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The evaporation-induced self-assembly process of amphiphilic molecules (4POSS-DL-POM) in a mixed acetone/ n -decane solution is investigated using small-angle X-ray scattering. A series of scattering data analysis methods is employed to elucidate the structural evolution of heterocluster 4POSS-DL-POM from a fractal network to compact nanoclusters, followed by the formation of core–shell nanoclusters, and ultimately to hcp superlattice structure. [Display omitted] Self-assembly of nanoclusters (NCs) is an effective synthetic method for preparing functionalized nanomaterials. However, the assembly process and mechanisms in solutions still remain ambiguous owing to the limited strategies to monitor intermediate assembled states. Herein, the self-assembly process of amphiphilic molecule 4POSS-DL-POM (consisting of four polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes, a dendritic linker, and one polyoxometalate) by evaporation of acetone in a mixed acetone/ n -decane solution is monitored by time-resolved synchrotron small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). Scattering data assessments, including Kratky analysis, pair distance distribution function, and model fitting, track the self-assembly process of 4POSS-DL-POM from a fractal network to compact NCs, then to core–shell NCs, and finally to superlattice structure. The calculated average aggregation number of a core–shell NC is 11 according to the parameters obtained from core-shell model fitting, in agreement with electron microscopy. The fundamental understanding of the self-assembly dynamics from heterocluster into NCs provides principles to control building block shape and guide target aggregation, which can further promote the design and construction of highly ordered cluster-assembled functional nanomaterials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The efficient "on water" protocol was developed by employing molybdenum‐based polyoxometalate [N(C4H9)4]2[Mo6O19] as the photocatalyst. This water‐accelerated photoinduced process affords versatile ketones from aldehydes straightforwardly, showcasing exceptional substrate generality. Its applicability to life‐related molecules such as amino acids, peptides, and sugars, further demonstrates its potential for bioorthogonal application. The mechanistic investigation highlights the hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) process between the excited‐state POM and benzaldehyde for acyl radical formation. This highly reactive acyl radical is readily trapped by the Michael acceptor, thereby enabling subsequent C−H functionalization. Highly efficient gram‐scale flow operation underlines the industrial applicability of this transformative strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT In order to attain improved mechanical properties of the carbon fiber (CF) reinforced polyoxymethylene (POM) composite, maleamidic acid treated carbon nanotube (CNT) was deposited on carbon fiber. The mechanical properties of composites have been investigated. The tensile strength values of the treated CF/POM composites at all CNT mixing ratios are found to be higher than that of untreated one. The surface morphologies of the fractured surfaces of the composites were recorded using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to gain information about the fiber–matrix interfacial adhesion in the composites. The friction coefficient of all the CF/POM/CNT composites decrease as the load increases from 10 to 20 N under the same sliding speed of 1000 r/min. XPS results showed that the formation of C–O, C=O, and O–C=O based species give rise to chemical bonds of the CF and the POM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, phase transition temperatures of nematic liquid crystals: 4-n alkoxy benzoic acid (nOBA, where n = 4 and 6) are determined from the Legendre moments of liquid crystal textures. Here, the image analysis technique in conjunction with polarizing optical microscope is used to compute the Legendre moments from the textures of liquid crystals. As a function of temperature, Liquid crystal textures are recorded from the arthroscopic mode of optical microscope. Changes in textural features of the sample with respect to temperature bring the variations in intensity values of liquid crystal textures. The brightness image that is generated from the liquid crystal textural patterns separates the information about fluctuations in intensity. In this approach, Legendre moments are computed from the brightness images of the liquid crystal textures and are plotted as a function of temperature. Significant variations in the brightness Legendre moment curve provide insight into the liquid crystal transition temperatures. Results obtained from the present methodology are compared with gray color textures data and the experimental technique of differential scanning calorimetry and are in good agreement with each other. This method is an objective and quantitative technique whereas POM method is qualitative and subjective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polyoxymethylene (POM), polypropylene (PP), and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) have been blended with adhesive-grade ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA), propylene elastomer (VMX), isobutylene–isoprene rubber (IIR) and an acrylic block copolymer (MMA-nBA-MMA). The blends were prepared using a two-roll mill and injection molding. The mechanical properties of the blends, such as tensile strength, tensile modulus, elongation at maximum load, and impact resistance, were investigated. The water contact angle, melt flow rate (MFR), and differential scanning calorimetry were ascertained to evaluate the blends. The blend samples exhibited the following properties: all POM/EVA blends showed reduced crystallinity compared to neat POM; the 80% PMMA/20% MMA-nBA-MMA blend showed improved impact resistance by 243% compared to the neat PMMA. An antiplasticization effect was observed for POM/EVA 1% blends and PMMA/EVA 1% blends, with MFR reduced by 1% and 3%, respectively. The MFR of the PP/IIR 1% blend increased by 5%, then decreased below the MFR near the polymer for the remaining IIR concentrations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration is increasingly emphasized as a climate mitigation solution, as scientists, policy makers, and land managers prioritize enhancing belowground C storage. To identify key underlying drivers of total SOC distributions, we compiled a global dataset of soil C stocks held in three chemical forms, reflecting different mechanisms of organic C protection: free particulate organic C (fPOC), physically protected particulate organic C (oPOC), and mineral‐protected soil organic C (mSOC). In our dataset, these three SOC pools were differentially sensitive to the effects of climate, soil mineralogy, and ecosystem type, emphasizing the importance of distinguishing between physical and chemical C protection mechanisms. C stocks in all three pools varied among ecosystems: cropland soils stored the least amount in each pool, with forest and grassland soils both containing significantly more fPOC (40%–60% greater in each ecosystem) than croplands. oPOC stocks did not significantly differ from zero in croplands but were substantial in forest and grassland soils. Meanwhile, mSOC stocks were the greatest in grasslands and shrublands (90%–100% greater than croplands). In cropland soils, there were no major effects of tillage on C storage in any of the three pools, while manure addition enhanced mSOC stocks, especially when