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Polymer-based ternary nanocomposites with tunable optical properties are the key components for optoelectronics applications. Here, we demonstrate the linear and nonlinear optical properties of polypyrrole (PPy) and its ternary composites with different concentrations of the MoS2–ZnO core–shell (ZnO@MoS2) heterostructure. The interesting observation of multiple excitons and their transportation through the interface of PPy and ZnO@MoS2 by using photoluminescence and fluorescence lifetime spectroscopy was studied. Furthermore, the third-order nonlinear optical properties of all samples were also measured by employing the z-scan technique at an excitation wavelength of 532 nm. The reverse saturable absorption of pure PPy was switched to saturable absorption after the addition of ZnO@MoS2 at the uniform linear transmittance. These ternary composites with good nonlinear responses provide an option for the development of high-performance nonlinear optical devices and open a new path for the future development of ternary systems in the optical fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study highlights the significance of polymers in the progress of nanoparticles across various areas. The molecules of polymers are highly regarded for their ability to adapt and self‐assemble, making them essential components in the creation of nanomaterials. The variety of polymers include natural polymers such as chitosan, synthetic polymers like polyethylene, and biodegradable polymers like poly(lactic‐co‐glycolic acid) (PLGA). These kinds of polymers possess distinct advantages such as high strength, environmental sustainability, and biocompatibility. Incorporation of nanoscale fillers into polymer matrices, which enhances the mechanical, thermal, and electrical properties of materials, is crucial for the development of nanocomposites. Illustration instances encompass carbon nanotube‐polymer composites and polymer clay hybrids, which find application in the construction, automotive, and aerospace sectors. Composites can employ many synthetic methods to generate nanostructures. Nanofibers have utility in tissue engineering, whereas polymer nanoparticles function as carriers for medical delivery. Also, polymers enhance nanomaterials by modifying their surfaces, a crucial factor for their application in membrane technology, catalysis, and sensing. A collaborative synergy between polymers and nanoparticles fosters a wide range of applications, showcasing the versatility and potential of polymers in altering the characteristics of nanomaterials. The resulting partnership continues to generate pioneering breakthroughs that address complex challenges and unveil unprecedented prospects in the domains of science, technology, and business. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to their advantages of high rupture strength and long service life, polymer fibers are often used for soil improvement. However, there is no consensus on how the mixing of discrete polymer fibers affects the stress–strain relationship of clays. In this study, a constitutive relationship of polymer fiber‒reinforced clay was established on the basis of the stress–strain relationship between clay and polymer fibers. The elastic–plastic unified hardening (UH) model was employed, and the fiber contribution was introduced based on the UH model. The constitutive relationship of polymer fiber‒reinforced clay considers the anisotropic distribution of the discrete fiber orientation and the relative sliding between the fibers and clay matrix. The model was verified by referring to the results of consolidated undrained (CU) and consolidated drained tests of typical polymer fiber‒reinforced clays in previous studies. A series of CU tests on rubber fiber‒reinforced clay were conducted to validate the model further. The ratio of the simulated results to the experimental results gradually approached 1 with increasing axial strain. The constitutive relationship of polymer fiber‒reinforced clay could provide satisfactory results. Practical Applications: Polymer fiber mixing increases soil strength and enhances the properties of problematic soils, which makes the problematic soils more valuable for engineering applications. Studies have shown that the fibers in the soil tend to be distributed horizontally after the compaction process. With the anisotropic distribution of fiber orientation considered, the authors established a numerical calculation method for the stress–strain relationship of polymer fiber‒reinforced clay. A major objective of this work was to allow the use of computerized numerical analysis methods when performing mechanical analyses of polymer fiber‒reinforced clay, which avoids the need to conduct a large number of shear tests. In this study, a series of consolidated undrained tests of rubber fiber‒reinforced expansive clay were conducted. With the data collected, the numerical calculation method for the stress–strain relationship of polymer fiber‒reinforced clay was verified, and the numerical results agreed with the test results better. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gynecological malignancies are the main factors that seriously endanger the life and health of women worldwide. Chemotherapy is one of the traditional methods for the treatment of gynecological malignancies. Conventional chemotherapeutic drugs used in medicine have shortcomings, such as poor target tissue-specific distribution, high toxicity, and side effects. They are prone to problems such as tumor recurrence, invasion, metastasis, and drug resistance. The rapid development of nano-drug delivery systems achieves attenuation, potentiation, inhibition of metastasis, and resistance to drug resistance, bringing hope for the treatment of gynecological malignancies. This article briefly summarizes novel nano-drug delivery systems based on biodegradable polymers and their mediated treatment strategy for gynecological tumors to provide a theoretical basis for developing and clinically translating nano-drug delivery systems for gynecological malignancies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High-entropy carbides with tunable crystallization and growth have been demonstrated using single-source precursor derived ceramic route. The in situ nanocrystallization of high-entropy carbide phases, (Ta 0.2 W 0.2 V 0.2 Mo 0.2 Nb 0.2)Si δ C and (Ta 0.167 W 0.167 V 0.167 Mo 0.167 Nb 0.167 Si 0.167)C in amorphous Si-based ceramic matrices was achieved by using polysiloxanes and polycarbosilanes as polymer precursors respectively. The results exemplify a prominent role of the architectures of the polymeric precursors in controlling the structural features of these ceramics at various length scales. In particular, it was observed that high-entropy carbides with rock salt and zinc blende crystal structures were formed when polysiloxanes and polycarbosilanes with different backbone structure were used as polymeric precursors respectively. This is attributed to the thermodynamics of nucleation of the carbidic phases in these nanocomposites. Furthermore, the precursor architecture that dictates free carbon content, influenced nanostructural features and porosity in the material. Therefore, engineering such compositionally complex phases is feasible by selecting suitable polymeric precursors. • Precursor architecture influenced the crystal structure of high-entropy carbides. • Crystal structure dependent on earliest nucleated carbidic phase. • Free carbon played a key role in controlling crystallite size and porosity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This investigation aims to study the influence of various environments, such as groundwater, seawater, mineral water and sub‐zero, on reinforced polyester/S‐glass/sisal composites with nano clay (NC). Composites with a configuration of S‐glass/sisal/sisal/S‐glass (GSSG) with different wt% of NC, such as 0, 2, 4, and 6, were manufactured using the hand lay‐up method. For 6 days, the composites were conditioned in different environments like seawater, mineral water, groundwater at room temperature, and sub‐zero environments at −17°C. The influence of these environments on the tensile and flexural properties of manufactured composites was studied. Composites with 4% NC displayed higher tensile strength, while composites with 2% NC exhibited maximum flexural strength for all the environments. It was perceived that the weight gain was maximum in seawater (0.1857 g) and minimum in mineral water (0.06 g) and sub‐zero (0.101 