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Energy dispersive (EDXRF) and Portable (PXRF) X-ray fluorescence techniques are proposed for wood treatment control process and wood waste assortment. In this study, different retentions of chromated copper arsenate preservative were applied to Eucalyptus sp. sapwood samples. Cu, Cr and As were determined by XRF techniques in treated sapwood massive blocks and treated sapwood sawdust samples were analyzed by FAAS spectrometry (Flame Atomic Absorption) and INAA (Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis). Cu, Cr and As mean values, obtained by FAASS and INAA, showed to be statically equal; however, XRF analysis showed considerable deviations, presenting the absorption and the enhancement effects in analytical lines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Collapse is almost certain to occur in the industrial drying ofEucalyptus nitensand, as such this prevents the lumber manufacturing industry in Chile from producing commercial solid wood products from this species. This problem is still unsolved, and different studies to reduce collapse are currently underway. In this exploratory study, shrinkage and collapse after drying ofEucalyptus nitenswas measured for boards cut from different radial locations within the stem (core, transition, and outer wood from pith to bark) and having different annual ring orientations (flat-sawn and quarter-sawn). Though exploratory, the results appear to confirm that pieces that were cut from the center of the trees were less susceptible to collapse than pieces cut from the transition zone between the center and the periphery. On average, collapse in transition wood was approximately 50% higher than the collapse observed in wood cut from the central zone of the trees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dominant feature of artificial smart materials is the 'shape memory' effect. This phenomenon is based on frozen strains (FS). They were detected in wood fastened specimens during drying in the early 1960s. The integral law of wood deforming under loading and moisture content and/or temperature changes was subsequently formulated. This law takes into account the forming of FS. It was applied for the calculation of wood drying stresses. Stress memory and strain memory effects for wood were discovered. Wood has the ability to recollect the type of loading (tension or compression) which it had undergone. The difference between the free and restrained shrinkage is named 'frozen shrinkage' (FSh). In calculations of drying stresses, it is more justified to use the FSh concept than 'mechano-sorptive creep' (MSC). The MSC phenomenon is observed at cyclical change of moisture content in loaded wood. 'Hygrofatigue' that reduces wood stiffness plays the main role in this process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: At Koźmin Las, in the Warta River basin, Central Poland, a series of well-preserved tree trunks and in situ stumps, accompanied by organic deposits, all of Alleröd/Younger Dryas age, have been the focus of a multiproxy palaeoecological study using pollen, plant macrofossil, Cladocera and Chironomidae based on absolute radiocarbon dating. This is the first study to use a dendrological approach to Late Weichselian palaeoenvironmental reconstructions in Central Poland. This study reveals a series of short terrestrial events interrupted by flood episodes in response to climate cooling and provides new opportunities for research into the economic adaptation of Late Palaeolithic hunters to changes in the local environment. Evidence from dendrological studies shows that the riparian forest consisted predominantly of pines of a maximum age of about 140 years and an average age of 68 years. A local pine chronology spanning 133 years has been constructed. The forest appears to have been destroyed ca. 12,600 cal BP by deteriorating hydrological conditions or a sudden catastrophic event (strong wind ?) related to climatic change. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The article offers information on the archaeological excavation and preservation of wood remains from Toftanes in the Faroe Islands. It highlights the anatomical differentiation between Picea species and Larix species as well as the conservation of several wooden fragment and objects at the Watterlogged Wood Conservation Department of the National Museum of Denmark. An overview of the European aspen species is provided.

