22 results on '"POVERTY REDUCING"'
Search Results
2. The Uganda Poverty Assessment Report 2016 : Farms, Cities and Good Fortune - Assessing Poverty Reduction in Uganda from 2006 to 2013
- Author
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World Bank
- Subjects
MEASURES ,FARM EMPLOYMENT ,AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION ,SOCIAL PROGRAMS ,INFORMAL INSURANCE MECHANISMS ,ECONOMIC GROWTH ,EXTREME POVERTY ,RURAL DEVELOPMENT ,LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION ,EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES ,SCHOOL FEEDING ,FOOD EXPENDITURE ,FOOD POLICY ,SUSTAINABLE POVERTY REDUCTION ,RURAL HOUSEHOLDS ,TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE ,INCIDENCE ANALYSIS ,LAND MANAGEMENT ,EXTREME POVERTY LINE ,POOR ,AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES ,AGRICULTURAL TECHNOLOGY ,RURAL TRANSFORMATION ,AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION ,SAFETY NETS ,UNEMPLOYMENT ,INCOME ,HOUSEHOLD WELFARE ,BETTER ACCESS TO MARKETS ,FARM INCOME ,FOOD BASKET ,LAND SIZE ,FARM INCOMES ,PRIVATE TRANSFERS ,POVERTY RATES ,AGRICULTURAL WAGES ,NUTRITIONAL STATUS ,CHRONIC MALNUTRITION ,MALNUTRITION ,FOOD PRICES ,RURAL POVERTY REDUCTION ,PUBLIC SAFETY NETS ,HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION ,FEMALE-HEADED HOUSEHOLDS ,FARM ACTIVITIES ,POVERTY ,AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY ,SAVINGS ACCOUNTS ,LIVESTOCK INCOME ,FARM WORK ,POOR” HOUSEHOLDS ,PUBLIC SPENDING ,EMPLOYMENT IN AGRICULTURE ,WAR ,FOOD ITEMS ,FARMERS ,POVERTY REDUCING ,CONSUMPTION SMOOTHING ,IMPACT OF SHOCKS ,REMOTE RURAL AREAS ,ECONOMIC DIVERSIFICATION ,SCHOOL FEEDING PROGRAMS ,VILLAGE ECONOMIES ,LAND OWNERSHIP ,SANITATION ,RURAL INCOME ,TRANSFERS ,RURAL POVERTY ,RURAL AREAS ,SAFETY NET PROGRAMS ,NATIONAL POVERTY LINE ,POVERTY ASSESSMENT ,RURAL MIGRANTS ,HOUSEHOLD DEMOGRAPHICS ,AGRICULTURAL COMMODITIES ,POVERTY SEVERITY ,INFORMAL TRANSFERS ,INCOME EARNING POTENTIAL ,DRINKING WATER ,HOUSEHOLD LIVING STANDARDS ,NUTRITION OUTCOMES ,FOOD POVERTY LINE ,RURAL FINANCIAL MARKETS ,POVERTY REDUCTION ,HOUSEHOLD COMPOSITION ,RURAL VILLAGES ,POVERTY INDEX ,FOOD PRODUCTION ,RISKS ,LAND REFORM ,SOCIAL SECURITY ,FEMALE FARMERS ,CROP PRODUCTION ,EMPLOYMENT INCOME ,HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS ,INEQUALITY ,FOOD GOODS ,POVERTY GAP ,RURAL POPULATION ,TARGETING ,POVERTY POVERTY ,HOUSEHOLD SURVEY ,IMPACT ON POVERTY ,FOOD EXPENDITURES ,ACCESS TO MARKETS ,IRRIGATION ,POLITICAL ECONOMY ,FARM SELF-EMPLOYMENT ,SMALLHOLDER FARMERS ,FEEDING PROGRAMS ,FOOD NEEDS ,POVERTY MEASURES ,INCOME DISTRIBUTION ,DROUGHT ,HUMAN DEVELOPMENT ,NATIONAL POVERTY ,POVERTY STATUS ,INCOME POVERTY ,FOOD CONSUMPTION ,DEATH ,CHILD NUTRITION ,POVERTY ANALYSIS ,FORMAL SAFETY NETS ,POVERTY ESTIMATES ,POOR AREAS ,ACCESS TO SERVICES ,AGRICULTURAL INPUTS ,NATIONAL POVERTY LINES ,HUMAN CAPITAL ,POOR PEOPLE ,INSURANCE ,POOR COMMUNITIES ,RURAL URBAN NATIONAL ,NUTRITION ,RURAL AREA ,AGRICULTURAL INCOMES ,AGRICULTURAL SECTOR ,PARTICIPATORY POVERTY ASSESSMENT ,HOUSEHOLD INCOME ,CROP INCOME ,POVERTY INCIDENCE ,FOOD CROPS ,RURAL FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS ,PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION ,HOUSEHOLD SIZE ,INTERNATIONAL POVERTY LINE ,COUNTERFACTUAL ,POVERTY LINES ,FOOD MARKETS ,AGRICULTURAL WAGE ,AGRICULTURAL GROWTH ,AGRICULTURAL EMPLOYMENT ,POVERTY LEVELS ,CONFLICT ,POOR HOUSEHOLDS ,FOOD POVERTY ,AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS ,POVERTY ALLEVIATION ,HOUSEHOLD HEADS ,FOOD SHARE ,AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE ,RURAL ,INCOME GROWTH ,FARM INCOME GROWTH ,POVERTY LINE ,RURAL MIGRATION ,SAVINGS ,POVERTY INDICATORS ,POOR FARMERS ,INDICATORS OF POVERTY ,CASH TRANSFERS ,INFORMAL INSURANCE ,CHILD MORTALITY ,HOUSEHOLD HEAD ,INCOME SUPPORT ,INCOME VOLATILITY ,FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS ,RURAL ELECTRIFICATION ,LACK OF INFORMATION ,RURAL POPULATIONS ,LACK OF KNOWLEDGE - Abstract
Uganda’s progress in reducing poverty from 1993 to 2006 is a remarkable story of success that has been well told. The narrative of Uganda’s continued, albeit it slightly slower, progress in reducing poverty since 2006 is less familiar. This was a period in which growth slowed as the gains from reforms years earlier had been fully realized, and weak infrastructure and increasing corruption increasingly constrained private sector competitiveness (World Bank 2015). This report examines Uganda’s progress in reducing poverty, with a specific focus on the period 2006 to 2013. The report shows that high growth from 2006 to 2010 benefited poverty reduction. Before turning in further detail to the key findings of the report, it is important to note that the analysis undertaken in this report is only possible because the Government of Uganda has invested in a high quality series of household surveys to document progress in wellbeing since 1993. The Uganda Bureau of Statistics has conducted high-quality household surveys that every three to four years that have provided a comparable series of data on poverty and other household characteristics for the last twenty years. Uganda is one of the few countries in the region to have achieved this level of comparable, frequent poverty monitoring over time. Without this, it would not be possible to document the lessons Uganda provides.
- Published
- 2016
3. Why Did Poverty Decline in India? : A Nonparametric Decomposition Exercise
- Author
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Balcazar, Carlos Felipe, Desai, Sonal, Murgai, Rinku, and Narayan, Ambar
- Subjects
MEASURES ,REDUCTION IN POVERTY ,SOCIAL PROGRAMS ,EMPLOYMENT GUARANTEE SCHEME ,ECONOMIC GROWTH ,ANNUAL RATE ,RELATIVE IMPORTANCE ,RESIDUAL COMPONENT ,INEQUALITY MEASURES ,FOOD POLICY ,CONSUMPTION AGGREGATE ,RURAL HOUSEHOLDS ,POOR ,INCOME ,HOUSEHOLD WELFARE ,DECOMPOSITION ANALYSIS ,CONSUMPTION PER CAPITA ,LABOR PRODUCTIVITY ,MEASUREMENT ERRORS ,POVERTY RATES ,AGRICULTURAL WAGES ,RURAL POVERTY REDUCTION ,HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION ,MEDIAN INCOME ,POVERTY ,CHANGES IN POVERTY ,POOR GROWTH ,PER CAPITA INCOME ,AVERAGE SHARE ,SIGNIFICANT EFFECT ,EMPLOYMENT IN AGRICULTURE ,FARMERS ,OLD AGE ,POVERTY REDUCING ,REDUCING POVERTY ,POLICY DISCUSSIONS ,WELFARE MEASURES ,INCOMES ,DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS ,ECONOMIC INEQUALITY ,RURAL HOUSEHOLD ,FEMALE WORKFORCE ,TRANSFERS ,RURAL POVERTY ,RURAL AREAS ,RURAL POOR ,CAPITAL GAINS ,NATIONAL POVERTY LINE ,DISTRIBUTIONAL CHANGE ,SELF-EMPLOYMENT ,LABOR MARKET ,AGRICULTURAL SELF- EMPLOYMENT ,CONSUMPTION ,CROSS-SECTION DATA ,POVERTY REDUCTION ,HOUSEHOLD COMPOSITION ,STRUCTURAL TRANSFORMATION ,CHRONIC POVERTY ,POVERTY INCREASE ,AGRICULTURAL LABORERS ,ANNUAL GROWTH ,WELFARE INDICATOR ,MEASUREMENT ERROR ,INEQUALITY ,CROSS- SECTION DATA ,OBSERVED CHANGES ,DECLINE IN POVERTY ,DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS ,RURAL EMPLOYMENT ,PRODUCT ,DISTRIBUTIONAL MEASURES ,GROSS INCOME ,POVERTY OUTCOMES ,OBSERVED VALUE ,POVERTY DYNAMICS ,POVERTY MEASURES ,HUMAN DEVELOPMENT ,NATIONAL POVERTY ,POVERTY STATUS ,WELFARE IMPROVEMENTS ,AGGREGATE POVERTY ,CHILD LABOR ,FARMER ,WAGE EMPLOYMENT ,AVERAGE INCOME ,CONSTANT PRICES ,POVERTY ESTIMATES ,FOOD TRANSFERS ,DISADVANTAGED GROUPS ,INCOME SOURCE ,DIVERSIFICATION ,DECOMPOSITION RESULTS ,HOUSEHOLD MEMBERS ,PUBLIC PROGRAMS ,AGRICULTURAL SECTOR ,POVERTY CHANGE ,HOUSEHOLD INCOME ,POOR GROUPS ,ECONOMIC SHOCK ,POLICY RESEARCH ,RURAL HOUSEHOLD INCOME ,CHRONICALLY POOR ,DEVELOPING COUNTRIES ,PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION ,HOUSEHOLD SIZE ,POVERTY HEADCOUNT ,AVERAGE ANNUAL ,COUNTERFACTUAL ,POVERTY LINES ,AGRICULTURAL WAGE ,CONSUMPTION GROWTH ,AGRICULTURAL EMPLOYMENT ,DAILY EARNINGS ,INCOME DISTRIBUTIONS ,HOUSING ,AGRICULTURAL WAGE EMPLOYMENT ,AGRICULTURAL SELF-EMPLOYMENT ,SELF- EMPLOYMENT ,RURAL ,AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIES ,INCOME GROWTH ,FEMALE WORKERS ,POVERTY LINE ,LABOR FORCE ,INCOME SOURCES ,SOCIAL CAPITAL ,SAVINGS ,MEAN INCOME ,POVERTY HEADCOUNT RATE ,RELATIVE CONTRIBUTIONS ,POVERTY CHANGES ,DEMOGRAPHIC CHANGES ,POVERTY RATE ,FALLING POVERTY - Abstract
This paper uses panel data to analyze factors that contributed to the rapid decline in poverty in India between 2005 and 2012. The analysis employs a nonparametric decomposition method that measures the relative contributions of different components of household livelihoods to observed changes in poverty. The results show that poverty decline is associated with a significant increase in labor earnings, explained in turn by a steep rise in wages for unskilled labor, and diversification from farm to nonfarm sources of income in rural areas. Transfers, in the form of remittances and social programs, have contributed but are not the primary drivers of poverty decline over this period. The pattern of changes is consistent with processes associated with structural transformation, which add up to a highly pro-poor pattern of income growth over the initial distribution of income and consumption. However, certain social groups (Adivasis and Dalits) are found to be more likely to stay in or fall into poverty and less likely to move out of poverty. And even as poverty has reduced dramatically, the share of vulnerable population has not.
- Published
- 2016
4. When and Where Do We See Regional Poverty Reduction and Convergence? : Lessons from the Roof of Turkey
- Author
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Azevedo, Joao Pedro, Yang, Judy S., Inan, Osman Kaan, Nguyen, Minh C., and Montes, Jose
- Subjects
MEASURES ,REDUCTION IN POVERTY ,POOR REGIONS ,ECONOMIC GROWTH ,MOUNTAINOUS REGIONS ,EXTREME POVERTY ,REGIONAL INCOME ,EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES ,POOR ,AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION ,UNEMPLOYMENT ,INCOME ,REGIONAL VARIATIONS ,AGRICULTURAL SECTORS ,POLITICAL CONSTRAINTS ,DRIVERS OF POVERTY REDUCTION ,PRIVATE TRANSFERS ,POVERTY RATES ,CENTRAL REGIONS ,POVERTY ,ABSOLUTE TERMS ,AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY ,CHANGES IN POVERTY ,EMPLOYMENT IN AGRICULTURE ,SPATIAL VARIATIONS ,POVERTY REDUCING ,WELFARE MEASURES ,REGIONAL DIFFERENCES ,TRANSFERS ,RURAL AREAS ,MOUNTAINOUS AREAS ,HOUSEHOLD DEMOGRAPHICS ,POVERTY LEVEL ,CONSUMPTION ,REGIONAL PATTERN ,POVERTY REDUCTION ,POVERTY INDEX ,WELFARE QUINTILES ,REGIONAL LEVEL ,CHRONIC POVERTY ,POVERTY INCREASE ,INCOME REGIONS ,SOCIAL SECURITY ,REGIONAL GROWTH ,INEQUALITY ,REGIONAL VARIATION ,CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURE ,POVERTY GAP ,TARGETING MECHANISMS ,DECLINE IN POVERTY ,DETERMINANTS OF POVERTY ,REGIONAL ACTIVITIES ,TARGETING ,REGIONAL CENTERS ,CONSUMPTION POVERTY ,POVERTY POVERTY ,PRODUCTION PROCESS ,HOUSEHOLD SURVEY ,IMPACT ON POVERTY ,REGIONAL HUB ,REGIONAL TARGETING ,POVERTY MAPPING ,REGIONAL DISPARITIES ,POVERTY DYNAMICS ,POVERTY MEASURES ,POORER REGIONS ,NATIONAL POVERTY ,POVERTY STATUS ,INCOME POVERTY ,REGIONAL PERSPECTIVE ,POVERTY INDICES ,REGIONAL DUMMY ,SUSTAINABLE GROWTH ,REGIONS ,REGIONAL POPULATION ,POVERTY ANALYSIS ,POVERTY ESTIMATES ,ACCESS TO SERVICES ,REGIONAL GROUPINGS ,HUMAN CAPITAL ,INSURANCE ,REGIONAL POVERTY ,POVERTY GAP INDEX ,ECONOMIC SURVEYS ,REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY ,AGRICULTURAL SECTOR ,SOCIAL ASSISTANCE ,SOCIAL PROTECTION ,HOUSEHOLD INCOME ,ABSOLUTE POVERTY ,POVERTY REDUCTION IMPACT ,REGIONAL CONVERGENCE ,REGION ,POVERTY LINES ,REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT ,COPING MECHANISMS ,AGRICULTURAL GROWTH ,AGRICULTURAL EMPLOYMENT ,POVERTY LEVELS ,HOUSING ,AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS ,POVERTY ALLEVIATION ,RURAL ,SOCIAL SPENDING ,POVERTY LINE ,COASTAL REGIONS ,SOCIAL CAPITAL ,INTERNATIONAL POVERTY LINES ,REGIONAL INTERACTION ,POVERTY HEAD ,ESTIMATES OF POVERTY ,HOUSEHOLD HEAD ,MEDITERRANEAN REGION ,SCHOOLING ,POVERTY RATE - Abstract
In the past decade, Turkey has experienced a notable level of poverty reduction at all levels (extreme poor, poor, and vulnerable). The steady decline in poverty was also resilient to the decline in gross domestic product per capita growth during the crisis. However, although poverty convergence was strong before the financial crisis, there was an absence of regional convergence afterward. This paper analyzes poverty trends, poverty convergence, economic mobility, and the determinants of poverty reduction at the regional level over the period 2006–13. The analysis finds that agricultural growth in the east was an important contributor to Turkey's regional poverty reduction. In additionally, employment growth in the services sectors boosted poverty reduction throughout the entire country. From a fiscal perspective, the amount of per capita central spending is also linked to poverty reduction, although more strongly for regions in the west.
