated cessation of enteral feedings, gastric decompression, IV administration of fluids, parenteral nutrients, and antibiotics. The PIVC insertion procedure was monitored and observed. The infant showed physiologic dysregulation, including bradycardia, tachycardia, oxygen desaturation, and high skin conductance responses, resulting from the stress exposure and insufficient nonpharmacologic/pharmacologic stress interventions. Education and practice change are needed to promote pain/stress management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fragestellung – Frühgeborene stellen einen nicht unerheblichen Anteil an der gesamten Geburtenzahl dar. Dabei treten bei ihnen, bedingt durch das Gestationsalter und daraus resultierenden Komplikationen, zum Teil schwere Beeinträchtigungen auf, die das Leben des Kindes und seiner Familie prägen. Die Studie sollte untersuchen, welche Bedeutung Osteopathie für frühgeborene Kinder haben kann. Methodik – 12 Kinderosteopath*innen wurden mithilfe von Leitfadeninterviews zur Gestaltung des osteopathischen Behandelns, zu relevanten Strategien und Aspekten befragt. Die Befragungen wurden wörtlich transkribiert und mithilfe der qualitativen Inhaltsanalyse nach Mayring ausgewertet. Ergebnisse – Die befragten 12 Kinderosteopath*innen gaben an, ihr Behandeln individuell auf die Bedürfnisse der Frühgeborenen abzustimmen. Hierbei wurden gerade die interdisziplinäre Zusammenarbeit und das Einbinden der Eltern als bedeutsam angesehen. Schlussfolgerung – Osteopathie kann laut den befragten Kinderosteopath*innen die Beschwerden der Frühgeborenen und die Rahmenbedingungen für ihre Entwicklung verbessern. Zudem kann das osteopathische Behandeln in einer interdisziplinären Zusammenarbeit andere Therapieverfahren ergänzen und scheint deshalb für ein optimales Outcome von Bedeutung zu sein. Objective – Preterm infants represent a significant proportion within the total birth rate. According to the gestational age and possible complications, premature infants sometimes suffer from severe impairments which influence the life of the child and its family. The purpose of this study was to investigate the importance of osteopathic treatment for preterm infants. Methods – Semistructured interviews were used to investigate the pediatric osteopaths' view about osteopathic treatment of preterm infants and relevant strategies and aspects. The interviews were transcribed and analyzed using qualitative content analysis according to Mayring. Results – The 12 interviewed pediatric osteopaths stated that they adapted their treatment according to the individual needs of the premature infant. In this context, interdisciplinary cooperation and the involvement of the parents were considered to be particular important. Conclusion – Osteopathic treatment can improve the impairment of preterm infants and the general conditions for their development according to the pediatric osteopaths' opinion. Moreover, the osteopathic treatment might complement other therapeutic procedures in an interdisciplinary collaboration and therefore seems to be important for an optimal outcome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Preterm infants experience tremendous early life pain/stress during their neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) hospitalization, which impacts their neurodevelopmental outcomes. Mitochondrial function/dysfunction may interface between perinatal stress events and neurodevelopment. Nevertheless, the specific proteins or pathways linking mitochondrial functions to pain-induced neurodevelopmental outcomes in infants remain unidentified. Our study aims to investigate the associations among pain/stress, proteins associated with mitochondrial function/dysfunction, and neurobehavioral responses in preterm infants. Methods: We conducted a prospective cohort study, enrolling 33 preterm infants between September 2017 and July 2022 at two affiliated NICUs located in Hartford and Farmington, CT. NICU Network Neurobehavioral Scale (NNNS) datasets were evaluated to explore potential association with neurobehavioral outcomes. The daily pain/stress experienced by infant's during their NICU stay was documented. At 36–38 weeks post-menstrual age (PMA), neurobehavioral outcomes were evaluated using the NNNS and buccal swabs were collected for further analysis. Mass spectrometry-based proteomics was conducted on epithelial cells obtained from buccal swabs to evaluate protein expression level. Lasso statistical methods were conducted to study the association between protein abundance and infants' NNNS summary scores. Multiple linear regression and Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analyses were performed to examine how clinical characteristics and neurodevelopmental outcomes may be associated with protein levels and underlying molecular pathways. Results: During NICU hospitalization, preterm premature rupture of membrane (PPROM) was negatively associated with neurobehavioral outcomes. The protein functions including leptin receptor binding activity, glutathione disulfide oxidoreductase activity and response to oxidative stress, lipid metabolism, and phosphate and proton transmembrane transporter activity were negatively associated with neurobehavioral outcomes; in contrast, cytoskeletal regulation, epithelial barrier, and protection function were found to be associated with the optimal neurodevelopmental outcomes. In addition, mitochondrial function-associated proteins including SPRR2A, PAIP1, S100A3, MT-CO2, PiC, GLRX, PHB2, and BNIPL-2 demonstrated positive association with favorable neurodevelopmental outcomes, while proteins of