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1. Looking Back on Two Decades of Poverty and Well-Being in India

Author

Narayan, Ambar and Murgai, Rinku

Subjects
INFANT MORTALITY RATES, MEASURES, GROWTH RATES, POOR POPULATION, ECONOMIC GROWTH, EXTREME POVERTY, CONSUMPTION AGGREGATE, NATIONAL ACCOUNTS, POOR, UNEMPLOYMENT, INCOME, POORER HOUSEHOLDS, CONSUMPTION PER CAPITA, CURRENT POVERTY, INDIVIDUAL COUNTRIES, FINANCIAL CRISIS, DRIVERS OF POVERTY REDUCTION, AGGREGATE – HOUSEHOLD INCOME, POVERTY RATES, HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION, POVERTY, CHANGES IN POVERTY, PER CAPITA INCOME, WELFARE INDICATORS, GROWTH, GINI COEFFICIENT, FOOD ITEMS, REDUCING POVERTY, LIVING STANDARDS, DEVELOPING WORLD, SANITATION, RURAL POVERTY, RURAL AREAS, RURAL POOR, NATIONAL POVERTY LINE, REDUCED POVERTY, LEVELS OF VULNERABILITY, INCOME INEQUALITY, DIMENSIONS OF POVERTY, CONSUMPTION, POVERTY REDUCTION, DEVELOPMENT POLICY, STRUCTURAL TRANSFORMATION, INCOME LEVELS, RISKS, MEASURING POVERTY, GLOBAL CONDITIONS, MATERNAL MORTALITY, ANNUAL GROWTH, WELFARE INDICATOR, PER CAPITA INCOMES, VULNERABLE GROUPS, HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS, INEQUALITY, HIGH‐INCOME COUNTRIES, CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURES, CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURE, DECLINE IN POVERTY, INFANT MORTALITY, GROWTH ELASTICITY, CONSUMPTION POVERTY, HIGH‐INEQUALITY, CROSS‐COUNTRY, ECONOMIC ACTIVITY, HIGH‐INEQUALITY COUNTRIES, CONSUMPTION DATA, URBAN POVERTY, DEVELOPMENT GOALS, URBAN POOR, POVERTY DYNAMICS, INCOME DISTRIBUTION, HUMAN DEVELOPMENT, NATIONAL POVERTY, POVERTY STATUS, AVERAGE GROWTH, ECONOMIC SHOCKS, POVERTY MEASUREMENT, POVERTY ESTIMATES, NATIONAL POVERTY LINES, POOR PEOPLE, RURAL URBAN NATIONAL, NUTRITION, HIGH POPULATION DENSITY, INCIDENCE OF POVERTY, INFANT MORTALITY RATE, HOUSEHOLD INCOME, ABSOLUTE POVERTY, POLICY RESEARCH, GROWTH RATE, POINT DECLINE, DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION, INTERNATIONAL POVERTY LINE, CHILD MORTALITY RATES, POVERTY LINES, CONSUMPTION GROWTH, POOR HOUSEHOLDS, CAPITA INCOMES, DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS, HOUSEHOLD HEADS, RURAL, RURAL POVERTY RATE, POVERTY DECLINE, INCOME GROWTH, POVERTY LINE, CAPITA INCOME, LABOR FORCE, POVERTY HEADCOUNT RATE, ANNUAL CHANGE, URBAN AREAS, CHILD MORTALITY, ILLITERACY, ESTIMATES OF POVERTY, HOUSEHOLD HEAD, POVERTY RATE
Abstract

This paper provides an overview of poverty and well-being trends in India since the mid-1990s. Poverty reduction since 2005 has been much faster than the earlier decade, as a result of broad-based growth across most geographic areas. Underlying this is a pattern of high mobility in economic status that has led to an emerging middle class. Still, a vast (and rising) share of the population faces significant risk of slipping back into poverty. India's poor are increasingly concentrated in low-income states with historically lower rates of economic progress. Even as India has reduced poverty faster than the developing world as a whole, the degree of poverty reduction associated with growth has been substantially lower than in some of its middle-income peers. India faces important challenges in nonmonetary dimensions of welfare as well. Despite success on important fronts, such as infant and child mortality and secondary education, progress has been slow in others, such as sanitation and nutrition, and lags behind some other countries that are at a similar stage of development.

Published
2016

2. Estimating International Poverty Lines from Comparable National Thresholds

Author

Jolliffe, Dean and Prydz, Espen Beer

Subjects
MEASURES, CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURES, CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURE, REGIONAL POVERTY LINES, GLOBAL POVERTY, NATIONAL POVERTY HEADCOUNT, DATA ISSUES, HOUSEHOLD SURVEY, ECONOMIC GROWTH, EXTREME POVERTY, POVERTY ASSESSMENTS, WELFARE MEASURE, INCOME DATA, HEALTH INSURANCE, EXCHANGE RATES, POOR COUNTRIES, CONSUMPTION AGGREGATE, DEVELOPMENT GOALS, NATIONAL ACCOUNTS, POOR, INCOME DISTRIBUTION, POVERTY MEASURES, CONSUMPTION MEASURE, NATIONAL POVERTY, POVERTY STATUS, INCOME POVERTY, INCOME, POLITICAL CONSTRAINTS, POVERTY MEASUREMENT, STANDARD DEVIATION, POVERTY RATES, HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION, POVERTY ESTIMATES, POVERTY, CONSUMER PRICE INDEX, MEAN VALUE, NATIONAL POVERTY LINES, ABSOLUTE VALUE, PER CAPITA INCOME, HOUSEHOLD_SURVEY, DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH, POOR PEOPLE, INSURANCE, HUMAN ENERGY, POVERTY HEADCOUNT RATES, GROWTH, REGIONAL POVERTY, FOOD ITEMS, LIVING STANDARDS, DEVELOPMENT REPORT, LOG-LOG MODEL, ABSOLUTE POVERTY, PUBLIC POLICY, DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS, POLICY RESEARCH, LOW-INCOME COUNTRIES, REGION, DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, DEVELOPING WORLD, PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION, MEASUREMENT OF POVERTY, TRANSFERS, POVERTY UPDATE, INTERNATIONAL POVERTY LINE, RURAL POVERTY, POVERTY LINES, SIGNIFICANT CORRELATION, POVERTY THRESHOLD, MICRO DATA, NATIONAL POVERTY LINE, POVERTY ASSESSMENT, FIXED EFFECTS, INCOME DISTRIBUTIONS, ECONOMICS, FOOD POVERTY, SOCIAL NORMS, DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS, RURAL, CONSUMPTION, POVERTY REDUCTION, DEVELOPMENT POLICY, POVERTY LINE, CAPITA INCOME, RURAL POVERTY LINE, NATIONAL POVERTY RATE, HEADCOUNT RATIO, INTERNATIONAL POVERTY LINES, RICH COUNTRIES, POVERTY HEADCOUNT RATE, POVERTY RATE, DENSITY FUNCTION, HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS, INEQUALITY, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
Abstract

World Bank's international poverty line of $1.90/day, at 2011 purchasing power parity, is based on a collection of national poverty lines, which were originally used to set the international poverty line of $1.25/day at 2005 purchasing power parity. This paper proposes an approach for estimating a more recent, complete, and comparable collection of national poverty thresholds from reported national poverty rates. The paper presents a set of international poverty lines based on this new database of national poverty lines. In contrast to the lines used to estimate the $1.90 international poverty line, this approach produces national poverty lines that are (1) consistent with national poverty rates, (2) expressed in common units, and (3) provide greater support to the estimated international poverty line. These national poverty lines are used to estimate an extreme international poverty line, and three higher lines that are more relevant for higher-income countries. A key finding provides evidence of the robustness and relevance of the $1.90 international poverty line as a measure of extreme poverty for low-income countries.

Published
2016

3. Robustness of Shared Prosperity Estimates : How Different Methodological Choices Matter

Author

Atamanov, Aziz, Wieser, Christina, Uematsu, Hiroki, Yoshida, Nobuo, Nguyen, Minh Cong, Wagner De Azevedo, Joao Pedro, and Dewina, Reno

Subjects
PRICE LEVELS, MEASURES, AVERAGE GROWTH RATE, GROWTH RATES, GLOBAL POVERTY, POOR POPULATION, ECONOMIC GROWTH, EXTREME POVERTY, MEASUREMENT, CRITERIA, POOR, INCOME, NEGATIVE INCOMES, POVERTY RATES, HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION, NEGATIVE CORRELATION, CONSUMER PRICE INDEX, ABSOLUTE TERMS, POVERTY, PER CAPITA INCOME, DISTRIBUTION, WELFARE INDICATORS, POVERTY HEADCOUNT RATES, GROWTH, GINI COEFFICIENT, PRIMARY EDUCATION, LIVING STANDARDS, POLICY DISCUSSIONS, INTERNATIONAL COMPARABILITY, INCOMES, HIGH INCOME COUNTRIES, COUNTRY SPECIFIC, BASIC EDUCATION, HIGH GROWTH RATE, DEVELOPING WORLD, PRICES, PURCHASING POWER, DEFLATORS, WELFARE, GROWTH PERFORMERS, CONSUMPTION, POVERTY REDUCTION, DEVELOPMENT POLICY, FUNCTIONAL FORMS, TRENDS, INCOME LEVELS, MEASURING POVERTY, TRADE, TRADE‐OFFS, DEFLATION, POSITIVE CORRELATION, HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS, INEQUALITY, HIGH GROWTH, CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURES, SIGNIFICANT IMPACT, HOUSEHOLD SURVEY, INCOME DATA, AGGREGATE ‐ INCOME, PRODUCT, VARIABLES, POVERTY COMPARISONS, MEAN EXPENDITURE, DEVELOPMENT GOALS, EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS, INCOME DISTRIBUTION, NATIONAL POVERTY, AVERAGE GROWTH, UTILITY, VALUE, COUNTRY LEVEL, POVERTY MEASUREMENT, CHOICE, POVERTY ESTIMATES, POPULATION SHARE, DATA QUALITY, POVERTY DATA, INFLATION RATES, OPERATIONAL WORK, MIDDLE INCOME COUNTRIES, HOUSEHOLD INCOME, PER CAPITA GROWTH, GLOBAL LEVEL, POVERTY INCIDENCE, POLICY RESEARCH, REDUCING INEQUALITY, GROWTH RATE, SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES, DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION, HOUSEHOLD SIZE, POVERTY HEADCOUNT, PER CAPITA GROWTH RATE, EMPIRICAL RESULTS, POVERTY LINES, SIGNIFICANT CORRELATION, EDUCATION LEVEL, ABSOLUTE DIFFERENCE, DATA AVAILABILITY, CONFLICT, LORENZ CURVE, MEAN CONSUMPTION, DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS, RURAL, INCOME GROWTH, POVERTY LINE, CAPITA INCOME, LABOR FORCE, POVERTY INDICATORS, POVERTY HEADCOUNT RATE, EMPIRICAL RESEARCH, POVERTY RATE
Abstract

This paper is the first to systematically test the robustness of shared prosperity estimates to different methodological choices using a sample of countries from all regions in the world. The tests that are conducted include grouped versus microdata, nominal welfare aggregate versus adjustment for spatial price variation, and different treatment of income with negative and zero values. The empirical results reveal an only minimal impact of the proposed tests on shared prosperity estimates. Nevertheless, there are important caveats. First, spatial adjustment can change the ranking of households, affecting the distribution of the population in the bottom 40 percent. Second, the negligible impact of spatial deflation holds only if price adjustments are carried out consistently over time. Finally, the treatment of negative and zero income numbers can potentially lead to substantial differences in shared prosperity, depending on the magnitude of negative income and the share of households with negative and zero numbers across years.

