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The unprecedented population growth and low economic diversification in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) raise questions about possible paths for demo-economic transitions. Given the limitations of the dominant macroeconomic conception of structural change for analysing economic transformations in SSA, and acknowledging the importance of rural economies in SSA, this paper argues for an alternative approach to structural change that uses the rural household as the key unit of analysis of change. Structural change is therefore impacted by the evolution of the socioeconomic reproduction patterns of rural households. To understand these households' reproduction patterns, the paper formulates an analytical framework centred on structures, institutions and their evolution. Drawing on Régulation theory, we first adjust institutional forms to rural African contexts. We then demonstrate how the income-labour nexus, integrating the social relations linked to the organisation of the production process and the modes of reproduction, is the dominant institutional form in capturing the socioeconomic reproduction of rural households. Last, to detect these emerging institutional configurations, we analyse youth transition as the critical period of households' socioeconomic reproduction that can reveal structural change.

Rural households have established various informal strategies to cope with unanticipated shocks. These existing coping strategies are receiving renewed interest, particularly in the context of climate change and in terms of the role they do, and can play, in enhancing households' adaptive capacity. An improved understanding of these strategies, and the factors that influence their application, may support the design of locally relevant adaptation strategies. We explored the nature and prevalence of unanticipated shocks, including natural hazards, experienced by households in two villages in Venda, South Africa, with the villages selected, in part, because of notable differences in precipitation. We considered the influence of shock type, and household- and location-specific characteristics, on the use of various household-level coping strategies. We report on semi-structured interviews, administered to 170 randomly selected households, and a participatory rural appraisal. Almost 90% of households reported the experience of at least one unanticipated shock over a prescribed 5-year period, with natural hazards reported by 42%. The type of shock experienced and various household-level characteristics, such as households' access to human and financial capital, influences households' coping response. Households' access to natural and social capital allowed for the protection of ex-ante coping options. Overall, our findings indicate that when possible, households actively manage their coping strategy portfolio, both in response to the shock experienced and in anticipation of future shocks. Generally, households' informal, ex-post coping options appear to be insufficiently robust for the covariate nature of natural hazards, suggesting the need for interventions that support households’ existing coping portfolio.

In the dry areas of western Africa, the over-exploitation of forestry resources and the lack of tree regeneration lead to the degradation of agroforestry parklands. Such parklands could be better managed if the multiple services provided by the trees were well identified and valorized. However, there is little information on the local knowledge of' tree species regarding their functions, uses and services. Likewise, local stakeholders' perceptions of the relation between the species aptness for the above functions and uses and their functional traits is not well known. This study focuses on local knowledge of tree species in parklands of the Segou region in Mali, in order to identify specific uses or multifunctionalities that could be highlighted in improving agroforestry systems. Qualitative surveys have been carried out to identify users' perceptions of tree functions and functional traits. Findings show the possibility of classifying species by relevant functional groups, i.e. woody/timber trees, fruit/cash crop trees and trees related to livestock. Functional traits were not easily identified by farmers and the related information was difficult to analyze. Moreover, the perception of functions and traits depended on user groups (craftsmen, crop farmers, livestock farmers, traditional health practitioners, women etc.) and on agro-environmental and socio-economic contexts (activities, knowledge, means and practices). Therefore, scientific databases composed of lists of functions and traits for a given species have no generic value and must be valued depending on the context which may or may not enhance the substitutions between species for each use.

International audience; Indicators of agricultural production diversity and market access and/or participation have often been used to try to understand how agricultural production and markets influence dietary diversity of rural smallholder households. Based on a standardized search strategy, 37 studies investigating the association between an indicator of agricultural production diversity and any indicator of dietary diversity were reviewed. The characteristics of the indicators of agricultural production diversity, as well as indicators of market access and/or participation, were assessed. This review demonstrated the wide range of indicators; four types and 14 subtypes of indicators of agricultural production diversity were found in the 37 studies, and three types and 14 subtypes of indicators of market access and/or participation were found in 25 studies. While diversity of measurement ideas allows flexibility, it precludes comparability with other studies and might make it difficult to build a robust body of evidence of the impact of agriculture at farm household level on food security, diet, and nutrition.