- Published
- 2016
5. Kyrgyz Republic : Poverty Profile for 2013
- Author
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World Bank Group
- Subjects
INFANT MORTALITY RATES ,MEASURES ,REDUCTION IN POVERTY ,FARM EMPLOYMENT ,POOR POPULATION ,ECONOMIC GROWTH ,EXTREME POVERTY ,RURAL SECTOR ,WELFARE MEASURE ,FOOD PRICE ,MILK ,SUSTAINABLE POVERTY REDUCTION ,RURAL LABOR ,CONSUMPTION AGGREGATE ,WATER SOURCES ,POOR ,AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION ,UNEMPLOYMENT ,INCOME ,RURAL POVERTY RATES ,TRANSIENT POOR ,POORER HOUSEHOLDS ,CONSUMPTION PER CAPITA ,DRIVERS OF POVERTY REDUCTION ,POVERTY RATES ,FOOD PRICES ,HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION ,POVERTY ,REDUCTION OF POVERTY ,CHANGES IN POVERTY ,DOMESTIC LABOR ,PUBLIC SPENDING ,EMPLOYMENT IN AGRICULTURE ,HEALTH EXPENDITURE ,FOOD ITEMS ,CONSUMPTION QUINTILES ,POVERTY REDUCING ,CONSUMPTION SMOOTHING ,LIVING STANDARDS ,ECONOMIC DIVERSIFICATION ,SANITATION ,POVERTY PROFILE ,TRANSFERS ,RURAL POVERTY ,RURAL AREAS ,RURAL POOR ,DOMESTIC EMPLOYMENT ,TRANSFER AMOUNTS ,POVERTY LEVEL ,DIMENSIONS OF POVERTY ,DRINKING WATER ,OBLAST POVERTY RATES ,CONSUMPTION ,POVERTY REDUCTION ,HOUSEHOLD COMPOSITION ,REGIONAL DIMENSION ,STRUCTURAL TRANSFORMATION ,POVERTY INDEX ,RISKS ,CHILD HEALTH CARE ,CHRONIC POVERTY ,EMPLOYMENT DYNAMICS ,POVERTY INCREASE ,MATERNAL MORTALITY ,HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS ,INEQUALITY ,FAMILY MEMBERS ,CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURES ,CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURE ,POVERTY GAP ,DECLINE IN POVERTY ,RURAL POPULATION ,INFANT MORTALITY ,RURAL EMPLOYMENT ,TARGETING ,CONSUMPTION POVERTY ,POVERTY POVERTY ,HOUSEHOLD SURVEY ,FOOD EXPENDITURES ,REMOTE AREAS ,REGIONAL TARGETING ,TOTAL POVERTY ,LIFE EXPECTANCY ,POVERTY DYNAMICS ,HUMAN DEVELOPMENT ,NATIONAL POVERTY ,POVERTY STATUS ,WELFARE IMPROVEMENTS ,INCOME POVERTY ,MEAT ,POVERTY INDICES ,DEATH ,POVERTY MEASUREMENT ,POOR FAMILIES ,INFORMAL EMPLOYMENT ,REGIONS ,POVERTY ESTIMATES ,NATIONAL POVERTY LINES ,RURAL WAGES ,HUMAN CAPITAL ,OBLAST LEVEL ,DISADVANTAGED GROUPS ,DIVERSIFICATION ,POVERTY GAP INDEX ,CORRELATES OF POVERTY ,AGRICULTURAL SECTOR ,PENSION INCOME ,INCIDENCE OF POVERTY ,SOCIAL ASSISTANCE ,SOCIAL PROTECTION ,HOUSEHOLD INCOME ,POOR GROUPS ,ABSOLUTE POVERTY ,RURAL GAP ,POVERTY INCIDENCE ,REGION ,POVERTY INDICATOR ,CHRONICALLY POOR ,PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION ,HOUSEHOLD SIZE ,POVERTY LINES ,POVERTY THRESHOLD ,POVERTY LEVELS ,ACCESS TO HEALTH SERVICES ,POOR HOUSEHOLDS ,HEALTH EXPENDITURES ,FOOD PRODUCTS ,FOOD SHARE ,RURAL ,INCOME GROWTH ,HOUSEHOLD BUDGET ,DECLINE IN POVERTY RATES ,POVERTY LINE ,RURAL BUSINESS ,BASIC INFRASTRUCTURE ,ELECTRICITY PAYMENTS ,ESTIMATES OF POVERTY ,HOUSEHOLD HEAD ,SCHOOLING ,POVERTY RATE ,POOR PERSON - Abstract
Over the last decade, the Kyrgyz Republic experienced volatile but positive economic growth. Since the early 2000s, the share of working age population has been growing robustly and foreign labor markets have been an important source of employment. The Kyrgyz Republic has achieved large reductions in poverty over the past decade, but in recent years progress has diminished. During 2003-2012, the Kyrgyz Republic saw significant convergence between urban and rural poverty rates. Poverty reduction during 2003-2013 was driven mostly by growth rather than redistribution.
- Published
- 2015
6. Rwanda Poverty Assessment
- Author
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World Bank Group
- Subjects
MEASURES ,LAND – SIZE ,NONFARM INCOME ,FEMALE -HEADED HOUSEHOLDS ,FARM EMPLOYMENT ,LAND QUALITY ,SOCIAL PROGRAMS ,FARM SECTOR ,ECONOMIC GROWTH ,EXTREME POVERTY ,RURAL DEVELOPMENT ,HEALTH INSURANCE ,DISTRIBUTIONAL EFFECTS ,ROSCAS ,POVERTY MAP ,EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES ,RURAL PROVINCES ,EXTREMELY POOR HOUSEHOLDS ,FOOD POLICY ,RURAL HOUSEHOLDS ,INCIDENCE ANALYSIS ,EXTREME POVERTY LINE ,POOR ,FEMALE- HEADED HOUSEHOLDS ,AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION ,FOOD AVAILABILITY ,INCOME ,HOUSEHOLD WELFARE ,LANDHOLDINGS ,FARM INCOME ,FOOD BASKET ,LAND SIZE ,FOOD INSECURITY ,PRIVATE TRANSFERS ,POVERTY RATES ,NUTRITIONAL STATUS ,CHRONIC MALNUTRITION ,MALNUTRITION ,AGRICULTURAL YIELDS ,HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION ,FEMALE-HEADED HOUSEHOLDS ,FARM ACTIVITIES ,POVERTY ,AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY ,LIVESTOCK INCOME ,FARM WORK ,HOUSEHOLD FOOD SECURITY ,PUBLIC SPENDING ,INADEQUATE FOOD ,EXTREME POOR HOUSEHOLDS ,WAR ,FARMERS ,LACK OF EDUCATION ,POVERTY REDUCING ,CONSUMPTION SMOOTHING ,RURAL INFRASTRUCTURE ,POOR HOUSEHOLD ,POOR DISTRICTS ,HIGHER INEQUALITY ,LAND OWNERSHIP ,FARM-GATE ,SOCIAL PROTECTIONS ,RURAL HOUSEHOLD ,SANITATION ,AGRICULTURAL CHANGE ,POVERTY PROFILE ,FARM ACTIVITY ,TRANSFERS ,RURAL AREAS ,POVERTY REDUCTION STRATEGIES ,RURAL POOR ,NATIONAL POVERTY LINE ,POVERTY ASSESSMENT ,HOUSEHOLD INCOME DIVERSIFICATION ,HOUSEHOLD DEMOGRAPHICS ,POOR RURAL HOUSEHOLDS ,RURAL WORKERS ,DRINKING WATER ,FOOD INTAKE ,HOUSEHOLD LIVING STANDARDS ,NUTRITION OUTCOMES ,FOOD POVERTY LINE ,POVERTY REDUCTION ,HOUSEHOLD COMPOSITION ,POVERTY INDEX ,RISKS ,CALORIE INTAKE ,CLEAN WATER ,CHRONIC POVERTY ,CROP PRODUCTION ,HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS ,INEQUALITY ,RURAL INCOMES ,POVERTY REDUCTION STRATEGY PAPER ,CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURES ,POVERTY GAP ,AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT ,RURAL POPULATION ,TARGETING ,POVERTY POVERTY ,HOUSEHOLD SURVEY ,POVERTY TARGET ,REMOTE AREAS ,POVERTY MAPS ,FARM SELF- EMPLOYMENT ,POVERTY REDUCTION STRATEGY ,HIGH INEQUALITY ,FAMINE ,IRRIGATION ,FARM WORKERS ,POLITICAL ECONOMY ,FARM SELF-EMPLOYMENT ,ASSET HOLDINGS ,POVERTY DYNAMICS ,POVERTY MEASURES ,HUMAN DEVELOPMENT ,NATIONAL POVERTY ,POVERTY STATUS ,FOOD CONSUMPTION ,FOOD SECURITY ,DEATH ,FARMLAND ,CHILD NUTRITION ,POOR CHILDREN ,ACCESS TO SERVICES ,AGRICULTURAL INPUTS ,HUMAN CAPITAL ,POOR PEOPLE ,INSURANCE ,NUTRITION ,RURAL COMMUNITIES ,RURAL AREA ,HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX ,CORRELATES OF POVERTY ,INCIDENCE OF POVERTY ,HOUSEHOLD INCOME ,ABSOLUTE POVERTY ,AGRICULTURAL OUTPUT ,FOOD AID ,PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION ,HOUSEHOLD SIZE ,INTERNATIONAL POVERTY LINE ,COUNTERFACTUAL ,POVERTY LINES ,AGRICULTURAL WAGE ,AGRICULTURAL GROWTH ,POVERTY LEVELS ,CONFLICT ,INCOME-GENERATING ACTIVITIES ,POOR HOUSEHOLDS ,INEQUALITY REDUCTION ,FOOD POVERTY ,AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS ,INCOME RISK ,HOUSEHOLD HEADS ,AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE ,RURAL ,INCOME GROWTH ,HOUSEHOLD BUDGET ,POVERTY LINE ,SAVINGS ,POVERTY INDICATORS ,FARM SELF -EMPLOYMENT ,PUBLIC WORKS ,RURAL SECTORS ,CHILD MORTALITY ,POOR RURAL HOUSEHOLD ,HOUSEHOLD HEAD ,EQUITABLE ACCESS - Abstract
The last poverty assessment for Rwanda was conducted in 1997. Three years after the genocide, the country was characterized by deep and widespread poverty, rock-bottom health indicators, and pervasive hunger and food insecurity. In real terms, gross domestic product (GDP) per capita was lower than it had been in 1960. In real terms, the economy quadrupled between 1995 and 2013. Enrolment in primary school is near universal and infant and child mortality are among the lowest in Africa. A large part of the population, including the extreme poor, is covered by public health insurance. This poverty assessment focuses on the evolution of poverty and other social indicators over the past decade (2000-1 and 2010-11). Using data from a variety of sources, mainly the three household living standards surveys (EICV) and the three demographic and health surveys (DHS) conducted during the past decade, the poverty assessment documents trends in monetary and non-monetary dimensions of living standards and examines the drivers of observed trends. The aim of the poverty assessment is to provide policy makers and development partners with information and analysis that can be used to improve the effectiveness of their poverty reduction and social programs.
- Published
- 2015
7. Macro and Micro Perspectives of Growth and Poverty in Africa
- Author
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Stefano Paternostro, Luc Christiaensen, and Lionel Demery
- Subjects
INSTITUTIONAL MEASURES ,GROWTH RATES ,POLICY INSTRUMENT ,WELFARE MEASURE ,DISTRIBUTIONAL EFFECTS ,RELATIVE IMPORTANCE ,INEQUALITY MEASURES ,BLACK MARKET ,SUSTAINABLE POVERTY REDUCTION ,BLACK MARKET PREMIUM ,Economics ,POLICY MESSAGES ,CONSUMPTION MEASURE ,INCOME ,ECONOMIC STAGNATION ,UNEQUAL DISTRIBUTION ,INSTITUTIONAL QUALITY ,MALNUTRITION ,ACCESS TO INFRASTRUCTURE ,HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION ,POOR GROWTH ,DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH ,NOMADIC POPULATION ,WAR ,POLICY REFORMS ,FARMERS ,INSTITUTIONAL CHANGE ,ANNUAL GROWTH RATE ,Development ,DROP IN POVERTY ,LOW-INCOME COUNTRIES ,POLICY CHANGE ,POLICY VOLATILITY ,DEMOCRATIC ACCOUNTABILITY ,Culture of poverty ,MACRO POLICY ,ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES ,CASH CROPS ,POVERTY REDUCTION STRATEGIES ,PURCHASING POWER ,RURAL POOR ,DISTRIBUTIONAL CHANGE ,REDUCED POVERTY ,MACROECONOMIC REFORMS ,INCOME INEQUALITY ,POVERTY REDUCTION ,POVERTY INDEX ,ANNUAL GROWTH ,EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE ,POLITICAL INSTABILITY ,CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURES ,Economic growth ,DECLINE IN POVERTY ,SIGNIFICANT IMPACT ,HOUSEHOLD SURVEY ,POVERTY ASSESSMENTS ,EXTERNAL SHOCKS ,EXPLAINING CHANGES ,HIGH INEQUALITY ,POLITICAL REFORMS ,POVERTY OUTCOMES ,PRO-POOR ,LIFE EXPECTANCY ,POLITICAL ECONOMY ,POVERTY DYNAMICS ,POVERTY MEASURES ,DROUGHT ,HUMAN DEVELOPMENT ,GEOGRAPHICAL REGIONS ,POVERTY INDICES ,MEASURING INCOME INEQUALITY ,HOUSEHOLD DATA ,INTERNATIONAL TRADE ,RURAL CONSUMERS ,POVERTY ESTIMATES ,DECOMPOSABLE POVERTY ,DATA SETS ,ECONOMIC REFORM ,EXCHANGE RATE ,POOR PEOPLE ,MACROECONOMIC FRAMEWORK ,RURAL URBAN NATIONAL ,ECONOMIC POLICIES ,MACROECONOMIC VARIABLES ,POPULATION SHARE ,PRO-POOR GROWTH INDEX ,EXCHANGE RATE POLICY ,POVERTY DATA ,LAND DISTRIBUTION ,GOOD GOVERNANCE ,POVERTY CHANGE ,POOR PERFORMANCE ,COUNTRY ESTIMATES ,POVERTY LINES ,INCOME GROUPS ,INCOME DISTRIBUTIONS ,ECONOMICS ,Poverty ,CORRUPTION ,DISTRIBUTIONAL OUTCOMES ,RURAL ,BUREAUCRATIC QUALITY ,GROWTH PATH ,INCOME GROWTH ,SMALL FARMERS ,POVERTY LINE ,SOCIAL CAPITAL ,POVERTY INDICATORS ,Rural poverty ,CHILD MORTALITY ,GEOGRAPHIC REGIONS ,SCHOOLING ,Basic needs ,CALORIC INTAKE ,Finance ,TRADE LIBERALIZATION ,ECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES ,ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE ,POVERTY MEASURE ,ECONOMIC GROWTH ,ECONOMIC REFORMS ,SUBSISTENCE ,GINI INDEX ,NATIONAL ACCOUNTS ,POOR ,CIVIL SOCIETY ,CONSUMPTION PER CAPITA ,HEADCOUNT POVERTY ,RESOURCE ALLOCATION ,CIVIL WAR ,RULE OF LAW ,INFLATION RATE ,GROWTH REGRESSIONS ,CHANGES IN POVERTY ,PRO-POOR GROWTH ,ECONOMIC DECLINE ,POLITICAL STABILITY ,COVARIATE SHOCKS ,RISK MANAGEMENT ,POVERTY REDUCING ,REDUCING POVERTY ,CONSUMPTION BASKET ,LIVING STANDARDS ,DEVELOPMENT REPORT ,WELFARE MEASURES ,DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS ,SUSTAINABLE POVERTY ,POVERTY-REDUCING POLICIES ,RURAL AREAS ,RURAL POVERTY ,GROWTH PERFORMANCE ,POOR RURAL HOUSEHOLDS ,POVERTY SEVERITY ,Structural adjustment ,ECONOMIC LITERATURE ,HOUSEHOLD COMPOSITION ,RELATIVE PRICES ,EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT ,POVERTY INCREASE ,GROWTH PROSPECTS ,RURAL PRODUCERS ,WELFARE INDICATOR ,HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS ,POVERTY INCREASES ,Social risk management ,AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT ,GROWTH ELASTICITY ,CONSUMPTION POVERTY ,MACROECONOMIC POLICIES ,PER CAPITA EXPENDITURE ,FOOD EXPENDITURES ,STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT ,ACCESS TO MARKETS ,MEAN EXPENDITURE ,SECTORAL POLICIES ,Economic inequality ,MEAN INCOMES ,INEQUALITY LEVELS ,INCOME DISTRIBUTION ,MARGINAL RETURNS ,INCOME POVERTY ,FOOD CONSUMPTION ,INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ,PURCHASING POWER PARITY ,HUMAN CAPITAL ,FOOD CROP ,SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT ,DECOMPOSABLE POVERTY MEASURES ,RURAL COMMUNITIES ,Economics and Econometrics ,INCIDENCE OF POVERTY ,BUREAUCRACY ,ECONOMIC POLICY ,HOUSEHOLD INCOME ,POLICY STANCE ,PUBLIC POLICY ,POLICY RESEARCH ,POVERTY INCIDENCE ,INCREASING INEQUALITY ,MACROECONOMIC POLICY ,PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION ,Accounting ,Development economics ,PRIMARY SCHOOL ,CONSUMPTION GROWTH ,CONFLICT ,POOR HOUSEHOLDS ,INSTITUTIONAL ENVIRONMENT ,DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS ,Income inequality metrics ,COMMUNITY LIFE ,HEADCOUNT RATIO ,ANNUAL CHANGE ,URBAN AREAS ,POVERTY CHANGES ,POLICY CHANGES ,RURAL ACTIVITY ,FOOD CROP PRODUCERS - Abstract
This article reviews trends in poverty, economic policies, and growth in a sample of African countries during the 1990s, drawing on the better household data now available. Experiences have varied. Some countries have seen sharp drops in income poverty, whereas others have witnessed marked increases. In some countries overall economic growth has been pro-poor and in others not. But the aggregate numbers hide systematic distributional effects. Taking both macro and micro perspectives of growth and poverty in Africa, the article draws four key conclusions. First, economic policy reforms (improving macroeconomic balances and liberalizing markets) appear conducive to reducing poverty. Second, market connectedness is crucial to enable participation in the gains from economic growth. Some regions and households by virtue of their remoteness were left behind when growth picked up. Third, education and access to land emerge as key private endowments to help households benefit from new economic opportunities. Finally, rainfall variations and ill health have profound effects on poverty outcomes, underscoring the significance of social risk management in poverty reduction strategies in Africa.
