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In diabetes patients, urban lifestyle has been concerned as one of the risk factors for peripheral arterial disease (PAD). The aims of this study were to find out the prevalence and associated risk factors of PAD in type 2 diabetes patients who live in a non-urban community area. A total of 885 participants with type 2 diabetes mellitus were enrolled from six primary care units in the health network centered at Naresuan University Hospital, Phitsanulok, between May and June 2018. Ankle-brachial index (ABI) was performed in all subjects using a vascular screening device. PAD was defined by an ABI value of 0.9 or lesser at least on one leg. The predictors of PAD were analyzed using multiple logistic regression. The prevalence of PAD was 7.2% among 884 evaluable patients. Diabetic neuropathy and a history of macrovascular complications were significant predictors of PAD.

Introduction: A strategy of a diabetes group education session as a diabetes camp without staying overnight is commonly practiced in Thailand for type 2 diabetes patients. Aim: To compare the effectiveness of diabetes control between a group education session and non-intervention in type 2 diabetes. Materials and Methods: A randomised controlled trial was conducted between May 2015 and January 2016 at the Diabetes Clinic, Naresuan University Hospital, and 6 Health Promotion Hospitals. Type 2 diabetes patients with Glycosylated Haemoglobin Level (A1C) levels of more than 8% who received insulin with or without oral hypoglycaemic treatment were randomly assigned to join or not to join a 1-day diabetes group education session or a so-called Diabetes Day Camp. The primary outcomes were glycaemic control determined by fructosamine value and A1C level, 2 weeks and 3 months after finishing the intervention, respectively. Chi-square test and independent t-test were used for comparison of demographic data and final outcomes between the experimental group and the control. Before and after outcome analysis within group was determined by paired t-test. The p-value

Objective.Obesity is a risk factor for hypogonadotropic hypogonadism in men. Weight loss has been shown to improve hypogonadism in obese men. This study evaluated the early changes in sex hormones profile after bariatric surgery.Methods.This is a prospective study including 29 morbidly obese men. Main outcomes were changes in serum levels of total testosterone (TT), free testosterone (cFT), SHBG, estradiol, adiponectin, and leptin at 1 and 6 months after surgery.Results.The mean age of patients was 31 ± 8 years and the mean BMI was 56.8 ± 11.7 kg/m2. Fifteen patients underwent Roux-en-Y gastric bypass and 14 patients underwent sleeve gastrectomy. At baseline, 22 patients (75.9%) had either low TT levels (p≤0.001). At 6 months after surgery, TT and cFT increased significantly (p≤0.001) and 22 patients (75.9%) had normalized TT and cFT levels. There were no changes in estradiol levels at either 1 month or 6 months after surgery.Conclusions. Increases in TT and SHBG levels occurred early at 1 month after bariatric surgery while improvements in cFT levels were observed at 6 months after bariatric surgery.