Published
2016

4. Why Did Poverty Decline in India? : A Nonparametric Decomposition Exercise

Author

Balcazar, Carlos Felipe, Desai, Sonal, Murgai, Rinku, and Narayan, Ambar

Subjects
MEASURES, REDUCTION IN POVERTY, SOCIAL PROGRAMS, EMPLOYMENT GUARANTEE SCHEME, ECONOMIC GROWTH, ANNUAL RATE, RELATIVE IMPORTANCE, RESIDUAL COMPONENT, INEQUALITY MEASURES, FOOD POLICY, CONSUMPTION AGGREGATE, RURAL HOUSEHOLDS, POOR, INCOME, HOUSEHOLD WELFARE, DECOMPOSITION ANALYSIS, CONSUMPTION PER CAPITA, LABOR PRODUCTIVITY, MEASUREMENT ERRORS, POVERTY RATES, AGRICULTURAL WAGES, RURAL POVERTY REDUCTION, HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION, MEDIAN INCOME, POVERTY, CHANGES IN POVERTY, POOR GROWTH, PER CAPITA INCOME, AVERAGE SHARE, SIGNIFICANT EFFECT, EMPLOYMENT IN AGRICULTURE, FARMERS, OLD AGE, POVERTY REDUCING, REDUCING POVERTY, POLICY DISCUSSIONS, WELFARE MEASURES, INCOMES, DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS, ECONOMIC INEQUALITY, RURAL HOUSEHOLD, FEMALE WORKFORCE, TRANSFERS, RURAL POVERTY, RURAL AREAS, RURAL POOR, CAPITAL GAINS, NATIONAL POVERTY LINE, DISTRIBUTIONAL CHANGE, SELF-EMPLOYMENT, LABOR MARKET, AGRICULTURAL SELF- EMPLOYMENT, CONSUMPTION, CROSS-SECTION DATA, POVERTY REDUCTION, HOUSEHOLD COMPOSITION, STRUCTURAL TRANSFORMATION, CHRONIC POVERTY, POVERTY INCREASE, AGRICULTURAL LABORERS, ANNUAL GROWTH, WELFARE INDICATOR, MEASUREMENT ERROR, INEQUALITY, CROSS- SECTION DATA, OBSERVED CHANGES, DECLINE IN POVERTY, DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS, RURAL EMPLOYMENT, PRODUCT, DISTRIBUTIONAL MEASURES, GROSS INCOME, POVERTY OUTCOMES, OBSERVED VALUE, POVERTY DYNAMICS, POVERTY MEASURES, HUMAN DEVELOPMENT, NATIONAL POVERTY, POVERTY STATUS, WELFARE IMPROVEMENTS, AGGREGATE POVERTY, CHILD LABOR, FARMER, WAGE EMPLOYMENT, AVERAGE INCOME, CONSTANT PRICES, POVERTY ESTIMATES, FOOD TRANSFERS, DISADVANTAGED GROUPS, INCOME SOURCE, DIVERSIFICATION, DECOMPOSITION RESULTS, HOUSEHOLD MEMBERS, PUBLIC PROGRAMS, AGRICULTURAL SECTOR, POVERTY CHANGE, HOUSEHOLD INCOME, POOR GROUPS, ECONOMIC SHOCK, POLICY RESEARCH, RURAL HOUSEHOLD INCOME, CHRONICALLY POOR, DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION, HOUSEHOLD SIZE, POVERTY HEADCOUNT, AVERAGE ANNUAL, COUNTERFACTUAL, POVERTY LINES, AGRICULTURAL WAGE, CONSUMPTION GROWTH, AGRICULTURAL EMPLOYMENT, DAILY EARNINGS, INCOME DISTRIBUTIONS, HOUSING, AGRICULTURAL WAGE EMPLOYMENT, AGRICULTURAL SELF-EMPLOYMENT, SELF- EMPLOYMENT, RURAL, AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIES, INCOME GROWTH, FEMALE WORKERS, POVERTY LINE, LABOR FORCE, INCOME SOURCES, SOCIAL CAPITAL, SAVINGS, MEAN INCOME, POVERTY HEADCOUNT RATE, RELATIVE CONTRIBUTIONS, POVERTY CHANGES, DEMOGRAPHIC CHANGES, POVERTY RATE, FALLING POVERTY
Abstract

This paper uses panel data to analyze factors that contributed to the rapid decline in poverty in India between 2005 and 2012. The analysis employs a nonparametric decomposition method that measures the relative contributions of different components of household livelihoods to observed changes in poverty. The results show that poverty decline is associated with a significant increase in labor earnings, explained in turn by a steep rise in wages for unskilled labor, and diversification from farm to nonfarm sources of income in rural areas. Transfers, in the form of remittances and social programs, have contributed but are not the primary drivers of poverty decline over this period. The pattern of changes is consistent with processes associated with structural transformation, which add up to a highly pro-poor pattern of income growth over the initial distribution of income and consumption. However, certain social groups (Adivasis and Dalits) are found to be more likely to stay in or fall into poverty and less likely to move out of poverty. And even as poverty has reduced dramatically, the share of vulnerable population has not.

Published
2016

5. Sri Lanka Poverty and Welfare : Recent Progress and Remaining Challenges

Author

Newhouse, David Locke, Suarez Becerra, Pablo, and Doan, Dung

Subjects
MEASURES, HOUSEHOLD PER CAPITA INCOME, ECONOMIC GROWTH, TRANSFERS IN KIND, EXTREME POVERTY, RURAL SECTOR, POVERTY MAP, EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES, SCHOOL FEEDING, FOOD EXPENDITURE, SUSTAINABLE POVERTY REDUCTION, RURAL HOUSEHOLDS, AGRICULTURAL LAND, EXTREME POVERTY LINE, POOR, SAFETY NETS, UNEMPLOYMENT, INCOME, HOUSEHOLD WELFARE, FARM INCOME, PRIVATE TRANSFERS, POVERTY RATES, AGRICULTURAL WAGES, FOOD PRICES, HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION, POVERTY, FARM WORK, TRANSFER PROGRAMS, WELFARE INDICATORS, POVERTY HEADCOUNT RATES, FISCAL CONSTRAINTS, FOOD ITEMS, FARMERS, OLD AGE, POOR HOUSEHOLD, RURAL COUNTERPARTS, HIGHER INEQUALITY, LABOR MARKET PROGRAMS, SANITATION, TRANSFERS, RURAL POVERTY, RURAL AREAS, RURAL POOR, NATIONAL POVERTY LINE, POVERTY ASSESSMENT, POVERTY SEVERITY, INCOME INEQUALITY, HOUSEHOLD LIVING STANDARDS, NUTRITION OUTCOMES, POVERTY REDUCTION, CALORIE INTAKE, CLEAN WATER, HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS, INEQUALITY, POVERTY GAP, TARGETING, POVERTY POVERTY, HOUSEHOLD SURVEY, IMPACT ON POVERTY, FOOD EXPENDITURES, REMOTE AREAS, POVERTY SITUATION, ACCESS TO MARKETS, EMPLOYMENT STATUS, INCOME DISTRIBUTION, NATIONAL POVERTY, FEMALE PARTICIPATION, FOOD CONSUMPTION, POOR FAMILIES, HOUSEHOLD HEAD – AGE, FARMLAND, POVERTY ANALYSIS, POOR CHILDREN, POVERTY ESTIMATES, FARM HOUSEHOLDS, ACCESS TO SERVICES, HUMAN CAPITAL, POOR PEOPLE, INSURANCE, NUTRITION, ECONOMIC POLICIES, POVERTY GAP INDEX, POVERTY HEADCOUNT INDEX, AGRICULTURAL SECTOR, INCIDENCE OF POVERTY, SOCIAL ASSISTANCE, HOUSEHOLD INCOME, POVERTY INCIDENCE, PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION, HOUSEHOLD SIZE, GLOBAL MARKETS, AGRICULTURAL WORKERS, INTERNATIONAL POVERTY LINE, COUNTERFACTUAL, POVERTY LINES, AGRICULTURAL WAGE, AGRICULTURAL EMPLOYMENT, CONFLICT, POOR ADULTS, POOR HOUSEHOLDS, INEQUALITY REDUCTION, HOUSEHOLD HEADS, RURAL, RURAL POVERTY RATE, HOUSEHOLD BUDGET, POVERTY LINE, SAVINGS, POVERTY INDICATORS, PUBLIC WORKS, RURAL SECTORS, POVERTY HEADCOUNT RATE, ESTIMATES OF POVERTY, HOUSEHOLD HEAD, RURAL ELECTRIFICATION, POOR ECONOMIC GROWTH
Abstract

Analysis of Sri Lanka’s recent progress in reducing poverty and inequality is directly relevant to the new government’s development agenda. The newly sworn-in president ran for election on a platform that featured, among other goals, inclusive growth and support to the agricultural sector. The pursuit of these and other goals of the new administration can be informed by a fuller understanding of recent developments in household living standards across the country. Yet the World Bank’s most recent poverty assessment in Sri Lanka, covering the period from 1990 to 2002, was published a decade ago. Since then, domestic economic growth, the end of the civil conflict and fluctuations in global markets has led to substantial changes in Sri Lanka’s economic environment. To inform the new government’s development policies, this report examines five topics related to recent developments in poverty and welfare. Sections two through five of the report focus on: (i) trends in poverty, welfare, and inequality since 2002, (ii) labor market outcomes associated with the observed reduction in poverty, (iii) four potential causes of this poverty reduction, (iv) the state of poverty and inequality in 2012/13, and (v) the role of social protection in reducing poverty. Section six concludes by pointing out future implications and remaining knowledge gaps to continue to reduce poverty and improve living standards. This analysis draws mainly on data from the 2002, 2006-07, 2009-10, and 2012-13 rounds of the Household Income and Expenditure Survey, supplemented by annual rounds of the labor force survey from 2002 to 2012. Since the surveys could not be conducted in parts of the Northern and Eastern provinces before 2011 due to the civil conflict, their geographical coverage varies from year to year. To ensure comparability, all historical trends presented in this report correspond to the same geographic area. With the exception of figures that are based solely on 2012-13 data, the figures exclude Northern and Eastern provinces, which account for about 12.9 percent of the total population. A more detailed description of the data is provided in appendix one.

