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In this study we present morphometrical evaluation of some kidney’s anatomical characteristics in two different pig breeds reared in Macedonian farms in order to determinate whether the investigated pig kidneys could be suitable as an experimental model in human medicine.The material was consisted of 156 pig kidneys taken from two adult pig breeds (96 kidneys of Landrace/Yorkshire crossbreed and 60 kidneys from breed Dalland), slaughtered at age of 5.5 months and weighting of 95 kg of mean. The kidneys were evaluated morphmetrically, considering weight, length, cranial and caudal pole width and cranial and caudal pole thickness. The data was statistically evaluated and compared with previous published findings for human kidneys.The results for the pig kidney morphometric measurements for Landrace/Yorkshire crossbreed were the following: weight 158.95g, length 12.73cm, cranial pole width and thickness: 6.39cm and 3.00cm respectively, caudal pole width and thickness 5.75cm and 2.83cm, respectively. In breed Dalland, the renal morphometric measurements showed: weight 182.98g, length 12.61cm, cranial pole width: 6.59cm and cranial pole thickness: 3.15cm, caudal pole width: 5.91cm and caudal pole thickness: 3.04cm. There were positive correlations between several variables considering the renal morphometry. Except for the length, the results of other morphmetrical measurements for Landrace/Yorkshire crossbreedwere smaller than those obtained for breed Dalland.From anatomical view despite the differences among these two breeds founded in this study, there are many similarities between the pig and human kidney morphometry. Considering that the best anatomical region for kidney implantation in humans depends on kidney’s anatomical features (length of blood vessels and urinary loop as well as the number of blood vessels) and renal morphological characteristics (weight, length, width and thickness) we can conclude that the pig kidneys from both investigated breeds in selected category could be suitable as an experimental models for endourological research.

The effect of a single strain probiotic Enterococcus faecium DSM 7134, upon some biochemical and haematological parameters in broilers, was examined after a single dose application of ochratoxin A (OTA). For that purpose, a total of 160 Ross broiler chicks were randomly distributed into four different treatments with two replicates of 20 chicks each: 1) control; 2) probiotic 3.300 x 109 CFU, tested at 0.2 g/l in drinking water; 3) OTA 50 mg/l, in drinking water; and 4) probiotic plus OTA, in same amounts as in groups 2 and 3. Blood samples were collected by cardiac puncture 6 h and 12 h after ochratoxin A application. Evaluated parameters in chicks’ blood were: total protein, albumin, urea, creatinine, haematocrite and haemoglobin. Data for all parameters at 12 hours after OTA application, revealed significant (p

Assisted reproductive technologies are used to accelerate genetic gain and improve reproductive performances in farm animals, including small ruminants. This technologies include estrous synchronization, artifi cial insemination (AI) using fresh, frozen or sexed semen, embryo transfer (ET) using in vivo or in vitro produced embryos, and more advanced - cloning and production of transgenic animals. Diagnostic procedures, such as ultrasonography and laparoscopy, have been used as additional tools for monitoring the ovarian response to superovulatory treatment in donor animals as well as for AI and collection and transfer of embryos. The use of laparoscopy for assisted reproduction techniques in Macedonia commenced in the early 90’s, with the acquisition of a set of ,,Karl Storz” equipment. After the adoption of the required routine, our group has completed several scientifi c projects where laparoscopy was used for intrauterine inseminations as well as for recovery and transfer of embryos in both sheep andgoats. In the following period our group endeavored into introduction of laparoscopic insemination in the routine farm practice. Ovine intrauterine/intracornual insemination by frozen-thawed semen resulted with pregnancy rates of 45% and 60%, when AI was performed out of season and during the breeding season, respectively. In goats, this percentage occasionally peaked at 85%. The aim of this article is to review the status of implementation of laparoscopy in Assisted Reproduction Technologies (ART) of small ruminants and to present our experience in this field.