La sécurité alimentaire nutritionnelle en Afrique subsaharienne s'est considérablement dégradée au cours des dernières années. Se dessinent des évolutions économiques, sociales, environnementales et politiques qui font peser des risques supplémentaires sur les systèmes alimentaires du continent. Cet article décrit plusieurs scénarios d'évolution possible de l'agriculture et leurs impacts sur les usages des terres (en particulier, les superficies cultivées), le commerce et la sécurité alimentaire et nutritionnelle. Ces scénarios ont été construits en associant entre elles, de manière plausible et cohérente, des hypothèses sur les déterminants des évolutions de l'agriculture, à savoir le contexte global (démographie, politique, économie et innovations, social), le changement climatique, les régimes alimentaires, les relations rural-urbain, les structures agricoles et les systèmes d'élevage et de culture. Renforcer la sécurité alimentaire et nutritionnelle ne sera possible que par un changement de perspective en passant d'approches sectorielles et par filières à des approches systémiques, par des transformations profondes des systèmes alimentaires qui demanderont une coordination forte entre acteurs du système, et par le développement de politiques publiques d'accompagnement de ces changements.

A growing number of people are entering the artisanal and small‐scale mining (ASM) sector worldwide. In Madagascar, millions of individuals depend on this informal activity. Through a case study in the Alaotra‐Mangoro region of Madagascar, our research aimed to understand the “bottom‐up” dynamics and ripple effects of the sector, by looking at the realities for rural communities where inhabitants are both directly and indirectly affected by ASM. We were interested in community members' and miners' perceptions of the socio‐economic and environmental impacts of ASM, and in identifying the factors attracting people living in one of the country's agricultural hubs to this activity. Our results show a wide diversity of push and pull factors leading people to enter the sector. Although many positive impacts of ASM exist for miners and communities within the vicinity of mines, most miner participants considered themselves worse off since starting to mine, highlighting the high risk and low probability of return of ASM. ASM's potential for local and national development will remain squandered if its negative impacts continue to go unmanaged. Accounting for local contexts and the ripple effects of ASM will be crucial in achieving safety and security for miners, and to tap into the benefits it may offer communities while minimising environmental damage., Natural Resources Forum, 45 (1), ISSN:0165-0203, ISSN:1477-8947

Thèse soutenue en co-tutelle, sous la direction de Patrice Bourdelais et Laurinda Abreu (Université d’Evora), devant un jury composé d’Alexandre Abrantes (École Nationale de Santé Publique, Nova - Lisbonne), Luc Berlivet (CNRS), Véronique Hébrard (Université de Lille) et Clément Thibaud (EHESS). Résumé : Cette thèse porte sur la politique démographique de l’État colombien au cours de la période comprise entre 1840 et 1942. Elle rend compte de l’importance attribuée aux dynamiques démographiqu...

Climate change adaptation is a cross-cutting policy issue that accounts for a diversity of policy approaches, tools, and goals. Unclear conceptualization and the absence of comparable metrics are challenges that hinder the assessment of progress toward policy goals. This study draws on a policy mix approach to analyze adaptation efforts at the subnational level. It examines the complex pathways by which rural households in Northeast Brazil build resilience capacities and deal with drought with policy support. Particular emphasis is placed on the implementation of policy mixes composed of climate-related and broader development instruments as well as on the coordination of these instruments in the mix. The resilience of households benefiting from different instrument mixes is examined, and the results show a trend toward an intermediary value for our composite resilience metric highlighting the adoption of coping rather than transformative adaptive strategies. However, changing these trends toward enhanced resilience pathways depends on the improved implementation of the policy mixes and on political factors that include administrative issues, but also coordination and negotiation among policy actors.

Este estudio evaluó cuales factores han influido la adopción de prácticas de conservación y aumento de la Cobertura Arbórea en Fincas (CAF) en tres zonas rurales de Costa Rica. Se complementó información de censos poblacionales y datos geo-espaciales con resultados de entrevistas y talleres con 163 productores, aplicando un enfoque de indagación apreciativa y el marco de capitales de la comunidad. Los resultados confirman que también utilizando indicadores de desarrollo basado en estos enfoques y trabajando con CAF en paisajes agrícolas, es válida la teoría de la transición forestal (Mather 1992). Además se sugiere que si el proceso de desarrollo pone mayor énfasis en fortalecer el capital social (capacidad de organización, intercambio de información) y humano (salud, educación, asistencia técnica), existirá mayor probabilidad que el desarrollo irá acompañado por un proceso de recuperación de la CAF. La combinación de estos factores surtió un mayor efecto sobre la CAF que la Ley Forestal de 1996 y su programa de pago por servicios ambientales (PSA)., This study proposed to evaluate which factors have influenced the adoption of conservation practices and the increase of On-farm Tree Cover (OTC) in three areas of Costa Rica. We compared information from population census and geospatial data with results of interviews and workshops with 163 producers, applying the approaches of appreciative inquiry and the community capitals framework. The results confirm that using development indicators based on these approaches and working with OTC within agricultural landscapes, the Forest Transition theory (Mather 1992) also applies. In addition, our results suggest that when the development process emphasizes the strengthening of social (organizational capacity, sharing of information) and human capital (health, education, technical assistance), there is more probability that development will be accompanied by a process of recovery of the OTC in agricultural landscapes. The combination of these factors had greater effect on OTC than the Forest Law of 1996 with its payment for environmental services scheme.