g) conditions for 6% NC condition. Tensile and flexural strengths were reduced by 27% and 24% when samples were submerged in seawater compared to other environments. TEM images for 4 wt% of NC and 6 wt% of NC were studied for dispersions of NC in Polyester, and the effect of NC mixing with polyester was understood for the hybrid polymer composites. Highlights: A novel hybrid composites were fabricated using a double stirring process.The ultra‐sonication led to uniform distribution of nanoparticles.The mechanical properties and the effect of environments on these properties are studied.SEM images revealed the aging due to various environments.The hybrid composites can store mineral water and the sub‐zero environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research investigates the extrusion-based fabrication and characterization of nanocomposites derived from bio-sourced polypropylene (PP) and poly(butylene succinate) (PBS: a biodegradable polymer derived from renewable biomass sources such as corn or sugarcane), incorporating Cloisite 20 (C20) clay nanofillers, with a specific focus on their suitability for electrical insulation applications. The research includes biodegradation tests employing the fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium to evaluate the impact of composition and extrusion conditions. These tests yield satisfactory results, revealing a progressive disappearance of the PBS phase, as corroborated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations and a reduction in the intensity of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) peaks associated with C-OH and C-O-C bonds in PBS. Despite positive effects on various properties (i.e., barrier, thermal, electrical, and mechanical properties, etc.), a high clay content (5 wt%) does not seem to enhance biodegradability significantly, highlighting the specific sensitivity of the PBS phase to the addition of clay during this process. This study provides valuable insights into the complex interplay of factors conditioning nanocomposite biodegradation processes and highlights the need for an integrated approach to understanding these processes. This is the first time that research has focused on studying the degradation of nanocomposites for electrical insulation, utilizing partially bio-sourced materials that contain PBS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polymer composites are widely used in various fields of production and life, and the study of preparing environmentally friendly and flame retardant clay/polymer composites has gradually become a global research hotspot. But how to efficiently surface modify clay and apply it to the field of flame retardant polymers is still a potential challenge. One of the most commonly used surface modification methods is the modification of clay with silane coupling agents. The hydrolysable groups of the silane coupling agent first hydrolyze to generate hydroxyl groups. These hydroxyl groups then undergo a condensation reaction with the hydroxyl groups on the surface of the clay, allowing for organic functional groups to be grafted onto the clay surface. The organic functional groups and polymer matrix react to generate chemical bonds so that the composite material's interface is more closely combined. Thus, the dispersion of clay in the organic polymer material and the compatibility of the two is better, which improves the flame retardant effect of the composite material. This paper introduces the classification of a silane coupling agent and the mechanism and process of silane coupling agent-modified clay, outlines the mechanism of silane coupling agent-modified clay flame retardant polymers, reviews the research results on flame retardant polymers of various clays after surface treatment with silane coupling agents in recent years, and highlights the synergistic flame retardant effect of clay and flame retardant organized by silane coupling agents. Finally, it is found that the current research in the field of silane coupling agent-modified clay in flame retardants is focused on the modification of montmorillonite, sepiolite, attapulgite, and kaolinite by KH-550, KH-560, and KH-570, and the development trends in this field are also prospected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/Na-Bentonite composites were prepared. In the preparation of composites, a maximum of 13% polymer by mass was loaded into the clay. Structural properties of composites prepared by solution mixing technique were examined using X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF), Fourier Transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques. Dielectric properties were determined with the help of Dielectric spectroscopy (DS). From the XRF study, it was understood that the origin of the clay was Calcium bentonite (Ca-Bentonite) provided from the Asbro-Horio reservoir on the island of Milos, Greece, and that the Supplier (Imerys-Türkiye) converted the clay into NaBentonite through the sodium enrichment process. From XRD and FTIR measurements, it was observed that PVA interacted with the Na-Bentonite surface instead of being located between the Na-Bentonite galleries. This interaction between polymer and clay limited both the segmental movement of the polymer chains and the orientation of the hydroxyl groups on the clay surface. The electrode polarization effect is significantly reduced in composites with low PVA content. In low-dimensional capacitive systems, the use of materials with low dielectric constant comes to the fore to prevent resistance-capacitance (RC delay) delay. The important factor affecting the dielectric constant in the low frequency region is the electrode polarization effect. Thus, the low electrode polarization effect composites produced in this study can serve this purpose [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Synthetic structures mimicking the transport function of natural ion channel proteins have a wide range of applications, including therapeutic treatments, separation membranes, sensing, and biotechnologies. However, the development of polymer‐based artificial channels has been hampered due to the limitation on available models. In this study, we demonstrate the great potential of bottlebrush polymers as accessible and versatile molecular scaffolds for developing efficient artificial ion channels. Adopting the bottlebrush configuration enhanced ion transport activity of the channels compared to their linear analogs. Matching the structure of lipid bilayers, the bottlebrush channel with a hydrophilic‐hydrophobic‐hydrophilic triblock architecture exhibited the highest activity among the series. Functionalized with urea groups, these channels displayed high anion selectivity. Additionally, we illustrated that the transport properties could be fine‐tuned by modifying the chemistry of ion binding sites. This work not only highlights the importance of polymer topology control in channel design, but also reveals the great potential for further developing bottlebrush channels with customized features and diverse functionalities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ZrO 2 –Al 2 O 3 nanocomposites were synthesized by a modified co-precipitation method and loaded with 5%Ni as catalysts for methane production via n-heptane cracking. The as-synthesized nanocomposites were characterized by several techniques such as XRD, N 2 adsorption-desorption, XPS, TEM, SEM, AFM, TGA, DTG, NH 3 -TPD and Raman analysis. The XRD results confirmed the synthesis of amorphous γ alumina and hexagonal phase of zirconium alumina oxide (Zr 5 Al 3 O 0.5) solid solution. XRD and SEM analyses showed additional small size Related to monoclinic phase of ZrO 2 particles loaded on the Al 2 O 3 surface. BET analyses confirmed the ZrO 2 –Al 2 O 3 formation in mesoporous sheets structure. TEM images of the neat alumina, 10 ZA and their corresponding Ni loaded samples (Ni@10 ZA) revealed well-defined 3D hierarchical pyramidal structures with a height about 200 nm. All catalysts under this study exhibited high tendency to favor methane production via n-heptane cracking. At higher reaction temperatures, Ni@10 ZA catalyst exhibited higher cracking activity compared to the other prepared catalysts under this investigation which confirmed by NH 3 -TPD analysis. A promising yield of methane was achieved at about 88 % coupled with 94.71 % selectivity at reaction temperature of 400 °C. Herein, the data collected through this research work revealed that Ni@10 ZA is a promising candidate for methane production via n-heptane cracking. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel 3D magnetic nanocomposite material based on covalent organic polymers was successfully synthesized and utilized as an efficient sorbent for magnetic solid-phase extraction. It exhibited a regular core–shell structure, large specific surface area, superior stability, and paramagnetism. To evaluate its extraction efficiency, six flavonoids were tested, demonstrating maximum adsorption capacities ranging from 90 to 218 mg/g. Additionally, the material exhibited remarkable reusability and mechanical stability, maintaining its original state over eight cycles with consistent recovery. An analytical strategy combining magnetic solid-phase extraction with high performance liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry was developed for the determination of flavonoids in orange, honey, soybean, and Dioscorea bulbifera L. samples. The low limits of detection (0.01–0.1 ng/mL) and limits of quantification (0.05–0.5 ng/mL), as well as satisfactory recovery (80.4–114.8%), were obtained. The linear range started from the limits of quantification to 500 ng/mL with R2 ≥ 0.9929. These results suggest that the prepared adsorbent possesses excellent adsorption capabilities for flavonoids, highlighting its significant potential for detecting these compounds in complex sample matrices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lignin is a complex of organic polymers that are abundantly present in the plant cell wall which considered of emerging substrates for various kinds of value-added industrial products. Lignin has potential use for the production of green nanomaterials, which exhibit improved or different properties corresponding to their parent polymers. Nano lignin has received significant interest in recent years due to its applications in numerous fields. Lignin, the abundant and limited functionality has challenges for its potential uses. Creating advanced functional lignin-derived material like lignin nanoparticles (LNPs) which significantly alter the biological process has great potential for its applications. In the fields of biotechnology, several lignin extraction processes from various raw materials and diverse synthesis techniques, including acid precipitation, dialysis, solvent shifting/solvent exchange, antisolvent precipitation, homogenization, water-in-oil (W/O) microemulsion, ultra-sonication, interfacial crosslinking, polymerization, and biological pathway can be employed to produce LNPs. The scientific community has recently become more concerned about the transformation of lignin to lignin nanomaterials, including nanoparticles, nanocapsules, nanofibers, nanotubes, and nanofilms. Recent research has shown that lignin nanoparticles (LNPs) are: non-toxic at adequate amounts (both in vitro and in vivo), are economical, and can be biodegradable by bacteria and fungi. In promising studies, LNPs have been investigated for their potential applications in gene delivery systems, drug carriers, biocatalysts, tissue engineering, heavy metal absorbers, encapsulation of molecules, supercapacitors, hybrid nanocomposites, and other applications. This current review addresses the recent advances in the synthesis of LNPs, their advanced application in different areas, future perspectives, and challenges associated with lignin-based nanomaterials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most stretchable film strain sensors generally present nonlinear electrical responses to applied strain, leading to an inaccurate acquisition of sophisticated signals, difficult signal processing, and zero‐calibration, which hampers practical applications severely. Here, a Janus hetero‐structured microarray film sensor is developed by in‐situ growth of silver nanoparticles on the surface of micro‐patterned elastomer films fabricated via low‐temperature imprinting followed by scraping‐induced particle trapping. Heterogeneous property designs in both modulus and electrical conductivity via introducing polymer microarrays enable modulating the electron transport manner in the conductive layer of elastic Janus films upon stretching, allowing to tune signal linearity effectively. Therefore, such a hetero‐structured film sensor shows good signal linearity (fluctuation of gauge factor [GF] below ±0.02) and relatively high sensitivity (GF > 10) within 55% strain, a detection limit of 0.2% strain, and a response/recovery time of 16.3/46.9 ms, respectively. Correspondingly, it enables monitoring human respiration and body motion with higher resolution compared with the nonlinear one, meanwhile, it is capable of detecting tiny pressure to discriminate braille alphabets via touch identification. Overall, it unveils a simple strategy to fabricate film strain sensors for high‐resolution healthcare and body motion monitoring, as well as electronic skins toward tactile sensing and touch identification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

3D printing technology has revolutionized product development in numerous industries. Due to 3D printing, innovative ways of directly giving drugs to patients, anatomical models for surgical planning and training, and tailored prosthetics and other medical equipment are all within the realm of possibility in the medical industry. 3D printing in healthcare has sparked a paradigm shift in creating medical implants and prosthetics. As a result of their exceptional mechanical, thermal, electrical, and optical qualities, polymers and composites made of them have gained widespread use in the medical industry. In this review article, we look at the most recent and cutting-edge benefits of 3D printing technology to create medical products out of polymers and composites. This article summarizes recent findings in patient-specific medical device and prosthesis design and manufacture and anatomical model development for surgical training and planning. Various 3D printing techniques, i.e., stereolithography, fused deposition modeling, and selective laser sintering methods, were examined, along with the pros and cons. Finally, we discuss the importance of 3D printing, which could significantly alter how medical devices are designed and produced, enhancing healthcare services and improving patient outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cationic polymers have great potential for cancer therapy due to their unique interactions with cancer cells. However, their clinical application remains limited by their high toxicity. Here we show a cell membrane-targeting cationic polymer with antineoplastic activity (Pmt) and a second near-infrared (NIR-II) fluorescent biodegradable polymer with photosensitizer Bodipy units and reactive oxygen species (ROS) responsive thioketal bonds (PBodipy). Subsequently, these two polymers can self-assemble into antineoplastic nanoparticles (denoted mt-NPBodipy) which could further accumulate at the tumor and destroy cell membranes through electrostatic interactions, resulting in cell membrane destabilization. Meanwhile, the photosensitizer Bodipy produces ROS to induce damage to cell membranes, proteins, and DNAs to kill cancer cells concertedly, finally resulting in cell membrane lysis and cancer cell death. This work highlights the use of near-infrared light to spatially and temporarily control cationic polymers for photodynamic therapy, photo-immunotherapy, and NIR-II fluorescence for bio-imaging. The application of synthetic polymeric nanoparticles for cancer therapy is limited by its biosafety and targeting ability. Here the authors report cationic nanoparticles that anchor and destabilize cancer cell membranes upon NIR-II irradiation for photo-immunotherapy and imaging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Free enzymes cause difficulties in many applications due to their insufficient stability, loss of activity in a short time, and most importantly, although they are costly, they are used only once in reactions, lose their effect and cannot be recovered from the environment. Magnetic nanoparticles coated with biocompatible polymeric material are potential candidates for promising enzyme carriers due to their multifunctional pore surfaces, easy removal from the environment provided by the magnetization, ability to main stability under various harsh conditions. This study prepared a biosensor candidate based on the inhibiting acetylcholinesterase enzyme by organophosphate pesticides from chitosan-coated magnetic nanoparticles doped with gold. Transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction diffractometry, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis confirmed the structure of synthesized nanocomposites. Magnetic characteristics of the nanocomposites were assessed using VSM. Bio-nanocomposite (Fe3O4@Cht/Au/AChE) was used to determine environmental pollutants qualitatively. Remediation of organophosphate-containing wastewater is an essential issue for environmental sustainability. In this work, Dichlorvos and Chlorpyrifos were selected as organic pollutants to assess the enzymatic activity of immobilized Fe3O4@Cht/Au/AChE. Optimum conditions for AChE enzyme were immobilized nanostructures (Fe3O4@Cht/Au/AChE) were determined. The optimum pH for the immobilized enzyme was found to be 8, and the optimum temperature was found to be 60 °C. Retained immobilized enzyme activity is found to be around 50% for the 20th reuse. In the presence of 150 µL pesticide, retained immobilized enzyme activity is found to be around 25%. Method validation was performed for pesticides. When using immobilized AChE, the LOD (limit of detection)-LOQ (limit of quantitation) values for Dichlorovos and Chlorpyrifos was obtained in the range of 0.0087–0.029 nM and 0.0014–0.0046 nM, respectively. The relative standard deviation (RSD%) values, which are indicators of precision, were found to be below 2%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Picosecond and Nanosecond Nd:YAG laser systems with a fundamental wavelength of 1064 nm are utilized for green synthesis of bimetallic nanocomposites based on metal combinations of Pt/Ti, Pd/Ti, Pt/Zn and Pd/Zn. The laser assisted method is based on pulsed laser ablation of metal targets, which are immersed consecutively in bidistilled water to obtain water colloids of the corresponding bimetallic nanostructures. Comparative study of the structural and optical properties of the nanocomposites is conducted by means of transmission electron microscopy in its corresponding main modes and by optical spectrometer measurements, respectively. Suspensions of water colloids of the nanocomposites and methylene blue dye prepared in 1: 2.5 ratio, respectively, are exposed under sunlight irradiation for 3 h. Photocatalytic activity of the nanocomposites against methylene blue (MB) dye is tested by measuring the optical absorbance of the suspensions before and after the sunlight irradiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In situ gelling systems represent a burgeoning paradigm in ocular drug administration, addressing intrinsic challenges posed by extant ocular formulations, such as compromised bioavailability and constraints in traversing the corneal barrier. This systematic review endeavours to comprehensively examine the contemporary landscape of research in this domain, focusing on the nuanced capabilities of in situ gelling systems to optimize drug delivery and enhance therapeutic outcomes, without much technological complexity. Employing a meticulous search strategy across diverse databases for publications and patents spanning the years 2015 to 2023 a total of 26 research papers and 14 patents meeting stringent inclusion criteria were identified. Synthesizing the collective insights derived from these investigations, it becomes evident that in situ gelling systems confer an ability to protract the residence time of formulations or active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) within the ocular milieu. This sustained presence engenders extended drug release kinetics, thereby fostering improved patient compliance and mitigating the proclivity for side effects attendant to frequent dosing. These salutary effects extend to diminished systemic drug absorption, augmented ocular bioavailability, and the prospect of reduced dosing frequencies, thereby amplifying patient adherence to therapeutic regimens. Intriguingly, the protective attributes of in situ gelling systems extend to the establishment of an ocular surface barrier, thereby abating the susceptibility to infections and inflammatory responses. In summation, this review underscores the auspicious potential of in situ gelling systems as a transformative approach to advancing ocular drug delivery, warranting sustained research endeavours and developmental initiatives for the betterment of global patient outcomes. [Display omitted] • In situ gels for ocular delivery offer simple alternative to conventional low performing drops • Various polymer and polymer combinations are used for in situ gelling, each with distinct mechanism and advantages. • Gelling upon application enhances drug retention and improves ocular bioavailability. • In situ gel-forming systems represent advanced ocular drug delivery, with enhanced therapeutic outcomes for eye disorders. • This review covers recent research and patents, focusing on ophthalmic applications of in situ gels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanofibers provide flexible surface functionalities, porosity, and a broad region of surface changing 3D topography. It treats wound healing, pain management, infectious diseases, diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, neurological diseases, and problems of the cardiovascular system. Electrospinning, is one of the method used to create the nanofibers. Different polymers are used in the production of nanofibers, depending on their intended application.. It examines the types, histories, benefits, drawbacks, and polymers employed in nanofiber technology. Additionally, a summary of the types of polymers employed in the creation of nanofibers was provided. The review article mostly discusses the types of electrospinning as a fabrication method and the applications of nanofibers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Naturally derived fibers/fillers-based polymers have gained much attention in many industrial applications due to the requirement for renewable and biodegradable components. Machining is sometimes needed to simplify the assembly of pieces in a finished product. Here, this article reports how drill machining affects polymer composites made with 5 wt.% jute filler that has undergone alkaline treatment. The experimental tests have been conducted to explore the impact of tool bit diameter, cutting speed and feed on the various generated responses (thrust force, surface roughness, delamination peel-up and delamination push-out). The results reveal that the appropriate responses are achieved when the cutting speed of the tool is at its maximum while the feed and tool diameter are at their minimal amounts. The response surface methodology (RSM) and support vector machine (SVM) algorithms have been devised to anticipate the drilling performance of produced composites, and both strategies have shown high agreement with experimentally acquired findings. However, the ML tool algorithm proven more reliable than RSM models because of the superior correlation of determination coefficients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractEmtricitabine (FTC) a BCS class I drug, is used for HIV prevention. The high solubility of the drug is the leading cause of severe hepatotoxicity and lactic acidosis. This research focuses on the use of modified pullulan for the preparation of polymeric liposomes of FTC. Modified pullulan was synthesized using cholesterol, and succinic anhydride in a controlled chemical environment. The formation of the polymer was established through analysis of spectra. Varying the drug-polymer ratio (1:1, 1:2, and 1:3), the drug-polymer composite was loaded in the vesicular system of soya phosphatidylcholine and cholesterol. Formulations were evaluated for drug entrapment, particle size, surface morphology, and in vitro and ex vivo drug release. An in vivo study of the pure drug and the best formulation on mice was conducted for 28 days following daily oral administration to evaluate the effect on liver and hematological parameters. The best formulation was further subjected to cytotoxicity study on hepatic cell lines. Spectral analysis confirmed the formation of modified pullulan. All formulations showed high drug entrapment in the nanovesicles. The in vitro and ex vivo drug release profiles depicted a controlled release of the drug. Hematological parameters were found to be under control in the animals throughout the experimentation. A comparative histopathology study on the livers and cytotoxicity study on hepatic cell lines revealed the safety of the best formulation over the pure drug. Hence it can be concluded that polymeric liposomes of FTC can be a promising mode of delivery to overcome its limitations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Candida