Abstract: The vernacular building tradition is an established source of information about historic woodlands and woodland management in Britain. We build on this resource by recognizing the information content derived from the tree-dwelling epiphyte communities of lichens and mosses, which are preserved on the bark of historic wooden building materials. We report on a first analysis of preserved epiphytes identified from six regions across lowland England. Seventy-eight vernacular buildings were surveyed for the presence of bark and preserved epiphytes. We demonstrate three novel and important findings: the prevalence of bark, substantial preservation of epiphytes, and their application as an archaeological tool for the reconstruction of historic environments. Future analyses will build on epiphyte species composition and abundance data to examine changes in historic environments across lowland England. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Thermal treatment is an alternative to the chemical treatment in wood preservation, which has been used to some extent in improving timber quality. Despite the enormous works done so far on the effects of heat treatment on wood properties, very little is known about the anatomical changes in the various wood species during the process. Wood samples from western red cedar ( Thuja plicata) were heat-treated at a temperature of 220°C for 1 and 2 h. The anatomical structures were examined before and after the heat treatment process by using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and related to density, water uptake, thickness swelling and modulus of rupture of wood samples obtained from the same board. Heat treatment of red cedar wood resulted in the destruction of tracheid walls, ray tissues and pit deaspiration. The destroyed tracheid walls and ray tissues appeared to blow up, thus increasing the size of the specimen. The process of pit deaspiration also resulted in increasing size of the pits, thus creating more openings in the wood. These changes in wood anatomy indicate that the well-established chemical degradation is not the only reason for changes in wood properties during heat treatment. However, it is believed that the effects of the chemical changes still outweigh those of the anatomical changes based on the modification observed during the process of heat treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Sorting of waste wood is an important process practiced at recycling facilities in order to detect and divert contaminants from recycled wood products. Contaminants of concern include arsenic, chromium and copper found in chemically preserved wood. The objective of this research was to evaluate the sorting efficiencies of both treated and untreated parts of the wood waste stream, and metal (As, Cr and Cu) mass recoveries by the use of automated X-ray fluorescence (XRF) systems. A full-scale system was used for experimentation. This unit consisted of an XRF-detection chamber mounted on the top of a conveyor and a pneumatic slide-way diverter which sorted wood into presumed treated and presumed untreated piles. A randomized block design was used to evaluate the operational conveyance parameters of the system, including wood feed rate and conveyor belt speed. Results indicated that online sorting efficiencies of waste wood by XRF technology were high based on number and weight of pieces (70–87% and 75–92% for treated wood and 66–97% and 68–96% for untreated wood, respectively). These sorting efficiencies achieved mass recovery for metals of 81–99% for As, 75–95% for Cu and 82–99% of Cr. The incorrect sorting of wood was attributed almost equally to deficiencies in the detection and conveyance/diversion systems. Even with its deficiencies, the system was capable of producing a recyclable portion that met residential soil quality levels established for Florida, for an infeed that contained 5% of treated wood. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The ecotoxicological characterization of waste is part of its assessment as hazardous or non-hazardous according to the European Waste List. For this classification 15 hazard criteria are derived from the Council Directive 91/689/EEC on hazardous waste. Some of the hazard criteria are based on the content of dangerous substances. The criterion H14 ‘ecotoxic’ lacks of an assessment and testing strategy and no specific threshold values have been defined so far. Based on the recommendations of CEN guideline 14735 (2005), an international round robin test (ring test) was organized by the German Federal Environment Agency in order to define suitable test methods for the biological assessment of waste and waste eluates. A basic test battery, consisting of three aquatic and three terrestrial tests, was compiled. In addition, data were submitted for ten additional tests (five aquatic (including a genotoxicity test) and five terrestrial ones). The tests were performed with three representative waste types: an ash from an incineration plant, a soil containing high concentrations of organic contaminants (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) and a preserved wood waste. The results of this ring test confirm that a combination of a battery of biological tests and chemical residual analysis is needed for an ecotoxicological characterization of wastes. With small modifications the basic test battery is considered to be well suitable for the hazard and risk assessment of wastes and waste eluates. All results and documents are accessible via a web-based data bank application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Four