- Published
- 2003
8. Philippines Quarterly Update, June 2011 : Generating More Inclusive Growth
- Author
-
World Bank
- Subjects
PRIVATE INVESTMENT ,FOOD PRICE ,INFLATIONARY PRESSURES ,HOUSEHOLD INCOMES ,FOREIGN EXCHANGE RESERVES ,RURAL POVERTY INCIDENCE ,DEPOSIT ,PUBLIC SECTOR DEBT ,INFLATION ,EMERGING MARKET ,FISCAL DEFICIT ,INVESTOR BEHAVIOR ,INVESTOR CONFIDENCE ,UNEMPLOYMENT ,EXPORT GROWTH ,RECESSION ,FEDERAL RESERVE ,EMERGING MARKET INVESTMENTS ,PERSONAL INCOME ,PORTFOLIO INFLOWS ,POVERTY RATES ,RETURNS ,FINANCIAL MARKET ,PER CAPITA INCOME ,DEBT RATIOS ,PUBLIC SPENDING ,EMPLOYMENT IN AGRICULTURE ,GOVERNMENT BUDGET ,OUTSOURCING ,WHOLESALE PRICES ,TRANSPARENCY ,EMERGING MARKETS ,PRICE INCREASES ,FINANCIAL MARKETS ,SHORT-TERM DEBT ,EMERGING ECONOMIES ,BALANCE OF PAYMENTS ,SOVEREIGN DEBT ,ISSUANCES ,REMITTANCE ,DEBT LEVEL ,POVERTY PROFILE ,TAX POLICY ,PURCHASING POWER ,TAX EXPENDITURES ,BASIS POINTS ,INCOME INEQUALITY ,MONETARY POLICY ,GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURES ,INCOME TAXES ,LIQUIDITY ,INTEREST RATES ,POVERTY REDUCTION ,INCOME LEVELS ,INTEREST PAYMENTS ,INFLATION EXPECTATION ,PER CAPITA INCOMES ,FOREIGN PORTFOLIO ,LEADING INDICATORS ,PORTFOLIO INVESTMENT ,TAX RATE ,EXPANSIONARY FISCAL POLICY ,HUMAN CAPITAL ENDOWMENTS ,PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH ,TARGETING ,CONSUMERS ,HOUSEHOLD SURVEY ,GDP ,TRADE BALANCE ,PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP ,BASE YEAR ,POLITICAL UNREST ,PORTFOLIO ,POVERTY DYNAMICS ,INCOME TAX ,EXPORTS ,DEBT RATIO ,DERIVATIVES ,LOCAL GOVERNMENT ,CURRENT ACCOUNT BALANCE ,UNEMPLOYMENT RATE ,INTERNATIONAL TRADE ,INTERNATIONAL RESERVES ,DOMESTIC INTEREST RATES ,POVERTY ESTIMATES ,FINANCIAL SYSTEM ,FISCAL POLICY ,CAPITAL OUTLAYS ,SPECIFIC TAXES ,POOR PEOPLE ,FORECASTS ,NATURAL DISASTERS ,GOVERNMENT SECURITIES ,INFLATION TARGETING ,RURAL AREA ,FOREIGN INVESTMENTS ,GOOD GOVERNANCE ,INCOME LEVEL ,EQUITY MARKET ,FINANCIAL MARKET PARTICIPANTS ,TRADE FINANCE ,SECONDARY TRADING ,COMMODITY PRICES ,DEVELOPING COUNTRIES ,MATURITY ,REAL GDP ,DOLLAR BONDS ,POVERTY LINES ,EXPOSURE ,LABOR MARKETS ,AGRICULTURAL EMPLOYMENT ,INCOME GROUPS ,ISSUANCE ,REAL ESTATE ,LOW INTEREST RATES ,SOVEREIGN RATINGS ,RURAL ,INFLATION EXPECTATIONS ,CAPITAL FORMATION ,POVERTY LINE ,CASH TRANSFER ,HOUSEHOLD HEAD ,VOLATILITY ,TAX SYSTEM ,HOUSEHOLD PER CAPITA INCOME ,TAX ,INVENTORY ,STOCK MARKET ,ECONOMIC GROWTH ,EXCHANGE RATES ,OVERSEAS DEBT ,COMMODITY ,STOCKS ,POOR ,BANK LENDING ,FINANCIAL INFLOWS ,FINANCIAL DERIVATIVES ,PRODUCTIVITY ,INDEXATION ,FINANCIAL CRISIS ,RED TAPE ,AGRICULTURAL YIELDS ,FOOD PRICES ,INFLATION RATE ,DEBT MATURITY ,GOVERNMENT BONDS ,FOOD ITEMS ,CAPACITY CONSTRAINTS ,TAX COLLECTION ,INCOME DYNAMICS ,POVERTY REDUCING ,LIVING STANDARDS ,DOMESTIC LIQUIDITY ,FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT ,WAGE GROWTH ,RURAL INCOME ,TRADE DEFICIT ,WAGES ,RURAL AREAS ,RURAL POVERTY ,EXTERNAL DEBT ,NATIONAL INCOME ,NET EXPORTS ,LABOR MARKET ,STOCK EXCHANGE ,POVERTY SEVERITY ,COMPLIANCE COSTS ,ECONOMIC EXPANSION ,TRADE SECTOR ,CONSUMER SPENDING ,DURABLE ,COMMODITY PRICE ,FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT ,RETURN ,COUPON ,RESERVE REQUIREMENT ,AGRICULTURE ,POVERTY GAP ,INVESTMENT CLIMATE ,FOOD EXPENDITURES ,INFLATION TARGET ,TAX INCENTIVES ,DEFICITS ,FOREIGN EXCHANGE ,ACCOUNTING ,FOOD NEEDS ,DEPOSIT ACCOUNTS ,GLOBAL TRADE ,REMITTANCES ,FOOD SECURITY ,POOR FAMILIES ,BENCHMARK ,GLOBAL ECONOMIC PROSPECTS ,DEBT STOCK ,NEGATIVE EXTERNALITIES ,OUTPUT ,OIL PRICES ,RESERVE ,BANKING INDUSTRIES ,HUMAN CAPITAL ,MARKET PERFORMANCE ,NET CAPITAL ,AGRICULTURAL INCOMES ,ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTS ,TREASURY ,HOUSEHOLD INCOME ,ASSET PURCHASE ,GOVERNMENT SPENDING ,DURABLE EQUIPMENT ,FOREIGN DEBTS ,POVERTY INCIDENCE ,GLOBAL BONDS ,CURRENT ACCOUNT SURPLUS ,GROWTH RATE ,SIDE EFFECTS ,INTERNATIONAL POVERTY LINE ,POVERTY THRESHOLD ,DAMAGES ,POOR HOUSEHOLDS ,FOOD PRODUCTS ,JOB CREATION ,FISCAL CONSOLIDATION ,COST ASSUMPTIONS ,SAVINGS ,CAPITAL INFLOWS ,PUBLIC WORKS ,STRUCTURAL REFORMS ,FOREIGN CURRENCY ,POVERTY LINKAGES ,YIELD CURVE ,EXPENDITURE - Abstract
The Philippines quarterly update provides an update on key economic developments and policies over the past three months. It also presents findings from recent World Bank work on the Philippines. It places them in a longer-term and global context, and assesses the implications of these developments and other changes in policy for the outlook for the Philippines. Its coverage ranges from the macro-economy to financial markets to indicators of human welfare and development. It is intended for a wide audience, including policy makers, business leaders, financial market participants, and the community of analysts and professionals engaged in the Philippines. Though the revised gross domestic product (GDP) growth estimates show small deviation from the old base year and methodology, the revision has resulted in a nominal GDP which is 6 percent larger and hence, lower fiscal statistics as a percentage of GDP (e.g., lower tax effort, but improved debt ratio), but also important sectoral growth changes. Investment is now noticeably higher due to improved coverage and transfer of items previously booked under consumption (e.g., military goods) the investment-to-GDP ratio in 2010 is now 20.5 percent instead of 15.6 percent. The demand side growth continues to post a remarkable uptick in investment. Investment grew by 37 percent year-on-year and contributed 6.8 percentage points to GDP growth, mostly driven by durable equipment and private construction. Private construction grew by 22 percent, albeit at a slower pace than the preceding three quarters, and compensated for the contraction in public construction which shrank by 37.3 percent due to continued fiscal tightening and a high base effect. Investment in durable equipment grew 17 percent with the building up of inventory in industrial machineries and road vehicles.
- Published
- 2011
9. Poverty Reduction Support Credits : Benin Country Study
- Author
-
Horton, Brendan
- Subjects
STRUCTURAL REFORM ,PRIVATE INVESTMENT ,ANNUAL PERFORMANCE ,ANNUAL RATE ,FOREIGN EXCHANGE RESERVES ,DEPOSIT ,SECTOR PROGRAMS ,INFLATION ,INSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT ,FISCAL BALANCE ,BUDGET PREPARATION ,GOVERNMENT INTERVENTION ,GOVERNMENT POLICY ,BUDGET SYSTEM ,SECTOR MINISTRY ,TRANCHES ,FISCAL DECENTRALIZATION ,PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT ,GOVERNMENT BUDGET ,REFORM AGENDA ,BUDGET PREPARATION CYCLE ,TRANSPARENCY ,REAL EXCHANGE RATE ,SERVICE DELIVERY ,PUBLIC EXPENDITURE REFORM ,BUDGET CYCLE ,BALANCE OF PAYMENTS ,RESOURCE MANAGEMENT ,EXPENDITURE PROGRAM ,POVERTY REDUCTION STRATEGIES ,DEVALUATION ,BUDGET REFORM ,COUNTRY PROCUREMENT ASSESSMENT ,BUDGET SUPPORT OPERATIONS ,INFORMATION SYSTEM ,SWAP ,INTERNAL CONTROLS ,PERFORMANCE AUDITS ,DECENTRALIZATION STRATEGY ,DISBURSEMENT ,NATIONAL BUDGET ,PUBLIC EXPENDITURE REVIEW ,REFORM PROGRAM ,POVERTY REDUCTION ,FINANCIAL ACCOUNTABILITY ,FINANCIAL OVERSIGHT ,MEDIUM-TERM EXPENDITURE ,CASH FLOW ,LENDING INSTRUMENTS ,CIVIL SERVICE REFORM ,PUBLIC AGENCIES ,DISBURSEMENTS ,MINISTRY OF FINANCE ,EXTERNAL SHOCKS ,INVESTMENT PROJECTS ,BUDGET YEAR ,TOTAL EXPENDITURE ,POVERTY REDUCTION STRATEGY ,ADJUSTMENT LENDING ,MACROECONOMIC STABILITY ,PORTFOLIO ,PUBLIC EXPENDITURE MANAGEMENT ,RESOURCE FLOWS ,PERFORMANCE REPORTS ,REGULATORY FRAMEWORK ,DECENTRALIZATION ,EXCHANGE RATE ,PERFORMANCE AUDITING ,INDEPENDENT ASSESSMENT ,DEBT RELIEF ,MACROECONOMIC FRAMEWORK ,PRIVATE SECTOR GROWTH ,MEDIUM-TERM EXPENDITURE FRAMEWORK ,SCHOOL FEES ,CONDITIONALITIES ,COUNTRY PROCUREMENT ,GOVERNMENT ACCOUNTS ,LOAN ,PUBLIC FINANCE ,BUDGET EXECUTION ,DIAGNOSTIC WORK ,FISCAL RISKS ,ARTICLE ,DEVELOPMENT BANK ,EVALUATION CAPACITY ,TRADING ,FIDUCIARY ASSESSMENT ,DECENTRALIZATION PROCESS ,PUBLIC INVESTMENT ,POVERTY REDUCTION SUPPORT ,PUBLIC EXPENDITURE ,ACCOUNTABILITY ,EXPENDITURE PRIORITIES ,WAREHOUSE ,BANK POLICY ,NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ,INTERNAL AUDIT ,ECONOMIC GROWTH ,FINANCIAL TRANSFERS ,BASIC SERVICES ,ALLOCATION ,BUDGET FORMULATION ,QUALITY OF EDUCATION ,TRUST FUND ,PROGRAMS ,EXTERNAL FINANCING ,ASSESSMENT OF PERFORMANCE ,SECTOR MINISTRIES ,FINANCIAL SECTOR ,GENERAL BUDGET SUPPORT ,MINISTRY OF ECONOMY ,INSTRUMENT ,OUTCOME INDICATORS ,SECTOR BUDGETS ,FINANCIAL OPERATIONS ,PAYMENT DELAYS ,PERFORMANCE INDICATORS ,GOVERNMENT FINANCE STATISTICS ,PUBLIC SECTOR MANAGEMENT ,CAPACITY CONSTRAINTS ,FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE ,POVERTY REDUCING ,SUSTAINABILITY ANALYSIS ,CAPITAL INVESTMENT ,BORROWER ,ACCOUNTING SYSTEM ,TRANCHE ,BUDGET CREDIBILITY ,BUDGET MANAGEMENT ,SANITATION ,PUBLIC UTILITIES ,EVALUATION METHODOLOGY ,POVERTY ASSESSMENT ,GOVERNMENT FINANCE ,JUDICIAL SYSTEMS ,CIVIL SERVICE ,PUBLIC EXPENDITURES ,BUDGET EXECUTION REPORTING ,PUBLIC SECTOR ,DEBT ,BUDGETARY IMPLICATIONS ,PUBLIC SECTOR REFORM ,BUDGET PREPARATION PROCESS ,CONSENSUS BUILDING ,FINANCIAL INFORMATION ,SECTORAL OBJECTIVES ,TOTAL EXPENDITURES ,INVESTMENT CLIMATE ,BUDGET LAW ,STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT ,BUDGETARY EXPENDITURES ,PUBLIC EXPENDITURE TRACKING ,BUDGETARY PROCEDURES ,DONOR COORDINATION ,FISCAL AFFAIRS ,FOREIGN EXCHANGE ,PROGRAM BUDGETING ,REFORM OBJECTIVES ,ACCOUNTING ,FINANCES ,PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION ,FISCAL YEARS ,PROGRAM IMPLEMENTATION ,INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ,POLICY FORMULATION ,RESOURCE AVAILABILITY ,HUMAN CAPITAL ,PRIVATE SECTOR ,BUDGET INFORMATION ,PUBLIC FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT ,PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT ,HUMAN RESOURCES ,EXPENDITURES ,PERFORMANCE MONITORING ,GROWTH RATE ,MACROECONOMIC POLICY ,INTERNATIONAL BANK ,BUDGET REPORTING ,CONDITIONALITY ,MONETARY FUND ,PRICE MOVEMENTS ,PROGRAM BUDGETS ,PUBLIC FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS ,COUNTERPART FUNDS ,FISCAL CONSOLIDATION ,SHARE OF INVESTMENT ,FINANCIAL SUPPORT ,EXCHANGE RESERVES ,PUBLIC EXPENDITURE MANAGEMENT REFORM ,CAPACITY BUILDING ,DEBT SUSTAINABILITY ,HEALTH SERVICES ,GRANT PROGRAM ,STRUCTURAL REFORMS ,CURRENT ACCOUNT DEFICIT - Abstract
Benin experienced a long period of political instability and economic challenges after achieving its independence in August 1960. In 1991 a new government initiated far-reaching reforms aimed at the creation of a market-based economy, resulting in significant liberalization of Benin's political and economic system. Growth fluctuated in the range of 4-6 percent until 2000, after which it began to trend downwards, fluctuating largely in response to variation in the exchange rate as well as to movement in the prices of cotton, Benin's main export, and oil, a major import. Benin benefited from support under the Environmental and Social Assessment Framework (ESAF) and Poverty Reduction and Growth (PRGF) facilities, the latter continuously since 1993. According to an independent ex-post review (International Monetary Fund 2004), program implementation during 1993-2003 was broadly successful. Real economic growth averaged 5 percent and fiscal consolidation improved as key initial challenges arising from the Government's low revenue collection and high wage bill were addressed. But overall progress in structural reform was mixed. Initial efforts to liberalize the economy and reduce government intervention were successful, and there was progress in introducing far-reaching reforms in the cotton sector. A new poverty reduction growth facility was approved in August 2005.