albicans (C. albicans) can form biofilms; a critical virulence factor that provides effective protection from commercial antifungals and contributes to public health issues. The development of new antifungal therapies, particularly those targeting biofilms, is imperative. Thus, this study was conducted to investigate the antifungal and antibiofilm effects of Lactobacillus salivarius (L. salivarius), zinc nanoparticles (ZnNPs) and nanocomposites (ZnNCs) on C. albicans isolates from Nile tilapia, fish wash water and human fish sellers in Sharkia Governorate, Egypt. Methods: A cross-sectional study collected 300 samples from tilapia, fish wash water, and fish sellers (100 each). Probiotic L. salivarius was immobilized with ZnNPs to synthesize ZnNCs. The study assessed the antifungal and antibiofilm activities of ZnNPs, L. salivarius, and ZnNCs compared to amphotericin (AMB). Results: Candida spp. were detected in 38 samples, which included C. albicans (42.1%), C. glabrata (26.3%), C. krusei (21.1%), and C. parapsilosis (10.5%). A total of 62.5% of the isolates were resistant to at least one antifungal agent, with the highest resistance to nystatin (62.5%). However, 75% of the isolates were highly susceptible to AMB. All C. albicans isolates exhibited biofilm-forming capabilities, with 4 (25%) isolates showing strong biofilm formation. At least one virulenceassociated gene (RAS1, HWP1, ALS3, or SAP4) was identified among the C. albicans isolates. Probiotics L. salivarius, ZnNPs, and ZnNCs displayed antibiofilm and antifungal effects against C. albicans, with ZnNCs showing significantly higher inhibitory activity. ZnNCs, with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 10 µg/mL, completely reduced C. albicans biofilm gene expression. Additionally, scanning electron microscopy images of C. albicans biofilms treated with ZnNCs revealed asymmetric, wrinkled surfaces, cell deformations, and reduced cell numbers. Conclusion: This study identified virulent, resistant C. albicans isolates with strong biofilm-forming abilities in tilapia, water, and humans, that pose significant risks to public health and food safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cancer is a significant global public health issue with increasing morbidity and mortality rates. To address this challenge, novel drug carriers such as nano-materials, liposomes, hydrogels, fibers, and microspheres have been extensively researched and utilized in oncology. Among them, polymer microspheres are gaining popularity due to their ease of preparation, excellent performance, biocompatibility, and drug-release capabilities. This paper categorizes commonly used materials for polymer microsphere preparation, summarizes various preparation methods (emulsification, phase separation, spray drying, electrospray, microfluidics, and membrane emulsification), and reviews the applications of polymer microspheres in cancer diagnosis, therapy, and postoperative care. The current status and future development directions of polymer microspheres in cancer treatment are analyzed, highlighting their importance and potential for improving patient outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ocular infirmities significantly influence a person's routine process by impairing vision to the point of blindness. Effective ocular drug administration with significant bioavailability is challenging due to physiology and defensive mechanisms, which is majorly due to inadequate epithelial permeability and quick removal of the drug from the eye after administration. Due to the numerous restrictions on drug distribution across the blood–retinal barrier, conventional medicines cannot provide definitive therapy for all ocular illnesses, making it a significant clinical issue. However, significant breakthroughs in the management of ocular disorders have been made possible by the use of biopolymeric drug transport with nanoscience. The use of biopolymers in ophthalmic medications has produced several positive effects, including safety, prolonged retention times, improved bioavailability, and controlled release via adhesion to epithelia. Moreover, therapeutic implementation of nanostructure materials, from diagnosis to therapy, has also received significant attention. This evolving biopolymer-based nanoscale drug delivery system has enhanced the drug's ability to pass through various ocular barriers with improvement in bioavailability. Among other beneficial characteristics, biodegradable polymers offer amended retention period and extended release. This review emphasizes the various biopolymer-based fabricated nano-formulations used to mitigate ocular infection. Biopolymer-based nano-formulations for targeted delivery of drugs against ocular infections [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microneedles offer minimally invasive, user-friendly, and subcutaneously accessible transdermal drug delivery and have been widely investigated as an effective transdermal delivery system. Ibuprofen is a common anti-inflammatory drug to treat chronic inflammation. It is crucial to develop microneedle patches capable of efficiently delivering ibuprofen through the skin for the effective treatment of arthritis patients requiring repeated medication. In this study, the mechanical properties of a new type of polymer microneedle were studied by finite element analysis, and the experimental results showed that the microneedle could effectively deliver drugs through the skin. In addition, a high ibuprofen-loaded microneedle patch was successfully prepared by micromolding and subjected to evaluation of its infrared spectrum morphology and dissolve degree. The morphology of microneedles was characterized by scanning electron microscopy, and the mechanical properties were assessed using a built linear stretching system. In the in-vitro diffusion cell drug release test, the microneedle released 85.2 ± 1.52% (210 ± 3.7 μg) ibuprofen in the modified Franz diffusion within 4 h, exhibiting a higher drug release compared to other drug delivery methods. This study provides a portable, safe and efficient treatment approach for arthritis patients requiring daily repeated medication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

MUF-15 (MUF = Massey University Framework) is a metal–organic framework with pores that can be tuned by ligand functionalisation. Crystallites of MUF-15 and derivatives were blended with the organic polymer 6FDA-DAM to produce mixed-matrix membranes (MMMs). At a loading of 30 wt%, membranes with MUF-15-F, MUF15 with an appended fluoro group, exhibited a CO2 permeability of 1300 Barrer and CO2/CH4 selectivity of 37.1. These values surpass membranes with the parent MUF-15 and exceed the Robeson upper bound. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glioma, the most common primary brain tumor, is highly invasive and grows rapidly. As such, the survival of glioma patients is relatively short, highlighting the vital importance of timely diagnosis and treatment of glioma. However, the blood brain barrier (BBB) and the non‐targeting delivery systems of contrast agents and drugs greatly hinder the effective glioma imaging and therapy. Fortunately, in recent years, investigators have constructed various biomimetic delivery platforms utilizing the exceptional advantages of biomimetic nanocomposites, such as immune evasion, homologous targeting ability, and BBB penetrating ability, to achieve efficient and precise delivery of substances to glioma sites for improved diagnosis and treatment. In this concept, we present the application of these biomimetic nanocomposites in fluorescence imaging (FI), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and multi‐modal imaging, as well as in chemotherapy, phototherapy, and combined therapy for glioma. Lastly, we provide our perspective on this research field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reconstructing the face from the skull is important not only for forensic identification but also as a tool that can provide insight into the appearance of individuals from past populations. It requires a multidisciplinary approach that combines anthropological knowledge, advanced imaging methods, and artistic skills. In the present study, we demonstrate this process on the skull of an early medieval warrior from Croatia. The skeletal remains were prepared and scanned using multi-slice computed tomography (MSCT) and examined using standard anthropological and radiological methods. The analysis revealed that the remains belonged to a 35–45-year-old male individual