Published
2016

6. Ending Extreme Poverty and Sharing Prosperity : Progress and Policies

Author

Cruz, Marcio, Foster, James E., Quillin, Bryce, and Schellekens, Philip

Subjects
MEASURES, POOR LIVING, SOCIAL PROGRAMS, GLOBAL POVERTY, ECONOMIC GROWTH, EXTREME POVERTY, HEALTH INSURANCE, FOOD PRICE, POVERTY FOCUS, EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES, EXTREME” POVERTY, POOR COUNTRIES, SMALLHOLDER FARMING, EXTREME POVERTY LINE, POOR, AGRICULTURAL TECHNOLOGY, INCOME” POVERTY, SAFETY NETS, UNEMPLOYMENT, INCOME, HOUSEHOLD WELFARE, LABOR MARKET POLICIES, RURAL POVERTY LINES, POVERTY RATES, MALNUTRITION, ANTI-POVERTY, HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION, SOCIAL INSURANCE PROGRAMS, POVERTY, AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY, AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH, PUBLIC SPENDING, FOOD ITEMS, FARMERS, INCOME DYNAMICS, IMPACT OF SHOCKS, ECONOMIC DIVERSIFICATION, POVERTY REDUCTION EFFORTS, SANITATION, ADMINISTRATIVE COSTS, TRANSFERS, POVERTY UPDATE, POOR HEALTH, RURAL POVERTY, RURAL AREAS, RURAL POOR, POVERTY ASSESSMENT, INCOME INEQUALITY, DRINKING WATER, HOUSEHOLD CHORES, POVERTY REDUCTION, POVERTY ERADICATION, POVERTY INDEX, RISKS, LAND REFORM, CLEAN WATER, PUBLIC UNEMPLOYMENT, FOOD PRICE POLICIES, RURAL LIVELIHOODS, HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS, EMPLOYMENT INCOME, ANTI-POVERTY POLICY, INEQUALITY, CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURES, CLIMATIC CHANGE, POVERTY GAP, CLIMATE CHANGE, TARGETING, HOUSEHOLD SURVEY, GLOBAL POVERTY TARGET, POVERTY ASSESSMENTS, POVERTY TARGET, ACCESS TO MARKETS, IDIOSYNCRATIC SHOCKS, FAMINE, MACROECONOMIC STABILITY, SOCIAL POLICIES, POLITICAL ECONOMY, POVERTY MEASURES, INCOME DISTRIBUTION, HUMAN CAPITAL LEVELS, HUMAN DEVELOPMENT, NATIONAL POVERTY, INCOME POVERTY, POVERTY INDICES, DEATH, POVERTY MEASUREMENT, INCOME SHARES, POVERTY ANALYSIS, POVERTY ESTIMATES, POOR AREAS, NATIONAL POVERTY LINES, RURAL FINANCE, LAND DEGRADATION, HUMAN CAPITAL, POOR PEOPLE, INSURANCE, AGRICULTURAL PRICES, NUTRITION, ECONOMIC POLICIES, POVERTY GAP INDEX, POVERTY DATA, AGRICULTURAL SECTOR, HIGH POPULATION DENSITY, INCIDENCE OF POVERTY, SOCIAL ASSISTANCE, HOUSEHOLD INCOME, INCOME GAP, ABSOLUTE POVERTY, REPEATED SHOCKS, AGRICULTURAL OUTPUT, RURAL GAP, POVERTY INCIDENCE, INTERNATIONAL POVERTY LINE, COUNTERFACTUAL, POVERTY LINES, MARKET FAILURES, POVERTY THRESHOLD, POVERTY LEVELS, CONFLICT, REDISTRIBUTIVE POLICIES, POOR HOUSEHOLDS, POVERTY ALLEVIATION, RURAL, TEMPORARY UNEMPLOYMENT, INCOME GROWTH, POVERTY LINE, POVERTY ACROSS COUNTRIES, SAVINGS, RURAL POVERTY LINE, INTERNATIONAL POVERTY LINES, CASH TRANSFERS, POOR INFRASTRUCTURE, POVERTY HEADCOUNT RATE, CHILD MORTALITY, INCOME SUPPORT, EQUITABLE ACCESS, RURAL ELECTRIFICATION, POOR PERSON, POOR POPULATIONS
Abstract

With 2015 marking the transition from the Millennium to the Sustainable Development Goals, the international community can celebrate many development successes since 2000. Three key challenges stand out: the depth of remaining poverty, the unevenness in shared prosperity, and the persistent disparities in non-income dimensions of development. First, the policy discourse needs to focus more directly on the poorest among the poor. While pockets of ultra-poverty exist around the world, Sub-Saharan Africa is home to most of the deeply poor. To make depth a more central element in policy formulation, easy-to-communicate measures are needed, and this note attempts a step in this direction with person-equivalent measures of poverty. Second, the eradication of poverty in all of its forms requires steady growth of the incomes of the bottom 40 percent. Yet, economic growth, a key driver of shared prosperity, may not be as buoyant as before the global financial crisis. Third, unequal progress in non-income dimensions of development requires addressing widespread inequality of opportunity, which transmits poverty across generations and erodes the pace and sustainability of progress for the bottom 40. To meet these challenges, three ingredients are core to the policy agenda: sustaining broad-based growth, investing in human development, and insuring the poor and vulnerable against emerging risks.

Published
2015

7. A Global Count of the Extreme Poor in 2012 : Data Issues, Methodology and Initial Results

Author

Ferreira, Francisco H. G., Chen, Shaohua, Dabalen, Andrew, Dikhanov, Yuri, Hamadeh, Nada, Jolliffe, Dean, Narayan, Ambar, Prydz, Espen Beer, Revenga, Ana, Sangraula, Prem, Serajuddin, Umar, and Yoshida, Nobuo

Subjects
MEASURES, GLOBAL POVERTY, POOR POPULATION, ECONOMIC GROWTH, EXTREME POVERTY, FOOD PRICE, EXCHANGE RATES, FOOD POLICY, POOR COUNTRIES, EXTREME POVERTY LINE, POOR, CONSUMPTION MEASURE, INCOME, RURAL POVERTY RATES, RURAL POVERTY LINES, POLITICAL CONSTRAINTS, CONSUMPTION PER CAPITA, CURRENT POVERTY, POVERTY RATES, INFLATION RATE, FOOD PRICES, REGIONAL DISTRIBUTION, HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION, POVERTY, ABSOLUTE TERMS, CONSUMER PRICE INDEX, CHANGES IN POVERTY, REGIONAL COMPOSITION, FOOD ITEMS, SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION, SPATIAL DIFFERENCES, LIVING STANDARDS, DEVELOPMENT REPORT, WELFARE MEASURES, REGIONAL DIFFERENCES, MEASUREMENT OF POVERTY, POVERTY PROFILE, POVERTY UPDATE, RURAL POVERTY, RURAL AREAS, NATIONAL POVERTY LINE, POVERTY ASSESSMENT, FOOD POVERTY LINE, CONSUMPTION, POVERTY REDUCTION, DEVELOPMENT POLICY, RISKS, MEASURING POVERTY, INCOME REGIONS, HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS, INEQUALITY, RURAL INCOMES, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURES, CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURE, POVERTY GAP, DECLINE IN POVERTY, RURAL POPULATION, CONSUMPTION POVERTY, DATA ISSUES, NATIONAL POVERTY HEADCOUNT, REGIONAL POVERTY MEASURES, HOUSEHOLD SURVEY, CONSUMPTION DATA, FOOD EXPENDITURES, POVERTY COMPARISONS, DEVELOPMENT GOALS, REGIONAL PROFILE, POLITICAL ECONOMY, POVERTY MEASURES, INCOME DISTRIBUTION, NATIONAL POVERTY, AGGREGATE POVERTY, INCOME POVERTY, COUNTRY LEVEL, FOOD CONSUMPTION, POVERTY MEASUREMENT, REGIONS, POVERTY ANALYSIS, POVERTY ESTIMATES, REGIONAL PATTERNS, NATIONAL POVERTY LINES, POOR PEOPLE, HUMAN ENERGY, NUTRITION, REGIONAL POVERTY, REGIONAL AGGREGATES, POVERTY DATA, INCIDENCE OF POVERTY, HOUSEHOLD INCOME, ABSOLUTE POVERTY LINE, ABSOLUTE POVERTY, POVERTY INCIDENCE, CARIBBEAN REGION, POLICY RESEARCH, REGION, PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION, HOUSEHOLD SIZE, INTERNATIONAL POVERTY LINE, POVERTY LINES, POVERTY THRESHOLD, POVERTY LEVELS, INCOME DISTRIBUTIONS, WELFARE VARIABLE, HOUSING, FOOD POVERTY, RURAL, AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIES, POVERTY LINE, REGIONAL LEVELS, RURAL POVERTY LINE, INTERNATIONAL POVERTY COMPARISONS, INTERNATIONAL POVERTY LINES, POVERTY HEADCOUNT RATE, ESTIMATES OF POVERTY, POVERTY RATE, POOR PERSON
Abstract

The 2014 release of a new set of purchasing power parity conversion factors (PPPs) for 2011 has prompted a revision of the international poverty line. In order to preserve the integrity of the goalposts for international targets such as the Sustainable Development Goals and the World Bank’s twin goals, the new poverty line was chosen so as to preserve the definition and real purchasing power of the earlier $1.25 line (in 2005 PPPs) in poor countries. Using the new 2011 PPPs, the new line equals $1.90 per person per day. The higher value of the line in US dollars reflects the fact that the new PPPs yield a relatively lower purchasing power of that currency vis-à-vis those of most poor countries. Because the line was designed to preserve real purchasing power in poor countries, the revisions lead to relatively small changes in global poverty incidence: from 14.5 percent in the old method to 14.1 percent in the new method for 2011. In 2012, the new reference year for the global count, we find 12.7 percent of the world’s population, or 897 million people, are living in extreme poverty. There are changes in the regional composition of poverty, but they are also relatively small. This paper documents the detailed methodological decisions taken in the process of updating both the poverty line and the consumption and income distributions at the country level, including issues of inter-temporal and spatial price adjustments. It also describes various caveats, limitations, perils and pitfalls of the approach taken.

Published
2015

8. Where are Iraq’s Poor? : Mapping Poverty in Iraq

Author

Vishwanath, Tara, Sharma, Dhiraj, Krishnan, Nandini, and Blankespoor, Brian

Subjects
MEASURES, REGIONAL POVERTY LINES, INVESTMENT, WIDESPREAD POVERTY, HEADCOUNT RATE, TAX, BUDGET, DURABLE GOODS, POVERTY MAP, FOOD EXPENDITURE, TRUST FUND, EQUIPMENTS, AGRICULTURAL LAND, POOR PERSONS, LIVING STANDARD, POOR, POVERTY MAPPING METHODOLOGY, INCOME, HOUSEHOLD WELFARE, INSTRUMENT, INVESTMENT FUND, POVERTY RATES, RETURNS, HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION, POVERTY, OPTIONS, REGIONAL MODELS, SHARES, RESERVES, TRANSACTIONS, GOODS, POVERTY HEADCOUNT RATES, HOUSEHOLD EXPENDITURE, WAR, EMPIRICAL QUESTION, CHECK, SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION, NON-FOOD CONSUMPTION, WELFARE MEASURES, STANDARD ERRORS, MARKETS, SANITATION, FOOD, RURAL AREAS, NATIONAL POVERTY LINE, HOUSEHOLD CHARACTERISTICS, POVERTY ASSESSMENT, INFORMATION SYSTEM, DRINKING WATER, HOUSEHOLD, CONSUMPTION, DUMMY VARIABLE, POVERTY REDUCTION, MEASURING POVERTY, CLEAN WATER, NATIONAL POVERTY RATE, MARKET, DURABLE, MATERNAL MORTALITY, HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS, INEQUALITY, CONTRACT ENFORCEMENT, DURABLE ASSETS, DECLINE IN POVERTY, DETERMINANTS OF POVERTY, TARGETING, HOUSEHOLD SURVEY, POOR AREA, WELFARE PROGRAM, POVERTY MAPS, ACCESS TO MARKETS, EMPLOYMENT STATUS, POVERTY MAPPING EXERCISE, POVERTY MAPPING, POVERTY REDUCTION STRATEGY, IRRIGATION, ACCOUNTING, DROUGHT, HUMAN DEVELOPMENT, NATIONAL POVERTY, POVERTY STATUS, SECURITY, REGIONAL DUMMY, OIL RESERVE, FOOD CONSUMPTION, LOCAL GOVERNMENT, NON-FOOD EXPENDITURE, REGIONS, IMMUNIZATION, POVERTY ESTIMATES, POOR AREAS, ACCESS TO SERVICES, RESERVE, NATIONAL POVERTY LINES, POOR PEOPLE, NUTRITION, REGIONAL POVERTY, EQUITY, HOUSEHOLD MEMBERS, RURAL AREA, CORRELATES OF POVERTY, INCIDENCE OF POVERTY, SOCIAL PROTECTION, AUTONOMOUS REGION, DUMMY VARIABLES, HOUSEHOLD INCOME, MOBILE PHONE, POVERTY INCIDENCE, REGION, HOUSEHOLD SIZE, CONTRACT, COUNTERFACTUAL, POVERTY LINES, LABOR MARKETS, HOUSEHOLD LEVEL, POOR HOUSEHOLDS, HOUSING, SPATIAL PATTERN, POVERTY ALLEVIATION, INTEREST, HOUSEHOLD HEADS, RURAL, HOUSEHOLD BUDGET, DECLINE IN POVERTY RATES, POVERTY LINE, POVERTY INDICATORS, CHECKS, POVERTY HEADCOUNT RATE, CHILD MORTALITY, SHARE, HOUSEHOLD HEAD, POVERTY RATE, CALORIC INTAKE, EXPENDITURE
Abstract

Measuring poverty and tracking it over time is an important prerequisite to national economic planning. Absence of official data on household expenditure or poverty line hampered the ability of Iraqi policymakers to understand the extent of the problem, analyze their causes, and devise appropriate policies. Iraq household socioeconomic survey (IHSES) 2006-07 was the first survey of its kind since 1988 to cover all 18 governorates. The survey collected rich information on income, expenditure, employment, housing, education, health, and other socioeconomic indicators. Building on the experience of the first IHSES survey and using international best practice on sampling and questionnaire design and survey implementation, the second round of IHSES was fielded in 201-/13. To fill the data gap, a larger survey was designed to collect information on correlates of household welfare like demographic characteristics, education, occupation, housing, and assets and estimate small-area poverty rates using projection methods. This report presents results from the exercise, the first of its kind for Iraq. Poverty mapping not only provides a visual representation of poverty at subnational levels, it also reveals pockets of poverty and islands of prosperity where they exist. This knowledge is useful to inform decisions on policy design and targeting of development projects and programs.

