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Continuous input of plastic litter in ocean and coastal environments achieved alarming levels that are exposing new settings in natural systems. While novel plastic debris pollution, with rock-like appearance, has been reported worldwide, fundamentally geological analyses are still lacking. We surveyed the first occurrence of multiple associated plastic debris on a single outcrop located in a remote site (Trindade Island, SE Atlantic Ocean). Even though all plastic debris forms consisted of polypropylene and polyethylene, through a sedimentary approach (cross section, macro, and micro analyses) distinct types were identified. We detected plastiglomerates, geogenic analogous to conglomerates, divided into in situ and clastic types, and formed over beach sediment. We identified plastistones as a new type with homogeneous composition (lacking incorporated materials), geogenic-looking igneous rocks, divided into in situ and clastic types, and formed over rock surfaces. We linked pyroplastics, geogenic analogous to clasts, to clastic plastiglomerates/plastistones, therefore representing clastic types of plastic debris forms. This association was correlated in a depositional system model, which suggests that plastic debris forms are rock synthetic equivalents in which humans act as depositional and post-depositional agents.

Trindade is a remote island far from 1170 km of the Brazilian coast in the Atlantic Ocean, between South America and South Africa. The island has great biodiversity and scientific studies on the fauna and flora of Trindade are still scarce. Accordingly, since crustacean species of the island are also little known, this research features an unprecedented data set, which provides information on the level of potential toxic elements in two crab species: the Grapsus grapsus (herbivore) and the endemic species Gecarcinus lagostoma (omnivorous) which is in threatened status. Although Trindade has experienced contamination from human activities, mainly plastic debris, the element levels found in the samples suggest that there are no relevant inorganic sources into the island. Since minor and trace elements accumulated by marine invertebrates does not present a pattern behavior, our results can support other studies focused on the impact of global warming to the marine ecosystem.

Morphological, structural and compositional alterations in shells of molluscs have been proposed as putative biomarkers of chemical contamination in coastal zones. Despite this, few studies were carried out using top predator gastropods which tend to be more susceptible to contamination exposure. Thus, the present study assessed disturbances on shells of Stramonita brasiliensis considering compression resistance and organic and mineralogical matrix composition, related to morphometric alterations. Results showed reductions in compression resistance and organic matrix content associated with higher contaminated sites. In addition, a predominance of calcite polymorphs was seen in shells obtained in polluted areas. Such outputs were consistent with local contamination levels which may have induced the observed alterations. Thus, changes in mollusc shells showed good performance as potential biomarkers of coastal contamination, being probably observed in other species of carnivorous gastropods around the world.

Resumo A gestão de resíduos a bordo de navios pode tomar proporções complexas pelo número de pessoas da guarnição, pelas operações de manutenção eventualmente ocorridas a navegar, pelo tipo e tempo de missão ou, somente, por uma gestão menos criteriosa. Quando uma organização naval faz uso de submarinos nas suas missões, a gestão de resíduos deve obedecer a um modelo de gestão implementado e cumprido por todos os elementos da guarnição. Pretende-se, com o tema da dissertação, demonstrar a importância da gestão de resíduos nos submarinos da Marinha Portuguesa, efetuando um estudo sobre a sua temática. A Marinha Portuguesa é um ramo das Forças Armadas que faz uso do mar e cumpre com normativos legais que visam diminuir a sua pegada ecológica. Esta dissertação tem em vista realizar um trabalho de investigação com recurso a entrevistas aos elementos de ambas as guarnições dos submarinos da classe Tridente, que desempenhem funções relacionadas com a gestão e tratamento de resíduos a bordo, assim como se recorre a um inquérito por questionário às guarnições dos submarinos, cuja análise e tratamento dos dados obtidos das respostas dos inquiridos são objeto de tratamento estatístico. O objetivo desta investigação é analisar e avaliar o sistema de gestão de resíduos nos Navios da República Portuguesa “Tridente” e “Arpão”, considerando as diversas tipologias de resíduos a bordo e os sistemas de tratamento utilizados, tendo em conta o enquadramento legal e doutrinário na Marinha, a legislação nacional e internacional e o estado da arte da comunidade científica. Conclui-se, com esta investigação, que as ações de formação existentes não assentam diretamente sobre instruir ou dar a conhecer às guarnições dos submarinos da classe Tridente os normativos legais vigentes de gestão de resíduos a bordo. No entanto, a gestão de resíduos a bordo assenta numa perspetiva de boas práticas e bom senso aplicados. Práticas essas que intrinsecamente estão de acordo com o que a legislação estabelece para a realização de uma adequada gestão de resíduos. The waste management on board ships can take complex proportions due to the number of people in the crew, the maintenance operations that may occur while sailing, the type and time of mission or just a less careful management. When a naval organization uses submarines in its missions, waste management must comply with a management model implemented and followed by all elements of the garrison. It is intended, with the theme of this dissertation, to demonstrate the importance of waste management in the Portuguese Navy's submarines, carrying out a study on its theme. The Portuguese Navy is a component of the Armed Forces that uses the sea and complies with legal regulations that aim to reduce its ecological footprint. This dissertation aims to carry out a research work using interviews with elements of both crews of Trident class submarines, who perform functions related to the management and treatment of waste on board, as well as using a survey to submarine garrisons, whose analysis and processing of data obtained from respondents’ answers are subject to statistical treatment. The objective of this investigation is to analyse and evaluate the waste management system in Portuguese Ships “Tridente” and “Arpão”, considering the different types of waste on board and the treatment systems used, taking into account the legal and doctrinal framework in the Navy, national and international legislation and the state of the art of the scientific community. It is concluded with this investigation that the existing training actions are not directly based on instructing the Tridente class submarines’ crews about the legal regulations in force on waste management on board. However, on board waste management is based on a perspective of applying good practice and common sense. These practices are intrinsically in accordance with what the legislation defines for carrying out an adequate waste management.

Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) were analyzed in eighteen blubber samples biopsied from fin whales (Balaenoptera physalus) during the feeding season near the Antarctic Peninsula in the summer of 2013. POP content (in ng g-1 lipid weight) ranged from 46.4 to 708 for polychlorinated biphenyls (∑PCBs), 6.77 to 123 for hexachlorobenzene (HCB), 10.1 to 489 for dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and derivatives (∑DDTs), 5.38 to 52.8 for hexachlorocyclohexanes (∑HCH) and

The anthropogenic impact of pollution by plastic debris has threatened marine life inhabiting benthic and pelagic habitats from the poles to the equa tor (e.g., Ryan and Moloney, 1993; Derraik, 2002; Thompson et al., 2004). The ingestion of plastics by marine organisms is an increasing global trend due to the increase of these polymers in the oceans (e.g., Lusher et al., 2013; Besseling et al., 2015; Lusher et al., 2015; Lusher et al., 2018; Ostle et al., 2019; Neto et al., 2020). After reaching marine ecosystems, plas tics can be found either in their large original size (i.e., macroplastic) or in small fragments (i.e., nanoplastics, microplastics, or mesoplastics) (Azevedo-Santos et al., 2019). Thus, the interaction of plastic debris with marine life is expected, and their ingestion has been documented in a wide range of marine organisms, including zooplankton, bivalves, fish, turtles, birds, and marine mammals (Azzarello and Van-Vleet, 1987; Lusher et al., 2015; Romero et al., 2015; Egbeocha et al., 2018). There are several possible reasons for the consumption of plastic debris by marine fish, includ ing mistaking plastic for food because the odor of plastic in the sea is like that of food (Savoca et al., 2017), confusing it with prey species associated with floating plastic material while feeding on them, and preying on smaller organisms that have previously ingested plastics (Possato et al., 2011; Varghese et al., 2013 Institute of Oceanography of the University of Sao Paulo (IOUSP) Coordenacao de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de Nivel Superior (CAPES):7,546/13-0 info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

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The burning process of fuel from the main engine in ships impacts on air and sea pollution. Afterward, in overcoming the air pollution from the result burning in industry usually use electronic precipitator (ESP) by using electric field to precipitate gas pollutant from burning result. Thus, the aim of this research is making the concept of ESP (Electrostatic Precipitator) which can be used to reduce pollutant from the result burning in the main engine. Afterward, this research is used experiment as its method. The results of this study shows that before using the ESP tool, the NO2 levels is 7.70 mg/Nm3, while after using ESP Nitrogen Oxide (NO2) levels dropped to 3.85 mg/Nm3. Before using the ESP, the data on emissions gas had SO2 levels of 72.3 mg/Nm3, while after using ESP the levels of Nitrogen Oxide (NO2) dropped to 39.6 mg/Nm3. The level of Nitrogen Oxide (NO2) in gas emissions drops to 50% while the level of Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) in emission gas drops to 45.2%. El proceso de combustión del combustible del motor principal en los buques impacta en la contaminación del aire y del mar. Posteriormente, para superar la contaminación del aire causada por el resultado de la quema en la industria, usamos un precipitador electrónico (ESP) usando un campo eléctrico para precipitar el contaminante gaseoso del resultado de la combustión. Por lo tanto, el objetivo de esta investigación es crear el concepto de ESP (precipitador electrostático) que puede usarse para reducir la contaminación del resultado que se quema en el motor principal. Posteriormente, esta investigación se utiliza experimento como su método. Los resultados de este estudio muestran que antes de usar la herramienta ESP, los niveles de NO2 son 7.70 mg / Nm3, mientras que después de usar los niveles de óxido de nitrógeno ESP (NO2) cayeron a 3.85 mg / Nm3. Antes de usar el ESP, los datos sobre las emisiones de gas tenían niveles de SO2 de 72.3 mg / Nm3, mientras que después de usar el ESP los niveles de óxido de nitrógeno (NO2) cayeron a 39.6 mg / Nm3. El nivel de óxido de nitrógeno (NO2) en las emisiones de gas cae al 50%, mientras que el nivel de dióxido de azufre (SO2) en el gas de emisión cae al 45,2%. O processo de queima de combustível do motor principal nos navios afeta a poluição do ar e do mar. Posteriormente, para superar a poluição do ar causada pelo resultado da queima na indústria, geralmente use o precipitador eletrônico (ESP) usando o campo elétrico para precipitar o poluente gasoso do resultado da queima. Assim, o objetivo desta pesquisa é elaborar o conceito de ESP (Precipitador Eletrostático), que pode ser utilizado para reduzir o poluente resultante da queima do resultado no motor principal. Posteriormente, esta pesquisa é utilizada como método. Os resultados deste estudo mostram que, antes de usar a ferramenta ESP, os níveis de NO2 são 7,70 mg / Nm3, enquanto que após o uso do ESP, os níveis de óxido de nitrogênio (NO2) caíram para 3,85 mg / Nm3. Antes de usar o ESP, os dados sobre as emissões de gases apresentavam níveis de SO2 de 72,3 mg / Nm3, enquanto após o uso do ESP os níveis de óxido de nitrogênio (NO2) caíam para 39,6 mg / Nm3. O nível de óxido de nitrogênio (NO2) nas emissões de gases cai para 50%, enquanto o nível de dióxido de enxofre (SO2) no gás de emissão cai para 45,2%.

A ilusão de que os Oceanos têm a capacidade de absorver toda a poluição há muito que deixou de existir. Sendo que a Marinha tem um contacto muito próximo com o meio marinho, torna-se um motivo de preocupação constante diminuir o impacto ambiental dos navios nas suas missões atribuídas. A correta implementação de um Sistema de Gestão de Resíduos a bordo dos navios contribui para minimizar a pegada ecológica, tendo este de estar em concordância com os regulamentos Nacionais e Internacionais, abordando todo o processo desde a recolha, separação, tipo de tratamento, até à descarga ou armazenamento dos resíduos produzidos. A Marinha Portuguesa tem uma esquadra um pouco envelhecida, pelo que, com o presente trabalho, se pretende saber qual o estado, em que condições, e, em que medida, é possível implementar, um Plano de Gestão de Resíduos a bordo dos seus navios. Também se procura perceber qual o estado das guarnições, na vertente da formação e sensibilização ambiental, face à realidade da gestão dos resíduos estar presente no nosso dia a dia. Em alguns casos, os militares com responsabilidades atribuídas neste âmbito, encontram-se pouco ou mal informados na vertente ambiental. The illusion the oceans have the hability to absorve all the pollution has left a long time ago. Since the Navy has a very close contact with the marine environment, it is a matter of constant concern to reduce the environmental impact of ships in their assigned missions. The correct implementation of a Waste Management System on board contributes to the minimization of the ecological footprint, which must be in agreement with National and International regulations, covering the whole process from the collection, separation, type of treatment to the discharge or storage of the waste produced. Considering that the Portuguese Navy has a somewhat aged fleet, the present work intends to know the state and under what conditions is implemented, as far as possible, a Waste Management Plan on the Portuguese Navy. It is also added to this study to find out what the state of garrisons is in terms of training and environmental awareness, due to the fact that waste management is present every day, and in many cases, militaries with responsibilities assigned in this area, are poorly or badly informed on the environmental side. Keywords: Waste Management; Navy and Environment; Pollution of ships; Sea pollution