- Published
- 2010
10. Poverty Reduction Support Credits : Lao PDR Country Study
- Author
-
Grawe, Roger
- Subjects
POVERTY-REDUCING ACTIVITIES ,BUDGET ESTIMATES ,INFLATION ,INSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT ,BUDGET PREPARATION ,OVERSIGHT FUNCTION ,EXTERNAL AUDIT ,GOVERNMENT POLICY ,CENTRAL AGENCIES ,DEBT SERVICE ,TRANCHES ,FISCAL DECENTRALIZATION ,INTERNAL CONTROL ,PUBLIC SPENDING ,SOCIAL SERVICES ,HEALTH EXPENDITURE ,GOVERNMENT CAPACITY ,WITHDRAWAL ,HEALTH FINANCING SYSTEM ,REFORM AGENDA ,TRANSPARENCY ,SERVICE DELIVERY ,BUDGET CYCLE ,EXPENDITURE DATA ,LIQUIDITY POSITION ,EXPENDITURE PLANNING ,INFORMATION SYSTEMS ,RESOURCE MANAGEMENT ,POVERTY REDUCTION STRATEGIES ,COUNTRY PROCUREMENT ASSESSMENT ,EDUCATION SERVICES ,INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENTS ,PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS ,GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURES ,DISBURSEMENT ,LIQUIDITY ,PUBLIC EXPENDITURE POLICY ,PUBLIC EXPENDITURE REVIEW ,POVERTY REDUCTION ,ARREARS ,FINANCIAL ACCOUNTABILITY ,FISCAL RELATIONS ,BANKING SECTOR REFORMS ,CASH MANAGEMENT ,COST RECOVERY ,SOCIAL OUTCOMES ,FINANCIAL OVERSIGHT ,ENTERPRISE PERFORMANCE ,LENDING INSTRUMENTS ,PRUDENT FISCAL MANAGEMENT ,CIVIL SERVICE REFORM ,DISBURSEMENTS ,MINISTRY OF FINANCE ,INVESTMENT PROJECTS ,FINANCIAL SUSTAINABILITY ,CHART OF ACCOUNTS ,MEDIUM TERM EXPENDITURE PLANNING ,POVERTY REDUCTION STRATEGY ,ADJUSTMENT LENDING ,PORTFOLIO ,PUBLIC EXPENDITURE MANAGEMENT ,REFORM ACTIONS ,RESOURCE FLOWS ,REGULATORY FRAMEWORK ,PRIVATE SECTOR GROWTH ,PUBLIC RESOURCES ,NATIONAL STATISTICS ,BUDGET PLANNING ,EFFECTIVENESS OF GOVERNMENT ,COUNTRY PROCUREMENT ,SECTORAL ALLOCATIONS ,BUDGET EXECUTION ,DIAGNOSTIC WORK ,MICROFINANCE ,INVESTMENT CORPORATION ,ARTICLE ,DEVELOPMENT BANK ,ROAD MAINTENANCE ,FIDUCIARY ASSESSMENT ,BUDGETING ,TRANSPORT ,TREASURY FUNCTION ,PUBLIC INVESTMENT ,POVERTY REDUCTION SUPPORT ,PUBLIC EXPENDITURE ,SECTOR POLICIES ,ACCOUNTABILITY ,STATUTORY FUNDS ,EXPENDITURE PRIORITIES ,MEDIUM TERM EXPENDITURE ,WAREHOUSE ,BANK POLICY ,INVESTMENT LOANS ,PROVINCIAL LEVELS ,NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ,TAX ,ALLOCATION OF RESOURCES ,ECONOMIC GROWTH ,GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT ,ALLOCATION ,BUDGET FORMULATION ,FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT CAPACITY ,TRUST FUND ,PROGRAMS ,REVENUE GROWTH ,SALARY PAYMENTS ,CREDITOR ,TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE ,FINANCIAL SECTOR ,GENERAL BUDGET SUPPORT ,PUBLIC MANAGEMENT ,INSTRUMENT ,RESOURCE ALLOCATION ,GOVERNMENT OWNERSHIP ,GOVERNMENT FINANCE STATISTICS ,ENABLING ENVIRONMENT ,PUBLIC SECTORS ,TAX LAW ,BUDGET RESOURCES ,CAPACITY CONSTRAINTS ,PROVINCIAL LEVEL ,CAPACITY-BUILDING ,POVERTY REDUCING ,SUSTAINABILITY ANALYSIS ,PROVINCIAL EXPENDITURE ,TIMELY PAYMENT ,CAPITAL INVESTMENT ,FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT ,BUDGET DISCIPLINE ,BORROWER ,TRANCHE ,REFORM STRATEGY ,SANITATION ,TOTAL PUBLIC EXPENDITURE ,POVERTY ASSESSMENT ,GOVERNMENT FINANCE ,LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORK ,CIVIL SERVICE ,PUBLIC EXPENDITURES ,PUBLIC SECTOR ,DEBT ,BANKING SECTOR ,ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ,AUTONOMY ,RETURN ,MACRO-STABILITY ,FINANCIAL INFORMATION ,GOVERNMENT REFORM ,TOTAL EXPENDITURES ,INVESTMENT CLIMATE ,BUDGET LAW ,STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT ,PUBLIC EXPENDITURE TRACKING ,DONOR COORDINATION ,CREDIBILITY ,MACROECONOMIC MANAGEMENT ,BUDGET OFFICIALS ,BUDGET SUPPORT ,COMMERCIAL BANK ,PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION ,STATE AUDIT OFFICE ,MASTER PLAN ,STRUCTURAL PROBLEMS ,PROGRAM IMPLEMENTATION ,INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ,APPROPRIATIONS ,POLICY FORMULATION ,HEALTH WORKERS ,EXPENDITURE TRACKING SURVEYS ,PRIVATE SECTOR ,RECURRENT EXPENDITURES ,RECAPITALIZATION ,ACCESS TO RESOURCES ,TREASURY ,PUBLIC FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT ,REVENUE FORECASTING ,DEBT MANAGEMENT ,MACROECONOMIC POLICY ,COMMERCIAL BANKS ,INTERNATIONAL BANK ,HEALTH FINANCING ,SECTOR BUDGET ,EDUCATION EXPENDITURES ,ANNUAL REVIEWS ,CONDITIONALITY ,MONETARY CONTROL ,DATA AVAILABILITY ,PUBLIC FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM ,PUBLIC FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS ,LEGAL FRAMEWORK ,STRATEGIC PRIORITIES ,NATURAL RESOURCES ,ADB ,CAPACITY BUILDING ,DEBT SUSTAINABILITY ,STRUCTURAL REFORMS - Abstract
The Lao PDR has been a one-party, socialist state since the overthrow of the monarchy by the communist Pathet Lao in 1975, which was preceded by a long period of civil and regional strife. After a decade of relative isolation and close military cooperation with Vietnam, the new economic mechanism, introduced in 1986, ushered in an era of market-based reforms, which has continued to the present day. Lao PDR is one of the poorest countries in East Asia, with a 2006 per capita income of US$ 500. In 2004, 71 percent of its population of 5.7 million lived on less than US$ 2/day and 23 percent on less than US$ 1/day. However Lao PDR has grown rapidly since the inauguration of reforms two decades ago. During the 1990s growth averaged 6 percent per annum despite severe imbalances during the Asian crisis. Following successful stabilization, growth continued to average close to 6 percent during 2001-2004, accelerating in 2005-2007 to over 7 percent. Inflation remained well below 10 percent since 2005. Although Lao PDR qualifies for the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) initiative, the Government has chosen to maintain normal creditor relations. The latest debt sustainability analysis confirms that, while risk of debt distress is high, medium term debt service is manageable, contingent on continued reform and prudent fiscal management. Foreign direct investment has almost quadrupled between 2004 and 2007, and exceeds US$ 800 million annually, mostly in hydropower and mining. Growth in Lao PDR has been pro-poor. Based on the national poverty line, the poverty headcount has fallen from almost half to one-third of the population during the decade ending in 2002-2003. The country's performance on other elements of poverty reduction as summarized in the millennium development goals is mixed.
- Published
- 2010
11. Poverty Reduction Support Credits : Vietnam Country Study
- Author
-
Grawe, Roger
- Subjects
BUDGET DEFICITS ,STATE BANK ,PRIVATE INVESTMENT ,RURAL DEVELOPMENT ,INFLATIONARY PRESSURES ,NATIONAL OWNERSHIP ,SECTOR PROGRAMS ,INFLATION ,INSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT ,BUDGET PREPARATION ,EMPLOYMENT ,RURAL WATER SUPPLY ,INCOME ,EXPORT GROWTH ,GOVERNMENT POLICY ,PUBLIC FINANCES ,RECURRENT EXPENDITURE ,SOCIAL INDICATORS ,MORAL HAZARD ,IMPROVING BUDGET EXECUTION ,CIVIL SOCIETY ORGANIZATION ,REFORM AGENDA ,TRANSPARENCY ,REFORM PROCESS ,NPL ,BUDGET CYCLE ,FISCAL IMPLICATIONS ,EXPENDITURE PLANNING ,BUDGET ALLOCATIONS ,MEDIUM-TERM GOALS ,SECTOR POLICY ,POVERTY REDUCTION STRATEGIES ,TREASURY SYSTEM ,INFRASTRUCTURE SERVICES ,COUNTRY PROCUREMENT ASSESSMENT ,ECONOMIC INSTABILITY ,INFORMATION SYSTEM ,SWAP ,HOUSEHOLD LIVING STANDARDS ,PUBLIC EXPENDITURE REVIEW ,REFORM PROGRAM ,POVERTY REDUCTION ,ARREARS ,FINANCIAL ACCOUNTABILITY ,CONTINGENT LIABILITIES ,OUTSIDE OBSERVERS ,MINISTER ,MEDIUM-TERM EXPENDITURE ,CAPITAL EXPENDITURES ,DATA REQUIREMENTS ,TARGETING ,MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS ,DISBURSEMENTS ,MINISTRY OF FINANCE ,AUDITS ,BLOCK GRANTS ,CHART OF ACCOUNTS ,POVERTY REDUCTION STRATEGY ,ADJUSTMENT LENDING ,MACROECONOMIC STABILITY ,BUDGET CONSTRAINT ,REFORM ACTIONS ,HUMAN DEVELOPMENT ,RESOURCE FLOWS ,HEALTH POLICY ,ACCESS TO INFORMATION ,LOCAL GOVERNMENT ,BUDGET OUTCOMES ,DELEGATION OF AUTHORITY ,FINANCIAL CRISES ,INTERNATIONAL RESERVES ,REGULATORY FRAMEWORK ,FISCAL POLICY ,FINANCE MINISTRY ,EXCHANGE RATE ,HEALTH CARE ,MEDIUM-TERM EXPENDITURE FRAMEWORK ,NATURAL DISASTERS ,CONFIDENCE ,INITIATIVE ,COUNTRY PROCUREMENT ,LOAN ,PUBLIC FINANCE ,DIAGNOSTIC WORK ,INVESTMENT CORPORATION ,COLLAPSE ,DEVELOPMENT BANK ,BUDGET PROCESS ,MINISTERIAL COORDINATION ,CORRUPTION ,FIDUCIARY ASSESSMENT ,RURAL ,BUDGETING ,PUBLIC INVESTMENT PROGRAM ,CAPITAL FORMATION ,PUBLIC INVESTMENT ,POVERTY REDUCTION SUPPORT ,PUBLIC EXPENDITURE ,LEADERSHIP ,MARKET ECONOMY ,ACCOUNTABILITY ,BANK POLICY ,PROVINCIAL LEVELS ,TAX ,ECONOMIC GROWTH ,GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT ,BANKING SUPERVISION ,PRIVATE SECTOR INVESTMENT ,TRUST FUND ,PROGRAMS ,TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE ,FINANCIAL SECTOR ,BANKING REFORM ,GENERAL BUDGET SUPPORT ,POOR ,CIVIL SOCIETY ,INSTRUMENT ,MANDATES ,POLITICAL CONSTRAINTS ,DOMESTIC CAPITAL ,BETTER ACCESS TO INFORMATION ,OUTCOME INDICATORS ,FINANCIAL CRISIS ,AUDITING ,AID EFFECTIVENESS ,HEALTH OUTCOMES ,PUBLIC SECTOR MANAGEMENT ,BUDGET RESOURCES ,POLICY DECISIONS ,SOLICITATION ,POVERTY REDUCING ,SUSTAINABILITY ANALYSIS ,GROSS NATIONAL PRODUCT ,MEDIUM-TERM PERSPECTIVE ,DEGREE OF VARIATION ,IMPORT DUTIES ,CAPITAL INVESTMENT ,FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT COMPONENTS ,FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT ,STATE TREASURY ,BORROWER ,HEALTH MINISTRY ,MULTIYEAR PERIOD ,TRANCHE ,BUDGET MANAGEMENT ,SANITATION ,ANNUAL CYCLE ,PUBLIC SECTOR ,DEBT ,BANKING SECTOR ,DEBT REDUCTION ,INEQUALITY ,POVERTY REDUCTION STRATEGY PAPER ,ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ,BUDGETARY REFORMS ,AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT ,GOVERNMENT REFORM ,BUDGET PLAN ,INVESTMENT CLIMATE ,BUDGET LAW ,STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT ,INTERNATIONAL SUPPORT ,DONOR COORDINATION ,MACROECONOMIC MANAGEMENT ,REVENUE PROJECTIONS ,COMMERCIAL BANK ,NATIONAL POVERTY ,PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION ,INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ,POLICY FORMULATION ,STATE BUDGET ,POVERTY ANALYSIS ,CENTRAL GOVERNMENT ,PRIVATE SECTOR ,RECURRENT EXPENDITURES ,PUBLIC FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT ,PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT ,REVENUE FORECASTING ,ECONOMIC POLICY ,RURAL WATER ,GOVERNMENT REVENUE ,LEGAL REFORM ,EXPENDITURES ,MACROECONOMIC POLICY ,COMMERCIAL BANKS ,INTERNATIONAL BANK ,SECTOR BUDGET ,CONDITIONALITY ,MONETARY FUND ,DATA AVAILABILITY ,FINANCE MANAGEMENT ,PUBLIC FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS ,LOAN CLASSIFICATION ,EDUCATION POLICY ,LEGAL FRAMEWORK ,REFORM PROJECT ,NATURAL RESOURCES ,ADB ,CAPACITY BUILDING ,DEBT SUSTAINABILITY ,STRUCTURAL REFORMS ,TAX ADMINISTRATION ,TRUST FUNDS ,INTEREST RATE ,GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS - Abstract
Vietnam, a one-party socialist state dominated by the Communist Party of Vietnam, has in recent years moved towards a pragmatic growth-oriented approach to economic policy. Early reform measures in 1986 with the doi moi, or new way, introduced a series of market-oriented reforms in industry and trade, as well as agriculture. The collapse of the Soviet Union in 1989 hastened the pace of reform, as the authorities intensified monetary, banking, and structural reforms and set the stage for substantial trade and investment liberalization, and as Vietnam's arrears with the International Monetary Fund (IMF) were settled in 1993. Key lessons that emerge from the Vietnam study include: a) the Poverty Reduction Support Credit (PRSC) process is strengthened through rigorous analytic underpinnings (for example, Vietnam development reports, public expenditure reviews, and other analytical and advisory services) that provide a shared vision of the development agenda and a menu of policy actions linked to the thematic pillars of the poverty reduction strategy; b) even in a context of high government commitment, fostering a connection to an external anchor (such as world trade organization accession) can help maintain momentum in the PRSC process and reform generally; c) PRSCs can function as an effective complement to, and catalyst for, sector operations including the development of sector-wide approaches and sector budget support; and d) with large numbers of international and government participants, it becomes increasingly important for both Government and the Bank that responsibilities for coordinating inputs and consultation and maintaining a policy overview be closely linked, defined, and adequately funded.