Published
2015

9. Kyrgyz Republic : Food Prices and Household Welfare

Author

World Bank Group

Subjects
MEASURES, GLOBAL POVERTY, BEVERAGES, EXTREME POVERTY, RURAL DEVELOPMENT, FOOD PRICE, CITRUS FRUIT, SEAFOOD, EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES, MALT, FOOD EXPENDITURE, EXTREMELY POOR HOUSEHOLDS, FOOD POLICY, RURAL LABOR, PRODUCTION OF WHEAT, RURAL HOUSEHOLDS, BREAD, FOOD PRODUCT, POOR, FOOD POLICY RESEARCH, FRUITS, AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION, UNEMPLOYMENT, FOOD AVAILABILITY, INCOME, RURAL POVERTY RATES, HOUSEHOLD WELFARE, digestive, oral, and skin physiology, FOOD BASKET, LAND SIZE, FOOD INSECURITY, PRIVATE TRANSFERS, POVERTY RATES, AGRICULTURAL WAGES, NUTRITIONAL STATUS, FOOD PRICES, INTERNATIONAL FOOD POLICY RESEARCH INSTITUTE, POOR INDIVIDUALS, HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION, FARM ACTIVITIES, POVERTY, AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY, POTATOES, FARM WORK, HOUSEHOLD FOOD SECURITY, STARCH, OFFAL, NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, HONEY, FOOD ITEMS, FARMERS, GRAINS, TOMATOES, IMPACT OF SHOCKS, ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, RURAL COUNTERPARTS, POVERTY IMPACT, ECONOMIC DIVERSIFICATION, SUGAR, LAND OWNERSHIP, SUGARS, RURAL HOUSEHOLD, RURAL INCOME, FOOD, TRANSFERS, RURAL POVERTY, CONFECTIONERY, RURAL AREAS, RURAL POOR, FOOD IMPORTS, VEGETABLES, GLUTEN, STARCHES, TEA, FRUIT, INCOME INEQUALITY, FOOD POVERTY LINE, RURAL REGIONS, HOUSEHOLD HEAD AGE, POVERTY REDUCTION, HOUSEHOLD COMPOSITION, SPICES, FOOD PRODUCTION, RISKS, HOUSEHOLD VULNERABILITY, CALORIE INTAKE, FATS, NUTS, EXTREME POVERTY LINES, INEQUALITY, WHEAT FLOUR, CORN, FOOD PRICE INFLATION, WORLD FOOD PROGRAMME, COCOA, AGRICULTURE, POVERTY GAP, RURAL POPULATION, HUMAN CAPITAL ENDOWMENTS, HOUSEHOLD SURVEY, IMPACT ON POVERTY, POVERTY COMPARISONS, FLOUR, AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS, IRRIGATION, SOCIAL POLICIES, FOOD STAPLES, POVERTY MEASURES, INCOME DISTRIBUTION, DROUGHT, NATIONAL POVERTY, POVERTY STATUS, INCOME POVERTY, MEAT, FOOD ACCESS, FOOD CONSUMPTION, FOOD SECURITY, FOOD INSECURE HOUSEHOLDS, FOOD BUYERS, POVERTY ANALYSIS, POVERTY ESTIMATES, AGRICULTURAL INPUTS, HUMAN CAPITAL, BARS, NUTRITION, MEAL, POVERTY GAP INDEX, RURAL AREA, GEORGIA, POVERTY HEADCOUNT INDEX, DAIRY, AGRICULTURAL SECTOR, INCIDENCE OF POVERTY, PROTEINS, SOCIAL ASSISTANCE, TOBACCO PRODUCTS, HOUSEHOLD INCOME, WHEAT, ABSOLUTE POVERTY, AGRICULTURAL OUTPUT, PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION, HOUSEHOLD SIZE, INCOME ON FOOD, COUNTERFACTUAL, POVERTY LINES, RICE, WFP, CEREALS, NUT, INCOME-GENERATING ACTIVITIES, POOR HOUSEHOLDS, COLLECTIVE FARMS, FOOD POVERTY, AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS, FOOD PRODUCTS, EGGS, CHEAPER FOOD, HOUSEHOLD HEADS, RURAL, AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIES, FOOD CONSUMPTION PATTERNS, INCOME QUINTILE, POVERTY LINE, FOOD SALES, SAVINGS, CROP YIELDS, TUBERS, POVERTY HEADCOUNT RATE, HOUSEHOLD HEAD, CALORIC INTAKE, MAIZE
Abstract

Between 2008 and 2012 the urban/rural poverty divide substantially narrowed down, which was the result of relatively stable rural and rising urban poverty rates. Over the same period, food inflation spiked, whereby strong links between domestic and global price movements were observed owed to major import dependence on food. The high shares of consumption that households dedicate to food, especially among the poor, leave limited scope to deal with food price surges by economizing on non-food expenditure. Food price increases of 5, 10, and 15 percent are estimated to increase poverty rates between 2 and 5 percentage points in the baseline scenario.

Published
2015

10. An Update on Poverty and Inequality in Albania : Nine Stylized Facts

Author

World Bank

Subjects
MEASURES, REDUCTION IN POVERTY, ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE, REGIONAL POVERTY LINES, GROWTH RATES, MEAN GROWTH, POINT ESTIMATES, POOR POPULATION, ECONOMIC GROWTH, EXTREME POVERTY, CENTRAL REGION, HIGH POVERTY, CONSUMPTION AGGREGATE, EXTREME POVERTY LINE, NATIONAL ACCOUNTS, GINI INDEX, POOR, PROGRAMMATIC POVERTY ASSESSMENT, UNEMPLOYMENT, INCOME, HEADCOUNT POVERTY, PRIVATE TRANSFERS, POVERTY RATES, POOR INDIVIDUALS, HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION, FEMALE-HEADED HOUSEHOLDS, POVERTY, CONSUMER PRICE INDEX, PER CAPITA INCOME, WELFARE MONITORING, GROWTH, GINI COEFFICIENT, CONSUMPTION SMOOTHING, REDUCING POVERTY, PRIMARY EDUCATION, LIVING STANDARDS, ANNUAL GROWTH RATE, HIGHER INEQUALITY, REGIONAL AVERAGE, TRANSFERS, ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES, RURAL POVERTY, MOUNTAIN AREAS, RURAL AREAS, RURAL POOR, NATIONAL POVERTY LINE, POVERTY ASSESSMENT, LABOR MARKET, SAFETY NET, POVERTY SEVERITY, FOOD POVERTY LINE, DISTRIBUTION EFFECT, CONSUMPTION, PUBLIC SECTOR, POVERTY REDUCTION, RISKS, EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT, NATIONAL POVERTY RATE, POVERTY INCREASE, ANNUAL GROWTH, HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS, INEQUALITY, POVERTY INCREASES, CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURES, CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURE, RELATIVE CONTRIBUTION, POVERTY GAP, DECLINE IN POVERTY, RURAL POPULATION, POVERTY POVERTY, DATA ISSUES, PER CAPITA EXPENDITURE, CONSUMPTION DATA, URBAN POVERTY, EMPLOYMENT STATUS, URBAN POOR, SQUARED POVERTY GAP, NATIONAL POVERTY, POVERTY STATUS, POVERTY MEASUREMENT, REGIONS, GROWTH EFFECT, POVERTY ESTIMATES, ACCESS TO SERVICES, HEALTH CARE, POOR PEOPLE, POPULATION SHARE, REGIONAL POVERTY, POPULATION GROUP, AGRICULTURAL SECTOR, PENSION INCOME, INCIDENCE OF POVERTY, SOCIAL ASSISTANCE, NON-POOR HOUSEHOLDS, SOCIAL PROTECTION, HOUSEHOLD INCOME, ECONOMIC SHOCK, PER CAPITA GROWTH, POVERTY INCIDENCE, REGION, GROWTH RATE, HOUSEHOLD SIZE, INTERNATIONAL POVERTY LINE, POVERTY LINES, EDUCATION LEVEL, CONSUMPTION GROWTH, POVERTY LEVELS, COASTAL REGION, POOR HOUSEHOLDS, HOUSING, FOOD POVERTY, DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS, HOUSEHOLD HEADS, RURAL, INCOME GROWTH, POVERTY LINE, COASTAL REGIONS, CAPITA INCOME, LABOR FORCE, POVERTY HEADCOUNT RATE, URBAN AREAS, HOUSEHOLD HEAD, POVERTY CHANGES, POVERTY RATE
Abstract

This note presents 9 stylized facts that emerge related to the evolution of poverty and inequality over the 2002 to 2012 period, especially from 2008 to 2012, as well as some insights into the drivers of poverty changes. It complements existing work on monitoring and understanding shared prosperity – the second corporate goal of the World Bank along with reducing poverty - in Albania and the Western Balkans. Albania poverty estimates are based on the Living Standards Measurement Survey (LSMS). The LSMS is conducted by the Albania Statistics Office (INSTAT) with donor funding and has been carried out in 2002, 2005, 2008 and recently in 2012.