Sediments preserve environmental information at the time of deposition which is a useful tool to evaluate the extent of the environmental change from its pristine condition. We evaluated historic environmental trends in the sedimentary record by analysing three sediment cores collected within the freshwater region of Patos Lagoon (southern Brazil). As, Ba, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn were analysed by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. C/N ratios and δ 13 C values were also determined. Contamination indices such as Enrichment Factor, Geoaccumulation Index, Sediment Pollution Index and Pollution Load Index were calculated to evaluate the influence of anthropic activities. Multiple-elemental indices showed a general overview of the environmental conditions of the lagoon throughout time. Furthermore, single-element indices explained which elements triggered the observed changes in the environmental trends. Near Camaqua River mouth, we inferred fairly undisturbed conditions and did not seem to be affected by the mining activities upstream Camaqua River. The influence of these activities was observed upstream the lagoon, between Camaqua and Guaiba rivers, probably as a consequence of the hydrodynamics of the lagoon. Especially, As, Ba and Pb showed moderately polluted levels after 2009 AD. In Guaiba site, a progressive deterioration of the lagoon quality was observed after 1980 reaching the worst environmental degradation by 2000 AD. However, Enrichment Factor values only showed moderate pollution levels suggesting a considerable dilution process within the system given its large size. Similar δ 13 C signature was observed in the whole lagoon prior to the anthropogenic influence. However, such a condition changed differentially after the anthropogenic fingerprint. Recent sediments reflected a shift in the plant cover, and particularly in Guaiba, the influence of urban and industrial activities of Porto Alegre City were reflected in the sedimentary record. Overall, metals together with organic matter composition proxies allowed us to determine the anthropic-related changes in Patos Lagoon. APLICACAO DE MULTI-INDICADORES NA ANALISE TEMPORAL DE IMPACTOS ANTROPICOS NA LAGOA DOS PATOS, SUL DO BRASIL Resumo Os sedimentos preservam a informacao ambiental no momento da deposicao, sendo uma ferramenta util para avaliar a extensao da mudanca ambiental ao longo do tempo. avaliamos as tendencias ambientais historicas no registro sedimentar, analisando tres testemunhos de sedimentos coletados na regiao de agua doce da Lagoa dos Patos (sul do Brasil). Amostras sedimentares coletadas ao longos dos testemunhos foram submetidas a analises geoquimicas, tendo sido determinadas as concentracoes de Ba, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb e Zn, analisadas por espectrometria de emissao otica com plasma indutivamente acoplado. A razao C/N e os valores de δ13C tambem foram determinados. Indices de contaminacao como Fator de Enriquecimento, Indice de Geoacumulacao, Indice de Poluicao de Sedimentos e Indice de Carga Poluente foram calculados para avaliar a influencia das atividades antropicas. Os indices aplicados permitiram analisar o padrao evolutivo geral das condicoes ambientais da Lagoa dos Patos ao longo do tempo e mostraram quais os elementos que desencadearam as mudancas observadas nas tendencias ambientais. Com base nos dados obtidos, foi possivel inferir que proximo a foz do Rio Camaqua, o ambiente nao esta perturbado e parece nao ter sido afetado pelas atividades de mineracao realizadas a montante deste rio. A influencia dessas atividades foi registrada numa zona mais externa da lagoa, entre os rios Camaqua e Guaiba, provavelmente em consequencia da hidrodinâmica da lagoa. Nessa regiao foram encontrados sedimentos moderadamente poluidos sobretudo por As, Ba e Pb apos 2009 AD. Na zona de Guaiba, observou-se uma deterioracao progressiva da qualidade ambiental apos 1980, tendo-se atingido a pior degradacao ambiental em 2000 AD. No entanto, os valores do Fator de Enriquecimento evidenciaram apenas niveis moderados de poluicao, sugerindo que o processo de diluicao dentro do sistema e consideravel, devido a grande extensao desta laguna. No periodo anterior a influencia antropogenica, a assinatura isotopica de δ13C foi similar em toda a lagoa. No entanto, tal condicao mudou diferencialmente apos a intensificacao das atividades antropicas na area. Os sedimentos recentes mostraram a ocorrencia de uma mudanca na cobertura vegetal sobretudo em Guaiba. A influencia das atividades urbanas e industriais da cidade de Porto Alegre refletiu-se no registro sedimentar. A analise das concentracoes de metais em conjunto com os proxies que permitem identificar mudancas na composicao da materia orgânica permitiram identificar alteracoes causadas por acoes antropicas na Lagoa dos Patos. Palavras-chave: Metais Pesados. δC13. Impacto Antropico. Aplicacao de multi-proxies . Indices de poluicao. Litoral.

The ubiquity and high bioavailability of microplastics have an unknown risk on the marine environment. Biomonitoring should be used to investigate biotic impacts of microplastic exposure. While many studies have used mussels as indicators for marine microplastic pollution, a robust and clear justification for their selection as indicator species is still lacking. Here, we review published literature from field investigations and laboratory experiments on microplastics in mussels and critically discuss the suitability and challenges of mussels as bioindicator for microplastic pollution. Mussels are suitable bioindicator for microplastic pollution because of their wide distribution, vital ecological niches, susceptibility to microplastic uptake and close connection with marine predators and human health. Field investigations highlight a wide occurrence of microplastics in mussels from all over the world, yet their abundance varies enormously. Problematically, these studies are not comparable due to the lack of a standardized approach, as well as temporal and spatial variability. Interestingly, microplastic abundance in field-collected mussels is closely related to human activity, and there is evidence for a positive and quantitative correlation between microplastics in mussels and surrounding waters. Laboratory studies collectively demonstrate that mussels may be good model organisms in revealing microplastic uptake, accumulation and toxicity. Consequently, we propose the use of mussels as target species to monitor microplastics and call for a uniform, efficient and economical approach that is suitable for a future large-scale monitoring program.