The anthropometry of children aged 0-12 years was studied during the multiple objectives survey conducted in the Middle Senegal River Valley (MISOES) in 1957-1958. This survey was based on two representative samples, in urban areas (769 children) and in rural areas (1240 children). Several measurements were taken: weight, height, arm circumference, triceps skinfold, subscapular skinfold, sub-iliac crest height, biacromial breadth, biiliac breadth. They were compared with American standards. Data show an overwhelming anthropometric deficit compared with standards, and complex interactions with age, gender, and place of residence. The average deficit, expressed as the percentage of reference values were: 80.6% for weight, 95.5% for height, 91.7% for body mass index (BMI), 78.6% for body surface area; it was more marked for triceps skinfold (67.6%) and for subscapular skinfold (66.3%), but less for arm circumference (84.9%) and for muscle circumference (87.7%); it was also marked for biacromial breadth (90.5%) and for biiliac breadth (91.9%), although keeping approximately constant the acromial-iliac ratio. Overall, deficits were more marked among children 1-2 years old, as well as among the 9-12 years old. Gender differences were not pronounced, but boys were some what disadvantaged before age 3 years, while girls were in greater deficit at age 9-12 years. Differences by place of residence were small and complex: deficits were higher in rural areas for skinfolds, but higher in urban areas for arm- and muscle- circumference. Results from the MISOES survey were put into perspective by comparing them with other studies also conducted in Senegal among under-five children: Niakhar (1983-1984) and DHS surveys (1993-2017). The relationships with economic development in the valley are discussed

El treball fou presentat com a comunicació al XI Congreso de la Población Española: "Envejecimiento, Despoblación y Territorio", organitzat per l'Asociación de Geógrafos Españoles-Grupo de Población. León, del 18 al 20 de setembre de 2008. En el marco interdisciplinario que explora los sistemas residenciales, utilizando variables demográficas y características de las viviendas, esta contribución se fija en la especificidad rural en España. Según nuestros resultados, existe un subsistema rural de vivienda, que se basa en la propiedad de la vivienda principal al igual que el urbano. Sin embargo, para ser propietario, los hogares rurales utilizan, con mayor frecuencia, las redes familiares (ayuda financiera, herencia, donaciones y cesiones) y dependen menos de la financiación externa. La forma en que las redes familiares han apoyado a los hogares define la diversidad regional existente en las zonas rurales. No obstante, se observa una convergencia gradual del subsistema rural hacia el modelo urbano. En el marc interdisciplinari que explora els sistemes residencials, utilitzant variables demogràfiques i característiques dels habitatges, aquesta contribució es fixa en l'especificitat rural a Espanya. Segons els nostres resultats, existeix un subsistema rural d'habitatge, que es basa en la propietat de l'habitatge principal igual que l'urbà. No obstant això, per a ser propietari, les llars rurals utilitzen, amb major freqüència, les xarxes familiars (ajuda financera, herència, donacions i cessions) i menys sovint depenen del finançament extern. La manera com les xarxes familiars han donat suport a les llars defineix la diversitat regional existent en les zones rurals. Tanmateix, s'observa una convergència gradual del subsistema rural cap al model urbà. Within the interdisciplinary framework that explores housing systems using demographic variables and housing stock features, this contribution addresses rural specificities in Spain. According to our results, a housing rural subsystem can be identified, which is based on home ownership as well as the urban one. However, rural households use family networks more frequently (financial help, inheritance, donations and cessions) and depend less often on external financing in order to be homeowners. The way how family networks have helped households defines the regional diversity existing at the rural scale. Nevertheless, a gradual convergence of the rural subsystem into an urban model has been identified.

