Search

It is critical to provide consumers with safe drinking water to protect public health. Water is the most precious chemical on the planet, and it is essential for people and all other living things (Batool et al., 2018). Unfortunatly, world's freshwater supply appears to be in poor conditions. Furthermore, human abuse of freshwater in the form of pollution is directly linked to the global lack of freshwater (Khan et al., 2005). Water is used for many purposes, including consuming, showering, and cleaning, and it must be free of harmful toxins for human and marine life to be healthy. Spring water is unique from surface water. Spring water is normally regarded as safe to consume. All life, including human beings, depending on their terrain for their well-being and survival, yet the ecosystem has deteriorated owing to the exploitation of natural resources. Water is the most important of these essential resources (A. Ali et al., 2012). The natural resource for humans, flora, fauna and the environment as a whole is water. The quality of ambient water is determined through an assessment. Surface and groundwater are heavily polluted as a result of anthropogenic activities. Although surface water is heavily used in industrial processes, it is also crucial in agriculture, as well as in homes and municipal services (Ahmed et al., 2015). As pure water is in high demand, it can be obtained from a variety of sources, but Unfortunately, surface waters are frequently at risk of becoming polluted. Their poor quality causes public health problems. The evaluation of water treatment productivity uses a wide range of microbiological, chemical and physical indicators to assess drinking water quality. Targeted amplicon sequencing, on the other hand, can be used to analyses entire microbial populations quickly and affordably (Shaw et al., 2015). The fundamental goal of this study is to use the 16s rRNA metagenomic technique to offer a comprehensive metagenomic study of the bacterial communities found in different water reservoirs of Islamabad and Rawalpindi. This research will also provide information for future studies on the microbial communities found in these reservoirs., https://www.nts.org.pk/Products/NTSGATSUB/Curricula/Bioinformatics.docx

To offer an alternative for supplying fresh water to people in distress in tropical seas before rescue or to garrison soldiers on a small reef, a portable solar-photovoltaic atmospheric water generator was designed and tested experimentally, and is composed of a water generating module, a water purifying module, a power supply and control module, and a buoyancy module. The results showed that the best water production rate of 460 mL/h was achieved when Tin = 27, RHin = 92%, Qa = 600 m3/h, with the desalination rate above 99.65%, proving itself a feasible solution as a portable desalination device. The daily water production can reach 5.52 L/d, which is more than twice the minimum quantity of the WHO drinking water standard (2.5 L/capita-day), and the energy consumption can be controlled under 200 W. The influences of major operating parameters on the device performance were analyzed and performance comparisons were carried out with the reported AWG products/prototypes. By integrating with a distress signal launcher and positioning module to shorten rescue time, the device has the potential to be employed as a small rescue platform for people in distress in tropical oceans, carried on board ship as a precaution.

Dentro de las actividades humanas el agua juega un papel protagónico en su ejecución, estableciendo con ello que el agua pertenece a un nivel de esencialidad, ubicándola como imprescindible en el despliegue de las acciones humanas y de su supervivencia. Por lo anterior, se pretende evaluar el acceso al agua potable como uno de los determinantes de la pobreza multidimensional en la ciudad de Ibagué durante el periodo 2012 – 2017 Considerando las atribuciones de esta investigación la metodología implementada para el desarrollo de los objetivos planteados con el fin de establecer un diagnóstico de las condiciones del servicio de agua en la ciudad de Ibagué y su impacto en el desarrollo humano de la población; en lo que concierne a asuntos de planificación y de tarea gubernamental e institucional se identificó que las intervenciones en política pública en materia de saneamiento y pobreza en la ciudad de Ibagué son muy generales y, por lo tanto, no permiten acciones exclusivas hacia la población más vulnerable, limitando el logro de bienestar social en la ciudad de Ibagué. Within human activities, water plays a leading role in its execution, establishing that water belongs to a level of essentiality, placing it as essential in the deployment of human actions and their survival. Therefore, it is intended to evaluate access to drinking water as one of the determinants of multidimensional poverty in the city of Ibagué during the period 2012 - 2017 Considering the attributions of this research the methodology implemented for the development of the proposed objectives in order to establish a diagnosis of the water service conditions in the city of Ibagué and its impact on the human development of the population; Regarding planning and governmental and institutional tasks, it was identified that interventions in public policy on sanitation and poverty in the city of Ibagué are very general and, therefore, do not allow exclusive actions towards the population. vulnerable, limiting the achievement of social welfare in the city of Ibagué.