The activity of the adrenal gland is connected with the activity of other endocrine glands, such as the gonads. The experiments were conducted on testectomized adult, male rats, Wistar strain, acclimated on two ambient temperatures: room and moderately high temperature. Bilateral testectomy was performed on the rats of both temperatures and analyses were made 15-20 days after surgery. It was shown that the adrenal weight of testectomized heat acclimated rats was significantly increased. The widening of zona reticularis, shortening of zona fasciculata, as well as presence of supracortical nodules in the adrenal cortex of testectomized rats, regardless of the ambient temperature, was evidenced. Lipid content in the adrenocortical cells was lowered in both groups, but that was more prominent in testectomized rats from room temperature. The morphometric measurements of the nuclear area and volume were significantly elevated only in zona reticularis cells of testectomised animals from room temperature. Those parameters were significantly decreased in testectomized heat acclimated rats in comparison with the same values in the testectomized animals from room temperature. These results suggest that testectomy provokes changes towards increased activity of the adrenal cortex in both ambient temperatures, but those changes are less intense in heat acclimated animals.

The aim of this article is to present a classification of pig kidneys segmental arterial system based of the distribution on the segmental arteries inside the renal parenchyma. A total of 109 pig kidneys taken form two adult breeds (62 kidneys form hybrid breed landrace/yorkshire and 47 kidneys form hybrid breed dalland) slaughtered at age of 5 months and weignining of 95 kg (mean) were investigated. The anatomy of arterial vessels was studied on three-dimensional silicone S10 corrosion casts prepared together with the kidney collecting system. There was one artery per kidney in all investigated specimens that primary branched into two arteries, one cranial and the one caudal branch in a 93.54% in a hybrid breed landrace/yorkshire and in the 89.36% hybrid breed dallnad. In the rest of 6.46% hybrid breed landrace/yorkshire and 10.64% hybrid breed dallnad the renal artery was branched into one dorsal and one ventral primary branch.(p>0.05) According the way of witch the secondary segmental arteries were branching, the regions of their visualization as well their position inside the renal parenchyma, three different arterial systems were classified as: type I(79.03% landrace/yorkshire vs. 82.97% dallnad ) witch was wery variable and can be found in three subtypes(Ia, b, c), type II (14.51% landrace/yorkshire vs. 6.39% dallnad) and type III(6.46% landrace/yorkshire vs. 10.64% dallnad) (p>0.05). According the results, the vascular positions of segmental arteries in pig kidneys allow blood supply inside in kidneys to be divided into separate regions witch is necessary condition for segmental resection of kidneys during vascular partial nefroctomy as well for their use in clinical experimental medicine.

The aim of this study is to investigate the morphological structures on the renal parenchyma on the pig kidneys, prepared in thin slices by S10 sheet plastination method. A total number of 60 kidneys taken form two adult breeds are plastinated in 2mm sagital thin sections. The morphological structure on thin kidney slices is analyzed and their anatomic-topographical relationship is investigated. The prepared thin kidney slices are permanent, flexible, dry, and odorless with smooth surfaces anatomical models with clear distinction between renal medulla and renal cortex. In cross-bread landras/yorkshire, the number of renal pyramids is ranged between 8-14 (average 10.63) while in breed dalland the number is ranged between 8- 13(average 9.94)(p>0.05). Three morphological forms are found in pig kidneys based of the variation of adhesion of renal pyramids and derange of their renal papilla into renal pelvis. According the results can be concluded that the S10 sheet plastination method could be used for preparing of thin anatomical models that are suitable for education and research purposes enabling three-dimensional plan view of anatomical structures inside of kidneys.

The aim of this work is to apply the plastination as an alternative method for protection on animals that are used in education, experiments and research according the European Directive 86/609/EEC. A two years old female guinea pig is used as material. The dissection of muscles as well subcutaneous structures and organs from abdominal cavity is preformed immediately after the death of animal. The guinea pig is plastinated using the protocol for S10 plastination. The plastinated guinea pig has firm consistention, it is dry on hand touch, oddorless and free of any chemical substances. The dissected skeletal muscle enable to learn their topography and easy to understand their function. Because of permanent preservation, the organs from abdominal cavity retain their topographical position enabling complete view of anatomical relationship of organs like stomach, spleen, pancreas and left kidney are, the mesenteries with apart of thin and large intestines, the relationship between the ovary and the horns of the uterus. According the results, the S10 plastination technique can be use for developing an anatomical model from one laboratory animal witch can be used for education process in anatomy. The method of plastination is an important tool allowing 3.R concept to be aplied and widely accepted since plastinated models can reduce using the laboratory animals for education and research purposes.