ABLIM1, UNC45A, keratins, MUC1, and CYB5B showed positive association with adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes. Conclusion: Mitochondrial function-related proteins were observed to be associated with early life pain/stress and neurodevelopmental outcomes in infants. Large-scale studies with longitudinal datasets are warranted. Buccal proteins could be used to predict potential neurobehavioral outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Premature newborns have a higher susceptibility to metabolic syndrome and cognitive impairment compared to infants born at full term. Breast-feeding is advised as a natural source of nutrition for premature newborns and as a cost-effective approach to decrease illness and financial strain. Assessing preterm children's growth and body composition upon leaving the hospital is crucial and requires great attention due to its sensitivity and significance in determining future care. Objectives: This study aimed to compare the body composition of preterm infants who were fed breast milk against formula. Methods: This study employed a systematic survey approach, which involved the use of fifteen exploratory diaries covering the period from 2013 to 2023. The search terms employed were "breast-feeding", "body composition", OR "preterm infants". Discussions: Breast-feeding preterm infants has a positive correlation with the deposition of body fat-free mass. This helps maintain healthy body composition, prevent obesity, prevent loss of brain cell development, and promote optimal growth instead of formula feeding. The body composition of premature newborns undergoes alterations during breast-feeding at ages that correspond to their expected due dates, which may contribute to the mitigation of risk factors associated with metabolic syndrome. Conclusions: Breast-feeding preterm infants results in slower weight gain compared to formula feeding. However, it is more effective in repairing body composition by increasing body fat-free mass, which leads to better metabolic outcomes and neurodevelopment. The care of preterm newborns places a high priority on promoting breastfeeding and providing breastfeeding support. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fortified human milk is the first choice for preterm infants. Although individualized fortification is recommended, the optimal method for this population remains uncertain. We conducted a comparative study assessing the growth effects of adjusted (AF) and targeted fortification (TF) in extremely low birth weight (ELBW) infants. This single-center, randomized, controlled clinical trial was conducted at a tertiary neonatal unit in Spain. Eligible participants were premature infants with a birthweight of <1000 g exclusively fed with human milk. A total of 38 patients were enrolled, 15 of them randomized to AF group and 23 to TF group. AF was based on blood urea nitrogen (BUN) concentration and TF on human milk analysis. The primary outcome was weight gain velocity (g/kg/day). No significant differences were found in weight gain velocity at 28 days, at 36 weeks of postmenstrual age, at discharge, nor during the intervention. Protein intake was significantly higher in the AF group (5.02 g/kg/day vs. 4.48 g/kg/day, p = 0.001). No differences were found in the lipid, carbohydrate, and energy intake; in the weight z score change between the different time points; nor in the length and head circumference growth. Both AF and TF are comparable methods of fortification and provide the appropriate growth rate in ELBW infants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To evaluate the growth trajectory of head circumference and neurodevelopment, and to correlate head circumference with cognitive, language, and motor outcomes during the first two years. Method: Prospective cohort study in a tertiary hospital including 95 newborns under 32 weeks or 1500 g. Neonates who developed major neonatal morbidities were excluded. The head circumference was measured at birth, at discharge, and at term-equivalent age, 1, 3, 5, 12, 18, and 24 months of corrected age, and the Bayley Scales (Bayley-III) were applied at 12, 18 and 24 months of corrected age to assess cognitive, language and, motor domains. Scores below 85 were classified as mild/moderate deficits and scores below 70 as severe deficits. The association between head circumference Z score and Bayley scores was assessed using Pearson’s correlation. The study considered a significance level of 0.05. Results: There was a decrease of -0.18 in the head circumference Z score between birth and discharge and the catch-up occurred between discharge and 1 month (an increase of 0.81 in the Z score). There was a positive correlation between head circumference and Bayley scores at 18 months. There was also a positive correlation between head circumference at discharge and at 5 months with the three domains of the Bayley. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Preterm infants are prone to NeuroDevelopmental Impairment (NDI). Some previous works have identified clinical variables that can be potential predictors of NDI. However, machine learning (ML)-based models still present low predictive capabilities when addressing this problem. This work attempts to evaluate the application of ML techniques to predict NDI using clinical data from a cohort of very preterm infants recruited at birth and assessed at 2 years of age. Six different classification models were assessed, using all features, clinician-selected features, and mutual information feature selection. The best results were obtained by ML models trained using mutual information-selected features and employing oversampling, for cognitive and motor impairment prediction, while for language impairment prediction the best setting was clinician-selected features. Although the performance indicators in this local cohort are consistent with similar previous works and still rather poor. This is a clear indication that, in order to obtain better performance rates, further analysis and methods should be considered, and other types of data should be taken into account together with the clinical variables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Creative music therapy (CMT) has been shown to promote the development of brain function and structure in preterm infants. We aimed to investigate the effect of CMT on cerebral oxygenation and perfusion to examine how the brain reacts to CMT. Absolute levels of cerebrovascular oxygen saturation (StO2) were measured in clinically stable preterm-born neonates (n = 20, gestational age: ≥30 weeks and

Liudan Huang,1 Xuexin Chen,2 Yuhua Zhang1 1Department of Pediatrics, Meizhou People’s Hospital, Meizhou Academy of Medical Sciences, Meizhou, People’s Republic of China; 2Department of Neonatology, Meizhou People’s Hospital, Meizhou Academy of Medical Sciences, Meizhou, People’s Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: Liudan Huang, Department of pediatrics, Meizhou People’s Hospital, Meizhou Academy of Medical Sciences, Meizhou, People’s Republic of China, Email 15917932267@163.comBackground: Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (NRDS) is common in preterm infants. Prognostic nutritional index (PNI)((albumin (g/L)+(5×total lymphocyte count (109/L)) is a comprehensive indicator of nutritional and immune levels, and associated with several diseases. The relationship between PNI and the risk of NRDS in newborns of different gestational ages remains unclear.Methods: A total of 2722 preterm infants were included in this retrospective study. PNI level and clinical records of these neonates (adverse pregnancy and birth history, amniotic fluid contamination, nuchal cord, placental abnormality, mode of delivery, gender and birth weight of neonates, Apgar scores) were collected. The clinical features of the infants with and without NRDS were compared. Logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the relationship between PNI and NRDS in newborns with different gestational ages.Results: There were 1226 neonates with NRDS and 1496 without NRDS. The differences in the proportions of placenta abnormality, cesarean section, and small for gestational age (SGA) among infants with 34– 37 weeks, 28+1-33+6 weeks, and ≤ 28 weeks gestational age were statistically significant. Logistic analysis showed that cesarean section (odds ratio (OR): 1.550, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.197– 2.007, p=0.001), and low PNI (OR: 1.417, 95% CI: 1.110– 1.808, p=0.005) were associated with NRDS in infants born at 34– 37 weeks gestational. Adverse pregnancy and birth history (OR: 1.507, 95% CI: 1.124– 2.019, p=0.006), SGA (OR: 1.994, 95% CI: 1.455– 2.733, p< 0.001), and low PNI (OR: 1.626, 95% CI: 1.230– 2.149, p=0.001) were associated with NRDS in infants with 28+1-33+6 weeks gestational age. Low PNI (OR: 5.512, 95% CI: 1.555– 19.536, p=0.008) was associated with NRDS in infants with ≤ 28 weeks gestational age.Conclusion: The risk factors for NRDS in preterm infants with different gestational ages were different. But the low PNI level is associated with an increased risk of NRDS in preterm infants with all different gestational ages.Keywords: neonatal respiratory distress syndrome, preterm infants, risk factors, prognostic nutritional index

Background. Premature birth is the main cause of morbidity and mortality in the neonatal period, with long-term consequences for the child’s further psycho-physical development and health. Given the objective deterioration of the economic component and social instability during the hostilities in Ukraine, the birth rate is not expected to increase in the coming years. So, it is important to preserve the life and health of every newborn child. The well-being of the intrauterine environment and birth, morphological and functional maturity at birth are the basis for the child’s postnatal adaptation. Perinatal hypoxia is a predictor of significant metabolic disorders at the subcellular, cellular, organ and systemic levels. This results in impaired adaptation in the neonatal period and a high risk of developing functional and chronic pathology in the future. The purpose of the study is to examine the features of intracellular energy exchange in perinatal pathology in preterm infants. This will facilitate the investigation of the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms of severe forms of diseases and provide justification for the introduction of additional laboratory markers of hypoxic inflammation in practical neonatology. Materials and methods. A clinical and laboratory examination was conducted on 68 preterm infants with a gestational age of 32–33/6 weeks who exhibited severe forms of perinatal pathology. The comparison group comprised 27 conditionally healthy children with a gestational age at birth of 34–36/6 weeks. The inclusion criteria were a gestational age at birth of 32–33/6 weeks and severe perinatal pathology. The exclusion criteria were as follows: a gestational age at birth of less than 32 weeks or above 37 weeks, congenital malformations, and neonatal sepsis. In addition to the conventional methods of clinical and laboratory examination of newborns, indicators of intracellular energy exchange were determined: glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH) (EC 1.1.99.5), succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) (EC 1.3.99.1) and NADH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, reduced form) dehydrogenase (EC 1.6.5.3) in lymphocytes, lactate, pyruvate and the lactate/pyruvate ratio in blood serum. The values of SDH, GPDH and NADH were employed in order to calculate the aerobic respiration (AR) rate and electron transport chain (ETC) coefficient. The statistical processing of the study results was conducted using the software package Statistica (StatSoft Inc., USA, version 10). A Student’s t-test was employed for the comparison of quantitative indicators with normal distribution, at a significance level of p < 0.05 and p < 0.001. The qualitative diffe­rences between the comparison groups were assessed with the MedCalc software package (Statistical Software Package for Biomedical Research, 2023, version 16.1). Results. The findings demonstrated significant alterations in energy exchange in preterm infants subjected to hypoxic conditions in the context of severe perinatal pathology. In particular, a reduction in pyruvate levels accompanied by an increase in the lactate/pyruvate ratio suggests an insufficient energy exchange and the dominance of anaerobic glycolysis. Additionally, alterations in the activity of mitochondrial respiratory chain enzymes, including a decline in GPDH, an increase in SDH, a decrease in NADH, and a reduction in the AR rate accompanied by an increase in the ETC coefficient, were observed. The results of statistical receiver operating characteristic analysis of the laboratory indicators of energy exchange demonstrated a satisfactory level of sensitivity and specificity suggesting the potential utility of these parameters in perinatal pathology in preterm infants. Conclusions. The use of laboratory indicators of energy exchange, along with the conventional methods for additional paraclinical examination, will facilitate the prompt rectification of therapeutic measures, thereby enhancing the efficacy of medical care for preterm infants. This is achieved by the realignment of oxygen therapy measures at the intensive care stage. Furthermore, it provides a scientific foundation for the search for pharmacotherapeutic agents to control mitochondrial respiration disorders in conditions of hypoxic damage to the body.

Background Preterm infants are at risk of developing nutritional deficiencies, which is further compounded by the fact that providing them with adequate nutrition is often challenging. Enteral feeding (EF) practices vary across neonatal units and can be impacted by the setting and geographical region. There is also a lack of evidence on best practices. Objective To investigate EF practices and related nutrition factors, patterns, and outcomes in preterm infants in Saudi Arabia by examining studies published in this area. Methods A search was conducted for articles on EF practices among preterm infants in Saudi Arabia that were published between January 2010 and May 2024. Searches were carried out across five electronic databases and through searching inward and backward citation and reference lists of relevant papers. Studies that described or assessed EF practices used in preterm infants from any region of Saudi Arabia and were published in English or Arabic were included. Results The database and manual search resulted in 1905 articles. After removing duplicates and applying the inclusion/exclusion criteria, 14 publications were included: 12 were observational studies, 1 was a conference abstract (with retrospective analysis), and 1 was a commentary. Of these, 7 studies were conducted in the Central Province, 6 in the Western Province, and 1 in the Eastern Province. More than half of the publications (8 of 14) were published between 2021 and 2023. The studies included were categorized to three themes based on their aim: studies describing practices on mother–infant bond to encourage breastfeeding, assessing nutritional status and EF, and assessing EF as a risk factor for developing prematurity complications. Conclusion While research activity on EF practices in Saudi Arabia has increased very recently, yet there is a paucity of studies, particularly experimental studies that focus on both short- and long-term health outcomes.

Abstract Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is the predominant chronic lung disease in preterm infants, linked with various adverse long-term outcomes. Multiple prenatal and postnatal risk factors can impede lung development, leading to BPD. Current management of BPD relies heavily on pharmacotherapies and alterations in ventilatory strategies. However, these interventions only mitigate BPD symptoms without addressing underlying alveolar, vascular, structural, and functional deficiencies. Given the retarded lung development in infants with BPD and the limitations of existing modalities, new therapeutic approaches are imperative. The induced differentiation of stem/progenitor cells and the spatiotemporal expression patterns of growth factors associated with lung developmental processes are critical for lung development reactivation in BPD, which focuses on stimulating pulmonary vasculogenesis and alveolarization. This review summarizes the process of lung development and offers a comprehensive overview of advancements in therapies designed to reinitiate lung development in BPD. Furthermore, we assessed the potential of these therapies for maintaining lung homeostasis and effectively restoring pulmonary structure and function through stem/progenitor cells and growth factors, which have been widely researched.