With the exception of Myanmar, Cambodia has the lowest access to piped water supply in the South East Asia region, which was estimated to be 21 percent in 2015. Less than one in ten rural households (7 percent) have access to piped water services on their premises, while for urban households, three out of four households enjoy these services (75 percent) (WHO and UNICEF, 2015). Against this backdrop, the Government of Cambodia in its National Strategic Development Plan 2014-2018 (Royal Government of Cambodia, 2013) prioritizes the acceleration of access to piped water services, in partnership with the domestic private sector. Private water operators are licensed and regulated by the Ministry of Industry and Handicraft (MIH). Scarce public domestic financial resources are solely channeled to state-owned utilities and enforcement of regulations is generally weak. With the exception of the French Development Agency (AFD), most development partners focus their grant and lending support on public utility investments. In 2012 the private sector is already estimated to provide 1.4 million Cambodians with piped water services, with the immediate potential for expansion of existing schemes covering another 2 million and further new schemes that could viably be developed for another 3 million Cambodians (Sy, Warner, & Jamieson, 2014) and ( (DFAT, 2014). Around 300 private sector utilities, around half of which are licensed by the Ministry of Industry and Handicraft (MIH), have a market share of almost 50 percent of those with access to piped services, mostly situated in rural towns and agglomerations of settlements, with 750 to over 3000 household connections. Driven by demand for higher services, the private sector in Cambodia will be an important driver for increasing access to piped water supply, especially in the rapidly urbanizing rural growth centers of Cambodia.

Humans may acquire infection from potable water., Mycobacterium lentiflavum, a slow-growing nontuberculous mycobacterium, is a rare cause of human disease. It has been isolated from environmental samples worldwide. To assess the clinical significance of M. lentiflavum isolates reported to the Queensland Tuberculosis Control Centre, Australia, during 2001–2008, we explored the genotypic similarity and geographic relationship between isolates from humans and potable water in the Brisbane metropolitan area. A total of 47 isolates from 36 patients were reported; 4 patients had clinically significant disease. M. lentiflavum was cultured from 13 of 206 drinking water sites. These sites overlapped geographically with home addresses of the patients who had clinically significant disease. Automated repetitive sequence–based PCR genotyping showed a dominant environmental clone closely related to clinical strains. This finding suggests potable water as a possible source of M. lentiflavum infection in humans.

This paper is organized into three main sections. Section one presents the background, objectives, scope, and limitations of the study. It also provides a general definition of OM and presents prototypical OM arrangements for rural CDD and community-based subprojects. Section two presents the detailed case studies for the seven selected projects. Section three summarizes the conclusions from the review and recommends steps for moving ahead. Five annexes provide extra background information, including the complete list of projects from which the seven main case studies were selected, as well as: examples of maintenance requirements for rural infrastructure; considerations for task teams planning for OM design and implementation; sample OM measures and timelines; and links to OM materials.

To evaluate and reflect the sustainability of services in the region, an overall sector sustainability assessment was done, taking into account four main dimensions: access to services, quality of services, efficiency of services, and financing of services. Each of these dimensions is measured through three simple and objective indicators. For each indicator, best practice values are established by looking at the best performers in the region, and countries closest to those best performers are deemed to have a more mature sector. A more complete description of the methodology to assess the sector sustainability is included in the Annex of the State of the Sector Regional Report from the Danube Water Program. The outcomes of this assessment for the Moldova water sector are presented, which also shows average and best practices in the Danube region. The Moldova sector sustainability score is 50, which is below the Danube average of 64, and is among the lowest scores in the region. The assessment shows that, on average, the country performs well in terms of collection ratio, nonrevenue water, and continuity of service. The main deficiencies of the Moldova water sector identified through the sector sustainability assessment are access to piped water and flush toilets, affordability, and investment level.

This document aims to share lessons learned from the implementation of the World Bank financed component of the rural water supply and sanitation project (EPAR) in the Sud region after its final evaluation. Leading the reform of the drinking water and sanitation sector in Haiti, the EPAR of the National Directorate of Drinking Water and Sanitation (DINEPA) involved the construction or rehabilitation of drinking water schemes in small towns with fewer than 10,000 inhabitants in the Sud region. As a result of the project, there will be a real and sustainable increase in the water supply to Haiti’s populations of benefitting communities of the Sud region, thus providing improved access for most households. A long-term solution must be implemented in order to make the meters more affordable to the operators and thus enable them to continue expanding their customer base.

