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To identify the tolerance mechanisms of wetland plants exposed to heavy metal, a hydroponic experiment was used to investigate variations in photosynthetically physiological parameters and antioxidant enzyme activities in leaves of Monochoria korsakowii exposed to 0.05, 0.15, 0.30, and 0.45 mM Cd2+ for 7 d. The Cd2+ concentrations in the plant roots, stems, and leaves were also investigated. Cd2+ exposure significantly decreased the total chlorophyll content, net photosynthetic rate, intercellular carbon dioxide concentration, and stomatal conductance, while stomatal limitation value had the opposite trend (P < 0.05). During Cd2+ stress, ascorbate peroxidase activity significantly increased (P < 0.05). The translocation factor for Cd2+ was significantly lower than that of the control, and both were less than 1 (P < 0.05). Cd2+ stress damaged the photosynthetic apparatus in the leaves. During Cd2+ stress, M. korsakowii alleviated oxidative stress by increasing the activities of antioxidant enzymes, such as APX. Under 0.45 mM Cd2+ stress, increased heat dissipation was responsible for alleviating the photooxidative damage to photosynthetic organs in the leaves. Meanwhile, the majority of Cd2+ was immobilized in the roots, thus alleviating excessive Cd2+ phytotoxicity in the aboveground parts. Generally, M. korsakowii has potential application in the phytoremediation of low-cadmium-polluted water.

A new species of Heteranthera (Pontederiaceae), H. yucatana, is described, discussed, and iconographically documented based on material from Yucatan state, Mexico. The species is known from a few small ponds along a narrow strip of dry forests and shrublands over limestone outcrops and derived soils along the northwestern edge of the Yucatan Peninsula. The new species is related and has been hitherto confused with H. seubertiana from eastern Brazil but is easily distinguishable by its substantially smaller habit and flowers. Furthermore, the perianth lobes are lilac with a white-greenish basal blotch with yellowish towards the apex (as opposed to yellow lobes with proximal brownish spots). Also, the two lateral filaments are conspicuously inflated obliquely, as in Heteranthera mexicana, from which it differs by its much smaller vegetative size and some floral characters. The conservation status of the new species is assessed as Endangered according to the IUCN criteria. The genus Heteranthera consists of three species in the Yucatan Peninsula: H. dubia, H. limosa, and H. yucatana. Distributional maps for all Heteranthera from the area covered are presented. Finally, we offer a key to Heteranthera of the area.

The microorganisms and allelochemicals in Pontederia cordata planting water may have a synergistic inhibitory effect on algae. To study this synergy, an algae-inhibiting organism was isolated and identified, and its growth and feeding characteristics were studied. The organism was identified as Poterioochromonas malhamensis yzs924 based on both its morphology and molecular barcoding employing 18S rDNA gene sequences.The growth and feeding of P. malhamensis were affected by environmental factors and the state of its prey. (1) P. malhamensis is a mixotrophic flagellate. Its heterotrophic growth was the fastest in a wheat grain medium, and its growth rate in this study reached 2.5 day

Made available in DSpace on 2022-04-28T19:44:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2021-12-01 Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) Nineteen compounds were isolated from the aerial parts and roots of Pontederia crassipes Mart. [≡ Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms] (Pontederiaceae), including the new 4-hydroxy-5-phenyl-1,8-naphthalic anhydride (1) and 4-hydroxy-5-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1,8-naphthalic anhydride (2). In addition, chemically related phenylnaphthalic acid derivatives 1a and 2a were obtained. The structures of the compounds were established by 1D and 2D NMR and ESI-HRMS analysis. 8-Phenylphenalenones 3 and 4 were evaluated for antiprotozoal activity against trypomastigote forms of Trypanosoma cruzi and displayed moderate activity. Instituto de Química Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp) Centro de Parasitologia e Micologia Instituto Adolfo Lutz Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas Universidade Federal do ABC Instituto de Química Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp) CNPq: 143281/2017-8 FAPESP: 2021/02789-7

The current study was carried out to evaluate eco-friendly extracts of an invasive weed; Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms (Pontederiaceae) for controlling Agrotis ipsilon (Hufn.) (Lepidotera: Noctuidae). The insecticidal and biological activities of the whole plant extracts with different polarity solvents (petroleum ether, acetone, and absolute ethanol) were investigated. The extracts were evaluated against the 2nd larval instars of A. ipsilon. The results revealed that acetone fraction extract was the most effective extract with the lowest LC50 value (240 mg/L). The larval mortality percentage increased by elevating concentrations of all tested extracts. Pupation and adult emergence percentages were inversely proportional with the concentration of all tested extracts. There was a disturbance in both the adult malformation and sex ratios. Furthermore, the spectrophotometric testing of the most promising extracts (acetone and ethanol fractions) on some biochemical parameters (total body metabolites, acid and alkaline phosphatases, aminotransferase activities, and kidney function) in the serum of albino rats showed non-toxic effects on mammals. Therefore, acetone and ethanol fraction extracts of E. crassipes were considered promising eco-friendly insecticidal alternatives in (Integrated Pest Management) IPM programs to control A. ipsilon worldwide.

I Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms Bas.: Pontederia crassipes Mart. Perennial herb, invasive in river and lake beds. C.N.: mangoche (kb); jacinto-de-água (pt). Introduced and naturalized species, native to South America. F.Monteiro 546 (LUAI, LISC), Published as part of Monteiro, Francisca, Costa, Esperança Da, Kissanga, Raquel, Costa, José Carlos & Catarino, Luís, 2022, An annotated checklist of the vascular flora of Quiçama National Park, Angola, pp. 1-67 in Phytotaxa 557 (1) on page 63, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.557.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6985699

Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes), a free-floating aquatic macrophyte belonging to the family Pontederiaceae, is invasive in tropical and subtropical areas worldwide. Using brightfield and epif...

This study was carried out to analyze the levels of oxygen evolved in catalase activity during hydrogen peroxide decomposition reaction in species of different aquatic macrophytes and their selected families, Pontederiaceae, Araceae, Lemnaceae, Ceratophyllaceae, Azollaceae, Nymphaeaceae in two different Rivers in Delta and Edo State. Hydrogen peroxide is formed as a toxic waste product of metabolism which is quickly converted into other less dangerous chemicals. It is an important signal molecule involved in plant development and environmental responses. The enzyme catalase is frequently used to rapidly catalyze the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide into a harmless molecule of oxygen and water. Anthropogenic activities of excess nitrogen and phosphorus nutrient enrichment into water body proliferation result in eutrophication, which most species of aquatic microphytes can use to control them. The catalase levels in species of Eichhornia crassipes followed by Eichhornia natans in Pontederiacea family recorded the highest in their leaves (24.83 ± 0.29) in Ethiope River and (24.20 ± 0.10) in Ikpoba River respectively among the aquatic macrophytes studied. Those species under the family Nymphaeaceae had (23.73 ± 0.64) as in water lily in their leave tissues in Ethiope River, followed by the family Ceratophyllaceae which had (20.33 ± 0.58) in Ikpoba River, Edo State. The lowest catalase activity was recorded in the roots of Azolla africana and Nymphaea lotus (12.00 ± 0.05) and (12.30 ± 0.10) in Ethiope and Ikpoba River. Catalase enzymes present in these species of aquatic macrophytes are useful in commercial cleaning operations in bioremediation for aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems.

Bamboos have expanded their distribution in Japan in recent decades due to the abandonment of forest management practices following depopulation and aging in rural communities. Developing effective uses for bamboo biomass resources is highly desirable. In this study, we tested the effectiveness of ground bamboo as a new organic mulching material for agrochemical-free rice farming. Specifically, we tested whether ground culms and leaves with or without refrigeration/fermentation treatments influenced rice production differently. Using plastic tubs (0.31 m2), we conducted a field experiment comprising five treatments with five replicates deployed in a randomized block design: (1) control, (2) fermented ground bamboo culm application, (3) refrigerated ground bamboo culm application, (4) fermented ground bamboo leaf application and (5) refrigerated ground bamboo leaf application. Ground bamboo application successfully suppressed the coverage of the most dominant aquatic weed, Monochoria vaginalis (Pontederiaceae). Tiller numbers and soil plant analysis development values of rice plants were significantly higher in most ground bamboo treatments (relative to controls) regardless of differences in bamboo organ source or refrigeration/fermentation treatment. Through enhancement of rice plant growth and suppression of aquatic weeds, rice yields were 1.76–2.06 times higher in the four ground bamboo treatments relative to controls. Application of ground bamboo did not noticeably reduce rice grain quality. Thus, the use of ground bamboo mulch has considerable potential in increasing the yield of high-quality rice, at least on a small scale.

Monochoria vaginalis commonly known as Neelolpalam belonging to pontederiaceae family have several medicinal properties. The present study deals with the free radical scavenging activity of various extracts of Monochoria vaginalis. It aimed to identify various secondary metabolites present in the active fraction and to investigate the hepatoprotective efficacy against acetaminophen induced toxicity in Hep G2 cell lines. The studies showed that M. vaginalis methanolic extract have a hepatoprotective action at a concentration of 12.5 µg/ml. The study proved that the root stock of plant had antioxidant activity as well as hepatoprotective efficacy due to the combined effect of phytoconstituents like alkaloids, phenolics and flavonoids.