size classes (8 -12, 12.1-16, 16.1-20, and 20.1+ in. dbh) of fire-killed western larch (Larix occidentalis) were monitored and dissected over a 5-year period to assess causes and rates of postfire wood changes. Defect and merchantable volume were assessed by a certified scaler during the first 3 years. A greater proportion of wood volume in small trees was affected by decay, wood borers, and checks than in the large trees. Half of the 8 -12 in. dbh size class wood volume was lost to postfire defects, whereas less than 15% of the 20.1+ in. dbh size class wood volume was lost to postfire defects after 3 years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given a base design with quantitative factors and a primary linear regression to each of the treatments, we may adjust secondary regressions of linear combinations of the adjusted coefficients on the primary regressions on the factor levels, thus obtaining a biregressional model. A biregressional design was established for a set of treatments, defined from quantitative factors and a linear regression in the same variables. Afterwards the action of the regression coefficients and their linear correlations was analysed. This approach was used to study the electrodialytic process (ED), a decontamination technique for removal of heavy metals from polluted matrices. The method uses a low-level direct current as the \cleaning agent", combining the electrokinetic movement of ions in the matrix with the principle of electrodialysis. The authors have studied the removal of heavy metals from industrially heavy-metal-contaminated soil, preserved wood waste and y ash from municipal solid waste incinerators using the application of the electrodialytic process. In this paper we show how statistics may support the development of a research line. The removal of heavy metals was found to be described, in all studies, by low degree polynomials with null independent terms. The coefficient [twice the coefficient] of the first [second] degree terms measuring the initial rate [acceleration] of removal. Our approach enabled the study of the action of the factors defining the treatments on these, and other, coefficients of the polynomials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a series of observations made at the historical monuments in Moldavia region, where they could show some cases which causes the appearance of macromycetes on wood. We maintained as significant a number of 13 species of macromycetes which were reported with greater frequency on construction wood, but also were included and species which are considered important agents of deterioration for wood: Gloeophyllum sepiarium (Wulfen) P. Karst., Gloeophyllum abietinum (Bull.) P. Karst., Schizophyllum commune Fr., Trametes versicolor (L.) Lloyd, Coniophora puteana (Schumach.) P. Karst., Serpula lacrymans (Wulfen) J. Schröt. etc. In the presence of a source of infection, it was found in some cases favorable conditions to the development of the sporiferous bodies. The number of attacks of macromycetes on historical monuments in Moldavia and the rate of the degradations on wood depend on a number of factors which were presented according to their importance in the overall process of preserving the timber used in construction. There were identified areas where the resistance of wood has been changed due to the destructive action of physical factors (improper humidity, temperature etc.) and especially because of the installation on this type of organic material of a considerable number of bodies from the various groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was aimed at obtaining data on drying conditions for 11 potential ramin substitutes. Several characteristics of the woods were observed and compared. Research on drying properties at high temperature was carried out to design drying conditions for the substituting-woods. From the 11 species studied, 8 species had better drying properties than ramin and can be dried further under more severe condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of ionic liquids (ILs) has provided a new platform for efficient utilization of wood. In this paper, applications of ILs in wood-related industries are reviewed. First, the dissolution of wood in ILs and its application are described. Then the ILs used for wood preservation and improvement of wood anti-electrostatic and fire-proof properties are illustrated. Finally, "green" wood processing with ILs is discussed. Although some basic studies of ILs, such as their economical syntheses and toxicology are eagerly needed and some engineering problems still exist, research for application of ILs in wood-related industries has made great progress in recent years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acacia melanoxylon and Acacia dealbata are two Australian species well acclimated in Chile, both wood species with an interesting industrial potential. In this work, has been studied kiln drying runs and the wood drying quality of the sawn wood of Acacia melanoxylon and Acacia dealbata during kiln drying at conventional temperatures. Eight tests of kiln drying to conventional temperatures are made, using a convective drying of 0,3 m³ of capacity. The experimental design includes as variable the species (A. melanoxylon an A. dealbata), the wood thickness (25 and 50 mm) and the cut-type (flatsawn-wood and quartersawn-wood). The wood drying quality on the basis of European and Chilean standards is evaluated. The results show that for a same thickness, both species A. melanoxylon and A. dealbata, in flatsawn and