Thesis (PhD(Business))--University of South Australia, 2013. Includes bibliographical references (pages 247-288) Water is a basic human need, but the cost of supplying potable water is escalating due to increasing abstraction of fresh water, drier weather, rising contamination levels in rivers and groundwater, increasingly stringent legislation, and ageing infrastructure. Many communities are unable to afford all of these costs, and must prioritise their importance. Despite the large literature on investment appraisal, there is limited guidance on how to compare these various investment needs across multiple sectors (e.g., health, environment) using a common metric. In order to ensure the most important impacts are considered for multiple types of potable water supply system (PWSS) investments, a novel approach is used to identify and prioritise a wide set of attributes based on systems thinking . In this approach, the most prominent impacts of PWSS investments are identified according to the number of causal factors that influence them (e.g., risk of illness is influenced by upstream runoff from the land, the level of treatment provided, and many other things), and the importance of these impacts is tested by monetising them based on residential consumers’ stated and revealed preferences. One of the primary goals of public investments is to increase net benefits to society, yet many of the impacts of PWSS investments have not yet been monetised.

K identifikaciji problematike varstva okolja je v začetnih fazah pristopila že Vlada Republike Slovenije, ki je v sprejetih dokumentih, med drugimi tudi v Nacionalnem programu varstva okolja in v Operativnem programu razvoja okoljske in prometne infrastrukture 2007–2013, že začrtala smernice za obvladovanje problematike razmerij med naravo in družbo, prav tako pa tudi oskrbe s pitno vodo. Problematika oskrbe s pitno vodo v Pomurski regiji se odraža predvsem na področjih neustrezne zaščite vodnih virov in zajetij podzemne vode, na nerazviti javni vodooskrbi, ki ne omogoča oskrbe celotnega prebivalstva s pitno vodo, kot tudi z nezadostnimi zmogljivostmi zagotavljanja varne in kakovostne oskrbe z vodo. K reševanju problematike je Vlada Republike Slovenije pristopila s projektom vzpostavitve novega neodvisnega regionalnega vodnega sistema, katerega poglavitni cilj je zagotovitev trajnostne, nemotene in kakovostne oskrbe s pitno vodo vsem prebivalcem Pomurja. Za zagotovitev ustrezne oskrbe s pitno vodo je treba vzpostaviti oziroma zgraditi potrebno infrastrukturo, ki zajema vodne vire s črpališči, zajetji in čistilnimi napravami, transportne vodovode, primarne ter sekundarne vodovode. Zaradi enormnega obsega potrebne infrastrukture in njenih investicijskih vrednosti se je projekt izvedbe celotnega sistema oskrbe s pitno vodo razdelil v dve obdobno ločeni fazi. Lastništvo nad infrastrukturo transportnega tipa, ki vključuje vodne vire, transportne in skupne vodovode, bo med občinami razdeljeno po določenem ključu. Glede na delež lastništva nad infrastrukturo transportnega tipa bodo občine morale zagotavljati sredstva za njeno vzdrževanje oziroma pokrivati stroške amortizacije te infrastrukture. K tem stroškom je treba prišteti še stroške vzdrževanja oziroma amortizacije primarnih in sekundarnih vodovodov, torej infrastrukture primarnega tipa, ki jih bodo občine krile individualno, in sicer v okviru svojih meja. Vsota teh stroškov se bo odražala v višini omrežnine kot delu cene pitne vode v posamezni občini. Glede na dve obdobno ločeni fazi izvedbe investicije bo tudi končna cena pitne vode naraščala skladno s stopnjo realizacije investicij. Tako lastništvo, strošek amortizacije infrastrukture transportnega tipa kot tudi višino omrežnine za posamezno občino smo izračunavali po treh ključih: D. število vodomerov v posamezni občini (predvideni števci so pokazatelj porabe vode in s tem uporabe infrastrukture), E. število prebivalstva v posamezni občini (število prebivalstva je pokazatelj porabe vode in s tem uporabe infrastrukture), F. predvidena poraba vode v posamezni občini v letu 2056 (predvidena količina porabljene vode (v l/s) je pokazatelj uporabe infrastrukture). Strošek amortizacije infrastrukture primarnega tipa se ne spreminja, in to ne glede na uporabljen način izračuna, saj je lastniški delež oziroma investicija posamezne občine vedno enaka. Rezultati izračunov so različni in glede na že v sklepnem delu predstavljeno dejstvo, torej da lahko porabo vode v prihodnosti le predvidimo, tako kot lahko le predvidimo tudi porast oziroma padec prebivalstva in njuna nihanja, je pri izračunu omrežnine transporta verjetno najbolj smiselno in realno uporabiti princip izračuna glede na število vodomerov, saj informacije o številu vodomerov v posamezni občini izhajajo tudi iz dejanske instalirane moči. Ker je omrežnina le del cene pitne vode in ker smo pri podanih izračunih omrežnine zajeli le stroške amortizacije predvidene infrastrukture, je z vidika cene pitne vode treba upoštevati še dodaten dvig končne cene pitne vode za končnega porabnika, saj le-ta vključuje tudi vodarino in vodna povračila. Identification of the environmental protection problematic was one of the main priorities of the Government of Republic of Slovenia (in following text: Government of RS). The directives for controlling problems between nature and society as also Potable water supply were indicated by the Government of RS in the National Environment Protection Action Program documents and Operational Program of Environmental and Transport Infrastructure Development. The potable water supply problematic on the Pomurje region is reflected in the inadequate protection of water wells and ground water reservoirs, insufficient public water supply which does not provide enough water for the total population, as well as insufficient capacity to ensure safe and quality water supply. Government of RS approached to these problems with a project to establish a new and independent regional water supply system of which the priority objective is to ensure sustainable, stable and quality water supply system for all inhabitants of Pomurje region. To assure a suitable supply of potable water it is necessary to build an adequate infrastructure which includes water wells with pumping stations, treatment plants, transport waterworks, primary and secondary waterworks. Due to the enormous extents of required infrastructure, realization of the project was divided into two periodically separate phases. Ownership over the infrastructure of transport type, that includes water wells, transport and total waterworks, will be divided among municipalities according to a specified key. Proportionally to the individual ownership over the transport infrastructure, each municipality will have to assure financial means to cover the amortization costs of the infrastructure. To this costs, the cost of maintenance and amortization of the primary and secondary waterworks and facilities should be added. Municipalities will cover amortization costs of primary infrastructure individually according to the municipal borders. The sum of all costs will be reflected inside the network charges, as part of the potable water price of the individual municipality. And regarding to the two separated stages of investment realization, the final price of potable water will rise according to the investment realization rate. Ownership, as also amortization costs of transport type infrastructure and the amount of network charges for individual municipality were calculated according to three different keys: A. Number of all water gauges in the individual municipality (predicted number of water gauges indicates water consumption and therefor the use of the infrastructure) B. Population number in the individual municipality (Population number indicates water consumption and therefor the use of the infrastructure) C. Predicted water use in the individual municipality in the year 2056 (Predicted water consumption (in liter per second (l/s)) indicates the use of the infrastructure) The amortization cost of the primary infrastructure does not change regardless to the calculation method, because the ownership share or investment of individual municipality is always the same. Calculation results are different and regarding the already presented fact, that the future water consumption as well as population oscillation can only be predicted and not assured, the most sensible and realistic calculating method would be to consider the number of water gauges. The information on the number of water gauges in each municipality stem from the actual installed capacity. We calculated only amortization of the foreseen infrastructure that is only a part of network charge. And network charge is only part of potable water price. To calculate final price of potable water for the end user, we have to consider also water rate and water refunds.