who had suffered severe cranial trauma, probably causing his death. From MSCT images, we reconstructed a three-dimensional (3D) model of the skull, on which we digitally positioned cylinders demarking the soft tissue thickness and created the face with a realistic texture. A 3D model of the face was then optimized, printed, and used to produce a clay model. Sculpturing techniques added skin textures and facial features with scars and trauma manifestations. Finally, after constructing a plaster model, the model was painted and refined by adding fine details like eyes and hair, and it was prepared for presentation in the form of a sculpture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reduction in the rheological parameters and dissolution rate of precursors in geopolymer coatings during early hydration significantly contributes to sagging. This study aims to improve the sag resistance of these coatings by incorporating diatomite filler. Rheological testing was conducted to assess the impact of diatomite and its concentration on the yield stress, plastic viscosity, and thixotropy of the geopolymer coatings. The results indicated that diatomite's large specific surface area and high reactivity have a significant influence on the rheological parameters and early dissolution rate of precursors. With a diatomite concentration of 1.1%, the coating exhibited a yield stress of 2.749 Pa and a plastic viscosity of 0.921 Pa·s, maintaining stability, homogeneity, and no sagging at a thickness of 600 μm. Furthermore, the highly active SiO2 in diatomite participates in the secondary hydration reaction of the geopolymer materials led to the formation of substantial C-(A)-S-H gel. This gel enhances internal interconnectivity within the coating, thereby improving its rheological and mechanical properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The emergence of antibiotic resistance, caused by the improper use of antibiotics, is a significant challenge in combating infectious diseases, leading to millions of annual fatalities. The occurrence of antimicrobial side effects catalyzes the investigation of novel antimicrobial compounds and sources of drugs. Consequently, the research on biological activity that is conducted on plants, plant extracts, and compounds that are produced from plant components is of utmost significance. In this study, CtAC/MNPs were obtained by the reaction of activated carbon (AC) obtained from the fruits of the Celtis tournefortii (Ct) plant and magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs), and a CtAC/MNPs-Ag nanocomposite was synthesized by the reduction in silver ions added to the reaction. The synthesized CtAC/MNPs and CtAC/MNPs-Ag nanocomposites were analyzed spectroscopically (FTIR, XRD), microscopically (SEM, EDX), optically (DLS), electrochemically (zeta potential) and magnetically (VSM). The antibacterial activities of CtAC/MNPs and CtAC/MNPs-Ag nanocomposites against S. aureus and E. coli were investigated by microdilution method using minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and disk diffusion methods. Antioxidant activity study, including total phenolic content and DPPH and cuprac assays, revealed the remarkable effect of the CtAC/MNPs-Ag nanocomposite. This study has the advantages of obtaining CtAC/MNPs and CtAC/MNPs-Ag nanocomposites in a short time without requiring energy, and most importantly, the reaction takes place without using any toxic substances. In addition, according to the data obtained in the study, the CtAC/MNPs-Ag nanocomposite is thought to shed light on biomedical research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) components for orthopedic implants have historically been integrated into metal backings by direct-compression molding (DCM). However, metal backings are costly, stiffer than cortical bone, and may be associated with medical imaging distortion and metal release. Hybrid-manufactured DCM UHMWPE overmolded additively manufactured polyetheretherketone (PEEK) structural components could offer an alternative solution, but are yet to be explored. In this study, five different porous topologies (grid, triangular, honeycomb, octahedral, and gyroid) and three surface feature sizes (low, medium, and high) were implemented into the top surface of digital cylindrical specimens prior to being 3D printed in PEEK and then overmolded with UHMWPE. Separation forces were recorded as 1.97–3.86 kN, therefore matching and bettering the historical industry values (2–3 kN) recorded for DCM UHMWPE metal components. Infill topology affected failure mechanism (Type 1 or 2) and obtained separation forces, with shapes having greater sidewall numbers (honeycomb-60%) and interconnectivity (gyroid-30%) through their builds, tolerating higher transmitted forces. Surface feature size also had an impact on applied load, whereby those with low infill-%s generally recorded lower levels of performance vs. medium and high infill strategies. These preliminary findings suggest that hybrid-manufactured structural composites could replace metal backings and produce orthopedic implants with high-performing polymer–polymer interfaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deep oil and gas are essential alternative resources for future energy sources, but the lack of high temperature and high salt resistance mechanisms and agents significantly limits their development. Copolymers of six commonly used high-temperature and salt resistance monomers and acrylamide with similar molecular weights were prepared to improve oil recovery in deep reservoirs. The effects of different functional groups on the high-temperature and salt resistance of polymers were revealed by the drilling fluid and elemental analysis, TOC test, Zeta potential, particle size, and other analytical methods. Experimental results indicate that the pyrrole ring groups, quaternary amine groups, long-chain sulfonate groups, and benzenesulfonic acid groups can effectively improve the high-temperature stability of polymers in an aqueous solution. Quaternary ammonium groups and pyrrole rings can enhance the polymer adsorption with clay under high temperatures and high salinity conditions due to charge attraction. However, these functional groups hinder the clay dispersion and reduce the stability of drilling fluids. Hydration groups, such as sulfonic and carboxylic acid groups, can better maintain the colloidal stability of drilling fluids under high temperatures and high salinity, and benzene sulfonic acid groups are the optimal hydration groups. After the polymer is adsorbed on the clay surface, the benzene sulfonic acid group assists in forming a thicker hydration film on the clay surface, effectively hindering the damage of high temperature and high salinity on the clay. The findings and observations of this study provide theoretical support for the development of high-temperature and salt resistance polymers for water-based drilling fluids of ultra-deep wells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a growing interest in the use of flexible substrates for label-free and in situ Surface-enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS) applications. In this study, a flexible SERS substrate was prepared using self-assembled Au/Ti3C2 nanocomposites deposited on a cellulose (CS) paper. The Au/Ti3C2 nanocomposites uniformly wrapped around the cellulose fibers to provide a three-dimensional plasma SERS platform. The limit of detection (LOD) of CS/Au/Ti3C2 was as low as 10−9 M for 4-mercaptobenzoic acid(4-MBA) and crystal violet (CV), demonstrating good SERS sensitivity. CS/Au/Ti3C2 was used for in situ SERS detection of thiram on apple surfaces by simple swabbing, and a limit of detection of 0.05 ppm of thiram was achieved. The results showed that CS/Au/Ti3C2 is a flexible SERS substrate that can be used for the detection of thiram on apple surfaces. These results demonstrate that CS/Au/Ti3C2 can be used for the non-destructive, rapid and sensitive detection of pesticides on fruit surfaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Monitoring agricultural toxins such as mycotoxins is crucial for a healthy society. High concentrations of these toxins lead to the cause of several chronic diseases; therefore, developing analytical systems for detecting/monitoring agricultural toxins is essential. These toxins are found in crops such as vegetables, fruits, food, and beverage products. Currently, screening of these toxins is mostly performed with sophisticated instrumentation such as chromatography and spectroscopy techniques. However, these