added with inorganic N. Thus, the human land use intensity in croplands appears to reduce SOC storage in all major pools, depending upon management; retaining native vegetation should be emphasized to maintain current global SOC stocks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Design-optimization of power transmitted elements such as gears is a complicated process to accomplish as the mathematical model acquires to be in compliance with the optimization algorithm used. Utilization of technical standards and handbooks assisted engineers and designers with designing the gears, however the results were inefficient, thus meta-heuristic algorithms were approved for optimization, for example, genetic algorithm. In this paper, optimization of single stage spur gear pair made of polyoxymethylene material was carried out using genetic algorithm (GA), artificial bee colony (ABC), JAYA, grey wolf optimizer (GWO), and whale optimization algorithm (WOA) in MATLAB. Three single functions were used as objectives, those are, weight, power loss, and center distance. Module (m), face width (b), number of pinion teeth (z 1), and finally profile shifts (x 1, x 2) served as design variables. Unlike steel gears which were constrained by handling root bending stress and flank pressure, more constraints were added to the problem with the increase of complexity such as root and flank temperature, tooth deformation, and wear abrasion. The results showed a significant decrease in all three objectives when optimizing each objective solely with variation of the variables. It is also observed that JAYA has the superiority in decreasing the three objectives in comparison to GA and ABC nevertheless, in agreement with GWO, and WOA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Binary hydrogen bond liquid crystal (HBLC) complex is isolated from the combination of cholesteryl stearate (CHS) and 4-methoxycinnamic acid (4MCA) mesogenic compounds. Induced chiral smectic phases are observed and characterized using a polarizing optical microscope (POM). Enthalpy values and transition temperatures of liquid crystal (LC) phases and their thermal stability are reported using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and the same has been supported by the density functional theory (DFT) method. Observation of a strong peak at 3580 cm−1 from the FTIR spectrum confirms the hydrogen bond (H-bond) between chiral (CHS) and non-chiral (4MCA) mesogenic compounds. Further, DFT calculation explores the molecular mechanism of the complexation (CHS + 4MCA). The calculated global reactivity parameters (GRP) values (DFT calculations) justify the stability of the synthesized binary HBLC complex (CHS + 4MCA). In addition, topological analysis of DFT confirms the intermolecular interaction in the title binary HBLC complex. Donor and acceptor interaction in the binary HBLC complex (CHS + 4MCA) is reported using molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) analysis. Further, the impact of increased H-bond length and bond angle on induced chiral smectic ordering has been discussed in the present communication. Quantum theory of atoms-in-molecules (QTAIM) study endorses the existence of linear H-bonding of O–H···O in the binary HBLC complex. In addition, the enhanced mesomorphic behaviour along with non-linear optical properties (NLO) is reported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The impact of adding ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA 80) and 1 wt% TiO2 nanoparticles on the morphology and crystallization behavior of poly(lactic acid) blends was investigated using DSC, SEM, and POM. Thermal analysis revealed the enhancement of crystallinity of PLA in the presence of TiO2 and higher EVA 80 content in the blend. The PLA and EVA 80 components showed compatibility, as evidenced by the shift of the glass transition temperatures of the PLA phase in the blend to lower values compared to neat PLA. The lower temperature shift of the cold crystallization of the PLA and the formation of the small spherulites of the PLA in the blends indicated that the EVA 80 and TiO2 act as a nucleating agent for crystallization. The non-isothermal crystallization parameters of the composites were evaluated using Avrami's modified model, the MO approach, and Friedman's isoconversional method. The Avrami's modified rate constant (K) and the effective activation energy values significantly increased with the incorporation of EVA 80 and TiO2 nanoparticles. Furthermore, the thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) showed improved thermal stability of PLA by adding EVA 80 and TiO2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the potential use of phosphomolybdic acid (POM) as an adsorbate for hazardous organic gases (CH3X, where X = F, Cl, and Br). Density functional theory (DFT) is employed to analyze the interaction between POM and the gases. Structural optimization using the TPSSh/Lanl2Dz level of theory is performed to determine the stable configurations. The adsorption energy of CH3X on POM is calculated to understand the adsorption capabilities and identify the most favorable complex. The results show that CH3F/POM has two optimal adsorption sites, while CH3Br/POM has a larger bond distance and stronger adsorption energy. CH3Cl/POM exhibits three bonding sites. The HOMO-LUMO energy difference decreases after binding, indicating improved conductivity. QTAIM, bond order, and NCI analysis reveal the inter- and intramolecular interactions and bond characteristics. Overall, POM is found to be suitable for adsorbing these gases, especially CH3Br. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polyoxymethylene (POM) which shows good mechanical properties has a wide range of application in engineering. In this work, the nanoscale simulation method of molecular dynamics (MD) is used to make a more systematic simulation and calculation of the model of the resin material POM. With the application of software, the influence of friction depth, temperature, and sliding velocity on the frictional properties of POM was studied. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) In the range of 300 K–400 K, the temperature has little influence on the friction coefficient, but the fluctuation of friction force becomes larger as the temperature becomes larger. (2) When the friction depth increases, the plowing phenomenon and the accumulation of debris become more obvious and plastic deformation of POM increases. (3) When the friction velocity is changed, it is found that there is not much correlation between friction force and friction velocity, but as the friction velocity decrease, the friction force also decrease to a smaller extent. (4) The friction force will experience a growth period, and its value gradually stabilizes with some fluctuations, which are mainly caused by the atomic thermal motion, the effect of abrasive chip accumulation, and the release of stress energy caused by deformation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While macroinvertebrate dispersal operates at the individual level, predictions of their dispersal capabilities often rely on indirect proxies rather than direct measurements. To gain insight into the dispersal of individual specimens, it is crucial to mark (label) and capture individuals. Isotopic enrichment with 15N is a non‐invasive method with the potential of labelling large quantities of macroinvertebrates. While the analysis of 15N is widely utilised in food web studies, knowledge on the specific utility of isotopic enrichment with 15N for mass labelling of macroinvertebrate individuals across different