quartersawn-wood could be satisfactorily kiln dryied under a similar program of conventional temperatures. The wood drying quality is performed due to both species are free of collapse and they are an low transversal shrinkage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coarse woody debris (CWD) is a rarely studied component of the carbon cycle. We report the first measurements of both CWD wood density and necromass in humid, lowland northwestern Amazonia, using both line-intersect and plot-based methods. Average CWD densities were not significantly different between clay-rich and white sand unflooded forests, but lower in floodplain forest (p ≤ 0.001). Necromass of CWD lying on the ground was also lower in the floodplain (10.3 ± 6.1 Mg·ha–1, mean ± 1 SE) than in the clay-rich (30.9 ± 5.4) and white sand (45.8 ± 7.3) forests (p ≤ 0.001, using the line-intersect method). These patterns are likely driven by disturbance history, species composition, and decomposition rates. Plot-based data showed that standing and fallen CWD together accounted for 6.4%–15.4% of total coarse aboveground vegetative mass (trees ≥10 cm diameter). Across humid, lowland neotropical forests, we show that wood densities of intact and partially decayed CWD are significantly related with live wood density at the same site (p = 0.026 and 0.003, respectively). We show that these relationships can be applied generally to estimate CWD wood density for humid, lowland neotropical forests wherever destructive sampling is not possible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractAn amino-silicone (AS; amino-polydimethylsiloxane) micro-emulsion was tested for its suitability to preserve wood against basidiomycetes in a mini-block experiment and in a test according to the European standard (1996) EN 113. Decay resistance was assessed against the white rot fungi Trametes versicolor, Ceriporiopsis subvermispora, and Hypoxylon fragiforme, as well as the brown rot fungi Coniophora puteana, Antrodia vaillantii, Gloeophyllum trabeumand Serpula lacrymans. Pine sapwood and beech wood were treated with AS emulsions at solute concentration levels of 2%, 5% and 15%. The mini-blocks treated with 15% concentrations of AS resisted decay by T. versicolorand C. puteanaover a long time (12 weeks), while samples treated with low and moderate concentrations underwent considerable mass losses. Accordingly, microscopic studies revealed a high degree of colonisation by the white rot fungus and loss of cell wall integrity (brown rot) in samples treated with 2% AS. At high AS content (15%), no or only initial stages of decay could be observed. In the European standard (1996) test EN 113, the mass loss in all fungal cultures except for the white rot ascomycete H. fragiformewas below 5%, when the samples were treated with 15% AS. The effect of low and moderate AS concentration on the decay resistance was dependent on the fungal strain. The mode of action of AS treatment against basidiomycete decay is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The use of chromated copper arsenate (CCA) treated timber posts as support structures in New Zealand vineyards has raised concerns regarding the release of heavy metal(loid)s from the treated timber into the environment. A laboratory experiment was set up to evaluate if post sealing by painting reduces the release rate of CCA metal(loid)s from timber posts. Three posts were painted (Gripset 38, Multi Purpose Bitumen Rubber) on the bottom part, submerged in freshwater, and the concentrations of copper (Cu), chromium (Cr) and arsenic (As) in the water were monitored over a period of 8 months. Three additional, unpainted posts were also used. The CCA contents in the water showed a clear difference between the painted and the unpainted posts, and painting the bottom of the posts reduced the release rate by 50–75%. To monitor the possible mobility of CCA from treated posts into grapevines further, an experiment with four-year-old grapevines planted into sixteen lysimeters was set up in a greenhouse. To half the lysimeters Cu, Cr and As were added to the soil surface at rates of 16, 20, and 12.5 mg/month from 15 November 2005 to 5 May 2006. The other lysimeters acted as a control. Soil solutions were collected at 50, 150 and 300 mm depths using suction cups after seven application of the CCA solution. The results showed that all the elements moved to a depth of 50 mm. Grape fruit, leaves and rachis were analysed for CCA metal(loid)s, but did not show any differences between the CCA-treated and control lysimeters. This indicated either that these metals were not taken up by grapevines or that their translocation from roots to the upper part of the vine was negligible. Further monitoring of CCA metal(loid)s in various parts of the grapevines, including roots, needs to be undertaken. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: In the next decades, a significant increase is expected in the amounts of CCA-treated wood waste that annually need to be properly disposed. This waste should be recycled only after its remediation, so planning and optimisation of the remediation units location is of major importance. A location model for CCA-treated wood waste was implemented using Geographic Information Systems (ArcGIS 8.2), with geographic information, namely land use information and the results of a questionnaire sent to Portuguese wood preservation industries. Two different clustering methods (Self-Organizing Maps and K-means) were tested in different conditions to solve the multisource Weber problem using SOMToolbox for MATLAB. The solutions obtained with the data and with both clustering methods could be used to decide on the location of these plants. SOM provided more robust and reproducible results than K-means, with the disadvantage of longer computing times. The main advantage of K-means, compared to SOM, is the reduced computing time (considering an average of all the runs, the K-means computing time is half the SOM computing time) together with the fact that it allows to obtain the best solutions in the majority of the cases, in spite of bigger variances and more geographical dispersion. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Convenient and rapid detection of arsenic in treated wood products is necessary when evaluating possible exposure risks from the product during in-service use and disposal. For this study, a modified stannous chloride stain capable of specifically identifying arsenic in preservative-treated wood was developed by causing the over-reduction of molybdenum with stannous chloride prior to sample addition. This reduced the stain's sensitivity to the background phosphate levels in the wood and permitted the detection of elevated arsenate concentrations. The modified stain was confirmed through field testing with weathered wood samples. Alternative application techniques, such as wipes, were further explored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research was conducted to investigate the potential impact of CCA-treated wood and other arsenic-free Cu-based preservative-treated wood on microorganisms, involved in the anaerobic decomposition of waste in landfills. Wood preservatives used included alkaline copper quat (ACQ), copper citrate (CC), copper boron azole (CBA), copper dimethyldithiocarbamate (CDDC), and chromated copper arsenate (CCA). The biochemical methane potential (BMP) assay was used to estimate the possible impacts. The methane yields of mixtures of preservative-treated wood or untreated wood with cellulose (group 1) and these wood samples only (group 2) were determined. An analysis of variance (ANOVA) test found that there were no significant differences among methane yields results in either group 1 or group 2, at the 0. 05 level of significance. The results indicate that under the conditions tested, none of the treated wood products evaluated were toxic to the methane-producing organisms. At the end of the assays, test bottle contents were analyzed for Cu, Cr, and As. When the fraction of each metal in the solution (relative to original metal in the wood, leachability %) was examined, As was present at the great extent. The leachability of As was in the range from 15. 1% to 21. 7% while relatively low leachability (1. 7–7. 6%) of Cu was observed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The first processes of wood modification with furfuryl alcohol (FA) (furfurylation) were developed several decades ago. FA is a renewable chemical, produced from hydrolysed biomass waste. Over the past decade modernized processes for furfurylation of wood have been developed. This study presents decay properties of furfurylated wood. Laboratory methods and field tests were performed on fungi, termite and marine borer attack. Tests on physical and mechanical properties are also presented. The properties of furfurylated wood depend on the retention of grafted/polymerized poly-FA in the wood. At high modification levels (high retention of poly-FA) the enhancement of a wide variety of properties is achieved: an exceptional increase in hardness, exceptional resistance to microbial decay and insect attack, increase in modulus of rupture (MOR) and modulus of elasticity, and high dimensional stability. At lower modification levels property enhancements also occur. Notable are resistance to microbial decay and insect attack, and relatively high dimensional stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines United States homeowner perceptions about treated wood products. Regional differences were measured across a number of themes including overall perceptions about treated wood, treated wood relative to alternative building materials, and safety issues. Respondents in the South had the most positive perception of treated wood. The most significant health concerns were related to arsenic and chromium in preservative treatments with no differences across regions. Overall, there is not a strong aversion to using treated wood products per se although the perception of health risks exists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Focuses on a study on the potential environmental impacts of the use of treated timber in aquatic areas. Leaching experiment on two species of chromated copper arsenate treated timber; Correlation between drying time and leaching of Chromium and Arsenic; Effect of the addition of synthetic humic acid on the wood preservatives; Use of short-term copper leaching data for putative risk assessment of treated timber.

The article cites a study that investigated the absorption, salt retention, and penetration of chromated copper arsenate (CCA) at differing preservative treating temperatures. The researchers used samples of Gmelina arborea that were dried in an oven for 18 hours to reduce the moisture content. The samples were then treated with CCA at one of five temperature regimes using hot and cold immersion methods. Moreover, the researchers measured the longitudinal and lateral penetration of the preservative using a rubeanic acid as color indicator. Results of the study indicated that the retention per unit volume is greater when the preservation process is exposed to higher temperatures.