Published
2015

11. Myanmar Empowering People for Inclusive Growth : Myanmar Country Partnership Framework for the Period 2015-2017

Author

World Bank Group

Subjects
TAX EXEMPTIONS, SUSTAINABLE RURAL DEVELOPMENT, EXTREME POVERTY, PRIVATE INVESTMENT, RURAL DEVELOPMENT, INFLATIONARY PRESSURES, EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES, SUSTAINABLE POVERTY REDUCTION, FISCAL DEFICIT, INSTITUTIONAL REFORM, NATIONAL LEVEL, INCOME, FINANCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE, REDUCING CHILD MORTALITY, GUARANTEE AGENCY, URBANIZATION, MALNUTRITION, POVERTY RATES, RURAL POVERTY REDUCTION, ECONOMIC RESOURCES, PUBLIC PROCUREMENT, HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION, FISCAL DECENTRALIZATION, SOCIAL SERVICES, EDUCATION SPENDING, SMALL ENTERPRISE, WAR, FARMERS, REGULATORY REGIME, CIVIL SOCIETY ORGANIZATION, BUDGETARY ALLOCATIONS, TRANSPARENCY, BASIC NEEDS, RURAL INFRASTRUCTURE, INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY, INTERNATIONAL FINANCE, BANK DEPOSITS, POVERTY PROFILE, RURAL PHENOMENON, CORPORATE GOVERNANCE, ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES, PROPERTY RIGHTS, INTERNATIONAL AID, POVERTY REDUCTION, ARREARS, MACROECONOMIC PERFORMANCE, LAND REFORM, ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITY, GOVERNMENT POLICIES, PARLIAMENT, RURAL LIVELIHOODS, PHYSICAL CAPITAL, CLIMATE CHANGE, TARGETING, EMPOWERMENT, LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION, COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY, HOUSEHOLD SURVEY, LANDLESS FARM WORKERS, UNIVERSAL ACCESS, MICRO FINANCE INSTITUTION, CIVIL SOCIETY ORGANIZATIONS, EXCLUSION, MACROECONOMIC STABILITY, PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP, CITIZENS, MINORITY GROUPS, PERCEPTIONS INDEX, ENDOWMENTS, REGULATORY FRAMEWORK, POVERTY ESTIMATES, FISCAL POLICY, PROPERTY OWNERSHIP, GENDER INEQUALITY, ECONOMIC REFORM, EXCHANGE RATE, FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS, HOUSEHOLDS, DIVERSIFICATION, ECONOMIC POLICIES, BANKS, TRANSPARENT USE, CAPITAL ACCOUNT, UNION, PRIVATIZATION, PUBLIC FINANCE, GLOBAL MARKETS, FINANCIAL RESOURCES, ACCESS TO CAPITAL, ENROLLMENT, DEVELOPMENT BANK, FOREIGN INVESTMENT, GENDER EQUALITY, POVERTY ALLEVIATION, ANTICORRUPTION, CORRUPTION, RURAL, BANKING ACCOUNT, FOOD SALES, POVERTY LINE, POVERTY INDICATORS, RURAL BUSINESS, CHILD MORTALITY, AGRICULTURAL PRODUCT, GENDER, ACCOUNTABILITY, RURAL ELECTRIFICATION, PUBLIC INFORMATION, POOR LIVING, ECONOMIC GROWTH, EXCHANGE RATES, FAMILIES, LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION, PRIVATE INVESTMENTS, ECONOMIC REFORMS, JOB OPPORTUNITIES, TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE, CIVIL LIBERTIES, MARKET ECONOMIES, POOR, BANK LENDING, CIVIL SOCIETY, PUBLIC INVESTMENTS, CAPITAL INVESTMENTS, BETTER ACCESS TO INFORMATION, CIVIL WAR, RULE OF LAW, FOOD PRICES, POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS, AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY, PUBLIC SECTOR MANAGEMENT, MICRO-FINANCE, MFI, FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT, DEMOCRACY, LAND OWNERSHIP, ACCESS TO FINANCING, SANITATION, RURAL AREAS, RURAL POVERTY, KEY CHALLENGE, LACK OF ACCESS, PUBLIC EXPENDITURES, EQUAL RIGHTS, DEBT, BANKING SECTOR, HUMAN RIGHTS, CORRUPTION PERCEPTIONS, INEQUALITY, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT, ACCESS TO FINANCE, ECONOMIC SELF-RELIANCE, AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT, MICRO-FINANCE INSTITUTIONS, INVESTMENT CLIMATE, MACROECONOMIC POLICIES, ECONOMIC ACTIVITY, IMPACT ON POVERTY, GOVERNANCE ISSUES, ACCESS TO MARKETS, FOREIGN EXCHANGE, IRRIGATION, PRIVATE ENTERPRISE, PUBLIC FUNDS, ADVANCEMENT OF WOMEN, INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT, ETHNIC MINORITY, POVERTY ANALYSIS, ACCESS TO SERVICES, HUMAN CAPITAL, LAND DEGRADATION, PRIVATE INVESTORS, ETHNIC GROUP, INSURANCE, AFFORDABLE CREDIT, CITIZEN, SUPPLY CHAIN, AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT BANK, AGRICULTURAL INCOMES, CURRENT ACCOUNT, AGRICULTURAL SECTOR, INCIDENCE OF POVERTY, INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS, LAND RIGHTS, BANK BRANCHES, BUSINESS ACTIVITY, ABSOLUTE POVERTY, EXPENDITURES, GROWTH RATE, EXPORT EARNINGS, GOVERNANCE CHALLENGES, LIMITED ACCESS, PRIVATE SECTOR DEVELOPMENT, PRIMARY SCHOOL, CONFLICT, GENDER MAINSTREAMING, RECEIPTS, JOB CREATION, GENDER DIMENSIONS, CAPITAL ACCUMULATION, NATURAL RESOURCES, MICRO FINANCE, CROP YIELDS, CAPACITY BUILDING, DISCRIMINATION, REFUGEES, POVERTY HEADCOUNT RATE, URBAN AREAS, EXPENDITURE, TAX CODE
Abstract

The Country Partnership Framework (CPF) will succeed the Myanmar interim strategy note (FY13-14) and be the first full country strategy for Myanmar since 1984. This CPF comes at a time of great opportunity for Myanmar; over the three year period covered in this CPF, the reforms initiated in 2011 have the potential to bring Myanmar into a new era of peace and prosperity. Myanmar s history, ethnic diversity, and geography combine into a unique set of development challenges and opportunities, including (i) emergence from a long period of international isolation; (ii) widespread poverty, despite rich land, water, and mineral resource endowments; (iii) a strategic location in the fastest-growing region in the world; (iv) the role of the military and associated groups in the economy; and (v) long standing armed conflict and ethnic and religious tensions. Myanmar is on a path of fundamental transformation, seeking to address all these challenges and opportunities simultaneously. Along with unique opportunities, the CPF supported program will also face substantial risks. Political risks associated with the elections in late 2015 include a polarization among stakeholders, policy discontinuity, and a slow-down of reforms. The national peace process to resolve decades-old conflicts remains fragile. On the economic front, risks include vulnerability to volatile oil and gas prices, spending pressures, an underdeveloped financial sector, and a weak regulatory framework, while overall capacity constraints may limit the country s ability to effectively manage macro-financial shocks. The design of the WBG program will help manage and mitigate these risks, and the WBG will regularly review risks and opportunities and adapt the CPF during implementation as warranted. A performance and learning review planned for late FY16 will facilitate the adaptation of the WBG program to country developments as needed.

Published
2015

12. Poverty Profile in Lao PDR : Poverty Report for the Lao Consumption and Expenditure Survey 2012–2013

Author

Pimhidzai, Obert, Fenton, Nina Clare, Souksavath, Phonesaly, and Sisoulath, Vilaysouk

Subjects
MEASURES, REDUCTION IN POVERTY, REGIONAL POVERTY LINES, DISTRIBUTION OF ACCESS, PRICE SUBSIDIES, POOR POPULATION, ECONOMIC GROWTH, WELFARE MEASURE, FOOD PRICE, BORDER REGIONS, MILK, FOOD EXPENDITURE, POVERTY BY PROVINCE, CENTRAL REGION, CONSUMPTION AGGREGATE, RURAL HOUSEHOLDS, POOR COUNTRIES, AGRICULTURAL LAND, TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE, POOR, CONSUMPTION MEASURE, INCOME, HOUSEHOLD WELFARE, RURAL POVERTY LINES, CONSUMPTION PER CAPITA, WAGE EARNERS, TOTAL POVERTY LINE, FOOD BASKET, FOOD INSECURITY, POVERTY RATES, WELFARE DISTRIBUTION, RURAL POVERTY REDUCTION, CENTRAL REGIONS, POOR INDIVIDUALS, ENROLMENT RATES, HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION, POVERTY, CHANGES IN POVERTY, REGIONAL COMPARISON, FARM WORK, WELFARE INDICATORS, POVERTY HEADCOUNT RATES, FOOD ITEMS, REGIONAL DECOMPOSITION, FARMERS, REGIONAL TRENDS, EDUCATION POVERTY, LOW POVERTY RATES, LIVING STANDARDS, RURAL COUNTERPARTS, CALORIES PER DAY, LAND OWNERSHIP, DROP IN POVERTY, REGIONAL DIFFERENCES, HOUSEHOLD NEEDS, LAND HOLDINGS, POVERTY PROFILE, RURAL POVERTY, RURAL AREAS, RURAL POOR, ACCESS TO ELECTRICITY, NATIONAL POVERTY LINE, POVERTY ASSESSMENT, SELF-EMPLOYMENT, VEGETABLES, DRINKING WATER, FOOD POVERTY LINE, CONSUMPTION, POVERTY REDUCTION, SUB-REGION, HOUSEHOLD VULNERABILITY, NATIONAL POVERTY RATE, VULNERABLE GROUPS, INEQUALITY, CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURES, PROSPEROUS REGION, CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURE, POVERTY GAP, DECLINE IN POVERTY, CONSUMPTION POVERTY, POVERTY POVERTY, SUB-REGIONS, NATIONAL POVERTY HEADCOUNT, CONSUMPTION DATA, POVERTY SITUATION, EMPLOYMENT STATUS, TOTAL POVERTY, POLITICAL ECONOMY, POVERTY MEASURES, HUMAN DEVELOPMENT, NATIONAL POVERTY, POVERTY STATUS, FIREWOOD, RURAL RESIDENTS, MEAT, FOOD CONSUMPTION, FOOD SECURITY, POVERTY REDUCTION PROGRAM, POVERTY MEASUREMENT, FARMER, FOOD BUYERS, REGIONS, POOR CHILDREN, POVERTY ESTIMATES, ACCESS TO SERVICES, URBAN REGION, POOR PEOPLE, CASH EXPENDITURE, NUTRITION, REGIONAL POVERTY, ABSOLUTE POVERTY LINE, ABSOLUTE POVERTY, COST OF FOOD, REGION, PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION, HOUSEHOLD SIZE, POVERTY LINES, FOOD CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURE, POOR HOUSEHOLDS, HOUSING, SPATIAL PATTERN, FOOD POVERTY, FOOD PRODUCTS, HOUSEHOLD HEADS, RURAL, RURAL POVERTY RATE, POVERTY LINE, RURAL POVERTY LINE, POVERTY HEADCOUNT RATE, POVERTY HEAD, HOUSEHOLD HEAD, SCHOOLING, GEOGRAPHIC REGIONS, POVERTY RATE, FEMALE LITERACY
Abstract

The report starts with an overview of poverty and inequality estimates in chapter one, focusing on the trends in poverty and the distributional pattern of growth between 2002-3 and 2012-13. Chapter two then provides a description of the poverty profile by geographical and household characteristics, both in terms of the levels of poverty and its rate of change. Consumption patterns are presented in chapter three, and other socio-economic characteristics describing the living conditions of households are presented in chapter four, which is then followed by a chapter detailing the conclusions that can be drawn from this initial poverty profile analysis. The annexes provide additional detail. Annex one provides a detailed technical explanation of the methodology for measuring poverty while annex two presents sensitivity analysis for the poverty estimates including the confidence intervals of these estimates. Annex three provides additional tables and figures on poverty and inequality including other measures of poverty.