Heteranthera yucatana Carnevali, Tapia-Muñoz & J.R. Grande, sp. nov. Type:— Mexico. Yucatán: Municipio Dzemul, 2 km al S del entronque a las Ruinas de Xtampú (sic., Xcambó), approx. 21°18’00”N, 89°19’58”W, selva baja caducifolia con cactáceas columnares, 8 November 2000, G. Carnevali & J. L. Tapia 6262 (holotype, CICY!; isotypes, FLAS!, K!, MEXU!, MO!, SEL!, TEX!, UADY!, UJAT!, US!, VEN!). Figures 1, 2. A Heteranthera species similar to H. seubertiana but its leaves are pubescent (vs. glabrous) and the flowers are smaller (perianth lobes 3.2 mm vs. 7 mm), lilac with the base white-greenish (including an upper yellowish spot), whereas in H. seubertiana the petals are yellow and instead of the basal blotch there is a dark maroon-red spot at about 1/3 of the perianth lobes length. Herbs 4.5–11.5 cm tall(including the inflorescence),annual, hydrophytic in fresh or brackish water, partially submerged, emergent or paludal, growing at the margins of seasonal ponds or water-filled rock crevices. Roots delicate, diffuse, white and dark blue in dry specimens, not exceeding 8.0 cm long. Stems consisting of creeping, aquatic rhizomes and aerial +/- erect branches; rhizomes buried under the substrate, rooting throughout, reduced or up to 4.5 cm long, 1 mm diameter, with at least one node near the apex; branches 1–5 per plant, subtended by a hyaline prophyll with acute apex, basally truncate. internodes 0.6–1.2 cm long, glabrous. Leaves distichously-alternate, distributed along the stem, floating to emergent; leaves 3.3–9.0 × 0.3–0.6 cm, linear, sometimes wider near the apex, pubescent, pubescence mainly abaxial, consisting of more or less sparse glandular capitate hairs, ca. 0.2 mm long; sheath 0.9–1.6 × 0.3–0.6 mm, narrowly rectangular, with the apex appendiculate, basally truncate, marginally hyaline; ligule 2-parted, 2.0–3.0 mm long, with two different types of tissue, one of them like the rest of the sheath and blade, the other one hyaline like the prophyll; leaf blade 2.5–7.7 × 0.2–0.6 cm, linear, basally truncate and apically acute, with the margins entire, abaxial surface pubescent; nervation parallel, with the main nerve always prominent, but mature leaves bear two additional nerves (one by each side) also conspicuous; secondary venation tessellate. Inflorescence a terminal cincinnus, 1–3 per plant, cincinnus 1–9 flowered, 4.0–10.0 cm long; peduncle 2.0– 3.2 cm long, pubescent, the hairs as in the leaves; cincinnus bract just below the lowest flower, 0.8–1.7 × 0.4–0.6 cm, ovate, entire, basally truncate, apically acuminate, slightly retrorse, with no evident midvein; floral bracts reduced, slightly to densely glandular-pubescent, floral buds narrowly ellipsoid. Flowers slightly to shortly tubular, sessile, zygomorphic, with thinly membranous perianth lobes, basally fused; perianth tube light green, 0.4–0.5 cm long, densely pubescent, with glandular and capitate hairs, ca. 0.2 mm long; perianth lobes 5 superior and 1 inferior, lilac, lateral superior lobes and central superior lobe 3.0–3.2 × 1−1.2 mm, free portion 2.8–3.0 × 0.5 mm, narrowly elliptic, the base cuneate, white-greenish, with an upper yellowish spot, apex obtuse, slightly involute, inconspicuously pubescent, with glandular and capitate hairs, ca. 0.2 mm long; inferior lobe 3.0–3.2 × 0.8−1 mm, narrowly elliptic, base cuneate, apex obtuse, slightly convoluted; stamens 3, lateral ones ca. 1.5 mm long, filaments sigmoid, somewhat inflated, white, glabrous, anthers widely elliptic, ca. 0.2 mm long; central stamen 3–3.6 mm long, filament straight, not inflated, glabrous, anthers 1.7–2.4 × 0.4–0.6 mm, ovate to slightly sagittate, white; ovary ca. 3.5 mm long, linear, glabrous; style ca. 2.5 mm long, gently sigmoid, and the stigma capitate. Capsule ca. 5−6 × 1 mm, cylindrical, green, with the perianth lobes persistent. Seeds ca. 40, 0.5 mm long, barrel shaped (dolioliform) to subglobose, green on a brown background, with 8–10 longitudinal ribs. Paratypes:&horbar; México. Yucatán: Municipio Progreso, approx. 3.4 km SE de la Reserva Ecológica El Corchito, 21°15’31”N, 89°36’57”W, 1 m, 15 January 2020, Y . Barrios et al. 228 (CICY!, G!, MO!); 2 km al S del entronque a las Ruinas de Xcambó, 21°18’00”N 089°19’58”W, 5 m, 22 September 2010, G . Carnevali et al. 7564 (CICY!, MO!); carretera Zona Arqueológica de Xcambó a Dzemul, 3 km al norte de Xcambó, 21°18’30.82”N, 89° 20’ 1.95”O, 2 m., 14 January 2021, R . Duno de Stefano & G. Carnevali 3065 (CICY!, G!); Progreso, 11–15 August 1932, W. C . Steere 3094 (F-02479637!, NY!). Etymology:&horbar;The specific epithet “ yucatana ” refers both to the Yucatan Peninsula and the State of Yucatan, Mexico, from which this species is apparently endemic. Phenology:&horbar; Heteranthera yucatana has been observed in flower from August to January during the rainy season and the beginning of the dry season. The few populations sampled thus far are apparently composed of shortlived annual plants, and it is unknown at this time whether individuals/populations of the species may survive the dry season in protected places where water collects and would allow the plants to remain for a longer period. The floral characteristics of H. yucatana strongly suggest melitophily (cf., Faegri & van der Pijl 1979): daytime anthesis, bilateral symmetry (zygomorphic flowers), horizontal-upward orientation, and lilac or lilac-violet tepals with a nectar guide at the base. However, the reduced dimensions of the flower (i.e., ca. 3.2 mm wide), the separation of the lateral stamens, the inconspicuousness of the nectar guide and the contact between the anther of the central stamen and the stigma during anthesis, suggest that spontaneous self-pollination may be the primary means of production of fruits and seeds, as has been proposed for some congeneric species (Horn 1985). We have not been able to detect any fragrance from the flowers, nor observed any pollinators in the field. Distribution and ecology:&horbar;Endemic to the state of Yucatan in the MYP (Figures 1). It is restricted to a narrow fringe of very specialized habitat, found only along the northernmost edge of an ecosystem characterized by outcrops of a thick limestone slab, which is variously eroded and covered by a thin layer of organic soil, located from just a few hundred meters up to a few kilometers southward of the coast (see Carnevali et al. 2016). All collections of this taxon have been made within 2–4 km from the coast, and usually only a few hundred meters from the coastal lagoon, where the brackish water of the marshlands interface with the eroded limestone outcrops with rock crevices where freshwater accumulates during the rainy season, and in some parts mixes with brackish water. Additional relevant taxa occurring in these specialized habitats are the narrow endemics Zephyranthes orellanae Carnevali, R. Duno & Tapia-Muñoz (2010: 45; Amaryllidaceae), and Ipomoea sororia D.F. Austin & Tapia-Muñoz (2000: 807; Convolvulaceae); the three species (including the Heteranthera) can be found nearby but in further differentiated microniches. Ipomoea sororia and Zephyranthes orellanae occur in shallow depressions and rock crevices that become flooded during