techniques are very expensive and require extensive maintenance, and their availability is limited to metro cities only. Alternatively, electrochemical biomimetic sensing methodologies have progressed hugely during the last decade due to their unique advantages like point-of-care sensing, miniaturized instrumentations, and mobile/personalized monitoring systems. Specifically, affinity-based sensing strategies including immunosensors, aptasensors, and molecular imprinted polymers offer tremendous sensitivity, selectivity, and stability to the sensing system. The current review discusses the principal mechanisms and the recent developments in affinity-based sensing methodologies for the detection and continuous monitoring of mycotoxins and pesticides. The core discussion has mainly focused on the fabrication protocols, advantages, and disadvantages of affinity-based sensing systems and different exploited electrochemical transduction techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polymeric biomedical implants are an important clinical tool, but degradation remains difficult to determine post-implantation. Computed tomography (CT) could be a powerful tool for device monitoring, but polymers require incorporation of radiopaque contrast agents to be distinguishable from tissue. In addition, immune response to radiopaque devices must be characterized as it modulates device function. Radiopaque devices and films were produced by incorporating 0–20 wt% TaO x nanoparticles into polymers: polycaprolactone (PCL) and poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA). In vitro inflammatory responses of mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages to polymer matrix incorporating TaO x nanoparticles was determined by monitoring cytokine secretion. Nanoparticle addition stimulated a slight inflammatory reaction, increasing TNFα secretion, mediated by changes in polymer matrix properties. Subsequently, devices (PLGA 50:50 + 20 wt% TaO x) were implanted subcutaneously in a mouse model of chronic inflammation, that featured a sustained increase in inflammatory response local to the implant site over 12 weeks. No changes to device degradation rates or foreign body response were noted between a normal and chronically stimulated inflammatory environment. Serial CT device monitoring post-implantation provided a detailed timeline of device collapse, with no rapid, spontaneous release of nanoparticles that occluded matrix visualization. Importantly, repeat CT sessions did not ablate the immune system or alter degradation kinetics. Thus, polymer devices incorporating radiopaque nanoparticles can be used for in situ monitoring and be readily combined with other medical imaging techniques, for a dynamic view biomaterial and tissue interactions. A growing number of implantable devices are in use in the clinic, exposing patients to inherent risks of implant movement, collapse, and infection. The ability to monitor implanted devices would enable faster diagnosis of failure and open the door for personalized rehabilitation therapies – both of which could vastly improve patient outcomes. Unfortunately, polymeric materials which make up most biomedical devices are not radiologically distinguishable from tissue post-implantation. The introduction of radiopaque nanoparticles into polymers allows for serial monitoring via computed tomography, without affecting device degradation. Here we demonstrate for the first time that nanoparticles do not undergo burst release from devices post-implantation and that inflammatory responses – a key determinant of device function in vivo – are also unaffected by nanoparticle addition. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In anti‐cancer metastasis treatment, precise drug delivery to cancer cells remains a challenge. Innovative nanocomposites are developed to tackle these issues effectively. The approach involves the creation of manganese oxide (Mn3O4) nanoparticles (NPs) and their functionalization using trisodium citrate to yield functionalized Mn3O4 NPs (F‐Mn3O4 NPs), with enhanced water solubility, stability, and biocompatibility. Subsequently, the chemotherapeutic drug doxorubicin (DOX) is encapsulated with Mn3O4 NPs, resulting in DOX/Mn3O4 NPs. To achieve cell‐specific targeting, These NPs are coated with HeLa cell membranes (HCM), forming HCM/DOX/Mn3O4. For further refinement, a transferrin (Tf) receptor is integrated with cracked HCM to create Tf‐HCM/DOX/Mn3O4 nanocomposites (NC) with specific cell membrane targeting capabilities. The resulting Tf‐HCM/DOX/Mn3O4 NC exhibits excellent drug encapsulation efficiency (97.5%) and displays triggered drug release when exposed to NIR laser irradiation in the tumor's environment (pH 5.0 and 6.5). Furthermore, these nanocomposites show resistance to macrophage uptake and demonstrate homotypic cancer cell targeting specificity, even in the presence of other tumor cells. In vitro toxicity tests show that Tf‐HCM/DOX/Mn3O4 NC achieves significant anticancer activity against HeLa and BT20 cancer cells, with percentages of 76.46% and 71.36%, respectively. These results indicate the potential of Tf‐HCM/DOX/Mn3O4 NC as an effective nanoplatform for chemo‐photothermal therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In arid and semi-arid regions like Tunisia, irrigation water is typically saline, posing a risk of soil and crop salinization and yield reduction. This research aims to study the combined effects of soil matric and osmotic potential stresses on tomato root water uptake. Plants were grown in pot and field experiments in loamy-clay soils and were irrigated with three different irrigation water qualities: 0, 3.5, and 7 dS/m. The Hydrus-1D model was used to simulate the combined dynamics of subsurface soil water and salts. Successful calibration and validation of the model against measured water and salt profiles enabled the examination of the combined effects of osmotic and matric potential stresses on root water uptake. Relative yields, indirectly estimated from actual and potential transpiration, indicated that the multiplicative stress response model effectively simulated the measured yields and the impact of saline water irrigation on crop yields. The experimental and modeling results provide information to aid in determining the salinity levels conducive to optimal crop growth. The findings indicate that the selected salinity levels affect tomato growth to varying degrees. Specifically, the salinity levels conducive to optimal tomato growth were between 0 and 3.5 dS/m, with a significant growth reduction above this salinity level. The gradual salinization of the root zone further evidenced this effect. The scenario considering a temperature increase of 2 °C had no significant impact on crop yields in the pot and field experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to investigate the taste masking of Paracetamol granules in the range of 250–850 µm, coated by two nanocomposites prepared from Eudragit® E100, nanozinc oxide, and nanochitosan, respectively, from 1 to 5% by the weight of the granules. In this study, Paracetamol granules were coated in several formulas with two different types of nanocomposites (polymeric and mineral) on two sizes of granules to reduce bitter taste and with the FBC method and pH-sensitive polymers (Eudragit® E100). The effect of nanoparticles (Nano zinc oxide and Nanochitosan) on taste-masking Paracetamol was studied with dissolution-coated granules in vitro by simulating in the oral (pH 6.8) range. Based on the results of the studies, the rate of drug release was confirmed by the taste test, and the formulated granule with 5% nano-chitosan (F14) had the best bitter taste mask function of all samples. These results were also confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis, which showed a smoother and more stable surface than the samples obtained from other formulations. In the comparison of the release of two types of nanocomposites in the dissolution test, it was shown that the type B granules of Paracetamol's 5% nano-chitosan-coated granule (F14) were released 99% less than Paracetamol's 5% nano-ZnO-coated granule (F11). and Paracetamol's 1% nano-chitosan-coated granule (F12) was released 91% less than Paracetamol's 1% nano-ZnO-coated granule (F9). The results showed that nano-chitosan-coated granules have better coverage of bitter taste instead of nano-ZnO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are needs and challenges in using natural resources to produce advanced materials with sustainability. So, in