taxa and feeding types is limited. Previous studies have focused on single species and feeding types, leaving gaps in our understanding of the broader applicability of this method. Therefore, this study aimed to test and compare isotopic mass enrichment across several macroinvertebrate taxa and feeding types. We released 15NH4Cl at five stream reaches in North‐Rhine Westphalia, Germany, and successfully enriched 12 distinct macroinvertebrate taxa (Crustacea and Insecta). Significant enrichment was achieved in active and passive filter feeders, grazers, shredders and predators, and predominantly showed positive correlations with the enrichment of the taxa's main food sources phytobenthos and particulate organic matter. Enrichment levels rose rapidly and peaked at distances between 50 m and 300 m downstream of the isotopic inlet; significant enrichment occurred up to 2000 m downstream of the isotopic inlet in all feeding types. Macroinvertebrate density estimates on the stream bottom averaged to a total of approximately 3.4 million labelled individuals of the 12 investigated taxa, thus showing the high potential of isotopic (15N) enrichment as a non‐invasive method applicable for mass labelling across different macroinvertebrate feeding types. Hence, isotopic enrichment can greatly assist the analysis of macroinvertebrate dispersal through mark‐and‐recapture experiments, as it allows to measure the movement at the level of individual specimens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A diagnostic investigation was carried out on twelfth century Byzantine wall paintings preserved in the Museum of Byzantine and Norman Culture and Figurative Arts of San Marco d'Alunzio (Messina, Italy) on the occasion of recent restoration works. First, the wall paintings were analyzed using portable X-Ray Fluorescence (p-XRF) and Fiber Optics Reflectance Spectroscopy (FORS) to obtain a non-invasive preliminary identification of the original palette. Then, five fragments were sampled for a micro-stratigraphy study using Digital Optical Microscope (DOM), Polarizing Optical Microscope (POM), and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) combined with Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectrometry (EDS) to characterize the mortars and the blue and black pigments non unequivocally identified through non-invasive techniques. The palette included mainly earthen pigments like red and yellow ochres, green earth, and more valuable lapis lazuli blue applied on a bone black layer; while the analysis of mortars found on the different apses showed the same manufacturing technique and constitutive materials: lime-based binder with the addition of quartz, and rare calcareous lithic fragments as aggregate. The obtained results shed light on the pictorial technique used for the wall paintings and allowed us to compare the Sicilian pictorial cycle with the coeval Byzantine wall paintings preserved in Sardinia and Southern Italy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanoparticles of spinel ferrites with a composition of Co0.9Cu0.1Fe2O4 (AM NPs) were effectively synthesized via a hydrothermal route. The structure of ferrite nanoparticles was characterized with X-ray diffraction, which showed a single cubic spinel phase. Energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy and field emission-scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) were employed to analyse elemental composition and surface morphology, respectively. Moreover, the effects of the Co0.9Cu0.1Fe2O4 on the morphology of [PLA = polylactic acid] nanocomposites were examined through polarized light optical microscopy (POM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The thermal behaviours for tested samples were studied through [DSC = differential scanning calorimetry] and [TGA = thermal gravimetric analysis]. A great number of minor PLA spherulites were detected using POM in the presence of the Co0.9Cu0.1Fe2O4 ceramic magnetic nanoparticles (AM), increasing with AM nanoparticle contents. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis showed that the presence of nanoparticles led to an increase in the intensity of diffraction peaks. The DSC findings implied that the crystallization behaviours for the efficient PLA as well as its nanocomposites were affected by the addition of AM nanoparticles. They act as efficient nucleating agents because they shift the temperature of crystallization to a lower value. The Avrami models were used to analyse kinetics data. The experimental data were well described using the Avrami method for all samples tested. The addition of AM to the PLA matrix resulted in a decrease in the crystallization half-time t1/2 values, indicating a faster crystallization rate. TGA data showed that the occurrence of AM nanoparticles decreased the thermal stability of PLA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Novel hydrogen bond liquid crystal (HBLC) complexes are prepared from the combination of non-mesogenic (α, ω-dicarboxylic acid) 2, 2-Dimethylsuccinic acid (DMSA) and liquid crystalline 4-n-alkyloxybenzoic acids (nOBA, n = 7 to 12). Mesogenic behavior of all complexes is analyzed by polarized optical microscope (POM) along with their thermal properties using differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). The microstructure of DMSA + 11OBA HBLC complex is observed by Field emission-scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM). The molecular geometry of DMSA + 7OBA HBLC complex is optimized. Intermolecular H-bonding of complexes is evinced using experimental and theoretical Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Natural bonding orbitals (NBO) study supported the occurrence of H-bonds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resumen: El presente texto tiene como objetivo analizar el papel que el binomio ixim (maíz)- pom (incienso) desempeñó en la ritualidad de los mayas yucatecos del Posclásico (900-1542 d. C.) y aporta algunos datos relativos a los lacandones y cho’rti’s del siglo XX, ya que existe una afinidad en los usos y funciones que le han dado estos grupos a la pareja a lo largo de la historia. Como parte de lo que Alfredo López Austin denomina “núcleo duro de la tradición mesoamericana” (López, 2008: 20) se encuentran el ixim (maíz) y el pom (incienso), elementos que se documentan en diversas fuentes desde la época prehispánica hasta el presente y, que han permanecido en la ritualidad de los pueblos mayas fungiendo como alimento etéreo para entidades igualmente etéreas. Dada la relevancia de esta díada, en este artículo se revisan sus asociaciones simbólicas, se analiza su aparición conjunta en diversos momentos y se destaca su papel como ofrenda sutil. Abstract: The purpose of this text is to analyze the role that the ixim (maize)-pom (incense) binomial played in the rituality of the Postclassic Yucatecan Maya (900-1542 A.D.) and to provide some data regarding the Lacandones and Cho'rti's of the 20th century, since there is an affinity in the uses and functions that these groups have given to ixim and pom throughout history. As part of what Alfredo López Austin calls “hard core of the Mesoamerican tradition” (López, 2008: 20) ixim (corn) and pom (incense), elements are documented in various sources from pre-Hispanic times to the present and have remained in the rituality of the Mayan peoples, serving as ethereal food for equally ethereal entities. Given the relevance of this dyad, this article reviews its symbolic associations, analyzes its joint appearance at various times and highlights its role as a subtle offering. This article is written in Spanish.