International audience; This paper proposes to reread the history of divorces from the re-establishment of divorce in France in 1884 to the aftermath of the Second World War by distinguishing three major territories : the urban population, the rural population and the department of the Seine. To refine the analysis, data distinguishing Paris from its suburbs within this department will be added. The interest, beyond measuring the level of divorces in the territories, is to answer the question of the homogenisation of divorcing behaviour between 1884 and 1913 in order to know, in particular, whether the populations that divorced the least in 1884 were the same on the eve of the First World War, and whether the gaps observed at the beginning of the period were narrowing. Available sources also provide details that are generally unavailable outside the national level, such as the spouse who obtained the divorce, its reason, the length of the marriage, the age and age difference between the spouses, and the number of children of divorced couples. In addition to measuring the levels of divorces in these territories, the aim will therefore be to find out whether the characteristics of divorces are the same in the urban and rural populations and in the Seine department and, if so, to try to understand why they diverge.; Cette communication se propose de relire l’histoire des divorces depuis le rétablissement du divorce en France en 1884 jusqu’aux lendemains de la seconde guerre mondiale en distinguant trois grands territoires : la population urbaine, la population rurale et le département de la Seine. Pour affiner l’analyse, des données distinguant Paris de sa banlieue au sein de ce département seront ajoutées. L’intérêt, au-delà de mesurer le niveau de divortialité dans les territoires, est de répondre à la question de l’homogénéisation des comportements de divortialité entre 1884 et 1913 pour savoir notamment si les populations qui divorcent le moins en 1884 sont les mêmes à la veille de la première guerre mondiale et si les écarts observés au début de la période se réduisent. Les sources disponibles fournissent par ailleurs des détails en général indisponibles autrement qu’à l’échelle nationale, telles que la partie ayant obtenu le divorce, son motif, la durée du mariage, l’âge et l’écart d’âge des époux ou encore le nombre d’enfants des couples divorcés. Au-delà de la mesure des niveaux de divortialité dans ces territoires, il s’agira donc de savoir si les caractéristiques des divorces sont les mêmes dans les populations urbaines, rurales et dans le département de la Seine et, le cas échéant, de tenter de comprendre pourquoi ils divergent.

Background: Stunting is a major health problem in low-income countries. This study was designed to compare Height-for-age Z-score of children from 24 to 35 months of age between two populations: before and after LNS supplementation. Method: The study was promoted by the association PDM in a neighborhood of 6 villages in a rural area in Cambodia. There was two phases: one before any intervention, the second phase consisted of the intervention. First, anthropometric data were collected from the children seen at the local health center (2007-2012). During the second phase (2011-2019), pregnant women in the third trimester and children from 6 to 24 months of age were supplemented with LNS. The follow –up of the children lasted till they were 3 years old. Anthropometric data were collected at each visit. Primary outcome was height-for-age between 24 and 35 months of age. Results: 198 data between 24 and 35 months were collected during the first phase. 347 pregnant women were enrolled in the intervention phase, 333 children were tracked. 188 data between 24 and 35 months were collected in the supplemented-population. The mean HAZ in the supplemented population was higher than in the population before intervention (-1,60 vs -1,14, p

Growing urbanisation in Africa is accompanied by rapid changes in food environments, with potential shifts towards unhealthy food/beverage consumption, including in socio-economically disadvantaged populations. This study investigated how unhealthy food and beverages are embedded in everyday life in deprived areas of two African countries, to identify levers for context relevant policy. Deprived neighbourhoods (Ghana: 2 cities, Kenya: 1 city) were investigated (total = 459 female/male, adolescents/adults aged ≥13 y). A qualitative 24hr dietary recall was used to assess the healthiness of food/beverages in relation to eating practices: time of day and frequency of eating episodes (periodicity), length of eating episodes (tempo), and who people eat with and where (synchronisation). Five measures of the healthiness of food/beverages in relation to promoting a nutrient-rich diet were developed: i. nutrients (energy-dense and nutrient-poor -EDNP/energy-dense and nutrient-rich -EDNR); and ii. unhealthy food types (fried foods, sweet foods, sugar sweetened beverages (SSBs). A structured meal pattern of three main meals a day with limited snacking was evident. There was widespread consumption of unhealthy food/beverages. SSBs were consumed at three-quarters of eating episodes in Kenya (78.5%) and over a third in Ghana (36.2%), with those in Kenya coming primarily from sweet tea/coffee. Consumption of sweet foods peaked at breakfast in both countries. When snacking occurred (more common in Kenya), it was in the afternoon and tended to be accompanied by a SSB. In both countries, fried food was an integral part of all mealtimes, particularly common with the evening meal in Kenya. This includes consumption of nutrient-rich traditional foods/dishes (associated with cultural heritage) that were also energy-dense: (>84% consumed EDNR foods in both countries). The lowest socio-economic groups were more likely to consume unhealthy foods/beverages. Most eating episodes were 77% of eating episodes were consumed at home and >46% with family, which tended to be energy dense. Eating alone was also common as >42% of eating episodes were taken alone. In these deprived settings, policy action to encourage nutrient-rich diets has the potential to prevent multiple forms of malnutrition, but action is required across several sectors: enhancing financial and physical access to healthier foods that are convenient (can be eaten quickly/alone) through, for example, subsidies and incentives/training for local food vendors. Actions to limit access to unhealthy foods through, for example, fiscal and advertising policies to dis-incentivise unhealthy food consumption and SSBs, especially in Ghana. Introducing or adapting food-based dietary guidelines to incorporate advice on reducing sugar and fat at mealtimes could be accompanied by cooking skills interventions focussing on reducing frying/oil used when preparing meals, including ‘traditional’ dishes and reducing the sugar content of breakfast., Highlights • Growing urbanisation in African countries, such as Ghana and Kenya is accompanied by rapid changes in food environments. • Investigating unhealthy food practices in deprived areas of African cities identified levers for contextualised policy. • Widespread consumption of unhealthy food/beverages including energy dense nutrient rich foods associated with tradition. • A structured three main meals a day pattern with limited snacking was evident, with eating with family or alone common. • Inter-sectoral policy promoting nutrient-rich diets to prevent all forms of malnutrition in deprived urban areas is needed.