- Published
- 2010
12. Poverty Reduction Support Credits : Nicaragua Country Study
- Author
-
Hinds, Manuel
- Subjects
MEDIUM TERM EXPENDITURE ,STRUCTURAL REFORM ,NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ,UNCERTAINTY ,ECONOMIC GROWTH ,EXTREME POVERTY ,GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT ,PRIVATE INVESTMENT ,RURAL DEVELOPMENT ,ANNUAL RATE ,MEDIUM TERM EXPENDITURE FRAMEWORK ,ALLOCATION ,BUDGET FORMULATION ,INFLATION ,PROGRAMS ,EXTERNAL FINANCING ,POOR COUNTRIES ,FISCAL DEFICIT ,BUDGET PREPARATION ,TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE ,FINANCIAL SECTOR ,GENERAL BUDGET SUPPORT ,POOR ,PRICE STABILITY ,EXTERNAL AUDIT ,SOCIAL EXPENDITURES ,GOVERNMENT POLICY ,PUBLIC INVESTMENTS ,MUNICIPALITIES ,PROGRAM OBJECTIVES ,DUE DILIGENCE ,FINANCIAL CRISIS ,FINANCIAL OPERATIONS ,CHRONIC MALNUTRITION ,POVERTY RATES ,SCHOOL ADMINISTRATION ,DEBT SERVICE ,NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN ,GOVERNMENT BONDS ,PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT ,PRIVATE PENSION ,AUDITING ,PUBLIC FINANCES ,AID EFFECTIVENESS ,SOCIAL SERVICES ,ECONOMIC RECOVERY ,WAR ,REFORM AGENDA ,BUDGET PREPARATION CYCLE ,TRANSPARENCY ,SERVICE DELIVERY ,POVERTY REDUCING ,BUDGETARY PROCESS ,MONETARY DISCIPLINE ,CAPITAL INVESTMENT ,FISCAL IMPLICATIONS ,BALANCE OF PAYMENTS ,SUSTAINABLE REDUCTION OF POVERTY ,POVERTY REDUCTION STRATEGY PAPERS ,INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY ,BUDGET CREDIBILITY ,BUDGET MANAGEMENT ,SANITATION ,RURAL FAMILIES ,POVERTY REDUCTION STRATEGIES ,EXTERNAL DEBT ,FINANCIAL ADMINISTRATION ,NATIONAL INCOME ,TOTAL PUBLIC EXPENDITURE ,POVERTY ASSESSMENT ,CIVIL SERVICE SYSTEM ,YEARLY BUDGET ,COUNTRY PROCUREMENT ASSESSMENT ,CIVIL SERVICE ,BUDGET SUPPORT OPERATIONS ,PUBLIC EXPENDITURES ,FISCAL ADJUSTMENT ,POVERTY REDUCTION PROGRAMS ,DRINKING WATER ,PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS ,GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURES ,FISCAL DEFICITS ,PUBLIC EXPENDITURE REVIEW ,REFORM PROGRAM ,POVERTY REDUCTION ,POVERTY-REDUCTION GOALS ,PUBLIC DEBT ,DEBT ,FINANCIAL ACCOUNTABILITY ,PUBLIC ENTITIES ,TOTAL PUBLIC SECTOR ,HEALTH SECTOR ,SOCIAL SECURITY ,MEDIUM-TERM EXPENDITURE ,PENSION REFORM ,NATIONAL AUTHORITIES ,INEQUALITY ,POVERTY REDUCTION STRATEGY PAPER ,PROGRAM DESIGN ,CENTRAL BANK ,FINANCIAL INFORMATION ,PUBLIC AGENCIES ,TOTAL EXPENDITURES ,POVERTY ASSESSMENTS ,MINISTRY OF FINANCE ,STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT ,FISCAL DISCIPLINE ,POVERTY SITUATION ,PUBLIC EXPENDITURE TRACKING ,GOVERNMENT PRIORITIES ,DONOR COORDINATION ,MACROECONOMIC MANAGEMENT ,POVERTY REDUCTION STRATEGY ,POVERTY REDUCTION OBJECTIVES ,ADJUSTMENT LENDING ,MACROECONOMIC STABILITY ,SOCIAL POLICIES ,FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM ,ACCOUNTING ,BUDGET SUPPORT ,PUBLIC SECTOR BUDGET ,RESOURCE FLOWS ,SOCIAL SERVICE ,ACCESS TO INFORMATION ,RURAL FAMILY ,CIVIL SERVANTS ,POLICY FORMULATION ,HEALTH PROBLEMS ,FINANCIAL SYSTEM ,FISCAL IMPACT ,FINANCE MINISTRY ,CENTRAL GOVERNMENT ,ECONOMIC REFORM ,HEALTH CARE ,HUMAN CAPITAL ,POOR PEOPLE ,DEBT RELIEF ,MACROECONOMIC FRAMEWORK ,PUBLIC RESOURCES ,POVERTY PROGRAMS ,BUDGET PLANNING ,PRIVATE SECTOR ,MEDIUM-TERM EXPENDITURE FRAMEWORK ,SECTOR EXPENDITURE ,PUBLIC FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT ,PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT ,SOCIAL PROTECTION ,CONDITIONALITIES ,COUNTRY PROCUREMENT ,RURAL WATER ,FISCAL STABILITY ,COMMODITY PRICES ,EXPENDITURES ,PUBLIC FINANCE ,MACROECONOMIC POLICY ,BUDGET EXECUTION ,FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT REPORT ,REFORM EFFORTS ,CIVIL SERVICE REFORMS ,DIAGNOSTIC WORK ,NET PRESENT VALUE ,MACROECONOMIC SITUATION ,CONDITIONALITY ,STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT LOANS ,EXTERNAL AID ,AGRICULTURAL SERVICES ,ELIMINATION OF POVERTY ,FOREIGN INVESTMENT ,PRIVATE FUNDS ,POOR HOUSEHOLDS ,PUBLIC FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM ,PUBLIC FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS ,BUDGETARY RESOURCES ,CIVIL SERVICE LAW ,POVERTY ALLEVIATION ,MACROECONOMIC CONDITIONS ,DIVISION OF LABOR ,RURAL ,INCOME GROWTH ,PUBLIC EMPLOYEES ,PUBLIC INVESTMENT PROGRAM ,PUBLIC GOODS ,DEBT BURDEN ,FINANCIAL STRUCTURE ,CAPACITY BUILDING ,HEALTH SERVICES ,PUBLIC INVESTMENT ,STRUCTURAL REFORMS ,POVERTY REDUCTION SUPPORT ,LOCAL CURRENCY ,STABILIZATION POLICIES ,ACCOUNTABILITY ,RURAL ELECTRIFICATION - Abstract
Nicaragua's state domination of productive capacity from the late 1970s to 1990, coupled with the civil war of the 1980s, left the economy with hyperinflation, large fiscal and current account deficits, and an external debt that was six times gross domestic product. As a result, economic activity declined at a sharp rate. By 1993, per capita income had fallen by a full 60 percent from the 1977 level. By the early 1990s the country was receiving aid equivalent to more than 70 percent of Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Subsequent administrations tried to address the country's economic problems through fiscal and monetary discipline and market-oriented reforms to redefine the role of the state. There were some successes, for example, decisive government action reduced inflation to around 10 percent by 1995, but many reforms failed due to their slow pace and to continued political volatility. The Bank supported the reform agenda with two economic recovery credit operations in the early 1990s. The results were less positive than expected, as the government's capacity to privatize state-owned enterprises and otherwise reform the public sector wavered in the face of political instability. The lack of political consensus prompted the Bank to withdraw from structural adjustment lending for several years. An opening for re-engagement was provided in 2002 when, after several failed attempts, Nicaragua successfully implemented the International Monetary Fund's (IMF) Poverty Reduction and Growth Facility (PRGF). This allowed the Bank to respond to the government's request for assistance to close a financing gap through fast disbursing budget support in the form of a programmatic structural adjustment credit. While technically a structural adjustment loan, the credit supported objectives based on budget-based goals already attained in implementing a Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP), which had been prepared by the government in 2001. In this sense, the credit was the last structural adjustment loan and the precursor to the Poverty Reduction Support Credits (PRSCs).
- Published
- 2010
13. Poverty Reduction Support Credits : Mozambique Country Study
- Author
-
Horton, Brendan
- Subjects
STRUCTURAL REFORM ,FINANCIAL PLANNING ,PUBLIC SECTOR ACCOUNTING ,NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ,PUBLIC SERVICE ,INVENTORY ,ALLOCATION OF RESOURCES ,CONSTRAINTS TO GROWTH ,ECONOMIC GROWTH ,BUDGET DATA ,GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT ,PRIVATE INVESTMENT ,ANNUAL PERFORMANCE ,ALLOCATION ,BUDGET FORMULATION ,INFLATION ,INSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT ,PROGRAMS ,TRANSACTION COSTS ,FISCAL DEFICIT ,ASSESSMENT OF PERFORMANCE ,BUDGET PREPARATION ,EMPLOYMENT ,TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE ,SECTOR MINISTRIES ,FINANCIAL SECTOR ,GENERAL BUDGET SUPPORT ,ANNUAL BUDGET ,INTERNATIONAL ACCOUNTING STANDARDS ,EXTERNAL AUDIT ,PRODUCTIVITY ,EXPENDITURE GROWTH ,BANK PRIVATIZATION ,OUTCOME INDICATORS ,PUBLIC PROCUREMENT ,INTERNATIONAL AUDITING STANDARDS ,PERFORMANCE INDICATORS ,NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN ,AUDITING ,SOCIAL INDICATORS ,HEALTH OUTCOMES ,PUBLIC SECTOR MANAGEMENT ,ECONOMIC RECOVERY ,IMPROVING BUDGET EXECUTION ,ACCOUNTING STANDARDS ,GOVERNMENT BUDGET ,BUDGET PREPARATION CYCLE ,TRANSPARENCY ,DOMESTIC SAVINGS ,SERVICE DELIVERY ,POVERTY REDUCING ,BUDGETARY PROCESS ,POVERTY IMPACT ,BUDGET CYCLE ,BALANCE OF PAYMENTS ,TAX REFORM ,FINANCIAL ACTIVITIES ,HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT ,ECONOMIC DOWNTURN ,RESOURCE MANAGEMENT ,SERVICE QUALITY ,REFORM STRATEGY ,SANITATION ,FISCAL FRAMEWORK ,EXTERNAL ASSISTANCE ,ANNUAL TRANCHE ,SECTOR POLICY ,POVERTY REDUCTION STRATEGIES ,PUBLIC PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS ,COUNTRY PROCUREMENT ASSESSMENT ,DOMESTIC INVESTMENT ,CIVIL SERVICE ,BUDGET SUPPORT OPERATIONS ,MID-TERM REVIEW ,PUBLIC EXPENDITURES ,FISCAL ADJUSTMENT ,ROAD NETWORK ,DECENTRALIZATION STRATEGY ,NATIONAL BUDGET ,EXPENDITURE PROGRAMS ,PUBLIC EXPENDITURE REVIEW ,REFORM PROGRAM ,POVERTY REDUCTION ,PUBLIC SECTOR ,DEBT ,FINANCIAL ACCOUNTABILITY ,BANKING SECTOR ,CASH MANAGEMENT ,BUDGET CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM ,HEALTH SECTOR ,MEDIUM-TERM EXPENDITURE ,PUBLIC SECTOR REFORM ,INTERNAL AUDITS ,CIVIL SERVICE REFORM ,GOVERNMENT REFORM ,FINANCIAL TERMS ,EXTERNAL AUDITS ,TOTAL EXPENDITURES ,DONOR FINANCING ,BUDGET LAW ,MINISTRY OF FINANCE ,STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT ,BUDGET YEAR ,PUBLIC EXPENDITURE TRACKING ,FINANCIAL SECTORS ,ACCESS TO SAFE WATER ,DONOR COORDINATION ,BUDGET CLASSIFICATION ,MACROECONOMIC MANAGEMENT ,DEFICITS ,POVERTY REDUCTION STRATEGY ,PROGRAM BUDGETING ,ADJUSTMENT LENDING ,MACROECONOMIC STABILITY ,MINISTRIES OF FINANCE ,PUBLIC EXPENDITURE MANAGEMENT ,PERFORMANCE CRITERIA ,PUBLIC FUNDS ,ACCOUNTABILITY FRAMEWORK ,FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT INFORMATION ,CONSOLIDATION ,PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION ,COST EFFECTIVENESS ,RESOURCE FLOWS ,CIVIL SERVANTS ,POLICY FORMULATION ,EXPENDITURE ISSUES ,REVENUE MOBILIZATION ,RESOURCE AVAILABILITY ,DECENTRALIZATION ,EXPENDITURE LEVELS ,FISCAL POLICY ,PUBLIC HEALTH CARE ,EXCHANGE RATE ,FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS ,DEBT RELIEF ,MACROECONOMIC FRAMEWORK ,BUDGET PLANNING ,PRIVATE SECTOR ,PUBLIC HEALTH ,MEDIUM-TERM EXPENDITURE FRAMEWORK ,DONOR COLLABORATION ,EXTERNAL GRANTS ,PUBLIC FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT ,SERVICE PROVISION ,PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT ,CONDITIONALITIES ,COUNTRY PROCUREMENT ,GOVERNMENT SPENDING ,BUDGET REQUIREMENTS ,EXPENDITURES ,PUBLIC FINANCE ,GROWTH RATE ,LEGISLATION ,BUDGET EXECUTION ,COMMERCIAL BANKS ,REFORM EFFORTS ,DIAGNOSTIC WORK ,ANNUAL REVIEWS ,FISCAL SUSTAINABILITY ,CONDITIONALITY ,PUBLIC SECTOR ACCOUNTABILITY ,PROGRAM BUDGETS ,PUBLIC FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM ,POVERTY REDUCTION TARGETS ,TAX DISTORTIONS ,REFORM PROJECT ,STRATEGIC PRIORITIES ,NATURAL RESOURCES ,PUBLIC GOODS ,PERFORMANCE REVIEW ,PROGRAM PERFORMANCE ,TRANSPORT ,FINANCIAL SUPPORT ,MONITOR PERFORMANCE ,ANNUAL COMMITMENT ,CAPACITY BUILDING ,PUBLIC INVESTMENT ,STRUCTURAL REFORMS ,BUDGET PROPOSALS ,POVERTY REDUCTION SUPPORT ,PUBLIC EXPENDITURE ,TRUST FUNDS ,ANNUAL REPORT ,INVESTMENT SPENDING ,FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM ,MARKET ECONOMY ,ACCOUNTABILITY ,EXPENDITURE ,TAX SYSTEM ,EXPENDITURE MANAGEMENT - Abstract
Mozambique acquired independence from Portugal in 1975. The new government adopted a policy of radical social change, with a command and control approach to economic management and a vast nationalization program. By the mid-1980s, the country was bankrupt, and the government turned to the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank to help transform it into a market economy. Since the early 1990s, Mozambique's Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth rate has been above 7 percent in all but two years and has averaged 7.8 percent. Over the same period, inflation has trended broadly downwards from 63 percent in 1994 to 8 percent in 2007. On the savings and investment front, gross investment has averaged 26.4 percent, while domestic savings has been 8.2 percent, the difference being made up for with foreign savings. Fiscal policy has generally been well managed, with deficits financed by external assistance. The government managed to protect the 65 percent of primary expenditures going to priority sectors. Public investment declined as a percentage of GDP, as did private investment. Revenue collection improved. Exports grew from 10.2 percent of GDP in 1991 to 38 percent in 2006. Over this period, a flexible exchange rate policy has been followed. The national poverty rate was 69.4 percent in 1996-1997 and 54.1 percent in 2003. Mozambique obtained considerable fast disbursing assistance from the World Bank in the period 1984-2002.