The dispersion of the thermotolerant coliform plumes emitted from the Araca, Itaquanduba and Cigarras domestic sewage submarine outfalls in the Sao Sebastiao Channel was modeled. The plumes were simulated as the only pollution sources considering bacterial decay for the summer and winter of 2016. The main goal was to determine if and which areas were impacted by the disposal systems. The simulated concentrations were quantitatively compared with Enterococcus and thermotolerant coliform data provided by sanitation agencies in Sao Paulo state (CETESB and SABESP). The UM3 model from Visual Plumes software and the ECOM were used as the near-field and far-field models, respectively. The ECOM was configurated with 37 sigma levels and its horizontal resolution varies from 0.2 km to 5 km. The modeled concentrations did not exceed the limit stated by CONAMA Resolution 274 (2000), with the exception of that in June 2016. The main conclusion of this study is that channel hydrodynamic patterns are sufficient to disperse the plumes from sewage disposal outfalls. The areas adjacent to Araca outfall presented the highest persistence of coliform concentrations; however, the modeled concentrations did not exceed 1000 MPN/100 mL for more than 0.1% of the time. The simulations satisfactorily reproduced the coliform variability and dispersion in the region.

The presence of legacy contaminants in sediments from three Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) of the coast of São Paulo State was evaluated. Four sampling surveys were conducted between 2013 and 2015 in 10 sites, distributed along the Laje de Santos Marine and Xixova-Japui State Parks (PEMLS and XJSP, respectively) and Central Coast Marine Protection Area (APAMLC). Samples were analyzed for sediment texture, total organic carbon, CaCO3, metals (Al, Fe, Hg, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn), aliphatic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (AH and PAH). Sediments were generally sandy (excepting muddy samples from APAMLC), with variable amounts of TOC, OM and CaCO3. Most of the sediments exhibited low to moderate concentrations of metals, except APAMLC. Low contamination of sediments by hydrocarbons was found but samples from XLSP and APAMLC exhibited the highest concentrations of biogenic AH and PAH from pyrogenic sources. In APAMLC and PEMLS, the levels of metals can be considered as background levels according to geochemical indices (Igeo and EF). In XJSP and especially in APAMLC data indicated poor sediment quality, probably due to the effect of anthropic activities. Resumo A contaminação dos sedimentos superficiais foi avaliada neste estudo em amostras de áreas marinhas protegidas (AMP) da costa central de São Paulo. Quatro campanhas de amostragem foram feitas entre 2013 e 2015 em 10 sítios localizados nos Parques Estaduais Marinho da Laje de Santos e Xixová-Japuí (PEMLS e PEXJ, respectivamente), e Área de Proteção Ambiental Litoral Centro (APAMLC). As amostras foram analisadas quanto granulometria, carbono orgânico total, CaCO3, metais (Al, Fe, Hg, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb e Zn) e hidrocarbonetos alifáticos(AHs) e policíclicos aromáticos (PAHs). Em geral os sedimentos foram arenosos (exceto aqueles de APAMLC, que foram lamosos) e com quantidades variáveis de COT, MO e CaCO3. A maioria das amostras apresentaram baixas concentrações de metais de acordo com índices geoquímicos (Igeo e fatores de enriquecimento - FE). Baixa contaminação por hidrocarbonetos foi encontrada e em APAMLC os sedimentos apresentaram as maiores concentrações de AHs de origem biogênica e PAHs de pirogênicos. Nos sedimentos de APAMLC e PEMLS, os níveis de metais podem ser considerados como valores de referência. Já em PEXJ, os dados indicaram baixa qualidade de sedimentos, possivelmente devido às fontes antrópicas.

Orientador: Prof. Dr. Herlander da Mata Fernandes Lima Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do ABC. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Energia, 2017. Na qualidade de maior porto da América Latina, o Porto de Santos vem sendo submetido à contínua expansão de suas atividades. A dissertação tem como objetivo analisar o contexto nacional e internacional no que concerne à política, planos e programas de ação para proteção marítima e zona costeira contra o derramamento de hidrocarbonetos (oil spill) e derivados como subsídio para propor uma ferramenta de gestão integrada de riscos de derramamento de hidrocarbonetos e derivados (HD) na zona costeira como consequência da atividade portuária. A metodologia contempla a revisão bibliográfica e síntese do estado atual do conhecimento, inventariação das atividades portuárias, uso de métodos quantitativos e qualitativos (aplicação de questionário semi-estruturado) para avaliação do risco, identificação dos fatores que determinaram o risco, avaliação dos paradigmas do risco (Perigo-Exposição-Vulnerabilidade) e quantificação do risco. O estudo permitiu caracterizar a evolução temporal e a distribuição espacial de acidentes envolvendo o derramamento de HD, identificar os fatores críticos de sucesso de uma ferramenta para gestão de riscos de derramamento de HD e avaliar o risco de derramamento de HD na zona costeira do Porto de Santos/SP. As the largest in all Latin America, the Port of Santos keeps in continuous expansion of it¿s activities. The dissertation has the objective to analyze the national and international context in regards to legislation, plans and action programs in high seas and the coastal zone of protection against hydrocarbons and derivatives spills (oil spill) as subsidy to purpose a management tool of risks of hydrocarbons and derivatives (HD) spill in the coastal zone, as consequences of port activity. The methodology contemplates the literature review, sinthesys of the current state of knowledge and inventory of port activities, resorting to quantitative and qualitative methods (application of a semi-structured questionnaire) of risk evaluation, identification of the factors that determined the risk, evaluation of the risk paradigms (Danger-Exposure-Vulnerability) and risk¿s quantification. The study permitted to identify a temporal development and spatial distribution of accidents involving the HD spills, the critical factors of success for a management tool of risks of hydrocarbons and derivatives spills in the marine area and evaluate the risk of HD spillage in the coastal zone of the Port of Santos / SP.