Larticle examine la composition national de la population rurale des districts du sud de la region de Tioumen, transforme pendant la priode entre recensements de 2002-2010. Daprs les rsulats de ltude, il a t constat que la colonne vertbrale de la population rurale est com- pose des russes, suivis par les tatars avec un grand dtachement et la troisime place des leaders est occupes par les kazakhs. En mme temps, si le nombre des russes augmente, celui des tatars et des kazakhs diminue. En mme temps, il est not que dans les territoires ruraux, il y avait des peuples qui ny vivaient pas auparavant ou qui se trouvaient en un nombre dit singulier. Un autre aspect particulier du recensement de 2010 est laugmentation du nombre des citoyens qui nont pas dclar leur nationalit.

More frequent and intense climate hazards, a predicted outcome of climate change, are likely to threaten existing livelihoods in rural communities, undermining households’ adaptive capacity. To support households’ efforts to manage and reduce this risk, there is a need to better understand the heterogeneity of risk within and between communities. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change revised their climate vulnerability framework to incorporate the concept of risk. This study contributes toward the operationalization of this updated framework by applying a recognized methodology to the analysis of the climate-related risk of rural households. Using a mixed-method approach, including a cluster analysis, it determined and assessed archetypical patterns of household risk. The approach was applied to 170 households in two villages, in different agroecological zones, in the Vhembe District Municipality of South Africa’s Limpopo Province. Six archetypical climate-risk profiles were identified based on differences in the core components of risk, namely, the experience of climate hazards, the degree of exposure and vulnerability, and the associated impacts. The method’s application is illustrated by interpreting the six profiles, with possible adaptation pathways suggested for each. The archetypes show how climate-related risk varies according to households’ livelihood strategies and capital endowments. There are clear site-related distinctions between the risk profiles; however, the age of the household and the gender of the household head also differentiate the profiles. These different profiles suggest the need for adaptation responses that account for these site-related differences, while still recognizing the heterogeneity of risk at the village level.

INTRODUCTION – L'ostéopathie est la pratique actuellement à la mode. Elle est utilisée de toutes les manières et pour toutes les indications. Depuis quelques années, l'engouement vers cette pratique est en net augmentation avec 49% des français ayant déjà eu à faire avec cette spécialité. L'objectif principal de cette pratique va être l'évaluation de la perception de l'ostéopathie par la population rurale de Lorraine. MATÉRIEL ET MÉTHODE – Cette étude descriptive transversale, par analyse de questionnaires, a été réalisée du 25/01/2020 au 25/04/2020. Les 520 questionnaires obtenus ont été compilés à l'aide du logiciel Excel de Microsoft. RÉSULTATS – Parmi les 520 questionnaires analysés, 80% des répondants déclarent connaître la pratique. Par ailleurs, 55% ont déjà bénéficié de la manipulation manuelle et le niveau de confiance en cette pratique est très important avec 92% de satisfaction positive. Cependant, la méconnaissance de la pratique est très claire avec un très net manque d'informations évoqué par 91.2% du panel. CONCLUSION - Cette étude de la perception de l'ostéopathie a permis de confirmer la vision positive de la population vis-à-vis de cette pratique. Elle démontre également la faible évolution du discours et de l'informations de la manipulation manuelle ces dernières années. Nous proposons afin d'améliorer la pratique d'augmenter la délivrance d'informations auprès des différents professionnels de santé afin de les sensibiliser au mieux et ainsi permettre une meilleure prise en charge de la population.