- Published
- 2010
14. Poverty Reduction Support Credits : Ghana Country Study
- Author
-
Kavalsky, Basil and Hartmann, Arntraud
- Subjects
BUDGET FRAMEWORK ,STRUCTURAL REFORM ,BANK POLICY ,EXPENDITURES ON HEALTH ,NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ,PUBLIC SERVICE ,EDUCATION BUDGET ,INTERNAL AUDIT ,AUDITOR-GENERAL ,BUDGETARY SYSTEMS ,ECONOMIC GROWTH ,TRADE UNIONS ,GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT ,ANNUAL PERFORMANCE ,HEALTH INSURANCE ,PUBLIC FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT PROJECT ,GOVERNMENT DEBT ,HEALTH CENTERS ,PUBLIC FUNDING ,RESOURCE LEVELS ,TRUST FUND ,INFLATION ,INSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT ,PROGRAMS ,TRANSACTION COSTS ,PROGRAM OUTCOMES ,PUBLIC SECTOR SPENDING ,CIVIL LIBERTIES ,SECTOR MINISTRIES ,GENERAL BUDGET SUPPORT ,BANK LENDING ,PUBLIC MANAGEMENT ,HEALTH PROGRAMS ,BENEFICIARIES ,SOCIAL EXPENDITURES ,INSTRUMENT ,PUBLIC BUDGET ,GOVERNMENT POLICY ,ASSESSMENT PROCESS ,GOVERNMENT OWNERSHIP ,EXPENDITURE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM ,PERFORMANCE INDICATORS ,INTERNATIONAL CAPITAL MARKET ,OPERATIONAL EFFICIENCY ,TRANCHES ,DONOR ASSISTANCE ,EXPENDITURE CONTROLS ,HEALTH OUTCOMES ,PUBLIC SECTOR MANAGEMENT ,EDUCATION SPENDING ,HEALTH FINANCING SYSTEM ,GOVERNMENT BUDGET ,REFORM AGENDA ,TRANSPARENCY ,REFORM PROCESS ,SERVICE DELIVERY ,POVERTY REDUCING ,POVERTY-REDUCING EXPENDITURE ,BANK PORTFOLIO ,LIVING STANDARDS ,BUDGET CYCLE ,BORROWER ,BORROWING CAPACITY ,PUBLIC SERVICES ,RESOURCE MANAGEMENT ,TRANCHE ,FINANCING ARRANGEMENTS ,SANITATION ,PUBLIC EDUCATION ,QUALITY CONTROL ,CAPITATION GRANT ,FINANCIAL STATEMENTS ,POVERTY REDUCTION STRATEGIES ,HEALTH INSURANCE FUND ,CIVIL SERVICE ,BUDGET SUPPORT OPERATIONS ,PUBLIC EXPENDITURES ,EDUCATION SERVICES ,INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENTS ,ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK ,GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURES ,DISBURSEMENT ,DONOR FUNDING ,FISCAL DEFICITS ,PUBLIC EXPENDITURE REVIEW ,REFORM PROGRAM ,POVERTY REDUCTION ,PUBLIC SECTOR ,DEBT ,INCOME LEVELS ,AUDIT SYSTEMS ,DEVOLUTION OF RESPONSIBILITIES ,TOTAL PUBLIC SECTOR ,HEALTH SECTOR ,PUBLIC SECTOR REFORM ,FUNGIBLE ,LENDING INSTRUMENTS ,PUBLIC ACCOUNTS ,BUDGETARY REFORMS ,MACRO-STABILITY ,CIVIL SERVICE REFORM ,TOTAL EXPENDITURES ,DISBURSEMENTS ,CAPITAL MARKET ,MINISTRY OF FINANCE ,STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT ,BUDGETARY EXPENDITURES ,PUBLIC EXPENDITURE TRACKING ,SECTORAL POLICIES ,TOTAL EXPENDITURE ,ACCESS TO SAFE WATER ,DONOR COORDINATION ,POVERTY REDUCTION STRATEGY ,ADJUSTMENT LENDING ,MACROECONOMIC STABILITY ,DEMOCRATIC PROCESSES ,INVESTMENT ACTIVITIES ,PUBLIC EXPENDITURE MANAGEMENT ,PUBLIC FUNDS ,DONOR INFLOWS ,FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT INFORMATION ,ACCOUNTING ,CIVIL SOCIETY PARTICIPATION ,HUMAN DEVELOPMENT ,BUDGET SUPPORT ,RESOURCE FLOWS ,INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ,CIVIL SERVANTS ,POLICY FORMULATION ,BUDGET OUTCOMES ,DECENTRALIZATION ,FINANCE MINISTRY ,HEALTH CARE ,EXTRA BUDGETARY FUNDS ,TELECOMMUNICATIONS ,DEBT RELIEF ,DONOR FUNDS ,PRIVATE SECTOR ,BUDGETARY MANAGEMENT ,RECURRENT EXPENDITURES ,PUBLIC FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT ,REALLOCATIONS ,SERVICE PROVISION ,PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT ,SOCIAL PROTECTION ,ECONOMIC POLICY ,FISCAL IMBALANCES ,LOAN ,EDUCATION POLICIES ,PUBLIC FINANCE ,DIAGNOSTIC WORK ,HEALTH FINANCING ,SECTOR BUDGET ,EDUCATION EXPENDITURES ,ANNUAL REVIEWS ,CONDITIONALITY ,PUBLIC SCHOOLS ,MONETARY FUND ,COMPOSITION OF EXPENDITURES ,REVENUE SOURCES ,DEVELOPMENT BANK ,BUDGET PROCESS ,PERFORMANCE MEASURES ,PROGRAM BUDGETS ,SOCIAL BENEFITS ,HEALTH EXPENDITURES ,PUBLIC FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM ,PUBLIC FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS ,BUDGETARY RESOURCES ,DECENTRALIZATION PROGRAM ,OUTCOME MEASURE ,DIVISION OF LABOR ,FISCAL PROBLEMS ,ACHIEVEMENT OF OUTCOMES ,BUDGETING ,STRATEGIC RESOURCE ALLOCATION ,FISCAL POSITION ,PERFORMANCE REVIEW ,FINANCIAL SUPPORT ,MONITOR PERFORMANCE ,SOCIAL INSURANCE ,BUDGET DISCUSSIONS ,PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENT ,PUBLIC EXPENDITURE MANAGEMENT REFORM ,CAPACITY BUILDING ,HEALTH SERVICES ,POVERTY REDUCTION SUPPORT ,PUBLIC EXPENDITURE ,FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM ,ACCOUNTABILITY ,EXPENDITURE ,INTERNATIONAL CAPITAL ,TRANSACTION - Abstract
The Poverty Reduction Support Credit (PRSC) instrument was put to use at an opportune juncture in 2003 when, after a period of economic crisis, macroeconomic stability had been restored to Ghana and a reform process had been mapped out. The Bank used this instrument to signal strong support to the Government for the reform process, which was at risk of being derailed in the run up to the 2004 elections. The PRSC was perceived as a clear departure from previous adjustment lending, which was characterized by acrimonious negotiation of conditions. Following independence from Britain some 50 years ago, Ghana experienced rapid economic growth, spurred by commodity exports and industrialization linked to import-substitution policies. But by the early 1980s, standards of living had declined sharply, and Ghana had joined the ranks of other low-income African countries. Ghana's economic reform program, launched in 1983, marked a notable change in policy direction and a shift from a state-controlled economy to a more market-driven system. Ghana made progress in regaining macroeconomic stability and achieved its Highly Indebted Poor Country (HIPC) initiative completion point by 2004. Even so, progress was uneven, and the economy remained vulnerable. Ghana was among Africa's top 10 performers in the 2008 doing business report, and its ranking on corruption indicators is the best of low-income African countries. A recent national survey found that 75 percent of households regard corruption as a serious national problem, and 80 believe it has worsened in recent years.
- Published
- 2010
15. Poverty Reduction Support Credits : Armenia Country Study
- Author
-
Hicks, Norman
- Subjects
PUBLIC SECTOR ACCOUNTING ,AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION ,SECTORAL REALLOCATION ,UNCERTAINTY ,EXTREME POVERTY ,PRIVATE INVESTMENT ,FISCAL PRUDENCE ,INFLATION ,FISCAL DEFICIT ,ACCRUAL BASIS ,CAPITAL SPENDING ,ANNUAL BUDGET ,FINANCIAL INTERMEDIATION ,UNEMPLOYMENT ,EXTERNAL AUDIT ,INCOME ,FORMAL ECONOMY ,BUDGET SYSTEM ,POVERTY RATES ,PUBLIC PROCUREMENT ,SERVICE PROVIDERS ,SOCIAL INDICATORS ,PUBLIC SPENDING ,AUDITORS ,BRIBES ,FARMERS ,GOVERNMENT BUDGET ,TRANSPARENCY ,EXPENDITURE DATA ,BUDGET ALLOCATIONS ,QUALITY STANDARDS ,PUBLIC SERVICES ,AGENCY MANAGEMENT ,BUDGETARY FUNDS ,POVERTY REDUCTION STRATEGIES ,BUDGET REFORM ,INFRASTRUCTURE SERVICES ,COUNTRY PROCUREMENT ASSESSMENT ,PROGRAM CLASSIFICATION ,EDUCATION SERVICES ,FISCAL ADJUSTMENT ,DRINKING WATER ,TAX COLLECTIONS ,GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURES ,COST ESTIMATES ,FISCAL DEFICITS ,PUBLIC EXPENDITURE REVIEW ,REFORM PROGRAM ,POVERTY REDUCTION ,FINANCIAL ACCOUNTABILITY ,COST RECOVERY ,MEDIUM-TERM EXPENDITURE ,PENSION REFORM ,PRUDENT FISCAL MANAGEMENT ,PUBLIC AGENCIES ,TARGETING ,EXTERNAL AUDITS ,POVERTY ASSESSMENTS ,MINISTRY OF FINANCE ,ACCESS TO SAFE WATER ,BUDGET CLASSIFICATION ,CHART OF ACCOUNTS ,POVERTY REDUCTION STRATEGY ,ADJUSTMENT LENDING ,MACROECONOMIC STABILITY ,INDEPENDENT EXTERNAL AUDITOR ,PUBLIC EXPENDITURE MANAGEMENT ,HUMAN DEVELOPMENT ,RESOURCE FLOWS ,TAX PAYMENTS ,EFFICIENCY IMPROVEMENTS ,REGULATORY FRAMEWORK ,DECENTRALIZATION ,EXCHANGE RATE ,HEALTH CARE ,BUDGET PLANNING ,PUBLIC HEALTH ,MEDIUM-TERM EXPENDITURE FRAMEWORK ,CONDITIONALITIES ,COUNTRY PROCUREMENT ,CASH BASIS ,GOVERNMENT ACCOUNTS ,TAX REVENUES ,BUDGET EXECUTION ,REFORM EFFORTS ,DIAGNOSTIC WORK ,BUDGET PROCESS ,FISCAL DEFICIT TARGET ,RURAL ,PUBLIC INVESTMENT PROGRAM ,SOCIAL INSURANCE ,PUBLIC INVESTMENT ,POVERTY REDUCTION SUPPORT ,PUBLIC EXPENDITURE ,MARKET ECONOMY ,ACCOUNTABILITY ,TAX EVASION ,TAX SYSTEM ,NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ,PUBLIC SERVICE ,INTERNAL AUDIT ,ECONOMIC GROWTH ,GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT ,QUALITY OF EDUCATION ,FISCAL STANCE ,PROGRAMS ,FISCAL RISK ,PUBLIC SERVICE DELIVERY ,TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE ,FINANCIAL SECTOR ,GENERAL BUDGET SUPPORT ,POOR ,STATE TAX ,PUBLIC MANAGEMENT ,RURAL ECONOMY ,SOCIAL EXPENDITURES ,ACCUMULATION OF PAYMENT ARREARS ,PERFORMANCE INDICATORS ,AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY ,NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN ,GOVERNMENT FINANCE STATISTICS ,PUBLIC SECTORS ,COMPETITIVE PROCUREMENT ,AID EFFECTIVENESS ,PUBLIC SECTOR MANAGEMENT ,CAPACITY CONSTRAINTS ,RISK MANAGEMENT ,TAX COLLECTION ,CAPACITY-BUILDING ,POVERTY REDUCING ,GROSS NATIONAL PRODUCT ,BUDGETARY PROCESS ,CAPITAL INVESTMENT ,TAX REFORM ,ACCOUNTING SYSTEM ,POVERTY-REDUCING GROWTH ,PUBLIC ENTERPRISE ,TAX REVENUE ,PUBLIC UTILITIES ,SUSTAINABILITY OF REFORMS ,PUBLIC DISCLOSURE ,FOOD SAFETY ,GOVERNMENT FINANCE ,PUBLIC EXPENDITURES ,REGULATORY REFORM ,EXPENDITURE ALLOCATIONS ,PUBLIC SECTOR ,DEBT ,AUDIT SYSTEMS ,BUDGET CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM ,HEALTH SECTOR ,POVERTY REDUCTION STRATEGY PAPER ,SELF-ASSESSMENT ,EXPENDITURE CONTROL ,CENTRAL BANK ,TARGETING MECHANISMS ,AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT ,TOTAL EXPENDITURES ,BUDGET LAW ,STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT ,DONOR COORDINATION ,MACROECONOMIC MANAGEMENT ,IRRIGATION ,PROGRAM BUDGETING ,TAXPAYERS ,PERFORMANCE CRITERIA ,INCOME DISTRIBUTION ,PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION ,INCOME POVERTY ,BUDGETARY FUND ,FOOD SECURITY ,POLICY FORMULATION ,STATE BUDGET ,EXPENDITURE RATIONALIZATION ,BUDGET BALANCE ,ANNUAL BUDGETS ,PRIVATE SECTOR ,AUDIT SYSTEM ,PUBLIC FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT ,SERVICE PROVISION ,PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT ,SOCIAL PROTECTION ,GOVERNMENT REVENUE ,GOVERNMENT SPENDING ,QUALITY OF SERVICES ,GROWTH RATE ,CONDITIONALITY ,CONFLICT ,PROGRAM BUDGETS ,SOCIAL BENEFITS ,PUBLIC FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS ,NATIONAL SECURITY ,FISCAL POSITION ,SAVINGS ,CAPACITY BUILDING ,HEALTH SERVICES ,STRUCTURAL REFORMS ,TAX ADMINISTRATION ,EXPENDITURE MANAGEMENT - Abstract
Armenia gained its independence from the Soviet Union in 1991 and inherited a traditional Soviet- style command economy. After a period of hyperinflation and economic contractions, progress on basic reforms led to greater macroeconomic stability. The reform effort strengthened after 2000, aided by return flows of investment from the diaspora. Recognized for its prudent fiscal management and improved business environment, Armenia received a Rehabilitation Credit (RC) from the World Bank in 1995 and a series of five Structural Adjustment Credits(SACs) from 1996-2003 to maintain stability, accelerate growth, and sustain reform. The PRSC program in Armenia centered on four main themes that supported Armenia's poverty- reduction objectives: i) consolidating macroeconomic discipline and strengthening governance;ii) sharpening competition and entrenching property rights; iii) mitigating social and environmental risks; and iv) modernizing the rural economy. The PRSC also identified good governance and reduction of corruption as essential to achieving pro-poor growth. Furthermore, reforms implemented under the PRSC were intended to make the social sectors more efficient, raise the quality of services, and increase access for the poor.