Comentário ao Apelação 5049424-26.2014.4.04.7100/RS do Tribunal Regional Federal da 4ª região. Juiz relator: Sérgio Renato Tejada Garcia Submitted by Eliana null (leila@stj.jus.br) on 2018-02-14T18:13:11Z No. of bitstreams: 2 legitimidade_passiva_causam_ayala.pdf: 2922091 bytes, checksum: 0cc54bd1967e8973a0802c45a073a32b (MD5) license.txt: 1239 bytes, checksum: c9b4c351324448672315a00808efb725 (MD5) Approved for entry into archive by Renata Ribeiro (rribeiro@stj.jus.br) on 2018-02-16T13:14:48Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 legitimidade_passiva_causam_ayala.pdf: 2922091 bytes, checksum: 0cc54bd1967e8973a0802c45a073a32b (MD5) license.txt: 1239 bytes, checksum: c9b4c351324448672315a00808efb725 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2018-02-16T13:14:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 legitimidade_passiva_causam_ayala.pdf: 2922091 bytes, checksum: 0cc54bd1967e8973a0802c45a073a32b (MD5) license.txt: 1239 bytes, checksum: c9b4c351324448672315a00808efb725 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017 Ementa: Apelação cível. Direito Ambiental. Proliferação desordenada do mexilhão dourado. Dano ambiental. Legitimidade passiva do IBAMA e do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Solidariedade. Proteção ao meio ambiente. Princípio da precaução. Desprovimento dos recursos.

Submitted by Tiago Carvalho (ctscarva@stj.jus.br) on 2016-06-16T16:55:00Z No. of bitstreams: 2 responsabilidade_navegacao_frente_villar.pdf: 673501 bytes, checksum: ab8d72550633f441e6f2fdb29bcf78f7 (MD5) license.txt: 1239 bytes, checksum: c9b4c351324448672315a00808efb725 (MD5) Approved for entry into archive by Rafaella Monterei (rcarine@stj.jus.br) on 2016-06-17T19:23:01Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 responsabilidade_navegacao_frente_villar.pdf: 673501 bytes, checksum: ab8d72550633f441e6f2fdb29bcf78f7 (MD5) license.txt: 1239 bytes, checksum: c9b4c351324448672315a00808efb725 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-17T19:23:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 responsabilidade_navegacao_frente_villar.pdf: 673501 bytes, checksum: ab8d72550633f441e6f2fdb29bcf78f7 (MD5) license.txt: 1239 bytes, checksum: c9b4c351324448672315a00808efb725 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016

The Piraque-Acu and Piraque-Mirim estuarine system (PAPMES) is considered to be a hydrologically unaltered estuary; however, several human activities including introduction of pollutants may have contributed to changes in this system. We have studied hydrocarbons, major elements (Al, Mg, Fe and Mn), trace elements (As, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Li, Ni, Pb, V and Zn), Corg./Ntotal ratio, and δ13C and δ15N stable isotopic composition of organic matter to assess the natural and anthropogenic depositional record in three sediment cores dated by 210Pb geochronology. The sediments showed a strong terrestrial C3 plant contribution to organic matter input in the rivers (−29.2≤δ13C≤−25.1‰; 2.1≤δ15N≤5.3‰; 23.3≤Corg./Ntotal≤53.9), with a higher phytoplankton influence downstream (−29.3≤δ13C≤−20.7‰; 0.4≤δ15N≤6.6‰, and 15.4≤Corg./Ntotal≤34.4). Greater n-alkane concentrations typical of higher plants (nC27, nC29, nC31) confirmed the terrestrial inputs. There was no indication of contamination by petrogenic sources, but relatively high amounts of 17β(H), 21β(H) and 17β(H), 21α(H) terpanes, indicate a possible association with biogenic activities (bacteria). The distributions of major and trace elements were associated with a high lithogenic input and iron and manganese oxides/hydroxides. Although there is little evidence of enrichment by direct human activity, the downstream sediments may be influenced by deforestation for charcoal production which occurred between the 1950s and 70s, exposing soils to weathering and erosion.

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.18623/rvd.v13i25.644 Submitted by Lucas Henrique Alves (lucashs@stj.jus.br) on 2018-06-05T18:58:16Z No. of bitstreams: 3 agua_lastro_bioinvasao_costa_POR.pdf: 555084 bytes, checksum: ae965b853738dcd332072d5436d4c5ac (MD5) ballast_water_bioinvasion_costa_ING.pdf: 540546 bytes, checksum: e1adbd0baae33908ed1a0e6dc75a7e3c (MD5) license.txt: 1239 bytes, checksum: c9b4c351324448672315a00808efb725 (MD5) Approved for entry into archive by betanial@stj.jus.br (betanial@stj.jus.br) on 2018-06-11T14:57:08Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 3 agua_lastro_bioinvasao_costa_POR.pdf: 555084 bytes, checksum: ae965b853738dcd332072d5436d4c5ac (MD5) ballast_water_bioinvasion_costa_ING.pdf: 540546 bytes, checksum: e1adbd0baae33908ed1a0e6dc75a7e3c (MD5) license.txt: 1239 bytes, checksum: c9b4c351324448672315a00808efb725 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-11T14:57:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 3 agua_lastro_bioinvasao_costa_POR.pdf: 555084 bytes, checksum: ae965b853738dcd332072d5436d4c5ac (MD5) ballast_water_bioinvasion_costa_ING.pdf: 540546 bytes, checksum: e1adbd0baae33908ed1a0e6dc75a7e3c (MD5) license.txt: 1239 bytes, checksum: c9b4c351324448672315a00808efb725 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016 - Artigo publicado em dois idiomas: português e inglês. - Título em inglês: Ballast water and bioinvasion: Brazilian legislation and the protection of marine environmental risks.

Human civilization is causing many changes to the global environment, such as the widespread presence of coastal cities and air, soil and water pollution. A new stratigraphic term for the current age, the Anthropocene, has been proposed and is differentiated from the Holocene by anthropogenic alterations. This study evaluated the occurrence and distribution of an artificial radionuclide, cesium-137 (137Cs), in coastal sediments of the South Atlantic Ocean through analysis of a large number of sediment cores covering a wide latitudinal band (0°–35°S). The age of this radionuclide’s horizon of maximum activity is validated with unsupported lead-210 (210Pb) dating and its use is directly related to the peak of the past atmospheric fallout from nuclear tests in 1963, showing its radioactive record to be a short- to mid-term chronostratigraphic marker in helping to define the beginning of the Anthropocene. The presence of fallout 137Cs follows a latitudinal pattern with a mid-latitude maximum at approximately 35°S and lower values toward the equator. This result agrees with observations reported in the international literature regarding the deposition of fallout radioactivity.

