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This study focuses on young Polish viewers living in Vienna, the capital city of Austria, and their reception of Turkish television series. This is an under-researched audience group. The analysis gives voice to viewers' comments through the use of semi-structured interviews to gain deep insight into their viewer experiences. The study introduces another, less-studied component of analysis by scrutinising the ways in which audiences deploy the media text of Turkish series in defining markers of their own self-identities. The analysis of this reveals ways in which viewers were able to negotiate their placement in diasporic lands and in cultural imaginaries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the study was to analyze the narratives of the Solidarity movement in upper-secondary level history textbooks, published between 1991 and 2018. Quantitative methods were used to measure different categories of historical figures in terms of their frequency and textual space, as well as any changes in representation over time. To explore the values and ideologies embedded in the textbook narratives of Solidarity, the study was guided by the qualitative approach and the critical discourse analysis of both verbal and visual texts. It seems that the content of the Polish history textbooks is not as susceptible to governmental and/or policy changes as initially assumed. Women consequently remain outside the historical narrative of Solidarity as a marginalized group. The study noticed oversimplification of historical and political complexity of Solidarity, with its major cost being the reproduction of socio-economic inequalities and gender stereotypes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the project of creating a Polish colony in the United States, propagated by Józef Alfons Potrykowski and a group of his followers. In 1843–1853, seeing no possibility of preserving Polishness in Europe, they strove to establish a New Poland (Nowa Polska) in North America or Australia. Initially it was to be a single colony, but Potrykowski's blueprint projected its development and the creation of an entire Polish province that would eventually join the United States as an autonomous state. In propounding such solutions, Potrykowski was under the tangible influence of the early socialists, and for this reason he stressed the necessity of building the colony upon such principles as equality and brotherhood. From a conceptual point of view, his project was based on categories of both a universal and particular character, with such paired (counter)concepts as sacrifice-treason, or brotherhood-egoism coming to the fore. Whilst Potrykowski's plans bore scant fruit in terms of their practical realisation, they nevertheless offer valuable insights into East Central European utopianism in the mid-nineteenth century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper characterizes four Polish and Italian Catholic organizations that operate within the ecological field. The study of these organizations zooms in on the process of "greening of Catholicism" in Poland and Italy taking place. Studied Catholic organizations in Poland and Italy operate within different social and religious contexts. They face challenges, including resistance from traditionalists who view ecology as a leftist notion. To overcome this, the organizations studied frame ecological issues as religious duties, drawing on diverse traditions within Catholicism and emphasizing figures like John Paul II. They use religious resources such as Catholic identities, values, and symbols to appeal to a broader audience beyond traditional activists. Yet, their emphasis on Catholicism hinders cooperation with secular environmental groups and limits engagement with left-wing environmental politics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Topographic Chart of the Kingdom of Poland (pol. Topograficzna Karta Królestwa Polskiego, commonly referred to as 'the Quartermaster's Map', hereinafter: TKKP) is the first Polish modern topographic map of Poland (1:126,000, 1843). Cartographic historians acclaim its conception by the General Quartermaster of the Polish Army, noting its editorial principles and technical execution as exemplars of the early 19th-century cartographic standards. Today, it stands as a national heritage relic, furnishing invaluable insights into the former Polish Kingdom's topography. Although extensively utilised in geographical and historical inquiries, the TKKP has yet to undergo a comprehensive geomatic investigation and publication as spatial data services. Primarily, this delay stems from the challenges of mosaicking and georeferencing its 60 constituent sheets, owing to the uncertain mathematical framework and irregular sheet cuts. In 2023, the authors embarked on rectifying this by creating a unified TKKP mosaic and georeferencing the map to contemporary reference data benchmarks. This endeavour involved scrutinising the map's mathematical accuracy and verifying prior findings. The resultant product is accessible via the 'Maps with the Past' platform, developed by the Institute of History of the Polish Academy of Sciences The dissemination of raster data services adhering to OGC standards such as WMTS (Web Map Tile Service), ECW (Enhanced Compression Wavelet), and COG (Cloud Optimized GeoTIFF) facilitates the swift and seamless integration of the generated data into web and GIS tools. The digital edition of the TKKP emerges as a pivotal resource for investigations spanning natural and anthropogenic environmental transformations, sustainable development, and cultural heritage studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ethos (0860-8024) is the property of John Paul II Institute, Faculty of Philosophy, John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper discusses the history of the Polish book collection at the Chicago Public Library (CPL) from the time the Foreign Language Section (FOL) in the main library was established, until the present. The author has used both primary and secondary sources. Many of