Abstract While macroinvertebrate dispersal operates at the individual level, predictions of their dispersal capabilities often rely on indirect proxies rather than direct measurements. To gain insight into the dispersal of individual specimens, it is crucial to mark (label) and capture individuals. Isotopic enrichment with 15N is a non‐invasive method with the potential of labelling large quantities of macroinvertebrates. While the analysis of 15N is widely utilised in food web studies, knowledge on the specific utility of isotopic enrichment with 15N for mass labelling of macroinvertebrate individuals across different taxa and feeding types is limited. Previous studies have focused on single species and feeding types, leaving gaps in our understanding of the broader applicability of this method. Therefore, this study aimed to test and compare isotopic mass enrichment across several macroinvertebrate taxa and feeding types. We released 15NH4Cl at five stream reaches in North‐Rhine Westphalia, Germany, and successfully enriched 12 distinct macroinvertebrate taxa (Crustacea and Insecta). Significant enrichment was achieved in active and passive filter feeders, grazers, shredders and predators, and predominantly showed positive correlations with the enrichment of the taxa's main food sources phytobenthos and particulate organic matter. Enrichment levels rose rapidly and peaked at distances between 50 m and 300 m downstream of the isotopic inlet; significant enrichment occurred up to 2000 m downstream of the isotopic inlet in all feeding types. Macroinvertebrate density estimates on the stream bottom averaged to a total of approximately 3.4 million labelled individuals of the 12 investigated taxa, thus showing the high potential of isotopic (15N) enrichment as a non‐invasive method applicable for mass labelling across different macroinvertebrate feeding types. Hence, isotopic enrichment can greatly assist the analysis of macroinvertebrate dispersal through mark‐and‐recapture experiments, as it allows to measure the movement at the level of individual specimens.

This study delves into the concept of environmental management and explores its implications on Production/Operations Management (POM). Environmental management, as a multidisciplinary approach, addresses the sustainable utilization of resources and the minimization of environmental impact in organizational processes. The research investigates the integration of environmental considerations into POM strategies, emphasizing the potential impacts on production efficiency, waste reduction, and overall sustainability. By analyzing relevant literature and case studies, this study aims to provide insights into the symbiotic relationship between environmental management practices and POM, highlighting the potential benefits of aligning production operations with environmentally conscious principles. The findings contribute to a better understanding of how environmental considerations can be strategically incorporated into production processes, fostering a more sustainable and responsible approach to operations management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Particulate organic matter (POM) is a key component of soil organic matter (SOM), which is easily biodegradable and rich in organic carbon (OC) and heavy metals. However, the characteristics of C mineralization and the releases of cadmium (Cd) and zinc (Zn) during POM mineralization are still poorly understood. In the present study, a 90-day incubation experiment was conducted to study the releases of CO2-C and of Cd/Zn during POM mineralization with and without organic acids amendment. The results showed that 16.6%-26.6% OC, 17.0%-29.1% of Cd and 5.09%-14.3% Zn were stored in 2000–53 µm POM size fractions. Comparing with one-time amendment, frequent organic acids amendment caused 76.4%-83.7% decreases in C priming effects. The total amounts of CO2-C emissions in POM size fractions were lower in soil with high pollution level than with low pollution level, and lower in 250–53 µm POM size fractions than in 2000–250 µm POM size fractions, respectively. The two-compartment first-order kinetic model can better fit the CO2-C mineralization process, and organic acids amendment resulting in increase in mean residence time of labile C. After 90-day incubation, 8.58%-26.5% Cd and 10.38%-38.1% Zn in 2000–53 µm POM size fractions discharged into other phrases, and frequent organic acids amendment resulted more Cd/Zn release than that by one-time amendment in soil with high pollution level. Overall, frequent organic acids amendment facilitated C mineralization and Cd/Zn release of POM in comparison with one-time organic acids amendment in soil with high pollution level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, using the Comparative Molecular Field Analysis (CoMFA) approach, the structure-activity relationship of 33 small quinoline-based compounds with biological anti-gastric cancer activity in vitro was analyzed in 3D space. Once the 3D geometric and energy structure of the target chemical library has been optimized and their steric and electrostatic molecular field descriptions computed, the ideal 3D-QSAR model is generated and matched using the Partial Least Squares regression (PLS) algorithm. The accuracy, statistical precision, and predictive power of the developed 3D-QSAR model were confirmed by a range of internal and external validations, which were interpreted by robust correlation coefficients ( R T r a i n 2 = 0.931 ; Q c v 2 = 0.625 ; R T e s t 2 = 0.875 ). After carefully analyzing the contour maps produced by the trained 3D-QSAR model, it was discovered that certain structural characteristics are beneficial for enhancing the anti-gastric cancer properties of Quinoline derivatives. Based on this information, a total of five new quinoline compounds were developed, with their biological activity improved and their drug-like bioavailability measured using POM calculations. To further explore the potential of these compounds, molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations were performed in an aqueous environment for 100 nanoseconds, specifically targeting serine/threonine protein kinase. Overall, the new findings of this study can serve as a starting point for further experiments with a view to the identification and design of a potential next-generation drug for target therapy against cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pollution caused by marine oil spills can lead to persistent ecological disasters and severe social and economic damages. Numerical simulations are useful and essential tools for accurate decision making during emergencies and planning response actions. In this study, we applied the Princeton Ocean Model (POM) to determine current data, including seawater velocity, salinity, and temperature, and we obtained the fate and trajectory of spilled oil using OpenOil. Several probable oil slicks around Taiwan were simulated over time (12 months) and space (four spill locations in the marine area of each coastal city or county) using the model. The percentage risk under the effect of an oil spill is estimated. The risk zone of the coastal waters of Taiwan was identified based on the frequency of simulated oil slicks hitting the coast and sensitive resources. This information not only helps authorities guide the preparation of effective plans to minimise the impacts of oil spill incidents but could also be used to improve regulations related to shipping and vessel navigation in regional seas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Journal bearings are essential machine elements that are widely used in the bearing of rotating or oscillating machine parts. Many studies in the literature examine the tribological properties of journal bearings. Most of these studies focus on polymer journal bearings and testing the tribological performances of different bearing materials with the same surface quality. In this article, radial journal bearings produced from ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) material and polyoxymethylene (POM) material in