Magellanic penguins, Spheniscus magellanicus, are the most abundant penguins living in temperate regions of South America and are good indicators of environmental pollution in the region. Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) were detected in the liver of Magellanic penguins found debilitated or dead on the beaches of Brazil (states of Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo, Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul) between 2008 and 2012 as well as in Uruguay and Chile in 2011. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were more prevalent than organochlorine pesticides (DDTs ∼ HCB ∼ Drins) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). Among PCBs, penta-, hexa- and hepta-chlorinated congeners were predominant. Concentrations of POPs were similar between the Pacific and Atlantic penguin populations, except for PCBs, which were relatively higher in the Pacific population. During the study years (2008-2012), large variations were found in organochlorine pesticides and PCBs tended to decline. Overall, the southern portion of South America has low concentrations of POPs, with either a constant trend or evidence of decline.

The comet assay was applied to the biomonitoring of genotoxicity in shallow waters around the Brazilian Antarctic Station “Comandante Ferraz” (EACF). Mean values of DNA damage to animals captured from shallow waters nearby the Fuel Tanks (FT) and Sewage Treatment Outflow (STO) were significantly higher than the values of the controls captured from shallow waters of Punta Plaza (PPL) and Yellow Point (YP), naturally undisturbed places far from the EACF.

This study was conducted on the continental shelf surrounding a large metropolitan region on the coast of Sao Paulo State, Southeast Brazil. This region harbours a large industrial plant and the largest port in Latin America, both of which release pollutants into the SantosSao Vicente estuarine system. High levels of Hg have been reported in sediments and fish from the estuaries and Santos Bay; however, data for the biota in offshore waters are scarce, and the bio- magnification of Hg across the food web here has never been assessed. In this study, the trophic structure of the Santos shelf was addressed through the carbon and nitrogen stable isotope compo- sitions of different species across a trophic gradient. We determined the total Hg levels (THg, dry weight) of invertebrates and fish to estimate the rate of biomagnification of this metal in the ben- thic and pelagic food webs. The lowest mean THg levels were found in zooplankton (0.006 µg g �1 ) and surface-depositivore polychaetes (0.011 µg g �1 ); the highest THg levels were found in the largest fishes: Patagonian flounder (0.825 µg g �1 ), fat snook (0.714 µg g �1 ), and lesser guitarfish (0.639 µg g �1 ). Overall, the Hg concentration in fish was below the recommended limit for human consumption. The THg and δ 15 N were positively correlated in both food webs; however, the rate of biomagnification was higher and the basal Hg was lower in the pelagic food web. These differ- ences may be related to the differing bioavailability of mercury in water and sediment, the higher diversity of prey and more complex feeding interactions in the benthic food web, and metabolic differences among different taxa.

Santos-Sao Vicente Estuarine System is a highly populated coastal zone in Brazil and where it is located the major port of Latin America. Historically, port activities, industrial and domestic effluents discharges have constituted the main sources of contaminants to estuarine system. This study aimed to assess the recent status of sediment quality from 5 zones of Port of Santos by applying a lines-of-evidence approach through integrating results of: (1) acute toxicity of whole sediment and chronic toxicity of liquid phases; (2) grain size, organic matter, organic carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, trace metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, linear alkylbenzenes and butyltins; (3) benthic community descriptors. Results revealed a gradient of increasing contamination for metals and organic compounds, alongside with their geochemical carriers. Sediment liquid phases were more toxic compared to whole sediment. Low number of species and individuals indicated the impoverishment of benthic community. The use of site-specific sediment quality guidelines was more appropriate to predict sediment toxicity. The integration of results through Sediment Quality Triad approach and principal component analysis allowed observing the effects of natural stressors and dredging on sediment quality and benthic distribution. Even with recent governmental efforts to control, pollution is still relevant in Port of Santos and a threat to local ecosystems.

In the present study, the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) genotoxicity was investigated in a one-step predator–prey relationship with the trophic-related marine species. Florida pompanos were fed for 5 and 10 days with pink shrimp post larvae previously exposed to benzo( a )pyrene (BaP) concentrations. Parent BaP body burden was measured in samples of Farfantepenaeus brasiliensis . BaP metabolites were determined in bile samples of Trachinotus carolinus and DNA damage was assessed through the comet and erythrocyte nuclear abnormalities (ENAs) assays in fish erythrocytes. BaP body burden increased significantly with the PAH concentration in pink shrimp PLs as well as the fish bile BaP metabolites. Both, comet and ENAs assays indicated significant increase on erythrocyte DNA damage of Florida pompanos fed with BaP-exposed pink shrimp on both feeding periods. The trophic route of BaP genotoxicity is discussed as well as the PAH biotransformation as the inducing mechanism for the DNA damages observed.