the rainy season. In contrast, Heteranthera yucatana occurs in small seasonal ponds or shallow lagoons with silty soil, where it grows along with Sesbania herbacea (Miller 1768: 3) McVaugh (1987: 695, Fabaceae), Echinodorus berteroi (Sprengel 1825: 163) Fassett (1955: 139, Alismataceae) and Marsilea vestita Hooker & Greville (1830 [1829]: 159, Marsileaceae) vel sp. aff. Additional taxa occurring there include, among others, several species of Amaranthaceae (e.g., Blutaparon vermiculare (Linnaeus 1753: 224–225) Mears (1982: 113)), Portulaca pilosa Linnaeus (1753: 445; Portulacaceae), and the endemic Cuphea gaumerii Koehne (1900: 154; Lythraceae). This ecosystem, with its array of hydrophytic microniches, resides at the seaward northern edge of an association referred to as ‘‘ selva baja caducifolia con cactáceas columnares ’’ (see Olmsted et al. 1999 for characterization and Carnevali et al. 2003 for a discussion of its phytogeography). It harbors a distinctive flora along with a mosaic of vegetation types adapted to high temperatures and severe seasonal drought, including dry forests, thorny scrub, and marshes. In fact, a high number of the plant species endemic to the MYP occur there (Carnevali et al. 2010; Carnevali et al. 2021), because these patches constitute islands of dry vegetation associations surrounded by the sea to the north and more humid plant associations to the south. Conservation Status:&horbar; Hereranthera yucatana meets criterion B1ab(i,ii) + B2 ab(i,ii) of the IUCN for Endangered (EN). It is known from three localities, its extent of occurrence (EOO) is less than 100 km 2, and the area of occurrence (AOO) is 12.00 km 2 (Figure 1). The habitat of the species is highly fragmented under natural conditions and is also simultaneously being severely threatened by anthropogenic activities, particularly touristic developments and extensive cattle ranching. None of the known populations resides in an area that is under any level of protection. Additional material revised:— Heteranthera dubia:— MEXICO. Campeche: Municipio Carmen, margen del Río Palizada y Carrizales, dentro del sistema Pluvio-Lagunar del Río Palizada, approx. 18°23’00”N, 91°51’00”W, 24 November 1987, E . Cabrera & H. Cabrera 14920 (MEXU-1303374); Laguna del Este, 18°21’00”N, 91°45’00”W, 5 m, 3 September 1987, D. Ocaña-Nava & A . Novelo 134 (IZTA, MEXU-592733); Laguna El Vapor, 18°24’00”N, 91°49’60”W, D. Ocaña-Nava & A . Novelo R. 126 (MEXU-592733); Municipio Palizada, Palizada, 18°15’11.58”N, 92° 5’28.87”W, 25-28 July 1939, E . Matuda 3872 (MEXU-80519, MICH-1142341). Heteranthera limosa:— MEXICO. Campeche: Municipio Carmen, 3.4 km de la carretera a Champotón en rancho Nohan, 19° 1’17.60”N, 91° 5’41.30”W, 10 October 2004, J. R . Bonilla et al. 4751 (HUMO); Avenida 5 de mayo, Isla Aguada cerca de la casa ejidal, 18°46’57.80”N, 91°29’22.50”W, 10 October 2004, J. R . Bonilla et al. 4680 (HUMO). Quintana Roo: Municipio José María Morelos, Chichancanab, 19°54’00”N, 88°45’36”W, 38 m, G. F . Gaumer 1992 (MO-205058). Yucatán: Municipio Dzilam de Bravo, San Felipe, 1 km al O de Rancho “Xpanha-toro”, Reserva Ecológica de Dzilam, 21°32’N, 88°18’W, 4 m, 27 September 1991, J . Tun 362 (MEXU-910352, UADY); Municipio Hunucmá, 3 km al S de Sisal por carretera Sisal-Hunucmá, 50 m, 21° 8’37.27”N, 90° 0’48.91”W, 30 October 1984, A . Lot & A. Novelo 1400 (MEXU-592826, MEXU-428775, MO-387155); 3 km al S de Sisal por la carretera Sisal-Hunucmá, 21° 8’38.69”N, 90° 0’44.77”W, 13 July 2005, J. L . Tapia M. et al. 1593 (CICY, MEXU-1228118, MO-2005779, NY, UCAM, XAL); 10 km antes de Sisal saliendo de Hunucmá, approx. 21° 5’35.83”N, 89°58’18.58”W, 28 October 1984, A . Espejo et al. 1280 (UAMIZ-10310); Municipio Celestún, 1 km al N de la carretera Kinchil-Celestún, 21.5 km antes de llegar a Celestún, 5 km después de la desviación a Chunchucmil, 20°51’47.51”N, 90°11’7.14”W, 21 September 2006, J. L . Tapia M. et al. 1940 (CICY, MEXU-1385322, MO-2005745); Municipio Cuzamá, 1 km al N de la hacienda Chunkanán, en las inmediaciones del cenote Chasinikché (“ Hormiga del árbol rojo”), 20°43’4.33”N, 89°19’19.72”W, 20 September 2005, R . Balam et al. 24 (CICY, HUH, MEXU-1398313, MO-2005717); Municipio Progreso, 10 km S Puerto Progreso, carretera a Mérida, 21°11’0.47”N, 89°39’8.15”W, 25 July 1987, E . Cabrera & H. de Cabrera 13839 (MEXU-650487); Municipio Dzemul, 2 km al S del entronque a las Ruinas de Xtampú (sic. Xcambó), approx. 21°18’00”N, 89°19’58”W, 8 November 2000, G . Carnevali & J. L. Tapia 6276 (CICY, F, FLAS, HUH, K, MEXU, MO-191747, MY, NY, PORT, SEL, TEX, UADY, UAT, UCAM, UJAT, UPRRP, VEN, XAL); Municipio Izamal, Izamal, 20°56’00”N, 89°01’00”W, 1895, G. F . Gaumer 840 (G, MO); Municipio Tecoh, Mayapán, 20°27’58.90”N, 89°12’52.37”W, 10 October 1992, M. E . Magaña 2 (UADY); Municipio Mérida, carretera Mérida-Progreso, tramo San Ignacio a Progreso, 21°14’00”N, 89°39’05”W, 25 September 1980, V. Rico-Gray 162 (CICY); [Municipio] Dzemul, km 8 carretera San Diego Guerra-Xtampú, 21°17’45”N, 89°20’00”W, 13 September 1995, J. C . Trejo 516 (CICY)., Published as part of Carnevali, Germán, Stefano, Rodrigo Duno De, Ramírez-Morillo, Ivón M., Grande Allende, José R., Barrios, Yeni & Tapia-Muñoz, José Luis, 2022, Heteranthera yucatana (Pontederiaceae), a new, threatened species from the Mexican Yucatan Peninsula, pp. 20-30 in Phytotaxa 547 (1) on pages 23-26, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.547.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/6555750, {"references":["Faegri, K. & van der Pijl, L. (1979) The principles of Pollination Ecology. Pergamon Press. New York, USA. 244 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / B 978 - 0 - 08 - 023160 - 0.50020 - 7","Horn, C. N. (1985) A systematic revision of the genus Heteranthera (sensu lato; Pontederiaceae). Ph. D. thesis, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, USA.","Carnevali, G., Trejo-Torres, J. C., Juarez-Jaimes, V., Duno, R., Tapia-munoz, J. L., Ramirez-morillo, I. M. & Cetzal-IX, W. (2016) Marsdenia calichicola (Apocynaceae), a narrow endemic, endangered new species from the Mexican Yucatan Peninsula. Phytotaxa 270 (2): 17. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / phytotaxa. 270.2.7","Miller, P. (1768) The Gardeners Dictionary: containing the best and newest methods of Cultivating and Improving the Kitchen, Fruit, and Flower Garden, and Nursery; also for Performing the Practical Parts of Agriculture: including the Management of Vineyards, ... The Eighth Edition, .... 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Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society 137 (1): 39 - 48. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 2666625","Carnevali, G., Ramirez-Morillo, I., Perez-Sarabia, J. E., Tapia-Munoz, J. L., Estrada Medina, H., Cetzal-IX, W, Hernandez-Aguilar, S., Can Itza, L. L., Raigoza Flores, N. E., Duno de Stefano, R. & Romero-Gonzalez, G. A. (2021) Assessing the risk of extinction of vascular plants endemic to the Yucatan Peninsula Biotic Province by means of distributional data. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 106: 424 - 457. https: // doi. org / 10.3417 / 2021661"]}