two different surface qualities in the range of N7–N8 and N10–N11 were tested under different load and different speed scenarios and their tribological performances and relationship of this performance between material and surface roughness were investigated. For this purpose, first of all, bearing samples were designed and manufactured. All samples' tribological and physical properties before the tests were measured, and then tests were carried out according to the determined scenarios. Different loads, different speeds, and different sliding distances were used in the scenarios. As a result, 96 tests were carried out by testing each situation three times in eight scenarios, with two different surface qualities from two different materials. In the tests, the friction coefficient, temperature, and weight loss values of all samples were measured, and after the tests, surface roughness measurements and SEM analyses were made. As a result, all the data obtained from the tests and measuring devices were compared with the pre-test conditions and material and surface quality. The results obtained from the comparisons and the evaluations of tribological performance are discussed in the conclusion part. The study results show that the material and the surface quality significantly affect the tribological performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bis-azido containing Anderson-type inorganic POM was functionalized with organic mono- and di-styryl BODIPY dyes for the first time, and two novel compounds have been designed, synthesized and fully characterized. Photophysical properties of these compounds investigated via UV–Vis and fluorescence spectroscopy techniques and compared with their precursor BODIPYs. The new inorganic–organic hybrids showed remarkable photophysical properties like their precursor BODIPYs. These hybrids can be offered as photosensitizers in different application areas like solar energy conversion processes and hydrogen evolution reactions (HER). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Physical soil organic matter (SOM) fractions provide increased insight into the biogeochemical functioning of soils. Several fractionation methodologies have been developed to separate particulate (POM) from mineral-associated organic matter (MAOM) fractions either by particle size, particle density, or some combination of these two properties. The proliferation of approaches to separation has led to ambiguity regarding what these methodologically defined fractions should be understood to conceptually represent, hindering robust data synthesis analyses and model development. Here we attempt to identify chemical similarities and differences amongst POM and MAOM fractions separated by different physical approaches, with the aim of guiding fractionation choices for future research. We obtained soils from 11 farms across the United States with variable parent materials, textures, and pHs, and fractionated them using 4 methods. We tested two single-step methods: a size fractionation (53 µm cutoff) and a density separation (1.85 g cm−3 cutoff), and two multi-step methods: a combined size and density separation after full dispersion, which isolates a third pool of organic matter associated with coarse, heavy particles (coarse heavy associated organic matter; CHAOM), and a combined method with delayed dispersion to separate the free POM from the occluded POM + CHAOM fraction. We analyzed all fractions for C and N concentrations, their isotopic composition, and for their chemical composition via mid-infrared spectroscopy. We found that MAOM fractions tended to be very homogenous in character regardless of fractionation schemes, while POM varied widely. In particular, to POM isolated by density floatation was distinct in both isotopic and spectroscopic signature compared to POM isolated by size fractionation alone. Indeed, our results indicated that POM isolated by size is a composite fraction of light POM and CHAOM, and does not map well onto a conceptual pool. We found the CHAOM fraction to be more similar to MAOM in terms of chemical and spectroscopic composition, indicating that one-step density separations may be the most effective means of isolating contrasting SOM pools in a time and cost-efficient matter. However, our analysis highlights that POM, CHAOM and MAOM exhibit distinct features, and the three fractions are worth separating via a combined size-density fractionation when possible.

Hypothesis: The effect of incorporation of carbon black nanoparticles (CB) and nano-precipitated calcium carbonate (NPCC) on wear behavior, thermal behavior and morphology in polyacetal (POM)-based nanocomposite gears has been studied. Polyacetal is one of the widely used engineering materials for manufacturing the gears. Nevertheless, heat resistance and relatively low crack impact strength and sensitivity to UV are the major disadvantage of POM. Adding carbon black nanoparticles into the polyacetal can simultaneously increase the tensile strength and toughness and increase the UV resistance of the polyacetal. In addition, the presence of NPCC in the POM/CB can lead to improvements in CB dispersibility, increase of wear and thermal resistance.Methods: POM/CB/NPCC nanocomposite gears containing 0.42% (by wt) carbon black and different fractions (1.5%, 3% and 4.5% all by wts) of NPCC were produced by utilizing a twin-screw extruder and injection molding machine. Morphology and nanostructure were investigated by applying scanning electron microscopy. The gear performance of nanocomposites was examined by applying a gear test rig. Gear tests were performed in the mode constant loading. The temperature and wear of the gears were evaluated in the gear tests. Findings: The simultaneous addition of both types of nanoparticles to polyacetal led to a reduction in the amount of wear by 58% compared to pure polyacetal. The temperature of the gear surface, in the same number of revolutions, was reduced using CB and NPCC nanoparticles. The decrease in the temperature of the nanocomposite tooth surface compared to pure POM was attributed to the increase in storage modulus and improvement in elastic behavior, decrease in damping ratio, as well as decrease in friction coefficient and increase in heat transfer in presence of nanoparticles. The use of 4.5% (by wt) of NPCC nanoparticles caused cracks and expansion of wear and material flow in the gear pitch zone.

The potential of reactive oxygen species (ROS) cancer therapy in tumor treatment has been greatly enhanced by the introduction of catalytically superior polyoxometalate (POM)‐based nanoplatforms, mainly composed of atomic clusters consisting of pre‐transition metals and oxygen. These nanoplatforms have unique advantages, such as Fenton activity at neutral pH, induction of cellular ferroptosis instead of just apoptosis, and sensitivity to external field stimulation. However, there are also inevitable challenges such as neutralization of ROS by the antioxidant system of the tumor microenvironment (TME), hypoxia, and limited hydrogen peroxide concentrations. This review article aims to provide an overview of recent research advancements in POM‐based nanoplatforms for ROS therapy from the perspective of chemical reactions and biological processes, addressing endogenous and exogenous factors that affect the antitumor efficacy. Endogenous factors include the mechanism of ROS generation by POM, the impact of pH and antioxidant systems on POM, and the various manners of tumor cell death. Exogenous stimuli mainly include light, heat, X‐rays, and electricity. The article analyzes the specific mechanisms of action of each influencing factor in the first two sections, concluding with the limitations of the present study and some possible directions for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is the primary cause of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), one of the deadliest pandemic diseases. Various mechanisms and procedures have been pursued to synthesise several anti-HIV agents, but due to the severe side effects and multidrug resistance spawning from the treatment of HIV/AIDS using highly active retroviral therapy (HAART), it has become imperative to design and synthesise novel anti-HIV agents. Literature has shown that natural sources, particularly the plant kingdom, can release important metabolites that have several biological, mechanistic and structural representations similar to chemically synthesised compounds. Certainly, compounds from natural and ethnomedicinal sources have proven to be effective in the management of HIV/AIDS with low toxicity, fewer side effects and affordability. From plants, fungi and bacteria, coumarin can be obtained, which is a secondary metabolite and is well known for its actions in different stages of the HIV replication cycle: protease, integrase and reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibition, cell membrane fusion and viral host attachment. These, among other reasons, are why coumarin moieties will be the basis of a good building block for the development of potent anti-HIV agents. This review aims to outline the synthetic pathways, structure–activity relationship (SAR) and POM analyses of coumarin hybrids with anti-HIV activity, detailing articles published between 2000 and 2023. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a novel hydrogen-bonded liquid crystalline binary complex system was synthesized from pure mesogenic 4-(octyloxy)benzoic acid (8OBA) and non-mesogenic n-aminobenzoic acid (nABA, n = 3, 4) chemicals. Differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) experiments were performed to investigate the thermal properties of the synthesized samples, and polarized optical microscopy (POM) experiments were performed to investigate the mesogenic phase textures. The DSC and POM results showed that the phase sequence was Cr ↔ SmA ↔ SmC ↔ N ↔ I during continuous heating and cooling cycle. In addition, the thermal stability factor, phase transition entropy, and phase transition activation energy were calculated using DSC data. According to the calculated values, it was concluded that the mesogenic phases of the synthesized complexes occur regularly and the most stable phase is the SmC phase. Moreover, the optical tilt angle value for the SmC phase was measured and it was seen that the value increased up to 29° and 30° for 8OBA/4ABA and 8OBA/3ABA complexes, respectively. The formation of hydrogen bonds between the mesogenic and non-mesogenic molecules in the synthesized mesogenic structure was confirmed by Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Furthermore, XRD results showed that the molecular ordering of the synthesized hydrogen-bonded 8OBA/4ABA and 8OBA/3ABA binary complexes occur in a monoclinic structure in the solid phase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Partial oxidation of methane (POM) is a prominent pathway for syngas production, wherein the hydrogen in syngas product can be recovered directly from the reaction system using a hydrogen (H2)-permeable membrane. Enhancing the efficiency of this H2 separation process is a current major challenge. In this study, Ce0.8Y0.2O2-δ-BaCe0.8Y0.2O3-δ (YDC-BCY) hollow fiber (HF) membranes were developed and characterized for their H2 permeation fluxes. Firstly, YDC and BCY ceramic powders were synthesized using the sol-gel method, followed by the fabrication of YDC-BCY dual-phase ceramic HF membranes using a combined phase inversion–sintering process. Characterization using SEM, powder XRD, EDS, and electrical conductivity tests confirmed the phases of the prepared powders and HF membranes. Well-structured YDC and BCY powders with uniform particle sizes were obtained after calcination at 900 °C. With the addition of 1 wt.% Co2O3 as a sintering aid, the YDC-BCY dual-phase HF membrane achieved densification after sintering at 1500 °C. Subsequently, the influences of sweep gas composition and temperature on the hydrogen permeation of the YDC-BCY HF membranes with YDC/BCY molar ratios of 2:1, 3:1, and 4:1 were investigated. At 1000 °C and a sweep-gas flow rate of 120 mL·min−1, the YDC-BCY HF membrane with a YDC/BCY molar ratio of 4:1 exhibited a peak hydrogen flux of 0.30 mL·min−1 cm−2. There is significant potential for improving the hydrogen permeation of dual-phase ceramic membranes, with future efforts aimed at reducing dense layer thickness and enhancing the membrane material's electronic and proton conductivities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: ThyroSeq molecular testing assesses the probability of malignancy (POM) in thyroid fine‐needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) with indeterminate cytology. The aim was to investigate whether Bethesda category IV (BIV) subcategories are associated with specific molecular alterations, molecular‐derived risk of malignancy (MDROM), and risk of malignancy (ROM). Methods: FNAC slides, associated ThyroSeq, version 3, Genomic Classifier results, and surgical follow‐up were retrieved for BIV nodules. Nodules were subcategorized as follicular neoplasm (FN) with or without cytologic atypia or oncocytic follicular neoplasm (OFN). The MDROM, ROM, and frequency of molecular alterations in FN and OFN were analyzed. p <.05 was considered significant. Results: A total of 92 FNAC were identified and subcategorized into 46 FN (15 with and 31 without cytologic atypia) and 46 OFN. The benign call rate and the positive call rate were 49% and 51%, respectively. The MDROM in BIV was 34.3%, trending lower in OFN than in FN. RAS mutations were significantly more frequent in FN when compared to OFN (p =.02). Chromosomal copy number alterations were more often present in OFN than in FN (p <.01). On histologic follow‐up, ROM in OFN was trending lower than in FN (p =.1). The most common diagnosis in OFN was oncocytic adenoma, whereas follicular variant papillary thyroid carcinoma was most common in FN. Conclusions: The MDROM and ROM were trending lower in OFN compared with FN, and the molecular alterations differed between OFN and FN subcategories. The molecular‐derived risk of malignancy and risk of malignancy were trending lower in oncocytic follicular neoplasm (OFN) compared with follicular neoplasm (FN). RAS mutation was more frequent in FN, whereas copy number alteration was more prevalent in OFN. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Objective We aimed to evaluate the effectiveness and complication rates of endoscopic high-pressure balloon dilatation (HPBD) in treating primary obstructive megaureter (POM) in children based on current literature. Specifically, we wanted to clarify the evidence on the use of HPBD in children under one year of age. Methods A systematic search of the literature was performed via several databases. The preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses guidelines were followed. The primary outcomes studied in this systematic review were the effectiveness of HBPD in relieving obstruction and reducing hydroureteronephrosis in children. The secondary outcome was to study the complication rate of endoscopic high-pressure balloon dilatation. Studies that reported one or both of these outcomes (n = 13) were considered eligible for inclusion in this review. Results HPBD significantly decreased both ureteral diameter (15.8 mm [range 2–30] to 8.0 mm [0–30], p = 0.00009) and anteroposterior diameter of renal pelvis (16.7 mm [0–46] to 9.7 mm [0–36], p = 0.00107). The success rate was 71% after one HPBD and 79% after two HPBD. The median follow-up time was 3.6 years (interquartile range 2.2–6.4 years). A complication rate of 33% was observed, but no Clavien–Dindo grade IV–V complications were reported. Postoperative infections and VUR were detected in 12% and 7.8% of cases, respectively. For children under one year of age, outcomes of HPBD seem to be similar to those in older children. Conclusions This study indicates that HPBD appears to be safe and can be used as the first-line treatment for symptomatic POM. Further comparative studies are needed addressing the effect of treatment in infants, and also long-term outcomes of the treatment. Due to the nature of POM, identifying those patients who will benefit from HPBD remains challenging.