Com o objetivo de estudar os efeitos da variabilidade de mesoescala nos processos detransporte e transformação do óleo na Bacia de Santos, foi implementado para a região um sistema de modelagens. Este sistema contempla o modelo hidrodinâmico ROMS (Regional Ocean Model System) e o modelo de dispersão e transformação de óleo, OSCAR (Oil Spill Contingence and Response). O ROMS foi utilizado para fornecer as bases hidrodinâmicas que funcionaram como forçante para o OSCAR. Foram geradas duas bases hidrodinâmicas, sendo a primeira com fluxos de superfície e vento sinóticos (sinótica) e a segunda com fluxos de superfície sinóticos e vento climatológico mensal (climatológica). Assim, na base climatológica os processos de mesoescala estão atenuados em relação à base sinótica. Foram simulados derrames em três pontos na Bacia de Santos: um em água rasa, um no Campo de Merluza e um em água profunda. O OSCAR foi implementado em modo probabilístico, gerando os resultados a partir de 100 simulações, de 30 dias cada, para diferentes períodos: anual, três meses de verão e três meses de inverno. O ano simulado foi 2007. Foram analisados os campos de probabilidade de ocorrência de óleo na superfície. Os resultados foram diferentes entre as bases usadas. Assim pode-se concluir que o OSCAR é sensível às forçantes hidrodinâmicas utilizadas. Para o campo de Merluza, observou-se que a mancha tende a seguir o fluxo principal da Corrente do Brasil, em direção ao sul. Apesar disso a base sinótica gerou uma maior dispersão do óleo no sentido leste-oeste quando comparada com a base climatológica. Para o Campo de Água Profunda, a conformação dos campos de probabilidade foram significativamente diferentes, o que indicou que esta área é muito sensível à base hidrodinâmica utilizada. Para o Campo de Água Rasa observou-se a maior diferença nas curvas de probabilidade. As diferenças foram tais, que no cenário climatológico existe a probabilidade da mancha se deslocar para norte, paralela à costa, enquanto no sinótico isto não foi observado. Pode-se associar isto a maior complexidade da circulação costeira atuante na região do Campo de Água Rasa. Todos os campos apresentaram variação sazonal entre verão e inverno. In order to study the variability mesoscale effects in transport and transformationoil processes at Bacia de Santos, a modeling system has been implemented for the region. This system comprises the hydrodynamic model ROMS (Regional Ocean ModelSystem), and the oil dispersion and processing model OSCAR (Oil Spill contingence andResponse). The ROMS was used to supply the hydrodynamic bases that acted as forcingfor OSCAR. Two hydrodynamic bases were criated, the first with surface flows andsynoptic wind (synoptic) and the second with synoptic surface flows and monthly climatological wind (climatological). Thus, at the climatological base, the mesoscale processes are attenuated relative to synoptic base. Oil spills were simulated at three points at Bacia de Santos: in shallow water, in Merluza field and the third, in deep water. The OSCAR was implemented in probabilistic way, generating results from 100 simulations of 30 days each, for different periods: annual, three months in summer and three months in winter. The year considered for the simulation was 2007. The probability fields of surface oil occurrence was analyzed. The results were different depending on the base considered. So the conclusion is that the OSCAR is sensible to hydrodynamic forcings used. For Merluza field, it was observed that the stain tends to follow the main stream of the Brazil Current, heading south. Nevertheless the synoptic basis generated a higher oil dispersion in the east-west direction compared to the climatological basis. For the Deepwater Field, the arrangement of probability fields were significantly different, which indicated that this area is very sensible to the hydrodynamic base used. The Shallow Water Field showed the largest difference in probability curves. The differences were such that on climatological scenario there is a probability of the stain move north, parallel to the coast, while in the synoptic it was not observed. This can be associated to greater complexity of active coastal circulation that acts in the Shallow Water Field region. All fields showed seasonal variation between summer and winter.

Submitted by rribeiro@stj.jus.br (rribeiro@stj.jus.br) on 2016-08-10T18:36:49Z No. of bitstreams: 2 interfaces_entre_regime_osorio.pdf: 664735 bytes, checksum: 6936b93fe25866953bf774a88b4227ca (MD5) license.txt: 1239 bytes, checksum: c9b4c351324448672315a00808efb725 (MD5) Approved for entry into archive by Patrícia Rabello (rabello@stj.jus.br) on 2016-10-11T18:12:12Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license.txt: 1239 bytes, checksum: c9b4c351324448672315a00808efb725 (MD5) interfaces_entre_regime_osorio.pdf: 664735 bytes, checksum: 6936b93fe25866953bf774a88b4227ca (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-11T18:12:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license.txt: 1239 bytes, checksum: c9b4c351324448672315a00808efb725 (MD5) interfaces_entre_regime_osorio.pdf: 664735 bytes, checksum: 6936b93fe25866953bf774a88b4227ca (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012

International audience; In the present work, fat, skin, liver and muscle samples from Leptonychotes weddellii (Weddell seal, n=2 individuals), Lobodon carcinophagus (crabeater seal, n=2), Arctocephalus gazella (Antarctic fur seal, n=3) and Mirounga leonina (southern elephant seal, n=1) were collected from King George Island, Antarctica, and analysed for POPs (PCBs, organochlorine pesticides and PBDEs) and stable isotopes (δ13C and δ15N in all tissues but fat). PBDEs could be found in only one sample (L. weddellii fat). Generally, PCBs (from 74 to 523 ng g-1 lw), DDTs (from 14 to 168 ng g-1 lw) and chlordanes (from 9 to 78 ng g-1 lw) were the prevailing compounds. Results showed a clear stratification in accordance with ecological data. Nonetheless, stable isotope analyses provide a deeper insight into fluctuations due to migrations and nutritional stress. Correlation between 15N and pollutants suggests, to some degree, a considerable ability to metabolize and/or excrete the majority of them.

Selected POPs were analyzed in blubber samples of Pontoporia blainvillei from Southern Brazil to appraise temporal trend over a 10 year period (1994–2004). Overall, levels of POPs were relatively low, especially when compared to Northern Hemisphere concentrations. Apart from Mirex and PCBs, which showed stable concentrations, DDTs, HCB, CHLs, Dieldrin levels presented a slight decrease over the studied period. In addition, the increase in the PCBs/DDTs ratio supports the idea that inputs of DDTs are decaying faster than PCBs.

In the present study Cathorops spixii, was evaluated as a bioindicator fish for trace metal pollution. Concentrations of cobalt (Co), iron (Fe), selenium (Se) and zinc (Zn) were determined by Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis in liver. Mercury (Hg) and methyl-mercury (MeHg) were analyzed by Cold Vapor Atomic Absorption Spectrometry in muscles and livers. High concentrations of Co, Fe, Se and Zn were observed in C. spixii from Santos Bay in comparison to fish collected in a non-polluted site in the same Brazilian coast. These trace metal concentrations were out of the permissible levels for human consumption. Although, Hg and MeHg levels were low, the C. spixii could still be used as an effective bioindicator to observe trace metal behaviors in the environment in function of the bioaccumulation process observed mainly by other analyzed trace metals. Thus, the use of this species is strongly recommended to monitor the effects and behavior of trace metal pollution in aquatic ecosystems in Brazil due to its bioaccumulation function.