Published
2014

13. Republic of Niger : Trends of Poverty, Inequality, and Growth, 2005-2011

Author

World Bank

Subjects
MEASURES, REDUCTION IN POVERTY, ANTIPOVERTY POLICIES, AVERAGE GROWTH RATE, GROWTH RATES, POOR POPULATION, ECONOMIC GROWTH, EXTREME POVERTY, RURAL SECTOR, RURAL DEVELOPMENT, HOUSEHOLD INCOMES, LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION, INEQUALITY DYNAMICS, TRANSACTION COSTS, SUSTAINABLE POVERTY REDUCTION, HIGH POVERTY, RURAL HOUSEHOLDS, NATIONAL ACCOUNTS, GINI INDEX, POOR, PERSISTENT POVERTY, AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION, RURAL ECONOMY, INCOME, CONSUMPTION PER CAPITA, HEADCOUNT POVERTY, POVERTY RATES, FOOD PRICES, HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION, POVERTY, PER CAPITA INCOME, GROWTH, HUMANITARIAN AID, EXTRACTIVE INDUSTRIES, RAPID GROWTH, FARMERS, REDUCING POVERTY, RURAL INFRASTRUCTURE, LIVING STANDARDS, ANNUAL GROWTH RATE, RURAL COUNTERPARTS, REMOTE RURAL AREAS, ECONOMIC DIVERSIFICATION, SUSTAINABLE POVERTY, DROP IN POVERTY, DEVELOPMENT EFFORTS, ACCESS TO HEALTH CARE, ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES, RURAL POVERTY, RURAL AREAS, PUBLIC INFRASTRUCTURE, POOR RURAL HOUSEHOLDS, RURAL WORKERS, CONSUMPTION, POVERTY REDUCTION, RISKS, MEASURING POVERTY, NATIONAL POVERTY RATE, EMPLOYMENT DYNAMICS, MATERNAL MORTALITY, ANNUAL GROWTH, WELFARE INDICATOR, HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS, INEQUALITY, RURAL INCOMES, HIGH GROWTH, POVERTY GAP, DECLINE IN POVERTY, RURAL POPULATION, OUTPUT GROWTH, GROWTH ELASTICITY, IMPACT ON POVERTY, ECONOMIC ACTIVITY, CONSUMPTION DATA, URBAN POVERTY, IRRIGATION, DEVELOPMENT GOALS, PRO-POOR, POOR POLICY, DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY, SMALLHOLDER FARMERS, POVERTY DYNAMICS, INCOME DISTRIBUTION, SQUARED POVERTY GAP, DROUGHT, NATIONAL POVERTY, WELFARE IMPROVEMENTS, AVERAGE GROWTH, INCOME POVERTY, ECONOMIC SHOCKS, FOOD SECURITY, POVERTY MEASUREMENT, DROUGHT YEARS, FARMLAND, HEALTH CARE, HUMAN CAPITAL, HEALTH BUDGET, POOR PEOPLE, DIVERSIFICATION, RURAL COMMUNITIES, POVERTY DATA, NEGATIVE IMPACT, AGRICULTURAL SECTOR, AGRICULTURAL SHOCKS, PUBLIC POLICY, AGRICULTURAL OUTPUT, POVERTY INCIDENCE, LIVESTOCK SECTOR, REGION, GROWTH RATE, PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION, HOUSEHOLD SIZE, PUBLIC POLICIES, INCOME GROUPS, POOR HOUSEHOLDS, RURAL, RURAL POVERTY RATE, INCOME GROWTH, POVERTY LINE, CAPITA INCOME, POVERTY INDICATORS, UPPER INCOME GROUPS, CONSUMER GOODS, HUMAN CAPITAL FORMATION, POVERTY HEADCOUNT RATE, BASIC INFRASTRUCTURE, URBAN AREAS, CHILD MORTALITY, LONG RUN, POVERTY RATE
Abstract

The ability to accurately monitor poverty trends is crucial to ensure the adoption of effective antipoverty policies and to assess progress toward the achievement of national development goals. In Niger, efforts to assess poverty dynamics between 2005 and 2011 are complicated by methodological differences in the three household surveys conducted over the period, in 2005, 2007-08 and 2011. While Niger’s overall poverty rate has dropped significantly between 2005 and 2011, changes in the poverty incidence are highly uneven across location types. Among the major causes of persistent poverty are the country’s minimal economic diversification and extremely limited agricultural infrastructure, which leave the majority of Nigerien households dependent on highly vulnerable farming and livestock production. In addition, the country’s extremely high rate of population growth presents a serious obstacle to sustainable poverty reduction. Not only does Niger have one of the highest population growth rates in the world, but fertility correlates inversely with income level. In other words, the fastest-growing segments of the population are also the poorest, and as a result, the declining trend in the national poverty rate is continuously offset by a steady increase in the absolute number of Nigeriens living in poverty. In addition, the relationship between population growth and rural-urban migration has important implications for poverty trends. Urban fertility rates are lower than rural rates and have been declining over time, while rural fertility rates remain both extremely high and relatively stable. Over the long run urbanization may have the added benefit of slowing nationwide population growth. However, this dynamic will be greatly accelerated by an independent improvement in conditions associated with lower birth rates in rural areas, including sustained increases in household incomes, broad improvements in education indicators, especially among women, and expanded access to healthcare facilities and family planning services.

Published
2014

14. Philippines : Fostering More Inclusive Growth

Author

World Bank

Subjects
ADMINISTRATIVE REGION, SECTOR ACTIVITIES, HEALTH INSURANCE, EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES, EXPORT MARKETS, GROWTH EPISODE, UNEMPLOYMENT, INCOME, PER CAPITA EXPENDITURE LEVELS, UNEQUAL DISTRIBUTION, AGRICULTURAL WAGES, MALNUTRITION, ACCESS TO PRIMARY EDUCATION, REGIONAL DISTRIBUTION, HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION, CONSUMER PRICE INDEX, PER CAPITA INCOME, PUBLIC SPENDING, POVERTY HEADCOUNT RATES, WAR, CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURES PER CAPITA, FARMERS, MARKET CAPITALIZATION, SKILLED WORKERS, CROSS-COUNTRY ANALYSIS, HEALTH SERVICE, DAILY WAGE, REGIONAL AVERAGE, ACCESS TO ELECTRICITY, NATIONAL POVERTY LINE, PUBLIC INFRASTRUCTURE, LONG-TERM GROWTH, POVERTY LEVEL, AGRICULTURAL COMMODITIES, INCOME INEQUALITY, HEALTH PROFESSIONALS, DEVELOPMENT POLICY, POVERTY REDUCTION, LAND REFORM, POLICY IMPLICATIONS, MATERNAL MORTALITY, ANNUAL GROWTH, HUNGER, POOR WOMEN, TARGETING, CAPITAL REGION, HOUSEHOLD SURVEY, URBAN POVERTY, PRO-POOR, AGRARIAN REFORM, HUMAN DEVELOPMENT, AVERAGE GROWTH, UNSKILLED LABOR, POVERTY ESTIMATES, FOOD PREPARATION, EXCHANGE RATE, HEALTH CARE, ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES, NUTRITION, POPULATION SHARE, REGIONAL POVERTY, NATURAL DISASTERS, REGIONAL CONTRIBUTION, NON-POOR HOUSEHOLDS, PER CAPITA GROWTH, CHRONICALLY POOR, HOUSEHOLD SIZE, POVERTY LINES, CHILD HEALTH SERVICES, EDUCATION LEVEL, AGRICULTURAL GROWTH, INCOME GROUPS, NON-INCOME DIMENSIONS, AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIES, HUMAN CAPITAL INVESTMENT, RURAL, COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE, INCOME GROWTH, POVERTY INDICATORS, REGIONAL STANDARDS, IMPROVEMENT OF INCOME, PUBLIC INVESTMENT, INCOME GROWTH RATE, PUBLIC EXPENDITURE, CHILD MORTALITY, RURAL FARMERS, ESTIMATES OF POVERTY, FAMILY INCOME, HOUSEHOLD HEAD, GEOGRAPHIC REGIONS, REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH, SCHOOLING, ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE, AVERAGE GROWTH RATE, HIGH CONCENTRATION, PUBLIC SERVICE, FARM SECTOR, COPING BEHAVIORS, POOR POPULATION, ECONOMIC GROWTH, CHILD HEALTH, NATIONAL HEALTH INSURANCE, PROVIDER PAYMENT, HIGH POVERTY, AVERAGE HOUSEHOLD INCOME, RURAL HOUSEHOLDS, NATIONAL ACCOUNTS, POOR, AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION, SAFETY NETS, CONSUMPTION PER CAPITA, INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENT, FARM SIZE, FINANCIAL CRISIS, NUTRITIONAL STATUS, ANTI-POVERTY, HEALTH OUTCOMES, GINI COEFFICIENT, FISCAL CONSTRAINTS, INTEGRATION, HEALTH ORGANIZATION, RAPID GROWTH, REDUCING POVERTY, REMOTE RURAL AREAS, DEVELOPMENT REPORT, BASIC EDUCATION, WAGE GROWTH, EMPLOYMENT GENERATION, GROWTH PROCESS, SANITATION, RURAL AREAS, RURAL POVERTY, GROWTH PERFORMANCE, LAGGING REGIONS, POVERTY ASSESSMENT, INCOME ELASTICITY, LABOR MARKET, POVERTY SEVERITY, DIMENSIONS OF POVERTY, PUBLIC SECTOR, DEBT, STRUCTURAL TRANSFORMATION, MATERNAL HEALTH, MEASURING POVERTY, EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT, NATIONAL POVERTY RATE, REFORM POLICIES, INEQUALITY, FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT, POVERTY INCREASES, CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURE, DETERMINANTS OF POVERTY, POVERTY GAP, BASIC FOOD COMMODITIES, GROWTH ELASTICITY, POOR CLIENTS, INVESTMENT CLIMATE, MACROECONOMIC POLICIES, ECONOMIC ACTIVITY, IMPACT ON POVERTY, PER CAPITA EXPENDITURE, WELFARE PROGRAM, DEVELOPMENT GOALS, TOTAL POVERTY, INCOME DISTRIBUTION, NATIONAL POVERTY, ACCESS TO EDUCATION, POOR FAMILIES, CASH TRANSFER PROGRAMS, FAMILY PLANNING, ACCESS TO SERVICES, REGIONAL PATTERNS, HUMAN CAPITAL, AGRICULTURAL SECTOR, INCIDENCE OF POVERTY, AUTONOMOUS REGION, SOCIAL PROTECTION, HOUSEHOLD INCOME, FOOD COMMODITIES, POVERTY INCIDENCE, GROWTH RATE, PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION, AGRICULTURAL WORKERS, REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT, GROWTH PATTERN, POVERTY THRESHOLD, COPING MECHANISMS, CONSUMPTION GROWTH, ACCESS TO HEALTH SERVICES, POOR HOUSEHOLDS, INCOME QUINTILE, LABOR FORCE, SAVINGS, HEADCOUNT RATIO, POVERTY HEADCOUNT RATE, URBAN AREAS, LONG RUN, POVERTY RATE, HEALTH SERVICE DELIVERY
Abstract

The main report is organized into three parts: part one provides the overall context by describing the level and evolution of poverty and inequality in the Philippines and by analyzing the factors that could be weakening the link between economic growth and poverty reduction. It also provides a brief profile of the poor. Part two addresses the first strategic component for fostering inclusive growth, which refers to the enhancement of income opportunities and ensuring greater labor mobility for the poor. It begins by reviewing recent economic developments, with particular attention to employment generation, and evaluates the potential of key economic sectors to generate growth and productive employment. Part two then turns to the related challenge of ensuring labor mobility, identifying signs of labor market segmentation and factors that may be responsible for labor market rigidities which inhibit the fluid movement of workers toward the most productive activities. Part three discusses the other main component of fostering inclusive growth, which is to ensure that workers and households are well-equipped to take advantage of productive employment opportunities. It reviews the current state of health, education, and social protection in the Philippines and proposes measures for strengthening social service delivery.