Nanoparticles of spinel ferrites with a composition of Co0.9Cu0.1Fe2O4 (AM NPs) were effectively synthesized via a hydrothermal route. The structure of ferrite nanoparticles was characterized with X-ray diffraction, which showed a single cubic spinel phase. Energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy and field emission-scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) were employed to analyse elemental composition and surface morphology, respectively. Moreover, the effects of the Co0.9Cu0.1Fe2O4 on the morphology of [PLA = polylactic acid] nanocomposites were examined through polarized light optical microscopy (POM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The thermal behaviours for tested samples were studied through [DSC = differential scanning calorimetry] and [TGA = thermal gravimetric analysis]. A great number of minor PLA spherulites were detected using POM in the presence of the Co0.9Cu0.1Fe2O4 ceramic magnetic nanoparticles (AM), increasing with AM nanoparticle contents. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis showed that the presence of nanoparticles led to an increase in the intensity of diffraction peaks. The DSC findings implied that the crystallization behaviours for the efficient PLA as well as its nanocomposites were affected by the addition of AM nanoparticles. They act as efficient nucleating agents because they shift the temperature of crystallization to a lower value. The Avrami models were used to analyse kinetics data. The experimental data were well described using the Avrami method for all samples tested. The addition of AM to the PLA matrix resulted in a decrease in the crystallization half-time t1/2 values, indicating a faster crystallization rate. TGA data showed that the occurrence of AM nanoparticles decreased the thermal stability of PLA.

The mechanical, friction and wear properties of different modified polyoxymethylene (POM) are presented in the paper under free abrasive grinding condition. The shore hardness and elastic modulus of the POM matrix increased with carbon fiber (CF) filling, its shore hardness and elastic modulus were 85 HD and 5000 MPa, respectively. The hardness and elastic modulus of the POM matrix decreased with polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and graphite (C) filling. The average coefficient of friction of POM was 0.254. When PTFE, CF, and graphite were added, the coefficient of friction of the POM would be reduced under free abrasive condition. The coefficient of friction of POM filled with PTFE or graphite was about 0.15, the coefficient of friction of POM filled with CF was about 0.18. It could be seen from the orthogonal test analysis that the wear resistance of four types of materials was CF‐POM > POM > PTFE‐POM > C‐POM. When the test duration was 1.5 h, the wear amount of C‐POM was between 3 and 9 mg, the wear amount of CF‐POM was less than 1.23 mg. The speed and load were the main factors affecting the wear amount of these materials, followed by the abrasive particle diameter, and the abrasive mass fraction had the least effect on them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The synthesis of cholest-5-en-3-ol(3β)-3-[4-(2,2,2-trifluoroacetamido)benzoate] (ChTfAB) is carried out by esterification of cholesterol and p-nitrobenzoic acid using DCC, DMAP, followed by reduction of nitro group using SnCl2. The so formed amino group is further N-acylated using trifluoroacetic anhydride. The newly synthesized compound is characterized using IR and 1H NMR spectroscopic techniques. Its mesomorphic properties have been investigated using Differential Scanning Colorimetry (DSC) and Polarising Optical Microscopy (POM). The thermal and phase behaviour studies reveal the synthesized compound to be an enantiotropic, thermotropic liquid crystal. This synthesized compound overcomes the problem of degrading at the melting temperature associated with one of the previously synthesized and reported steroidal compound. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents a comprehensive analysis of different coating materials on the POM substrate. Specifically, it investigated physical vapour deposition (PVD) coatings of aluminium (Al), chromium (Cr), and chromium nitride (CrN) of three various thicknesses. The deposition of Al was accomplished through a three-step process, particularly plasma activation, metallisation of Al by magnetron sputtering, and plasma polymerisation. The deposition of Cr was attained using the magnetron sputtering technique in a single step. For the deposition of CrN, a two-step process was employed. The first step involved the metallisation of Cr using magnetron sputtering, while the second step involved the vapour deposition of CrN, obtained through the reactive metallisation of Cr and nitrogen using magnetron sputtering. The focus of the research was to conduct comprehensive indentation tests to obtain the surface hardness of the analysed multilayer coatings, SEM analyses to examine surface morphology, and thorough adhesion analyses between the POM substrate and the appropriate PVD coating. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A homologous series comprises of eight mesogenic hydrogen bonded liquid crystal (HBLC) referred as nBAO + 4BU BA are designed, synthesized and characterized. All eight mesogens in nBAO + 4BU BA series are subjected to spectral, thermal and optical characterization. Formation of hydrogen bond in the resultant compounds is evinced by FTIR study. All eight mesogens obtained in this series exhibits only nematic phase in their entire thermal spans which are coined as Nematogens. Essential characteristic studies carried out on these nematogens are Parachromatism as a function of temperature, phase transition temperatures,mesogenic thermal span and enthalpy involved during phase transition respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polyoxymethylene (POM) and polypropylene (PP) materials are mass production thermo-plastics that are frequently used in the automotive industry. In many applications, these materials with low surface energy are prepared for bonding by mechanical abrasion or wiping with alcohol-based cleaners. The usability of the Cold Atmospheric Pressure Plasma (CAPP) method has been experimentally investigated in this study, instead of these preparation methods, which are bad for the environment. Increasing the surface energies of materials with plasma application has been a known method for a long time, but applications in vacuum environment have become possible under atmospheric pressure in recent years. In this way, the effectiveness of the method has remained the same, while its application and cost have improved. Experimental studies of the APP method to contribute to research in applications such as painting and bonding have been explained and it has been shown that the method can be an alternative for bonding applications of POM and PP materials, especially in the automotive sector. Considering that the APP method is an environmentalist process, it is understood that it will be an alternative in bonding of POM and PP materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Soil organic matter (SOM) is proposed to be subdivided into structural and process pools. The structural pools include particulate organic matter (CPOM) and mineral-associated organic matter (CMAOM) and the process pools comprise microbial biomass (Cmic) and potentially mineralizable organic matter (C0). The studies have been performed in a long-term