them are archival materials still unpublished (FOL Annual Report Bulletin from the Office of the Librarian, etc.) and stored in the Special Collections and Preservation Division at the Harold Washington Library Center (HWLC) in Chicago. The names of many dedicated librarians who have worked and are working now at FOL are provided. The article tries to answer the question: How did they help new immigrants to adjust to the American way of life? A considerable part of this paper is devoted to the programming aimed at Chicago's Polish community. These programs took place at CPL from its beginning, but more were scheduled in the 1970s and the 1980s, when American libraries begin to promote multiculturalism and diversity. The establishment of the Polish American Services Committee (PASC) in 1995, which was organized and continues to function to the present time, is also covered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the history of the Polish language, the words obłęd ('madness') and obłąkanie ('insanity') are etymologically associated with wandering. In the 19th century, these meanings were still alive; at the same time, meanings related to the mental sphere were also forming. In the literature of Romanticism, one can see elements that correspond to the content of the word obłęd used as a term in modern psychiatry. These include, first of all, the structure of delusions that accompany a compact, integrated personality. This is how we can interpret, for instance, the usage of the word in Mickiewicz's translation of The Dream (the same is true, of course, also for Byron's original), as well as in Czarne kwiaty by Norwid. Among the noteworthy linguistic facts associated with the studied words in the 19th century is their cognitive ambivalence: on the one hand, madness was associated with special cognitive abilities, on the other, stigmatization of the mentally ill was apparent. Finally, the progressive (also in the Modernist period) increase in the number of uses of these words can be observed, which is likely due to the growing interest in the human psyche in art and its study in medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polish popular film has responded to the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq with two productions: the TV series Misja: Afganistan (dir. Maciej Dejczer, 2012) and the feature film Karbala (dir. Krzysztof Łukaszewicz, 2015). They do not reflect the prevailing views of the public on these two military conflicts, but rather appeal to the general imaginings about Polish wars in the course of history. As they leave out issues of politics, it is the portrayal of the soldiers that most fundamentally contributes to the construction of the perspectives on the wars in the Middle East in the films under discussion. The predominantly positive image of the Polish soldiers leads the viewer to believe that the wars in which they fought were justified. Misja: Afganistan and Karbala perpetuate the tropes entrenched in the heroic/martyrological model of representing war in Polish film through exploiting universal connotations of heroic war. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the role of websites as historical sources, using a comparative case study of Germany and Poland's respective lost territories after WWII and the border changes ordered by Stalin. The article proposes a methodology derived from the 'Toolbox' of the Oxford Internet Institute, which includes link and referral analysis plus sourcing of data about websites in past formats via the 'Wayback Machine' (archive.org). Its aim is to suggest ways in which historians can better assess the material function of these online sources within the wider taxonomy of historical discussion, in ways often taken for granted for traditional publications: for instance, noting ascribed provenance, prominence, age and stability as textual sources, in addition to their contents. The approach is tested through two websites each from Poland and Germany, construed as a pilot and spur to further investigation for application to other cases beyond where contentious episodes of 20th Century history are reframed to serve illiberal agendas, notably in Central Europe by parties such as Law and Justice in Poland, Fidesz in Hungary, or AfD in Germany. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adam Mickiewicz never wrote down A History of the Future. We only have a few remaining fragments of the poet's project. However, A History of the Future exerted a powerful and long-lasting influence on Polish culture. After a sketch of these fragmentary contents, drawn according to Pigoń and Skwarczyńska, the main aim of this paper is to highlight the importance of Mickiewicz's project in the history of Polish literature and culture. Stressed are some aspects of utopian and dystopian thought, as well as the interest of Mickiewicz and other Polish Romantics in scientific and technical achievements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Warsaw School of Logic (WSL) was the famous branch of the Lviv-Warsaw School (LWS) – the most important movement in the history of Polish philosophy. Logic made the most important field in the activities of the WSL. The aim of this work is to highlight the role and significance of the WSL in the history of logic in the 20th century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article addresses the problem of developing disused underground mines for museum purposes in cities and towns in southern Poland. Following the reduction in mining activities and the collapse and liquidation of many industrial plants in the region – developments related to both the global situation and the political transformation of the late twentieth century – many localities lost their previous economic basis for development. One of the strategies often used in such situations is revitalisation through culture. Establishing museums in underground mines, which in southern Poland have a history dating back to the eighteenth century, has gained popularity in recent decades. The authenticity of the preserved architectural and infrastructural heritage