Key to Heteranthera in the Mexican Yucatan Peninsula 1. Leaf-blade clearly differentiated from petiole, variously ovate, elliptical to orbicular; the pseudo-petiole longer than the blade; flowers always purple or purple-violet............................................................................................................... Heteranthera limosa - Leaf-blade not differentiated from petiole, linear; flowers purple-violet, lilac or yellow..................................................................2 2. Inflorescence sessile, axillary, with a solitary flower; flowers yellow, actinomorphic; all three anthers of the same size and shape.............................................................................................................................................................................. Heteranthera dubia - Inflorescence pedunculate, terminal, generally with several flowers, rarely only a single one; flowers lilac, zygomorphic; anthers of different sizes and shapes........................................................................................................................... Heteranthera yucatana, Published as part of Carnevali, Germán, Stefano, Rodrigo Duno De, Ramírez-Morillo, Ivón M., Grande Allende, José R., Barrios, Yeni & Tapia-Muñoz, José Luis, 2022, Heteranthera yucatana (Pontederiaceae), a new, threatened species from the Mexican Yucatan Peninsula, pp. 20-30 in Phytotaxa 547 (1) on page 27, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.547.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/6555750

Pontederia cordata is previously demonstrated a cadmium (Cd) tolerant plant, and also a candidate for the phytoremediation of heavy-metal-contaminated wetlands. A hydroponic experiment was used to investigate variations in photosynthetic gas exchange parameters, antioxidative activities, chlorophyll and secondary metabolite contents, and transcriptome in leaves of the plant exposed to 0.44 mM Cd2+ for 0 h, 24 h, and 48 h. Under Cd2+ exposure for 24 h, the plant presented a favorable photosynthesis by maintaining relatively higher antioxidant activity. Cd2+ exposure for 48 h accelerated membrane peroxidation, declined photosynthetic pigment content, and increased polyphenol oxidase activity, thus interfering with photosynthesis. The phenylpropane pathway served as a chemical rather than physical defense against Cd2+ in the plant leaves. A total of 20,998, 4743, and 4413 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in the groups of 0 h vs 24 h, 0 h vs 48 h, and 24 h vs 48 h, respectively. The primary metabolic pathways of the DEGs were mainly enriched in nitrogen metabolism, starch and sucrose metabolism, fructose and mannose metabolism, as well as pentose-phosphate pathway, contributing to a stable cell structure and function. Flavonoid biosynthesis directly or indirectly played an antioxidative role against Cd2+ in the leaves. Forty-nine transcription factor (TF) families were identified, and 8 TF families were shared among the three groups. The present study provides a theoretical foundation for investigating tolerance mechanisms of wetland plants to Cd stress in terms of secondary metabolism and transcriptional regulation.