- Published
- 2010
16. Agricultural Price Distortions, Inequality, and Poverty : Introduction and Summary
- Author
-
Anderson, Kym, Cockburn, John, and Martin, Will
- Subjects
REDUCTION IN POVERTY ,CUSTOMS ,NONFARM INCOME ,INTERNATIONAL CAPITAL FLOWS ,PRICE SUBSIDIES ,SOCIAL PROGRAMS ,GLOBAL POVERTY ,VALUE ADDED ,EXTREME POVERTY ,WORLD TRADE ,DISTRIBUTIONAL EFFECTS ,HOUSEHOLD INCOMES ,TRADE POLICY REFORM ,COMMODITIES ,AGRICULTURAL LAND ,CONSUMER PRICES ,TRADE DISTORTIONS ,NATIONAL ECONOMIES ,UNEMPLOYMENT ,INCOME ,AGRICULTURAL SECTORS ,FARM INCOME ,TRADE NEGOTIATIONS ,FARM INCOMES ,URBANIZATION ,POOR FARM HOUSEHOLDS ,HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION ,FARM WORK ,FARMERS ,CONSTANT RETURNS TO SCALE ,SKILLED WORKERS ,PRICE INCREASES ,POVERTY IMPACT ,EMERGING ECONOMIES ,MULTILATERAL AGREEMENTS ,REGIONAL AVERAGES ,LOW-INCOME COUNTRIES ,REGIONAL AVERAGE ,GLOBAL ECONOMY ,DEMAND CURVE ,PURCHASING POWER ,TRADE BARRIERS ,RURAL POOR ,NATIONAL POVERTY LINE ,EXCHANGE RATE REGIMES ,POVERTY LEVEL ,INCOME INEQUALITY ,INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENTS ,ELASTICITY ,INCOME TAXES ,DEVELOPMENT POLICY ,POVERTY REDUCTION ,POLITICAL ECONOMY ANALYSIS ,CAPITAL OWNERS ,IMPORT BARRIERS ,MULTILATERAL TRADE REFORM ,MULTILATERAL TRADE ,TRADE IN SERVICES ,WEALTH ,PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH ,CONSUMERS ,NATIONAL POVERTY HEADCOUNT ,HOUSEHOLD SURVEY ,WTO ,GDP ,MONOPOLISTIC COMPETITION ,COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY ,FARM WORKERS ,POLITICAL ECONOMY ,TAXATION ,ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS ,EXPORT DEMAND ,INCOME TAX ,EXPORTS ,EXTERNAL TRADE ,UNSKILLED LABOR ,ECONOMETRICS ,INTERNATIONAL TRADE ,RURAL HUMAN CAPITAL ,EXCHANGE RATE ,POOR PEOPLE ,AGRICULTURAL PRICES ,ECONOMETRIC ANALYSIS ,LIVESTOCK ACTIVITIES ,MULTILATERAL TRADE NEGOTIATIONS ,SOCIAL SAFETY NETS ,POVERTY DATA ,FARM PRODUCTS ,BENCHMARK DATA ,TARIFF REVENUE ,TAX REVENUES ,IMPORT COMPETITION ,DEVELOPING COUNTRIES ,GLOBAL MARKETS ,REAL GDP ,POVERTY LINES ,TARIFF PROTECTION ,ECONOMIC SIZE ,GLOBALIZATION ,INCOME-GENERATING ACTIVITIES ,POVERTY ALLEVIATION ,IMPERFECT COMPETITION ,RURAL ,TRADE TAXES ,ECONOMIES OF SCALE ,FOREIGN DEBT ,HOUSEHOLD HEAD ,FACTORS OF PRODUCTION ,VOLATILITY ,INTERNATIONAL CAPITAL ,TRADE LIBERALIZATION ,MARKET ACCESS ,ADVERSE EFFECT ,RURAL BASE ,GENERAL EQUILIBRIUM ,DEVELOPING COUNTRY ,ECONOMIC GROWTH ,ELASTICITY OF SUBSTITUTION ,DOMESTIC PRICE ,COMMODITY ,TERMS OF TRADE ,FARM LABOR ,RURAL HOUSEHOLDS ,EXTREME POVERTY LINE ,PARTICULAR COUNTRY ,POOR ,CONSUMER DEMAND ,HOUSEHOLD WELFARE ,TRADE TAX ,FINANCIAL CRISIS ,CUSTOMS REVENUE ,FOOD PRICES ,INCOME SHOCKS ,GINI COEFFICIENT ,AGRICULTURAL TRADE ,TRADE DATA ,EXPORT TAX ,TRADE POLICY ,RAPID GROWTH ,DISTRIBUTION OF INCOME ,WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION ,INCOME DYNAMICS ,POVERTY REDUCING ,DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS ,EXPORT PRICES ,AGRICULTURAL LIBERALIZATION ,TAX REVENUE ,RURAL INCOME ,WAGES ,SHOPS ,OPEN ECONOMY ,RURAL AREAS ,RURAL POVERTY ,LABOR MARKET ,NATIONAL ECONOMY ,PARTICULAR COUNTRIES ,GDP PER CAPITA ,DEBT ,COST OF CAPITAL ,MULTILATERAL TRADE AGREEMENTS ,DIVIDEND ,TRADE POLICIES ,PROTECTIONIST ,EXTREMELY POOR PEOPLE ,TRADE POLICY REFORMS ,AGRICULTURAL POLICY ,HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS ,INEQUALITY ,TRADE REFORMS ,GOVERNMENT BUDGETS ,AGRICULTURE ,AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT ,DEVELOPED COUNTRIES ,FREE ACCESS ,FREE TRADE ,MACROECONOMIC POLICIES ,RURAL INEQUALITY ,IMPORT RESTRICTIONS ,WAGE RATES ,IRRIGATION ,TRADE-DISTORTING POLICIES ,PARTIAL EQUILIBRIUM ANALYSIS ,TOTAL POVERTY ,INCOME DISTRIBUTION ,INTERNATIONAL ECONOMICS ,NATIONAL POVERTY ,GLOBAL TRADE ,PRODUCT MARKETS ,FARMER ,BENCHMARK ,GLOBAL ECONOMIC PROSPECTS ,FARM HOUSEHOLDS ,TRANSITION ECONOMIES ,AGRICULTURAL INCOMES ,POVERTY HEADCOUNT INDEX ,AGRICULTURAL SECTOR ,INCIDENCE OF POVERTY ,HOUSEHOLD INCOME ,INCOME GAP ,POVERTY INCIDENCE ,TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER ,IMPORTS ,BENEFITS OF TRADE ,FOOD MARKETS ,POOR HOUSEHOLDS ,AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS ,POWER PARITY ,PRICE DISTORTIONS ,REGIONAL LEVELS ,DOMESTIC PRICES ,FOREIGN CURRENCY ,POVERTY RATE ,NATIONAL MODELS ,PRICE DISTORTION ,EXPORT TAXES - Abstract
Reforms in recent decades have sharply reduced the distortions affecting agriculture in developing countries, particularly by cuts to agricultural export taxes and by some reductions in government assistance to agriculture in high-income countries, but international trade in farm products continues to be far more distorted than trade in nonfarm goods. This paper summarizes a series of empirical studies that focus on the effects of the remaining distortions to world merchandise trade for poverty and inequality, especially in developing countries. To obtain different insights into the various impacts, two global studies are undertaken using the World Bank's Linkage model, one multi-country study uses the Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP) model, and ten country case studies are also included, each using a national economy-wide model. The Linkage model results suggest that liberalization will reduce international inequality, largely by boosting farm incomes and raising real wages for unskilled workers in developing countries, and will reduce the number of poor people worldwide by 3 percent. The analysis based on the GTAP model for a sample of 15 countries, and the ten stand-alone national case studies, all point to larger reductions in poverty, especially if only the non-poor are subjected to increased income taxation to compensate for the loss of trade tax revenue.
- Published
- 2009
17. Agricultural Protection and Poverty in Indonesia : A General Equilibrium Analysis
- Author
-
Warr, Peter
- Subjects
PRICE LEVELS ,TRADE LIBERALIZATION ,INVENTORY ,VALUE ADDED ,ECONOMIC GROWTH ,WELFARE MEASURE ,DISTRIBUTIONAL EFFECTS ,HOUSEHOLD INCOMES ,RURAL POVERTY INCIDENCE ,TARIFF BARRIERS ,ELASTICITY OF SUBSTITUTION ,MILK ,FOOD POLICY ,AGRICULTURAL LAND ,ELASTICITY OF SUPPLY ,RURAL HOUSEHOLDS ,CONSUMER PRICES ,POOR ,CONSUMER DEMAND ,UNEMPLOYMENT ,BENEFICIARIES ,INCOME ,INSTRUMENT ,AGRICULTURAL SECTORS ,FINANCIAL CRISIS ,PERSONAL INCOME ,FOOD PRICES ,HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION ,ABSOLUTE TERMS ,CONSUMER PRICE INDEX ,CHANGES IN POVERTY ,UTILITY MAXIMIZATION ,AGRICULTURAL REGIONS ,GINI COEFFICIENT ,CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURES PER CAPITA ,TRADE POLICY ,FARMERS ,GOVERNMENT BUDGET ,CONSTANT RETURNS TO SCALE ,POVERTY REDUCING ,INVENTORIES ,AGRICULTURAL LIBERALIZATION ,GENERAL EQUILIBRIUM ANALYSIS ,RURAL HOUSEHOLD ,VARIABLE COSTS ,TOTAL COSTS ,WAGES ,GLOBAL ECONOMY ,RURAL AREAS ,RURAL POVERTY ,PURCHASING POWER ,RURAL POOR ,NATIONAL POVERTY LINE ,DEFLATORS ,PROFIT MAXIMIZATION ,CONSUMER PRICE INDICES ,VEGETABLES ,LABOR MARKET ,AGRICULTURAL COMMODITIES ,INCOME INEQUALITY ,ELASTICITY ,TOTAL OUTPUT ,POVERTY REDUCTION ,EQUILIBRIUM ,SHEEP ,PRICE CHANGES ,TRADE POLICIES ,EXCISE TAXES ,INEQUALITY ,VEGETABLE OILS ,FIXED CAPITAL ,CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURES ,CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURE ,TAX RATE ,AGRICULTURE ,CONSUMERS ,CORPORATE INCOME TAXES ,WELFARE IMPLICATIONS ,FOREIGN EXCHANGE ,TRADE BALANCE ,PRODUCTION FUNCTIONS ,STATIC ANALYSIS ,ACCOUNTING ,INCOME DISTRIBUTION ,TAXATION ,INCOME TAX ,NATIONAL POVERTY ,EXPORTS ,GLOBAL TRADE ,MEAT ,ECONOMIC SHOCKS ,GDP DEFLATOR ,FARMER ,DIMINISHING RETURNS TO SCALE ,FACTOR DEMAND ,NATIONAL POVERTY LINES ,EXCHANGE RATE ,POOR PEOPLE ,AGRICULTURAL PRICES ,CURRENCY ,GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURE ,FARM PRODUCTS ,AGRICULTURAL SECTOR ,INTERNATIONAL MARKET ,HOUSEHOLD INCOME ,GOVERNMENT REVENUE ,FOOD COMMODITIES ,GOVERNMENT SPENDING ,POVERTY INCIDENCE ,COMPETITIVE PROFIT ,PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY ,CURRENT ACCOUNT SURPLUS ,DEVELOPING COUNTRIES ,REAL GDP ,AGRICULTURAL WORKERS ,RATES OF RETURN ,FARMING HOUSEHOLDS ,POVERTY LINES ,INCOME GROUPS ,POOR HOUSEHOLDS ,GOVERNMENT BUDGET DEFICIT ,AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS ,FOOD PRODUCTS ,POVERTY ALLEVIATION ,AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIES ,RURAL ,SMALL FARMERS ,POVERTY LINE ,PRODUCTION FUNCTION ,SAVINGS ,EXOGENOUS VARIABLES ,DOMESTIC PRICES ,CONSUMER GOODS ,TRUST FUNDS ,CURRENT ACCOUNT DEFICIT ,ECONOMIC RESEARCH ,DIMINISHING RETURNS ,TAX SYSTEM - Abstract
A general equilibrium modeling approach is used to estimate the effects within Indonesia of unilateral and global trade liberalization, including effects on poverty incidence. It is concluded that global reform of trade policy in all commodities is a significant potential source of poverty reduction for Indonesia. The poor rural and urban have a strong interest in global trade policy reform. If Indonesia were to liberalize unilaterally, poverty incidence also will decline but the effect is small. If liberalization is confined to agricultural products, the effects are similar but the declines in poverty incidence within Indonesia are much smaller.
- Published
- 2009
18. The Poverty Impacts of Global Commodity Trade Liberalization
- Author
-
Hertel, Thomas W. and Keeney, Roman
- Subjects
TRADE LIBERALIZATION ,UNDISTORTED PRICES ,EXPORT SUBSIDIES ,MARKET ACCESS ,PREFERENTIAL MARKET ACCESS ,FARM EMPLOYMENT ,TAX ,AGRICULTURAL COMMODITY ,DEVELOPING COUNTRY ,DISTRIBUTIONAL EFFECTS ,FOOD PRICE ,RELATIVE IMPORTANCE ,INCREASE POVERTY ,RURAL LABOR ,AGRICULTURAL LAND ,POOR COUNTRIES ,RURAL HOUSEHOLDS ,POOR ,MISSING MARKETS ,AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION ,CONSUMER DEMAND ,INCOME ,INSTRUMENT ,AGRICULTURAL SECTORS ,NEGATIVE ENTRIES ,RETURNS ,HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION ,CHANGES IN POVERTY ,ABSOLUTE VALUE ,DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH ,AGRICULTURAL TRADE ,TRADE POLICY ,POLICY REFORMS ,POVERTY REDUCING ,POLICY MEASURES ,REDUCING POVERTY ,COUNTRY SPECIFIC ,DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS ,EXPORTERS ,DEVELOPING WORLD ,INTERNATIONAL MARKETS ,MIGRANT LABOR ,FOOD GRAINS ,LABOR MARKET ,POVERTY LEVEL ,INCOME TAXES ,ECONOMIC LITERATURE ,POVERTY REDUCTION ,INCOME LEVELS ,PRICE CHANGES ,AGRICULTURAL POLICY ,HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS ,INEQUALITY ,POVERTY INCREASES ,RETURN ,ECONOMICS LITERATURE ,TAX RATE ,NATIONAL POVERTY HEADCOUNT ,HOUSEHOLD SURVEY ,IMPACT ON POVERTY ,CONSUMPTION DATA ,FOOD EXPENDITURES ,TRADE BALANCE ,PRO-POOR ,TOTAL POVERTY ,NATIONAL SAVINGS ,POLITICAL ECONOMY ,INCOME TAX ,NATIONAL POVERTY ,AGGREGATE POVERTY ,COUNTRY CASE ,GLOBAL TRADE ,MEAT ,UNSKILLED LABOR ,AVERAGE INCOME ,POVERTY ANALYSIS ,MARKET SEGMENTATION ,FARM HOUSEHOLDS ,AGRICULTURAL SECTOR ,MARKET CONDITIONS ,POVERTY CHANGE ,ECONOMIC POLICY ,HOUSEHOLD INCOME ,CONSUMPTION BEHAVIOR ,GOVERNMENT SPENDING ,AGRICULTURAL OUTPUT ,TARIFF REVENUE ,COMMODITY PRICES ,GROWTH RATE ,DEVELOPING COUNTRIES ,PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION ,INCOMESHARE ,TRANSFER PAYMENTS ,POOR HOUSEHOLDS ,POVERTY ALLEVIATION ,AGRICULTURAL SELF-EMPLOYMENT ,RURAL ,COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE ,POVERTY LINE ,SAVINGS ,RICH COUNTRIES ,TRUST FUNDS ,LONG RUN ,POVERTY CHANGES ,POVERTY RATE ,EXPENDITURE - Abstract
This paper examines the poverty impacts of global merchandise trade reform by looking at a wide range of developing countries in Africa, Asia and Latin America. Overall, the authors find that trade reform tends to reduce poverty primarily through the inclusion of agricultural components. The majority of developing country sample experiences small poverty increases from non-agricultural reforms. The authors explore the relative poverty-friendliness of agricultural trade reforms in detail, examining the differential impacts on real after-tax factor returns of agricultural versus non-agricultural reforms. This analysis is extended to the distribution of households by looking at stratum-specific poverty changes. The author's findings indicate that the more favorable impacts of agricultural reforms are driven by increased returns to peasant farm households' labor as well as higher returns for unskilled wage labor. Finally, the authors examine the commodity-specific poverty impacts of trade reform for this sample of countries. The authors find that liberalization of food grains and other processed foods represent the largest contributions to poverty reduction. More specifically, it is tariff reform in these commodity markets that dominates the poverty increasing impacts of wealthy country subsidy removal.