In order to determine the sedimentological and physico-chemical characteristics of the benthic environment and also the level, distribution and probable sources of aliphatic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, sediment samples were collected at 28 stations in the northeast portion of Todos os Santos Bay. The centre and the east region of the study area showed characteristics of depositional environments with the predominance of silt and clay and high percentages of TOC, nitrogen and sulphur. The molar C/N ratios varied between 8.8 and 27.6 indicating a mixed origin of organic matter with variable marine and continental contributions. Total aliphatic hydrocarbon concentrations ranged between 1.56 and 246.91 µg.g-1 dry weight, corresponding the high concentrations to the stations situated in the centre and in the east region of the study area. The UCM represented between 60 and 96% of the total aliphatic hydrocarbons, indicating a high degree of anthropogenic contribution and the presence of petroleum degraded residues. Total PAH concentrations varied from 8 to 4163 ng.g-1 dry weight. The highest total PAH concentration was recorded at station 5 situated adjacent to the oil refinery.Com o intuito de determinar as características sedimentológicas e físico-químicas do ambiente bentônico e também o nível, distribuição e prováveis fontes dos hidrocarbonetos alifáticos e policíclicos aromáticos, foram coletadas amostras de sedimento em 28 estações localizadas na porção nordeste da Baía de Todos os Santos. A região central e leste da área de estudo apresentaram características de ambientes deposicionais com predomínio de silte e argila e com maiores teores de carbono orgânico total, nitrogênio e enxofre. As razões C/N variaram entre 8,8 e 27,6 indicando uma origem mista da matéria orgânica com contribuições marinha e continental relativamente variáveis. As concentrações de hidrocarbonetos alifáticos totais variaram entre 1,56 e 246,91 µg.g-1 de sedimento seco, correspondendo as maiores concentrações às estações localizadas na região central e leste da área de estudo. A Mistura Complexa não Resolvida (UCM) representou entre 60 e 90% dos hidrocarbonetos alifáticos totais, indicando um alto grau de contribuição antrópica e a presença de resíduos de petróleo degradado. As concentrações de hidrocarbonetos policíclicos aromáticos totais variaram de 8 a 4163 ng.g-1 de sedimento seco. A maior concentração de hidrocarbonetos policíclicos aromáticos foi registrada na estação 5 situada na área adjacente à refinaria de petróleo.

A água é susceptível de alteração de suas propriedades e constituição por agentes naturais e antrópicos (sociais e tecnológicos). Essas alterações, quando intensas, podem provocar poluição. Em todo ambiente hídrico, as plantas microscópicas (fitoplâncton) presentes nas camadas superficiais absorvem luz, nutrientes, dióxido de carbono, água e contaminantes. O fitoplâncton é a principal alimentação de outros animais microscópios (zooplâncton). O que não é aproveitado pelo plâncton ou transportado pelas correntes marinhas acaba por depositar-se no sedimento marinho, onde se torna alimento para os organismos bentônicos. Os peixes que se alimentam de organismos planctônicos e/ou bentônicos absorvem a contaminação contida nesses organismos e podem ir bioacumulando essa contaminação ao longo do tempo, magnificando-a em seus tecidos. Assim, os dejetos tóxicos podem retornar aos seres humanos via cadeia trófica dos rios, lagos, estuários e mares. Water is susceptible to changes in its properties and constitution by natural and anthropic agents (social and technological). These changes, when intense, can cause pollution. In all water environments, microscopic plants (phytoplankton) present in the surface layers absorb light, nutrients, carbon dioxide, water and contaminants. Phytoplankton is the main food for other microscopic animals (zooplankton). What is not used by the plankton or transported by marine currents is deposited in the marine sediment where it becomes food for bentonic organisms. Fish that feed on planktonic and/or bentonic organisms absorb the contaminants present in these organisms and can bio-accumulate these contaminants over a long period of time which expand in their tissues. Thus, toxic waste can return to human beings through the trophic chain of rivers, lakes, estuaries and seas.

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and Polybrominated Diphenyls Ethers (PBDEs) are two highly lipophilic classes of persistent organic pollutants able to resist degradation and with the ability to bioaccumulate through the food chain. In Brazil, there are still few studies on PCBs and PBDEs in aquatic organisms. In this study, we determined the levels of PBDEs and PCBs in three different fish species from the Ilha Grande Bay, located in the southern state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. PBDEs levels were very low, with values below the limit of quantification. PCBs concentrations ranged from 2.29 to 27.60 ng g(-1) ww in muscle and from 3.41 to 34.22 ng g(-1) ww in liver of the three investigated fish species. Significant positive correlations were established between PCBs concentration and fish biometric variables in mullet (length and lipid content) and a statistically significant change between seasons in croaker was observed.

Rhodolith beds are important marine benthic ecosystems, representing oases of high biodiversity among sedimentary seabed environments. They are found frequently and abundantly, acting as major carbonate 'factories' and playing a key role in the biogeochemical cycling of carbonates in the South Atlantic. Rhodoliths are under threat due to global change (mainly related to ocean acidification and global warming) and local stressors, such as fishing and coastal run-off. Here, we review different aspects of the biology of these organisms, highlighting the predicted effects of global change, considering the additional impact of local stressors. Ocean acidification (OA) represents a particular threat that can reduce calcification or even promote the decalcification of these bioengineers, thus increasing the eco-physiological imbalance between calcareous and fleshy algae. OA should be considered, but this together with extreme events such as heat waves and storms, as main stressors of these ecosystems at the present time, will worsen in the future, especially if possible interactions with local stressors like coastal pollution are taken into consideration. Thus, in Brazil there is a serious need for starting monitoring programs and promote innovative experimental infrastructure in order to improve our knowledge of these rich environments, optimize management efforts and enhance the needed conservation initiatives. Resumo Bancos de rodolitos formam oásis de alta biodiversidade em ambientes marinhos de fundo arenoso. Os rodolitos são formados por espécies bioconstrutoras, que fornecem abrigo e substrato para diversas e abundantes comunidades bentônicas. No Brasil esses ambientes são frequentes, representando grandes "fábricas" de carbonato com um papel fundamental no ciclo biogeoquímico do carbono no Atlântico Sul. Estes organismos e ambientes estão ameaçados pelas mudanças climáticas (principalmente a acidificação dos oceanos e o aquecimento global) e pelos estressores locais, tais como os impactos causados pela pesca e as descargas costeiras de efluentes. Neste trabalho fazemos uma revisão da taxonomia, filogenia e biologia desses organismos, com destaque para os efeitos previstos das mudanças climáticas e suas relações com estressores locais. A maioria dos estudos acerca dos efeitos das mudanças climáticas e da acidificação dos oceanos em algas calcárias relatam respostas negativas não só no crescimento e na calcificação, mas também no processo de fotossíntese, espessura da parede celular, reprodução e sobrevivência das algas. Este cenário reforça a necessidade em estabelecer uma consistente rede de trabalho para proporcionar um programa de monitoramento amplo e de longo prazo, bem como infraestrutura para avaliações experimentais de impactos locais e regionais das mudanças climáticas e dos estressores locais em bancos de rodolitos.