Published
2011

15. Poverty Status in Afghanistan : A Profile Based on National Risk and Vulnerability Assessment 2007/08

Author

Islamic Republic of Afghanistan Ministry of Economy and World Bank

Subjects
RURAL FEMALE, BEVERAGES, WELFARE MEASURE, CARPET WEAVING, FOOD PRICE, EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES, CONSUMPTION PATTERNS, CENTRAL REGION, DIETARY DIVERSITY, URBAN HOUSEHOLDS, CONSUMPTION AGGREGATE, AGRICULTURAL WAGE LABOR, FOOD POVERTY RATE, UNEMPLOYMENT, INCOME, POORER HOUSEHOLDS, CURRENT POVERTY, CENTRAL REGIONS, MALNUTRITION, POVERTY RATES, PREPARED FOODS, HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION, MEAN VALUE, HOUSEHOLD EXPENDITURES, PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION LEVEL, BASIC NEEDS, BASIC CONSUMPTION NEEDS, LIVESTOCK ASSETS, SPATIAL DIFFERENCES, FARMING ACTIVITIES, SUGAR, POVERTY PROFILE, MOUNTAINOUS AREAS, RURAL POOR, ACCESS TO ELECTRICITY, FOOD SUPPLY, VEGETABLES, CANDY, POVERTY LEVEL, RURAL FARM, FRUIT, DRINKING WATER, MONITORING POVERTY, SUBSISTENCE FARMERS, POVERTY REDUCTION, SPICES, RURAL DIVIDE, PULSES, NON-FOOD GOODS, OVERALL POVERTY LINE, CROP PRODUCTION, NONFOOD EXPENDITURES, REAL TERMS, REGIONAL VARIATION, FOOD GOODS, RURAL REHABILITATION, RURAL POPULATION, POVERTY POVERTY, RURAL FOOD, HOUSEHOLD SURVEY, POVERTY SITUATION, SPATIAL VARIATION, OPIUM, POVERTY STATUS, FIREWOOD, FOODS, POVERTY INDICES, CHILD LABOR, BASIC CONSUMPTION, POVERTY ESTIMATES, REGIONAL DIVERSITY, POOR PEOPLE, DIVERSIFICATION, CONSUMPTION PATTERN, HOUSEHOLD MEMBERS, CORRELATES OF POVERTY, EXPENDITURE DISTRIBUTION, NON-FOOD ITEMS, NON-POOR HOUSEHOLDS, FOOD BUNDLE, FOOD ITEM, UTILITY LEVEL, DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, HOUSEHOLD SIZE, POVERTY LINES, AGRICULTURAL WAGE, WFP, CEREALS, INCOME-GENERATING ACTIVITIES, HOUSING, ACCESS TO FACILITIES, EGGS, AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIES, RURAL, NONFOOD ITEMS, POVERTY LINE, POVERTY INDICATORS, POVERTY HEAD, WINTER MONTHS, HOUSEHOLD HEAD, SCHOOLING, CALORIC INTAKE, HIGHER INCIDENCE OF POVERTY, INFANT MORTALITY RATES, POOR POPULATION, LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION, ACCESS TO SAFE DRINKING WATER, FOOD EXPENDITURE, RURAL LABOR, RURAL HOUSEHOLDS, SUBSISTENCE, BREAD, POOR, SAFETY NETS, HOUSEHOLD WELFARE, NON-FOOD NEEDS, LIVELIHOOD STRATEGIES, FOOD PRICES, CHANGES IN POVERTY, FOOD QUALITY, STRAW, FARM PRODUCTIVITY, FOOD ITEMS, RISK MANAGEMENT, CONSUMPTION QUINTILES, NON-FOOD CONSUMPTION, LIVING STANDARDS, STANDARD ERRORS, RURAL HOUSEHOLD, SANITATION, ACCESS TO HEALTH CARE, RURAL AREAS, RURAL POVERTY, EGG, POVERTY ASSESSMENT, FOOD CONSUMPTION DATA, DIMENSIONS OF POVERTY, FOOD POVERTY LINE, WINTER SEASON, SUBSISTENCE ECONOMY, HOUSEHOLD COMPOSITION, MATERNAL HEALTH, MEASURING POVERTY, CALORIE INTAKE, CLEAN WATER, FOOD QUANTITY, NATIONAL POVERTY RATE, HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, FAMILY MEMBERS, CONSUMPTION MEASURES, AGRICULTURE, WORLD FOOD PROGRAMME, POVERTY GAP, INFANT MORTALITY, RURAL EMPLOYMENT, ECONOMIC ACTIVITY, IMPACT ON POVERTY, FOOD EXPENDITURES, ACCESS TO MARKETS, IRRIGATION, UNDERSTANDING OF POVERTY, FOOD NEEDS, SQUARED POVERTY GAP, NATIONAL POVERTY, AGGREGATE POVERTY, MEAT, ACCESS TO EDUCATION, FOOD CONSUMPTION, FOOD SECURITY, FOOD CONSUMPTION DISTRIBUTION, WAGE EMPLOYMENT, POVERTY ANALYSIS, ACCESS TO SERVICES, FARM HOUSEHOLDS, HEADCOUNT INDEX, FOOD STOCKS, POVERTY GAP INDEX, DAIRY, ECONOMIC POLICY, HOUSEHOLD INCOME, POVERTY REDUCTION IMPACT, POVERTY INCIDENCE, FOOD AID, PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION, FOOD ALLOWANCES, POVERTY THRESHOLD, HOUSEHOLD LEVEL, CONFLICT, POOR HOUSEHOLDS, FOOD POVERTY, FOOD SHARE, VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT, CALORIC REQUIREMENT, SCHOOL ATTENDANCE, OFFICIAL POVERTY, POVERTY HEADCOUNT RATE, URBAN AREAS, POVERTY RATE, POOR PERSON
Abstract

Poverty reduction is one of the three key objectives of the Afghanistan national development strategy. The poverty profile is an important element in the information kit of the policymaker that helps focus policy to attain this objective. A poverty profile is standard methodology to describe the extent and nature of poverty in a country or region. It assesses the magnitude of poverty and its distribution across geographic and socioeconomic domains, provides information on the characteristics of the poor, illustrates the heterogeneity among the poor, and identifies correlates of poverty. The report describes the multidimensional nature of poverty by encompassing the nonmonetary dimensions of poverty, particularly education and health status, and vulnerability to shocks. Tables in the report are also disaggregated by region, income sources, gender, and many socioeconomic characteristics. In addition to providing a picture of the many dimensions of poverty, it is important to also recognize that the poverty estimates in this report are the first nationally representative, seasonally smoothed estimates of wellbeing for Afghanistan. Because previously no such existing estimates were available, the provision of these estimates in this report is new analysis that substantially fills key knowledge gaps in our understanding of the poverty situation in Afghanistan.

Published
2010

16. Poverty and Inequality Changes in Turkey (2003-2006)

Author

Aran, Meltum, Demir, Sirma, Sarica, Özlem, and Yazici, Hakan

Subjects
REDUCTION IN POVERTY, POOR LIVING, GROWTH RATES, MEAN GROWTH, POOR POPULATION, RURAL SECTOR, FOOD PRICE, HEALTH INSURANCE, SIGNIFICANT REDUCTION, INEQUALITY MEASURES, CONSUMPTION AGGREGATE, RURAL HOUSEHOLDS, DEPENDENT VARIABLE, GINI INDEX, POOR, AGGREGATE LEVEL, PRICE STABILITY, UNEMPLOYMENT, INCOME, CONSUMPTION PER CAPITA, LANDHOLDINGS, HEADCOUNT POVERTY, FOOD BASKET, EXPLANATORY VARIABLES, LAND SIZE, DRIVERS OF POVERTY REDUCTION, FOOD PRICES, POVERTY RATES, POVERTY PROFILES, CHANGES IN POVERTY, PER CAPITA INCOME, POVERTY RANKINGS, DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH, POVERTY HEADCOUNT RATES, GINI COEFFICIENT, FOOD ITEMS, DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS, BASIC EDUCATION, LAND OWNERSHIP, RURAL HOUSEHOLD, FORM OF POVERTY, MEASUREMENT OF POVERTY, POVERTY PROFILE, POOR HEALTH, RURAL AREAS, RURAL POVERTY, RURAL POOR, NATIONAL POVERTY LINE, POVERTY ASSESSMENT, POVERTY LEVEL, POVERTY SEVERITY, FOOD POVERTY LINE, REGIONAL PRICE, RURAL FINANCIAL MARKETS, DEVELOPMENT POLICY, HOUSEHOLD COMPOSITION, POVERTY REDUCTION, FORMS OF POVERTY, INCOME LEVELS, EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT, STANDARD TOOL, SOCIAL SECURITY, ANNUAL GROWTH, WELFARE INDICATOR, INEQUALITY CHANGES, VULNERABLE GROUPS, HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS, INEQUALITY, HIGH GROWTH, CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURE, DECLINE IN POVERTY, DETERMINANTS OF POVERTY, POVERTY GAP, RURAL POPULATION, OUTPUT GROWTH, CONSUMPTION POVERTY, ECONOMIC ACTIVITY, HOUSEHOLD SURVEY, RURAL INEQUALITY, FOOD EXPENDITURES, URBAN POVERTY, POVERTY COMPARISONS, EMPLOYMENT STATUS, URBAN POOR, INEQUALITY LEVELS, REGIONAL DISPARITIES, INCOME DISTRIBUTION, POVERTY MEASURES, HUMAN DEVELOPMENT, SQUARED POVERTY GAP, NATIONAL POVERTY, POVERTY STATUS, AGGREGATE POVERTY, GEOGRAPHICAL REGIONS, INFORMAL SAFETY NETS, ECONOMIC CRISES, FOOD CONSUMPTION, POVERTY MEASUREMENT, DISTRIBUTIONAL CHANGES, POVERTY ANALYSIS, RURAL FINANCE, POOR PEOPLE, FOOD COMPONENTS, POVERTY DATA, CORRELATES OF POVERTY, AGRICULTURAL SECTOR, POVERTY INCIDENCE, GROWTH RATE, HOUSEHOLD SIZE, PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION, AGRICULTURAL WORKERS, DETERMINANT OF POVERTY, CUMULATIVE DISTRIBUTION, POVERTY LINES, MICRO DATA, EDUCATION LEVEL, CONSUMPTION GROWTH, POVERTY LEVELS, ECONOMICS, AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS, FOOD POVERTY, POVERTY ALLEVIATION, FOOD SHARE, HOUSEHOLD HEADS, RURAL, HOUSEHOLD BUDGET, POVERTY LINE, RELATIVE RISK OF POVERTY, MEAN INCOME, POVERTY INDICATORS, CASH TRANSFERS, HEADCOUNT RATIO, VULNERABILITY TO POVERTY, POVERTY HEADCOUNT RATE, URBAN AREAS, HOUSEHOLD HEAD, POVERTY CHANGES, POVERTY RATE, SCHOOLING, DENSITY FUNCTION
Abstract

Poverty in Turkey has declined significantly between 2003 and 2006, as a result of rapid poverty reduction in urban areas. In the same time period, the reduction in poverty in rural areas has been slow or non-existent. As a result, the relative risk of poverty has increased in this time period for those employed in agricultural sector, living in rural areas and in large households. Inequality in urban areas has decreased as a result of high growth in the consumption levels of the urban poor compared to richer deciles, while no significant changes to inequality measures have been noted in rural areas. In fact, the consumption levels of poorest groups in rural Turkey have declined between 2003 and 2006. Child poverty has also been persistent in this time period, with the relative risk of poverty for children (ages0-19) increasing over time.