Many substances are used in the treatment and protection of timber against attack by fungi or insects. The choice depends partly on the use of the timber and the particular protection required, partly on whether it is for external or internal use, e.g. dip diffusion, end-sealing or whole painting. Chemicals commonly used for these treatments are copper-chromate-arsenate compounds, pentachlorphenol, sodium-pentachlorphenate, benzene hexachloride, dieldrin, zinc, copper naphthenate, tributyl tin oxide and other organotin compounds.

AbstractA fast and semi-quantitative wet chemical method was developed for the titration of free phenolic groups in residual lignins of pulps. The method is based on selective chlorine dioxide reaction with phenolic units of lignin at 0°C. A known amount of ClO2is reacted for up to 30 min with various substrates and ClO2consumption is measured. Experiments with monomeric lignin-like model compounds, a dioxane/HCl lignin (isolated from kraft pulp), kraft pulp, and one thermomechanical pulp (TMP) were performed. The ideal stoichiometric consumption of 1 mol of ClO2per Ar-OH was approximated in a few cases. More model compound experiments are necessary to establish the possibilities and limitations of the method, but the results of these preliminary experiments are promising. First studies on pulps and comparison of the data with those obtained by 13C NMR analysis on dioxane/HCl lignins showed some deviations in the first instance, which were attributed to reaction of the intermediates HClO and Cl2involved in the overall mechanism. However, using DMSO as HClO trapping agent improved the ClO2/Ar-OH stoichiometric ratio close to the theoretical value of 2, which essentially yielded better results. This improved stoichiometry was verified for three model compounds, one kraft pulp and one TMP, yielding results were similar to those obtained by 13C NMR analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractAmmoniacal copper quaternary (ACQ) wood preservatives contain benzalkonium chloride (BAC) as the active ingredient. BACs in commercial ACQ products comprise mainly benzyldimethyldodecyl ammonium chloride (C12 homologue) and benzyldimethyltetradecyl ammonium chloride (C14 homologue). Previously, we developed solid-phase extraction (SPE) on Oasis MCX as a strong cation exchanger, followed by liquid chromatography with UV detection (LC-UV) for the quantitative determination of C12 and C14 homologues in treated wood. In this study, the previous method was modified. Samples were cleaned up before analysis, and a weak cation exchanger, Oasis WCX, was employed. C12 and C14 homologues were added to 500 mg of powdered wood samples of Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica), Japanese larch (Larix leptolepis), Sakhalin fir (Abies sachalinensis), and Yezo spruce (Picea jezoensis) at levels of 10, 1, and 0.1 mg g-1wood. Treated wood samples were then extracted with HCl/EtOH, and the extracts were filtered and subjected to SPE with Oasis MCX and Oasis WCX, followed by LC-UV analysis. Recovery rates ranging from 90 to 111 were achieved for SPE using both cation exchangers for active ingredient concentrations of 0.1–10 mg g-1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the method on detecting chromated copper arsenate (CCA) in soil. In detecting these CCAs, Helena Solo-Gabriele together with her colleagues used a hand-held X-ray fluorescence technology. These devices were known to have measurements higher than those obtained using atomic absorption. CCA is a preservative utilized to decelerate the rotting of a wood. Its usage was forbidden in year 2003 in the U.S., however, some CCA-treated structures remained and could be removed into the environment through contact or as a treated wood enters a recycling stream.

The article evaluates Timbersil, a treated wood invented by Karen Slimak of Timber Treatment Technologies.

The article reports that Canadian Institute of Treated Wood (CITW) which represents wood preserving industry in Canada has changed its name to Wood Preservation Canada. The CITW has been in the service in wood preserving industry for more than 50 years in which Board of Directors wants to changed its name in order to reflect its function. Henry Walthert, executive director of the CITW said, the WPC is more accurate name to use to reflect its function as a national industry association. The WPC represents more than 90 percent of Canadian wood preserving operations in Ottawa that includes both producers of wood products and suppliers to the wood industry.