El acceso al servicio de agua potable y la correcta disposición de excretas y aguas servidas tienen una incidencia directa e incuestionable sobre el nivel de vida de toda población. Para el caso colombiano tal influencia no parece reflejarse en una conciencia generalizada y activa que posibilite su apreciación, mida la consecuencia de sus deficiencias y las posicione en un lugar donde se posibilite actuar de manera informada y consecuente para cambiar su realidad y su tendencia.El presente estudio se propone alentar la discusión sobre la necesidad de evaluar la política pública sectorial, desde una mirada ambiental, vale decir, superando las visiones parciales que han impreso ese mismo sesgo sobre los diagnósticos y las propuestas. Para tal fin, adoptando un marco teórico desarrollado para los servicios públicos domiciliarios se indaga por las relaciones entre agua y saneamiento con la Economía ecológica, el Cambio climático y el Derecho humano al agua. Con una revisión de la situación en diferentes momentos de la historia sectorial reciente se completa el diagnóstico y se propone unas conclusiones. Abstract. The access to potable water and proper sewage and wastewater disposal has a direct and unquestionable effect on the standard of living of the population. In Colombia such influence does not appear to be reflected in a widespread and active awareness, so that people could appreciate the problem, measure the consequences of its deficiencies, and acting an informed and consistent way in order to change their reality and their tendencies. This study aims at raising a discussion by means of a methodology for evaluating sector-base public policy from an environmental perspective, overcoming biased views on diagnosis and proposals. To this end, the relationship between water and sanitation, and ecological economics, climate change, and human right to water is enquired by adopting a theoretical framework developed for public utilities. The ground for methodology is completed with a review of the situation at different times in recent sectorial history, which is proposed as a conclusion. Maestría