Pontederia cordata is a heavy metal accumulator, while the heavy metal tolerance mechanisms of this plant are not well understood. Hydroponic experiments were used to assess the effects of Cd2+ on antioxidative activities, osmoregulatory substances and photosynthesis in leaves. Exposure of 5 mg L−1 Cd2+ for 7 days, the photosynthetic apparatus functioned normally and sustained a relatively high photosynthetic rate, and good growth was observed. Under 50 and 75 mg L−1 Cd2+, accelerated lipid peroxidation and increased peroxidase activity (POD; E.C.1.11.1.7) were detected, while no significant differences were observed in superoxide dismutase (SOD; E.C.1.15.1.1) and catalase (CAT; E.C.1.11.1.6) activities, as well as in lutein, ascorbic acid, and glutathione contains of leaves. Proline content increased, while soluble sugar and soluble protein contents decreased under 75 mg L−1 Cd2+. Cd2+ at different concentrations induced a reduction in carotenoid, total carotenoid, and ascorbic acid-dehydroascorbate contents. A significant increase in phytochelatin content was induced by 75 mg L−1. Chlorophyll content decreased under Cd stress and disturbed photosynthesis, causing dramatic reductions in photosynthetic parameters. Stomatal closure was responsible for a reduced photosynthetic rate under Cd2+ exposure. Cd2+ concentrations of no less than 25 mg L−1 disorganized the photosynthetic apparatus, induced the partial closure, and decreased activity of the photosystem II (PS II) reaction center, thus disturbing light conversion and utilization, thereby decreasing the photosynthetic efficiency in PS II.