Published
2010

17. Economic and Poverty Impacts of Agricultural, Trade, and Factor Market Reforms in China

Author

Zhai, Fan and Hertel, Thomas

Subjects
TRADE LIBERALIZATION, LAND REFORMS, REAL INCOME, FARM EMPLOYMENT, TAX, FARM SECTOR, GENERAL EQUILIBRIUM, GLOBAL POVERTY, MARKET DISTORTION, DEVELOPING COUNTRY, ECONOMIC GROWTH, RURAL SECTOR, MARKET REFORM, LABOR MIGRATION, ELASTICITY OF SUBSTITUTION, MOBILITY OF LABOR, TRANSACTION COSTS, RURAL LABOR, AGRICULTURAL LAND, DRIVERS, RURAL HOUSEHOLDS, CONSUMER PRICES, EXPORT MARKETS, OPEN MARKET, STOCKS, SUBSTITUTE, POOR, AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION, RURAL ECONOMY, UNEMPLOYMENT, HOUSEHOLD WELFARE, INCOME, PRODUCTIVITY, PERFECT COMPETITION, DISPOSABLE INCOME, AGRICULTURAL WAGES, FOOD PRICES, RURAL POVERTY REDUCTION, RETURNS, REGISTRATION SYSTEM, FARM ACTIVITIES, GENERAL EQUILIBRIUM MODELS, PER CAPITA INCOME, FARM WORK, MARKET REFORMS, GINI COEFFICIENT, OPPORTUNITY COST, TRADE POLICY, ECONOMIC EFFECT, FARMERS, CONSTANT RETURNS TO SCALE, MARGINAL COST, REAL EXCHANGE RATE, LABOR SUPPLY, PRICE INCREASES, MERCHANDISE, POVERTY IMPACT, DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS, AGRICULTURAL PRICE, LAND OWNERSHIP, AGRICULTURAL LIBERALIZATION, REAL WAGES, RURAL HOUSEHOLD, EXPORTERS, MIGRANT LABOR, RURAL INCOME, RURAL AREAS, RURAL POVERTY, POVERTY REDUCTION STRATEGIES, SUPPLY ELASTICITY, TRADE BARRIERS, PROPERTY RIGHTS, RURAL POOR, FOOD IMPORTS, RURAL MIGRANTS, EXPORTER, INCOME INEQUALITY, RURAL WORKERS, ELASTICITY, POVERTY REDUCTION, INCOME LEVELS, LAND REFORM, INCOME DIFFERENTIAL, POVERTY INCREASE, MARGINAL VALUE, LABOR MOBILITY, TRADE POLICIES, AGRICULTURAL POLICY, INEQUALITY, MULTILATERAL TRADE, TRADE REFORMS, RURAL INCOMES, RURAL LABOR MARKET, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, RETURN, WEALTH, FACTOR PRICES, TAX RATE, AGRICULTURE, RENTS, URBAN EMPLOYMENT, RURAL POPULATION, DEMAND CURVES, HOUSEHOLD SURVEY, RURAL INEQUALITY, WTO, COMMUNAL LAND, GDP, LABOR MOVEMENT, WAGE RATES, MACROECONOMIC EFFECTS, BASE YEAR, PORTFOLIO, FARM WORKERS, INCOME DIFFERENTIALS, LABOR ALLOCATION, ACCOUNTING, INCOME DISTRIBUTION, OUTPUT LOSSES, FACTOR MARKETS, INCOME TAX, NATIONAL POVERTY, EXPORTS, GLOBAL TRADE, GDP DEFLATOR, FOOD CONSUMPTION, UNSKILLED LABOR, OUTPUTS, BENCHMARK, RURAL ACTIVITIES, POVERTY ESTIMATES, FARM HOUSEHOLDS, RURAL WAGES, EQUIPMENT, HOUSING SUBSIDIES, AGRICULTURAL PRICES, TRANSACTIONS COSTS, NUTRITION, SPREAD, AGRICULTURAL SECTOR, BENCHMARK DATA, INCOME LEVEL, HOUSEHOLD INCOME, ABSOLUTE POVERTY, COMMERCE, INCOME GAP, AGRICULTURAL OUTPUT, MARKET DISTORTIONS, TARIFF REVENUE, MARKETIZATION, POVERTY INCIDENCE, DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, REAL GDP, UNSKILLED WORKERS, MERCHANDISE TRADE, LABOR MARKETS, AGRICULTURAL EMPLOYMENT, DEVELOPMENT BANK, CAPITAL STOCKS, AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS, FOOD PRODUCTS, ECONOMIC SYSTEMS, RURAL, PRICE DISTORTIONS, INCOME GROWTH, POVERTY LINE, LABOR FORCE, SAVINGS, RURAL POLICY, INDICATORS OF POVERTY, POVERTY HEADCOUNT RATE, TRUST FUNDS, ECONOMIC RESEARCH, ADVERSE IMPACTS, FOREIGN CURRENCY, PRICE VARIATION, EXPENDITURE, TRANSACTION
Abstract

Capitalizing on the most recent estimates of agricultural price distortions in China and in other countries, this paper assesses the economic and poverty impact of global and domestic trade reform in China. It also examines the interplay between the trade reforms and factor market reforms aimed at improving the allocation of labor within the Chinese economy. The results suggest that trade reforms in the rest of the world, land reform and hukou reform all serve to reduce poverty, while unilateral trade reforms result in a small poverty increase. Agricultural distortions are important factors in determining the distributional and poverty effects of trade reform packages, although their impacts on aggregate trade and welfare appear to be small. A comprehensive reform package which bundles the reforms in commodity and factor markets together may benefit all broad household groups in China.

Published
2009

18. Poverty Assessment for Bangladesh : Creating Opportunities and Bridging the East-West Divide

Author

World Bank

Subjects
REDUCTION IN POVERTY, GROWTH RATES, EXTREME POVERTY, WELFARE MEASURE, FOOD PRICE, HOUSEHOLD INCOMES, EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES, SIGNIFICANT REDUCTION, AGRICULTURAL LAND, LACK OF INFRASTRUCTURE, POLICY OPTIONS, DRIVERS OF POVERTY REDUCTION, MALNUTRITION, POVERTY RATES, RURAL POVERTY REDUCTION, HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION, REGIONAL GAPS, PUBLIC SPENDING, WELFARE INDICATORS, POVERTY HEADCOUNT RATES, EXTREME POOR HOUSEHOLDS, HEALTH EXPENDITURE, FARMERS, DEVELOPMENT PRACTITIONERS, AGRICULTURAL SEASON, SPATIAL DIFFERENCES, POVERTY IMPACT, DAILY WAGE, MICRO FINANCE INSTITUTIONS, POOR HEALTH, RURAL POOR, NATIONAL POVERTY LINE, SAFETY NET PROGRAMS, PUBLIC INFRASTRUCTURE, POVERTY LEVEL, FOOD INTAKE, SUBSISTENCE FARMERS, POVERTY REDUCTION, URBAN GROWTH, CHRONIC POVERTY, INCOME GENERATION, CROP PRODUCTION, LIVESTOCK OWNERSHIP, PER CAPITA INCOMES, POOR WOMEN, CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURES, DECLINE IN POVERTY, RURAL POPULATION, TARGETING, ACCESS TO SANITATION, RURAL GAPS, NATIONAL POVERTY HEADCOUNT, EXTERNAL SHOCKS, ABSOLUTE INEQUALITY, POVERTY REDUCTION STRATEGY, REGIONAL DISPARITIES, POVERTY MEASURES, HUMAN DEVELOPMENT, AVERAGE GROWTH, POVERTY IMPACT OF GROWTH, REGIONAL INEQUALITY, POVERTY MEASUREMENT, POOR CHILDREN, POOR AREAS, POVERTY ESTIMATES, DATA SETS, FOOD TRANSFERS, FOOD-FOR-WORK, ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES, POOR PEOPLE, NUTRITION, SHARP REDUCTION, DIVERSIFICATION, POVERTY TRAPS, POPULATION SHARE, POOR GAP, NATURAL DISASTERS, FOOD BUNDLE, NATURAL DISASTER, DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, HOUSEHOLD SIZE, CUMULATIVE DISTRIBUTION, POVERTY LINES, AGRICULTURAL WAGE, EDUCATION LEVEL, AGRICULTURAL EMPLOYMENT, ECONOMICS, HOUSING, AGRICULTURAL SELF-EMPLOYMENT, HOUSEHOLD HEADS, RURAL, INCOME GROWTH, POVERTY LINE, PUBLIC INVESTMENT, CASH TRANSFERS, BASIC INFRASTRUCTURE, CHILD MORTALITY, ADVERSE IMPACTS, HOUSEHOLD HEAD, SCHOOLING, POOR POPULATION, ECONOMIC GROWTH, FOOD EXPENDITURE, RURAL HOUSEHOLDS, SUBSISTENCE, EXTREME POVERTY LINE, GINI INDEX, NATIONAL ACCOUNTS, POOR, HEALTH PROGRAMS, SAFETY NETS, HOUSEHOLD WELFARE, REGIONAL VARIATIONS, CONSUMPTION PER CAPITA, FOOD PRICES, ENROLMENT RATES, AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY, CHANGES IN POVERTY, HEALTH OUTCOMES, GINI COEFFICIENT, FOOD ITEMS, RAPID GROWTH, INTERREGIONAL TRANSPORT, IMPACT OF SHOCKS, REDUCING POVERTY, RELATIVE INEQUALITY, PRIMARY EDUCATION, LAND OWNERSHIP, REGIONAL DIFFERENCES, WAGE GROWTH, EMPLOYMENT GENERATION, SANITATION, RURAL AREAS, RURAL POVERTY, RURAL DIFFERENCES, FOOD-FOR-EDUCATION, LAGGING REGIONS, POVERTY ASSESSMENT, ACCESS TO HOUSEHOLD, LABOR MARKET, SAFETY NET, DIMENSIONS OF POVERTY, FOOD POVERTY LINE, REGIONAL PRICE, REGIONAL PATTERN, HOUSEHOLD COMPOSITION, CHILD DELIVERY, MATERNAL HEALTH, EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT, VULNERABLE GROUPS, HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS, INEQUALITY, REGIONAL GROWTH, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURE, SAFETY NET SYSTEM, DETERMINANTS OF POVERTY, POVERTY GAP, RURAL EMPLOYMENT, CONSUMPTION POVERTY, INVESTMENT CLIMATE, ECONOMIC ACTIVITY, IMPACT ON POVERTY, PER CAPITA EXPENDITURE, RURAL INEQUALITY, REMOTE AREAS, ACCESS TO MARKETS, REGIONAL PRICE DIFFERENCES, DEVELOPMENT GOALS, INCOME DISTRIBUTION, SQUARED POVERTY GAP, NATIONAL POVERTY, AGGREGATE POVERTY, INCOME POVERTY, ECONOMIC SHOCKS, FEMALE PARTICIPATION, ACCESS TO EDUCATION, FOOD CONSUMPTION, SECONDARY SCHOOLING, DISTRIBUTIONAL CHANGES, CASH TRANSFER PROGRAMS, HUMAN CAPITAL, RURAL MAINTENANCE, CREDIT ACCESS, COMMUNITY ORGANIZATIONS, AGRICULTURAL SECTOR, SOCIAL PROTECTION, HOUSEHOLD INCOME, REPEATED SHOCKS, RURAL GAP, POLICY RESEARCH, POVERTY INCIDENCE, PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION, CONSUMPTION GROWTH, SPATIAL PATTERN, FOOD POVERTY, GENDER DIMENSIONS, HOUSEHOLD BUDGET, POVERTY DECLINE, RURAL POVERTY RATE, CAPITAL ACCUMULATION, LABOR FORCE, POVERTY HEADCOUNT RATE, URBAN AREAS, POVERTY CHANGES, INCOME SUPPORT, POOR PEOPLES
Abstract

Bangladesh has made good progress in reducing poverty over the past decade despite the series of external shocks which have routinely affected the country. Poverty fell from 49 percent in 2000 to 40 percent in 2005, propelled by respectable economic growth and relatively stable inequality. These statistics are reflected in tangible improvements in poor people's lives, such as a sharp reduction in those living under flimsy straw roofs in rural areas. Unfortunately, climatic shocks such as the 2007 floods and cyclone, as well as rising food prices, have slowed the country's progress in reducing poverty. Despite these setbacks we expect that Bangladesh will reach its Millennium Development Goal (MDG) of halving the number of people living in extreme poverty by 2015. Poverty reduction is not just about improving household income, but also about enhancing human capability. Our optimism in Bangladesh's future is also based on its significant gains in human development over the past 15 years. Despite its recent progress in reducing poverty, Bangladesh remains a poor country with about 56 million poor people in 2005 and continuing disparities across occupational groups, gender, and regions. Although growing regional inequality is characteristic of many developing countries experiencing rapid economic growth, Bangladesh is somewhat unique in that the natural boundaries created by its rivers limit integration between economically unequal geographic areas. This report shows that higher productivity in agriculture, job creation in urban growth poles and promoting migration will be essential for further poverty reduction across Bangladesh. Sustaining this reduction will require maintaining the progress made thus far in slowing population growth, and providing better quality options in schooling and healthcare. Another urgent priority is to better coordinate the country's existing safety net system in order to expand effective programs in line with the needs of the poor.

Published
2008

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