microplot experiment on gray forest soil (Luvic Retic Greyzemic Phaeozem (Loamic)). Mineral (N, 90–360 kg/ha; P2O5, 75–300 kg/ha; and K2O, 100–400 kg/ha) and organic (25–100 t/ha of fresh cattle manure) fertilizers have been applied annually over nine years at increasing doses. The resulting increase in the soil organic carbon (Corg) stock from NPK and manure application has reached 5–10 and 38–83%, respectively. Extremely high doses of manure (700 to 900 t/ha over 9 years) have caused the soil saturation with Corg. The sizes of SOM pools decrease in the order CMAOM > CPOM > C0 > Cmic amounting to 7.91–12 g/kg (50–84% of Corg), 0.76–12 g/kg (8–50%), 0.32–1.71 g/kg (2.8–13.7%), and 0.09–0.56 g/kg (0.8–3.7%), respectively. The size of CPOM pool mainly depends on the dose of mineral and organic fertilizers, and the size of CMAOM pool, on the duration of fertilization. Both Cmic and C0 pools increase with the rise in the dose of manure and decrease with the rise in the NPK doses. The long-term manuring did not lead to a cumulative accumulation of C0 in the soil. It is emphasized that the separation of structural and process pools can be useful for monitoring of SOM quality and functions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A linear double hydrogen bond ferroelectric liquid crystal (HBFLC) has been successfully synthesized from the mixture of DL-tartaric acid (DLTA) and 4-(heptyloxy) benzoic acid (7OBA). Characterization of hydrogen bonding interaction in HBFLC is accomplished spectroscopically by employing FTIR along with density functional theory (DFT). Proton acceptor plays an important role in the H-bond formation between DLTA and 7OBA which induces stabilized mesophases. The O–H...O stretching frequency at 2956 cm−1 shows the intermolecular interaction in the present HBFLC mixture. Polarizing optical microscope (POM) is used to characterize the HBFLC mesophases such as chiral nematic (N*) and chiral smectic phase (Sm C* & Sm G*) and its corresponding mesophase transitions temperatures are justified using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Optical modulation is analyzed by external stimulus using impedance analyzer by observing the textural variation. A noteworthy observation in this study is the identification of optical modulation in chiral threaded nematic phase under the external electric field. The HOMO–LUMO band gap (Eg = 5.002 eV) energy is more stable due to the chiral nematic phase of the HBFLC mixture. The HOMO–LUMO, Mulliken, and NBO studies of HBFLC mixture clearly explore the electronic properties via LP(n) to π* charge transition mechanism. Further, Mulliken charge transfers mechanism (CTM) explores the stability of mesogenic phases, whereas the stabilization energy confirms the hyper-conjugative interaction between DLTA and 7OBA via H-bonds. The dipole moment of the molecules is disturbed under the external stimulus. Therefore, the variation of permittivity induces the changes in refractive index of the medium, which intern induces the optical modulation in the DLTA + 7OBA mixture is reported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: We aimed to evaluate the effectiveness and complication rates of endoscopic high-pressure balloon dilatation (HPBD) in treating primary obstructive megaureter (POM) in children based on current literature. Specifically, we wanted to clarify the evidence on the use of HPBD in children under one year of age. Methods: A systematic search of the literature was performed via several databases. The preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses guidelines were followed. The primary outcomes studied in this systematic review were the effectiveness of HBPD in relieving obstruction and reducing hydroureteronephrosis in children. The secondary outcome was to study the complication rate of endoscopic high-pressure balloon dilatation. Studies that reported one or both of these outcomes (n = 13) were considered eligible for inclusion in this review. Results: HPBD significantly decreased both ureteral diameter (15.8 mm [range 2–30] to 8.0 mm [0–30], p = 0.00009) and anteroposterior diameter of renal pelvis (16.7 mm [0–46] to 9.7 mm [0–36], p = 0.00107). The success rate was 71% after one HPBD and 79% after two HPBD. The median follow-up time was 3.6 years (interquartile range 2.2–6.4 years). A complication rate of 33% was observed, but no Clavien–Dindo grade IV–V complications were reported. Postoperative infections and VUR were detected in 12% and 7.8% of cases, respectively. For children under one year of age, outcomes of HPBD seem to be similar to those in older children. Conclusions: This study indicates that HPBD appears to be safe and can be used as the first-line treatment for symptomatic POM. Further comparative studies are needed addressing the effect of treatment in infants, and also long-term outcomes of the treatment. Due to the nature of POM, identifying those patients who will benefit from HPBD remains challenging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In view of the increasing amount of plastic waste due to a yearly rise in production volume, mechanical recycling of post-industrial waste offers a way to use the scarce resources on earth more efficiently in addition to reducing the global warming potential in the production of raw materials. Therefore, this study addresses the calculation of the product carbon footprint for sorted industrial waste according to the specifications of ISO 14067. The plastics acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene copolymer (ABS), polyamide 6.6 with 30% glass fiber (PA66GF30), polycarbonate (PC) and polyoxymethylene (POM) were balanced in Umberto LCA+ using the Ecoinvent v3.8 and GaBi SP40 2020 databases and primary data collection from the recycling company Occhipinti. A cut-off approach was applied as an allocation method for evaluating the industrial waste so that the plastic for grinding was imported without burdens from the previous product system. The results show that for all plastics under study, one of the main drivers of the carbon footprint is plastic dust from the grinding process. This insight was used in sensitivity analyses to optimize the modelled processes for a more sustainable production. Improvement potentials were identified by using solar power and disposing of the plastic dust separately according to the type of plastic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pollution caused by marine oil spills can lead to persistent ecological disasters and severe social and economic damages. Numerical simulations are useful and essential tools for accurate decision making during emergencies and planning response actions. In this study, we applied the Princeton Ocean Model (POM) to determine current data, including seawater velocity, salinity, and temperature, and we obtained the fate and trajectory of spilled oil using OpenOil. Several probable oil slicks around Taiwan were simulated over time (12 months) and space (four spill locations in the marine area of each coastal city or county) using the model. The percentage risk under the effect of an oil spill is estimated. The risk zone of the coastal waters of Taiwan was identified based on the frequency of simulated oil slicks hitting the coast and sensitive resources. This information not only helps authorities guide the preparation of effective plans to minimise the impacts of oil spill incidents but could also be used to improve regulations related to shipping and vessel navigation in regional seas.