this modern time, natural fibres are used as reinforcement in composites because of their excellent properties, such as lower costs, biodegradability, lightweight, high corrosion resistance, high wear resistance, fewer health hazards and availability. However, greenhouse gases are released by the open burning of crop residues, such as wheat straw, rice straw, barley and many others, which increases global warming and declines air quality. So, in this experimental work, wheat straw fibres (WSFs) were used as natural fibres because of several factors, such as abundant availability, promoting of green composites and keeping rural areas clean (i.e. pollution-free) by reducing open burning. The same weight percentage of WSFs of different uniform mesh sizes was used with epoxy resin to fabricate the specimens for measuring the tensile and flexural properties as per the ASTM D 638 and D 790 standards. The results show that different behaviour of all specimens was observed under tensile and flexural loading. However, a specimen devoid of WSFs has the highest ultimate tensile and flexural strength, which were 25.064 MPa and 70.25 MPa, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Utilization of brewers' spent grain (BSG), spent hops (SH) and spent yeast (SY). • BSG, SH, and SY applied as fillers for poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL)-based composites. • The first direct connection between SH or SY and the polymer technology. • Composites' oxidative resistance enhanced by SY incorporation. • Compatibility of PCL-based composites enhanced by SY application. Beer is among the most popular beverages in the world, with the production distributed uniformly between the biggest continents, so the utilization of brewing by-products is essential on a global scale. Among their potential recipients, the plastics industry offers extensive range of potential products. Herein, the presented study investigated the application of currently underutilized solid brewing by-products (brewers' spent grain, spent hops, spent yeast) as fillers for highly-filled poly(ε-caprolactone)-based composites, providing the first direct connection between spent hops or spent yeast and the polymer composites. Comprehensive by-product characterization revealed differences in chemical composition. The elemental C:O ratio, protein content, and Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity varied from 1.40 to 1.89, 12.9 to 32.4 wt%, and 2.41 to 10.24 mg/g, respectively, which was mirrored in the composites' structure and performance. Morphological analysis pointed to the composition-driven hydrophilicity gap limiting interfacial adhesion for high shares of brewers' spent grain and spent hops, due to high hydrophilicity induced by carbohydrate content. Phytochemicals and other components of applied by-products stimulated composites' oxidative resistance, shifting oxidation onset temperature from 261 °C for matrix over 360 °C for high spent yeast shares. Simultaneously, spent yeast also provided compatibilizing effects for poly(ε-caprolactone)-based composites, reducing complex viscosity compared to other fillers and indicating its highest affinity to poly(ε-caprolactone)due to the lowest hydrophilicity gap. The presented results indicate that the proper selection of brewing by-products and adjustment of their shares creates an exciting possibility of engineering composites' structure and performance, which can be transferred to other polymers differing with hydrophilicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document is an editorial from the International Journal of Molecular Sciences that focuses on the design and synthesis of biomedical polymer materials. The article highlights the wide range of applications for these materials in the biomedical field, including tissue engineering, drug delivery, wound dressings, and asthma treatment. It discusses specific studies that have been conducted on various types of polymer materials, such as hydrogels and nanomaterials, and their potential therapeutic effects. The editorial acknowledges the challenges and future prospects of biomedical polymer materials, emphasizing the need for further research and development to improve their stability, biocompatibility, and controllability. [Extracted from the article]

Biopolymer-based films can be activated by the incorporation of active compounds into their matrix. Plant extracts are rich in phenolic compounds, which have antimicrobial and/or antioxidant properties. The aim of this study was to produce gelatin-based active films and nanocomposite films incorporated with "pitanga" (Eugenia uniflora L.) leaf extract (PLE) and/or crystalline nanocellulose extracted from soybean straw (CN), and to study the physicochemical, functional, microstructural, thermal, UV/Vis light barrier, and antioxidant properties of these materials. PLE enhanced some film properties, such as tensile strength (from 30.2 MPa to 40.6 MPa), elastic modulus (from 9.3 MPa to 11.3 MPa), the UV/Vis light barrier, and antioxidant activity, in addition to affecting the microstructural, surface, and color properties. These improvements were even more significant in nanocomposites simultaneously containing PLE and CN (59.5 MPa for tensile strength and 15.1 MPa for elastic modulus), and these composites also had lower moisture content (12.2% compared to 13.5–14.4% for other treatments) and solubility in water (from 48.9% to 44.1%). These improvements may be the result of interactions that occur between PLE's polyphenols and gelatin, mainly in the presence of CN, probably due to the formation of a stable PLE–CN–gelatin complex. These results are relevant for the food packaging sector, as the activated nanocomposite films exhibited enhanced active, barrier, and mechanical properties due to the presence of PLE and CN, in addition to being entirely produced with sustainable components from natural and renewable sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study reports the green synthesis of biocompatible TiO₂‐based nanoparticles using Mentha suaveolens extract as a reducing and capping agent. We successfully produced two novel nanocomposites: Fe2O3@TiO₂ and CoO@TiO₂. These nanocomposites possess distinct optical properties, enhanced surface area, and well‐defined morphologies, as revealed by advanced characterization techniques. Notably, Fe2O3@TiO₂ exhibits a red‐shifted absorption, suggesting potential for photocatalysis, sensing, or light‐harvesting applications. Furthermore, the nanocomposites displayed improved antibacterial activity against various bacterial strains compared to the M. suaveolens extract, highlighting their potential as effective and biocompatible antimicrobial agents. Our work pioneers a sustainable and one‐step approach for synthesizing versatile TiO2‐based nanocomposites with tunable functionalities. These findings open doors for developing novel materials with applications ranging from enhanced antimicrobial defenses to light‐driven technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fungal infections cause 1.7 million deaths annually, which can be attributed not only to fungus-specific factors, such as antifungal resistance and biofilm formation, but also to drug-related challenges. In this study, the potential of Amphotericin (AmB) loaded polymeric nanoparticles (AmB-NPs) combined with murine monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) (i.e., CC5 and DD11) was investigated as a strategy to overcome these challenges. To achieve this goal, AmB-NPs were prepared by nanoprecipitation using different polymers (polycaprolactone (PCL) and poly(D,L-lactide) (PLA)), followed by comprehensive characterization of their physicochemical properties and in vitro biological performance. The results revealed that AmB-loaded NPs exhibited no cytotoxicity toward mammalian cells (baby hamster kidney cells—BHK and human monocyte cells—THP-1). Conversely, both AmB-NPs demonstrated a cytotoxic effect against C. albicans, C. neoformans, and H. capsulatum throughout the entire evaluated range (from 10 µg/mL to 0.1 µg/mL), with a significant MIC of up to 0.031 µg/mL. Moreover, the combination of AmB-NPs with mAbs markedly intensified antifungal activity, resulting in a synergistic effect that was two to four times greater than that of AmB-NPs alone. These findings suggest that the combination of AmB-NPs with mAbs could be a promising new treatment for fungal infections that is potentially more effective and less toxic than current antifungal treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]