Two new species are here described as segregates from Heteranthera multiflora. Heteranthera missouriensis sp. nov. has 5–13 flowers on an elongate floral axis, lavender to purplish flowers, a smaller perianth with the tube 3–5 mm long and lobes 3–4.5 mm long; it is common in the southern Great Plains of North America. Heteranthera pauciflora sp. nov. has 3–6 flowers on a shortened floral axis, commonly enclosed by the subtending spathe, white to light lavender flowers with the tube 8–10 mm long; it is known from the Atlantic coast from New Jersey to North Carolina. A taxonomic key to all species of the genus in North America, and a modified description of Heteranthera multiflora, are provided.

The spatial and temporal knowledge on spread of invasive aquatic plants helps to determine their extent, abundance, and propagation rates in invaded water systems. Water hyacinth Eichhornia crassipes (Liliales: Pontederiaceae) appeared in Rwandan water bodies in 1957, and it was legislated and accepted as a problematic invasive species in Rwanda in 1999. Water hyacinth has led to a reduction in water quantity and threatened the livelihood of local communities that live off fishing. To comprehend the status of the water hyacinth invasion and assist management strategies, it is important to have detailed and consistent information on its spatio-temporal spread, magnitude, and rate of change dynamics in water systems. This was investigated using time series Landsat satellite images for the years 1989, 2002, and 2017. Image classifications using the nonparametric classifier random forest as well as change detection analysis were carried out to process the satellite data. The results revealed a fluctuation in the extent of water hyacinth over the time series of 1989, 2002, and 2017 with estimated percentage cover of 17.7%, 22.4%, and 20.8%, respectively. An annual increase of 1.9% in water hyacinth invasion was observed from 1989 to 2002; while, a decline of 1.7% per annum was observed from 2002 to 2017. The decline observed in 2017 could be due to manual control undertaken by the government since 2002. This study confirms the potential of using remotely sensed imagery as a valuable method for determining the change in the extent and distribution of invasive alien weeds over time.

Water hyacinth, Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms (Commelinales: Pontederiaceae), is an important aquatic weed worldwide. Previous studies demonstrate that releases of Neochetina bruchi Hustache (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) provide biological control in many locations, but not all. Notably, N. bruchi were unsuccessful at regulating water hyacinth in tidal brackish waters. Abiotic factors, including salinity and nutrients, affect water hyacinth growth, but little is known about the impact of salinity on weevil survival. We hypothesized that N. bruchi has a relatively low salinity tolerance. In a mesocosm experiment, we assessed weed growth in response to a range of salinity and nutrient concentrations. In a laboratory, we assessed adult N. bruchi mortality in response to various salinity concentrations. Results indicate that increasing nutrient concentration increases weed growth. When both nutrient and salinity levels were varied, nutrients increased leaf count, but not biomass, while salinity reduced growth and increased mortality. Increasing salinity concentrations increased adult weevil mortality; required concentrations were higher than that for weeds. Thus, these results did not provide support for the suggested hypothesis. Potential effects of salinity via other exposures to weevils need to be investigated. Elucidating abiotic factors important for weed growth and weevil survival may increase effectiveness of water hyacinth management practices.