- Published
- 2009
19. Agricultural Trade Reform and Poverty in Thailand : A General Equilibrium Analysis
- Author
-
Warr, Peter
- Subjects
REDUCTION IN POVERTY ,TRADE LIBERALIZATION ,ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE ,EXPORT SUBSIDIES ,EXPORT VOLUME ,GENERAL EQUILIBRIUM ,INVENTORY ,ECONOMIC GROWTH ,WORLD TRADE ,RURAL POVERTY INCIDENCE ,TARIFF BARRIERS ,MILK ,FOOD POLICY ,RURAL HOUSEHOLDS ,CONSUMER PRICES ,POOR ,IMPORT PRICE ,AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION ,CONSUMER DEMAND ,AGRICULTURAL SECTORS ,IMPORT ,QUOTAS ,FOOD PRICES ,HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION ,ABSOLUTE TERMS ,CONSUMER PRICE INDEX ,CHANGES IN POVERTY ,GENERAL EQUILIBRIUM MODELS ,GINI COEFFICIENT ,TRADE DATA ,RURAL PEOPLE ,AGRICULTURAL PRODUCERS ,TRADE POLICY ,POVERTY REDUCING ,RURAL INFRASTRUCTURE ,AGRICULTURAL LIBERALIZATION ,GENERAL EQUILIBRIUM ANALYSIS ,TOTAL COSTS ,WAGES ,GLOBAL ECONOMY ,RURAL AREAS ,RURAL POVERTY ,PURCHASING POWER ,RURAL POOR ,NATIONAL POVERTY LINE ,VEGETABLES ,EXPORTER ,AGRICULTURAL COMMODITIES ,INCOME INEQUALITY ,ELASTICITY ,STRUCTURAL CHANGE ,POVERTY REDUCTION ,SHEEP ,TRADE POLICIES ,INEQUALITY ,VEGETABLE OILS ,AGRICULTURE ,CONSUMERS ,MACROECONOMIC EFFECTS ,DISTORTIONS ,STATIC ANALYSIS ,INCOME DISTRIBUTION ,TAXATION ,NATIONAL POVERTY ,EXPORTS ,MEAT ,ECONOMIC SHOCKS ,GDP DEFLATOR ,GENERAL EQUILIBRIUM MODEL ,FARMER ,PURCHASING POWER PARITY ,FARM HOUSEHOLDS ,POOR PEOPLE ,PRODUCTION SIDE ,CURRENCY ,EXPENDITURE INCREASES ,EXPORT SUBSIDY ,FARM PRODUCTS ,AGRICULTURAL SECTOR ,WEIGHTS ,HOUSEHOLD INCOME ,POVERTY INCIDENCE ,COMMODITY PRICES ,IMPORTS ,REAL GDP ,COMMODITY MARKETS ,IMPORT PRICES ,POVERTY LINES ,WORLD ECONOMY ,EXPORT COMMODITY ,POOR HOUSEHOLDS ,AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS ,RURAL ,POVERTY LINE ,CASH TRANSFERS ,AGRICULTURAL PRODUCT ,ECONOMIC MODEL ,INTERNATIONAL PRICES - Abstract
A general equilibrium modeling approach is used to estimate the effects within Thailand of unilateral and global trade liberalization, including effects on poverty incidence. It is concluded that across the board trade liberalization is poverty-reducing within Thailand, whether other countries participate in the liberalization or not. This poverty reduction occurs among both farm and non-farm households and this qualitative outcome is not dependent on the particular poverty line used in the analysis. Liberalization in agricultural products alone raises poverty incidence among farm households, while reducing it slightly among non-farm households.
- Published
- 2009
20. Iraq Public Expenditure and Institutional Assessment, Volume 1 : Public Financial Management in a Conflict-Affected Environment
- Author
-
World Bank
- Subjects
PUBLIC SECTOR ACCOUNTING ,BUDGET SUBMISSIONS ,PUBLIC SERVICE ,EDUCATION BUDGET ,INTERNAL AUDIT ,AGGREGATE REVENUE ,UNCERTAINTY ,ALLOCATION OF RESOURCES ,BUDGET OUTTURNS ,ECONOMIC GROWTH ,BUDGET ESTIMATES ,DECISION-MAKING ,GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT ,PUBLIC FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT INSTITUTIONS ,ADMINISTRATIVE CLASSIFICATION ,BUDGET FORMULATION ,CASH BALANCES ,FINANCIAL ASSETS ,FISCAL BALANCE ,CASH RATIONING ,FISCAL RISK ,PUBLIC SERVICE DELIVERY ,BUDGET PREPARATION ,EXPENDITURE POLICY ,MINISTRY OF DEFENSE ,PROCUREMENT PROCESS ,ANNUAL BUDGET ,PUBLIC MANAGEMENT ,NATIONAL GOVERNMENT ,EXTERNAL AUDIT ,INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENT ,DECISION-MAKING PROCESS ,REVENUE SHARING ,RESOURCE ALLOCATION ,FISCAL INFORMATION ,SECTOR BUDGETS ,BUDGET SYSTEM ,SUB-NATIONAL GOVERNMENTS ,CENTRAL AGENCIES ,PUBLIC FINANCIAL RESOURCES ,PERFORMANCE INDICATORS ,GOVERNMENT FINANCE STATISTICS ,PUBLIC FINANCES ,RECURRENT EXPENDITURE ,INTERNAL CONTROL ,PUBLIC SPENDING ,ENTITLEMENTS ,ANNUAL FINANCIAL STATEMENTS ,LEGISLATIVE SCRUTINY ,GOVERNMENT ACCOUNTING ,GOVERNMENT BUDGET ,REFORM AGENDA ,BUDGETARY ALLOCATIONS ,TRANSPARENCY ,CAPITAL BUDGET ,POVERTY REDUCING ,MEDIUM-TERM PERSPECTIVE ,CAPITAL INVESTMENT ,BUDGET CYCLE ,ACCOUNTING SYSTEM ,ANNUAL BUDGETING ,BUDGET ALLOCATIONS ,PUBLIC SECTOR ENTITIES ,PUBLIC SERVICES ,RESOURCE MANAGEMENT ,BUDGET CREDIBILITY ,FINANCING ARRANGEMENTS ,MISTRUST ,REFORM STRATEGY ,BUDGET MANAGEMENT ,INVESTMENT BUDGET ,REVENUE ESTIMATES ,FISCAL FRAMEWORK ,BUDGET SURPLUSES ,PERFORMANCE INDICATOR ,FINANCIAL STATEMENTS ,AGGREGATE FISCAL ,BUDGET REFORM ,ANNUAL BUDGET PROCESS ,GOVERNMENT FINANCE ,REFORM PROCESSES ,BUDGET ALLOCATION ,CIVIL SERVICE ,PROGRAM CLASSIFICATION ,PUBLIC ENTERPRISES ,PUBLIC EXPENDITURES ,EDUCATION SERVICES ,INTERNAL CONTROLS ,NATIONAL BUDGET ,EXPENDITURE FORECASTS ,EXPENDITURE PROGRAMS ,LIQUIDITY ,REFORM PROGRAM ,POVERTY REDUCTION ,PUBLIC SECTOR ,DEBT ,FINANCIAL ACCOUNTABILITY ,BUDGET IMPLEMENTATION ,CASH MANAGEMENT ,BUDGET CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM ,SECTORAL CEILINGS ,BUDGET HOLDERS ,SUPREME AUDIT INSTITUTION ,BUDGET PREPARATION PROCESS ,FISCAL CONTROL ,BUDGET REQUEST ,CIVIL SERVICE REFORM ,FINANCIAL INFORMATION ,PUBLIC MONEY ,BUDGET LAW ,MINISTRY OF FINANCE ,BUDGET YEAR ,FISCAL DISCIPLINE ,BUDGET DECISION ,RESOURCE ALLOCATIONS ,GOVERNMENT PRIORITIES ,PUBLIC CORPORATIONS ,BUDGET CLASSIFICATION ,CHART OF ACCOUNTS ,FINANCIAL REPORTS ,INVESTMENT BUDGETING ,MACROECONOMIC STABILITY ,CREDIBLE BUDGET ,FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT INFORMATION ,FINANCIAL PLAN ,ACCOUNTING ,BUDGET SUPPORT ,GOVERNMENT REVENUES ,CAPITAL PROJECTS ,TAX PAYMENTS ,EDUCATION PROGRAMS ,APPROPRIATIONS ,POLICY FORMULATION ,STRATEGIC POLICY ,REGULATORY FRAMEWORK ,FISCAL POLICY ,OIL PRICES ,PUBLIC SECTOR EMPLOYMENT ,ANNUAL BUDGETING PROCESS ,FINANCE MINISTRY ,CENTRAL GOVERNMENT ,ANNUAL BUDGETS ,FINANCIAL CONTROL ,MACROECONOMIC FRAMEWORK ,PUBLIC RESOURCES ,SYSTEM OF BUDGET CLASSIFICATION ,GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURE ,PRIVATE SECTOR ,CAPITAL ASSETS ,PUBLIC FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT ,REALLOCATIONS ,REVENUE FORECASTING ,BUDGET MANAGEMENT PROCESS ,CASH BASIS ,GOVERNMENT REVENUE ,PUBLIC OFFICIALS ,GOVERNMENT SPENDING ,FISCAL STABILITY ,GOVERNMENTAL FISCAL RELATIONS ,BUDGET EXECUTION ,FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT REPORT ,EDUCATION EXPENDITURES ,PERFORMANCE ACCOUNTABILITY ,FISCAL SUSTAINABILITY ,BUDGET AGGREGATES ,INVESTMENT EXPENDITURE ,ARTICLE ,ECONOMIC CLASSIFICATION ,EXPENDITURE BUDGET ,REVENUE SOURCES ,AGGREGATE EXPENDITURE ,BUDGET DOCUMENTATION ,BUDGET PROCESS ,MANAGEMENT CONTROL ,SOCIAL BENEFITS ,PUBLIC FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM ,DONOR AGENCIES ,STRATEGIC PRIORITIES ,NATURAL RESOURCES ,BUDGETARY OUTCOMES ,FISCAL POSITION ,PERFORMANCE REVIEW ,PUBLIC ACCOUNTABILITY ,BUDGET PROPOSALS ,OUTCOME BUDGETING ,PUBLIC EXPENDITURE ,FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM ,PROCUREMENT SYSTEMS ,SECTORAL BUDGET - Abstract
The public expenditure and institutional assessment (PEIA) were motivated by a number of factors. First, both the Government of Iraq (GoI) and its international development partners have recognized the critical importance of sound management of Iraq's substantial public financial resources. Both parties support the reform and modernization of public financial management (PFM), as articulated in the International Compact for Iraq (ICI). Secondly, international experience demonstrates the importance of establishing a baseline against which progress in PFM over time can be measured. This implies the need for an assessment which provides the information necessary to measure the performance of a country's PFM system. Thirdly, the devastating circumstances in Iraq during the past 5 years have made the institutional arrangements for PFM the subject of considerable uncertainty. The PEIA can help to shape and prioritize the necessary development program. The report is organized in two main parts. Volume one contains a summary of the main issues to emerge from the public expenditure and financial accountability (PEFA) assessment and a discussion of a number of specific PFM issues of current importance to Iraq, including: capital investment budgeting (CIB), oil revenue management, the Iraq financial management information system (IFMIS), public accounting and accountability, and payroll management. Volume two contains a detailed technical analysis behind the PEFA assessment.
- Published
- 2008
21. Ghana - Meeting the Challenge of Accelerated and Shared Growth : Country Economic Memorandum, Volume 1. Synthesis
- Author
-
World Bank
- Subjects
PUBLIC INFORMATION ,INVESTMENT CLIMATE ASSESSMENT ,NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ,GROWTH RATES ,SECTOR ACTIVITIES ,NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT ,LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION ,POOR COUNTRIES ,SELF-CONFIDENCE ,INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ,RURAL ECONOMY ,UNEMPLOYMENT ,NATIONAL GOVERNMENT ,MEDIUM TERM ,POLICY ISSUES ,STATE-OWNED ENTERPRISES ,POLICY OPTIONS ,Poverty Reduction - Achieving Shared Growth Health, Nutrition and Population - Population Policies Poverty Reduction - Rural Poverty Reduction Finance and Financial Sector Development - Debt Markets Health, Nutrition and Population ,SOCIAL TENSIONS ,URBANIZATION ,STATUS OF WOMEN ,GROWTH REGRESSIONS ,SYSTEM OF PREFERENCES ,HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION ,HIGH POPULATION GROWTH ,POLITICAL STABILITY ,RESEARCH INSTITUTIONS ,PER CAPITA INCOME ,PUBLIC SPENDING ,UNIVERSITY EDUCATION ,RAPID GROWTH ,SKILLED WORKERS ,REAL EXCHANGE RATE ,SERVICE DELIVERY ,POVERTY REDUCING ,POLICY MEASURES ,REDUCING POVERTY ,PRIMARY EDUCATION ,INVESTMENT IN EDUCATION ,POLITICAL TURMOIL ,HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT ,INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY ,PUBLIC SERVICES ,LOW-INCOME COUNTRIES ,ADJUSTMENT POLICIES ,TRADE SHOCKS ,SANITATION ,OFFICIAL DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE ,RURAL AREAS ,RURAL POVERTY ,SECONDARY EDUCATION ,GROWTH PERFORMANCE ,SERVICE PROVIDER ,PROGRESS ,IMPORTANT POLICY ,REDUCED POVERTY ,MODERNIZATION ,LABOR MARKET ,MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOAL ,LONG-TERM GROWTH ,AGRICULTURAL COMMODITIES ,NATURAL RESOURCE ,REGIONAL TENSIONS ,PUBLIC EXPENDITURES ,INFORMATION SYSTEM ,INCOME INEQUALITY ,PUBLIC SECTOR ,POVERTY REDUCTION ,MACRO STABILITY ,MACROECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT ,TRADE OFFS ,IMPROVEMENTS IN POLICIES ,GROWTH PROSPECTS ,POOR WOMEN ,PER CAPITA INCOMES ,HIGH GROWTH ,RURAL INCOMES ,POLITICAL INSTABILITY ,MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS ,TARGETING ,RECIPIENT COUNTRIES ,INVESTMENT CLIMATE ,REMOTE AREAS ,IMPROVING GOVERNANCE ,PESTICIDES ,POVERTY REDUCTION STRATEGY ,POVERTY MAPPING ,IRRIGATION ,MACROECONOMIC STABILITY ,URBAN POOR ,LIFE EXPECTANCY ,POLITICAL ECONOMY ,ACCOUNTING ,HUMAN DEVELOPMENT ,NATIONAL POVERTY ,USE OF RESOURCES ,INTERNATIONAL TRADE ,POVERTY ANALYSIS ,POOR AREAS ,HUMAN CAPITAL ,RESOURCE REQUIREMENTS ,SOCIAL CONCERNS ,SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT ,POPULATION SHARE ,PUBLIC HEALTH ,PUBLIC PROGRAMS ,INDUSTRIAL SECTOR ,SERVICE PROVISION ,SOCIAL PROTECTION ,PER CAPITA GROWTH ,PUBLIC POLICY ,SKILLED LABOR ,RURAL ROADS ,POLICY RESEARCH ,MACROECONOMIC POLICY ,NON-TRADITIONAL EXPORTS ,SOCIAL REASONS ,INEQUITIES ,MILLENNIUM CHALLENGE ,INCOME GROUPS ,VOCATIONAL EDUCATION ,POLICY ANALYSIS ,RURAL ,INCOME GROWTH ,TRANSFER OF KNOWLEDGE ,STRATEGIC PRIORITIES ,POVERTY LINE ,NATURAL RESOURCES ,LABOR FORCE ,TRANSPORTATION ,INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT ,REGIONAL EQUITY ,VOCATIONAL TRAINING ,WATER RESOURCES ,URBAN AREAS ,LONG RUN ,LOCAL CURRENCY ,POVERTY RATE ,RURAL ELECTRIFICATION - Abstract
Ghana has done increasingly well in recent years. This report has analyzed these issues in considerable depth, making it a prime reference on Ghana's growth and poverty experience and current policy challenges. The Ghana Country Economic Memorandum (CEM) report presented in these three volumes brings together detailed, relevant analyses of Ghana's growth and the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), poverty reduction, infrastructure, agriculture, investment climate, export competitiveness, social inclusion and political economy.
- Published
- 2007
22. Le tourisme durable comme outil au service de la réduction de la pauvreté : le cas du tourisme rural intégré en Basse-Casamance
- Author
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Jacques Sidioka Tendeng and Mamadou Diombera
- Subjects
sustainable tourism ,Basse-Casamance ,excellent means ,poverty reducing ,Latin America. Spanish America ,F1201-3799 ,Social Sciences - Abstract
This article raises the issue of sustainable touristic development empowered by rural integrated tourism in Basse-Casamance. It appears as an economic model which reduces poverty through the creation of direct or indirect employments. It is based on responsible tourism that promotes the protection of nature, the preservation and development of customs’ authenticity of local populations. It appears through two forms of tourism that match the principles of sustainable development, i.e ecotourism and inclusive rural tourism. Firstly, we have outlined the evolution of tourism and the concept of sustainable development through many proposed definitions provided by the precursors of sustainable development. Thus, we have pointed out how inclusive rural tourism and ecotourism contribute to the protection of nature, the spreading and preservation of the traditional culture of local populations from those villages in Basse-Casamance. Finally, we have estimated the value of economic profits from villages’ camps, whose equitable distribution benefits local populations. We have also highlighted that facing the current challenges of the world, tourism remains one of the alternatives to reduce poverty and safeguard weakened ecosystems. That’s why the actors of tourism in Basse-Casamance are committed to make sustainable tourism an unquestionable economic model and allow the destination to be more competitive.
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