Exploring the density-dependence theory is crucial to understanding how size patterns among individuals are established. This study tested if percent cover affects the morphological and allometric relationship variation of individuals of Eichhornia azurea (Swart) Kunth, an emergent perennial mat-forming macrophyte commonly found in the lower Amazon region. We predicted that (1) E. azurea found in sites with high percent coverage would have larger, thicker, heavier leaves and longer petioles than individuals found in sites with low percent coverage; (2) the percent coverage affects the allometric relationship between branch length and number of leaves. To test our predictions, we sampled sites with low and high E. azurea percent cover. Sampling occurred in Caxiuana Bay located in Caxiuana National Forest on the lower Amazon. The results supported our predictions, in which individuals of high percent cover sites had longer petioles, more leaves, thicker leaves and higher leaf mass per area. Individuals in low percent cover sites showed a positive relationship between branch length and number of leaves. These results indicate that E. azurea exhibits morphological and allometric plasticity in response to plant density which may help explain the success of E. azurea in a variety of habitats across South America.

Two new species of Pontederia are here described and illustrated. Pontederia gigantea is similar to P. sagittata by its sagittate leaf blade, but the first one presents blue flowers while the second one has whitish to pinkish flowers. Besides that, P. gigantea is endemic to Brazil, occurring in small populations through the east coast, in the Atlantic Rainforest. Meanwhile, P. sagittata occurs in the south of Mexico and Honduras. Pontederia reflexa occurs disjunctly in South America, in Northeastern Brazil, where its distribution is linked to semiarid areas; and in Bolivia, Paraguay and Brazilian Pantanal. This species is related to the whitish-flowered species of Pontederia, and is differentiated from other species of Pontederia by the reflex and revolute spathe. An updated identification key to species of Pontederia and a map showing the geographic distribution of the new taxa are also provided.

Monograph The Quiçama National Park (PNQ), located in Luanda Province, Angola, is one of the oldest protected areas in the country. Although some work has been done on the flora of the Park, up to now a comprehensive record of the vascular plant species has been lacking. The objective of the present study was to produce an inventory of the vascular plant diversity of PNQ, as well as to record the types of vegetation in which each species occurs, their habits, uses by local communities, common names, and conservation status. A total of 452 species were recorded, from 285 genera and 85 families. Two species are Pteridophytes, 99 are Monocotyledons, and 351 are Dicotyledons. The two largest families of the PNQ flora are the Fabaceae and the Poaceae. The Park hosts 14 species endemic to Angola, and one of them is restricted to this protected area. Of the 128 species with data on conservation status, 109 are considered of least concern, 13 are vulnerable, and six are endangered. Regarding useful plants, 237 species from 67 families were recorded. Of these, 196 are Dicotyledons and 41 are Monocotyledons. Most of them are used for medicinal purposes, the manufacturing of artefacts, and as sources of food info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Carbon sequestration is considered an ecosystem service of regulation provided by diverse ecosystems, including wetlands. It has been widely evaluated in the soil of natural wetlands while in constructed wetlands, there is scanty information. In Floating Treatment Wetlands (FTW) there is none. Previously, our research group reported the efficient performance of FTW in an urban polluted pond for two years. As a follow up, the aim of this work was to investigate the contribution of Cyperus papyrus and Pontederia sagittata to carbon storage (CS) in four FTW established in eutrophic urban ponds in a subtropical region. Plant growth, productivity, and CS were assessed in the aboveground biomass of C. papyrus and P. sagittata and the belowground biomass (root mix from C. papyrus and P. sagittata), throughout 26 months in 2 FTW with an area of 17.5 m

This study aims to investigate the potential analgesic properties of the crude extract of Monochoria hastata (MH) leaves using in vivo experiments and in silico analysis. The extract, in a dose-dependent manner, exhibited a moderate analgesic property (~54% pain inhibition in acetic acid-induced writhing test), which is significant (** p < 0.001) as compared to the control group. The complex inflammatory mechanism involves diverse pathways and they are inter-connected. Therefore, multiple inflammatory modulator proteins were selected as the target for in silico analysis. Computational analysis suggests that all the selected targets had different degrees of interaction with the phytochemicals from the extract. Rutin (RU), protocatechuic acid (PA), vanillic acid (VA), and ferulic acid (FA) could regulate multiple targets with a robust efficiency. None of the compounds showed selectivity to Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). However, regulation of COX and lipoxygenase (LOX) cascade by PA can reduce non-steroidal analgesic drugs (NSAIDs)-related side effects, including asthma. RU showed robust regulation of cytokine-mediated pathways like RAS/MAPK and PI3K/NF-kB by inhibition of EGFR and IKBα (IKK), which may prevent multi-organ failure due to cytokine storm in several microbial infections, for example, SARS-CoV-2. Further investigation, using in vivo and in vitro experiments, can be conducted to develop multi-target anti-inflammatory drugs using the isolated compounds from the extract.