helps to preserve the identity of the regions by displaying the mementos and achievements of past generations in an appropriate manner. Most of the sites discussed in the paper, three of which are on the UNESCO World Heritage List, use this method of display, enriching the facility’s programme with other elements. There is also a strategy to transform these post-industrial resources to a much greater extent and adapt them to modern functions using contemporary architectural solutions, while preserving the most valuable elements of their architectural and infrastructural heritage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to present the history of translation of Polish non-fiction in mainland China from the 1980s to the present. The article divides the translations into three broad categories: anti-fascist literature, exemplified by Tadeusz Borowski and Zofia Nałkowska; reportages, represented by Ryszard Kapuściński; and biographies, diaries and correspondence of renowned Polish artists. The paper includes descriptions of the motives behind the publication of these translations, their reception and information about the translators. It notes that most of the Chinese translations of Polish non-fiction were produced under the influence of significant commemorative events or promotional activities organized by official cultural institutions of both countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Polish Chamber of Physicians and Dentists (Naczelna Izba Lekarska) and the regional chambers of physicians and dentists (Okręgowe Izby Lekarskie) are the organisational bodies of the professional self-government of physicians and dentists in Poland. They are responsible for supervising the proper and conscientious exercise of the medical professions, determining the principles of professional ethics and deontology, and representing and protecting the medical professions. The history of Polish medical self-government dates back to the end of the nineteenth century. The development of the chambers was stopped in 1950 by the communist regime when the authorities decided to dissolve them. This article, which is partly based on unpublished sources, presents the efforts of Polish doctors to regain their professional self-government. It shows how these efforts were linked to the democratisation processes of Poland in 1989. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores how politically active Polish women starting in the late nineteenth century until the start of World War II viewed themselves and their duties vis-a-vis the Polish nation. It traces the women's movement in Poland from the first calls for women's right to work, to their eventual enfranchisement under a newly independent Polish state in 1918. Challenges to women's equality took many forms: men from both sides of the political spectrum viewed women's entry into the salaried workforce and the public sphere as largely undesirable and deployed a variety of arguments to reinforce traditional gender hierarchy. Yet many educated Polish women, even from conservative, Catholic perspectives, viewed their engagement in the public sphere as necessary work for the good of the Polish nation. This article uses letters, political pamphlets, and published works to explore how modern Polish women attempted to strike a balance between breaking and preserving traditional notions of gender in order to secure new rights for themselves in a volatile political atmosphere. While Polish women's groups differed on their vision of the ideal Polish state, they generally agreed that women's roles as mothers provided the moral legitimacy required to act in the public sphere. They successfully carved a space for themselves in the new Polish state of 1918 but remained marginalized in a separate and unequal status in the interwar period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes the lives of a handful of women, who, after years of involvement in various military conflicts (from World War I to World War II), were sentenced to long prison sentences. Particularly, it explores the lives of Anna Neuman, Irena Tomalakwa, Elżbieta Zawacka, and Emilia Malessa from the perspective of the concept "postawa" which most of them acquired in the early years of their life while soldiering (postawa as a concept related to discipline). They understood it as a stand that they would take throughout their entire life. Hence, postawa was more than a social role. It was an attitude, something that they had to achieve throughout their lives, finally also something that guaranteed continuity in their lives. Their imprisonment fit the definition of postawa well and provided them with a chance to define their actions not as heroic acts of Polish patriots, but rather as an attitude to which they were socialized. Through the biographic history of these women, the Polish history of gender can be seen as dynamic (as dynamic as their postawa allowed them to be). In that sense, postawa may be treated almost as a quintessential transgression, which, depending on the situation, can be seen as a phenomenon that helps them cross many boundaries or adapt to circumstances. Paradoxically, it helps them define their space outside of narrowly defined terms of patriotism, heroism, or martyrology, but ultimately giving them a voice as Polish patriots. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents an excerpt from the ongoing research on teaching Polish in Czechia. Its main focus is to analyse the Polish language textbook Jazyk polský, published in 1958 and writien by Iza Šaunová, a teacher of Polish Studies in Prague. The paper discusses the structure of the publication, its content, and the teaching methods used. The analysis of all these elements leads to the conclusion that we are dealing with the first such publication in Czechia. It was comprehensive, and even today its fragments could still be used successfully in teaching. Thus, the presented textbook and its author provide insight not only into the history of teaching Polish in Czechia, but also into the Czech and Polish relations in the postwar times. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The final months of World War II brought the end of Anglo–Polish cooperation in special operations. Intelligence aspects of this partnership were also important. The scale of wartime intelligence cooperation is shown by Secret Intelligence Service officer Commander Wilfred Dunderdale's report and the achievements in a special operation in the history of the Polish Section of the Special Operations Executive. The British were concerned that the files of Polish intelligence and the Sixth Bureau dealing with special operations would fall into Moscow's hands. They also did not intend to provide the authorities in Warsaw with technical achievements of Polish–British cooperation. The Foreign Office and Joint Intelligence Committee did not want to jeopardize efforts to solve the Polish question with the help from the Soviet Union, which controlled most of the prewar area of Poland. The problem was analyzed based on primary sources: archival documents and memories. Analysis shows that the British were not interested in using the resources of the Sixth Bureau and Polish resistance in Soviet-controlled Poland to prepare for a possible conflict with the Soviet Union. Polish émigrés and their agents were an obstacle in relations with Moscow. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The phenomenon referred to as socially assisted intelligence (SOASINT) occurs when the work of ideologically motivated agents, mainly volunteers, becomes an indispensable or even dominant factor in the activities of a given intelligence network. Such "irregulars" come from different strata of the societies involved (including women) and fill gaps in the ranks and operational capabilities of professional, state intelligence services. In doing so, they change the character and culture of the entire organization. The text also raises questions about whether SOASINT can be considered a distinct discipline in intelligence research or simply a subcategory or separate doctrine in the framework of human intelligence with specific characteristics. The little-known history of Polish intelligence operations in Scandinavia during and after World War II serves as a model case study. However, intelligence by the Polish underground in the occupied country and France was conducted in a similar in vein. Furthermore, these cases will also be referred to in the text, drawing attention to the role of women in underground intelligence systems, which went from being auxiliary to—in some cases—dominant, which is most evident in the field of covert communications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During winter of 1945, Soviet Red Army units, defeating the Wehrmacht on the pre-1939 territories of the Second Polish Republic, left behind many wartime graveyards. From early spring of 1945, the Soviet military command ordered the construction of monumental war memorials. In this article, I argue that material structures and spatial features of those cemeteries-mausoleums show and articulate a direct political aim behind their establishment — one of Soviet imperial policy towards Poland. By close examination of necropolies in three middle-sized or small Polish towns — Tomaszów Mazowiecki, Kalisz and Wolsztyn — I discuss their urban contexts, ideologically marked elements of form and spatial arrangements. This study offers a new approach to Soviet cemeteries in Poland, shedding light on their long-time usage as tools of imperial propaganda, related to the Great Patriotic War of the USSR.

Natalia Aleksiun's book, "Conscious History: Polish Jewish Historians before the Holocaust," explores the lives and work of a group of Polish Jewish historians before the Holocaust. The book examines their contributions to the field of history, their engagement with the larger communities they belonged to, and their efforts to shape a Polish Jewish identity. Aleksiun's research highlights the historians' involvement in public history, their roles as writers, speakers, politicians, teachers, and curators. The book also explores the complex relationship between Jewish identity and national belonging. While the book focuses on a specific group of historians in Poland, it raises broader questions about the role of history in shaping political life and the influence of personal backgrounds on scholarship. [Extracted from the article]

Wrocław started its existence on the ruins of German Breslau, several dozen years ago, as a result of the Potsdam Conference. The article is a voice in the discussion about the situation of the city, which, deprived of the possibility to draw on its foreign cultural heritage (the existence of which was ignored in official studies), still struggles with the problem of defining its identity. I present this issue based on actions taken by elites since Wrocław's establishment as a Polish city. These elites have been creating successive narrative "identity projects" for Wrocław's citizens. The main thread of my analysis is the city's foundation story, built in relation to the flood that Wrocław experienced in 1997. According to this story, the fight against the water flooding the city became a watershed moment in the city's history; it was a shock, thanks to which the citizens of Wrocław finally became conscious citizens, felt an emotional bond with their city, and took responsibility for the testimonies of its pre-war, non-Polish past. All this happened several decades after creating Wrocław in 1945 and promoting, for decades, its unquestionable Polishness. I confront this foundation story with the image of this flood that emerges from the statements of ordinary residents of the city. The flood of 1997, as seen by ordinary citizens of Wrocław, is built from memories of the mundane but acute impediments of everyday life, neighbourly support, and post-flood waste. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines how the 'historical policy' of the Law and Justice party influenced Holocaust education in Poland at the mandatory primary school level (7–14-year-olds). It analyzes the party's programs vis-à-vis the Holocaust and the representations of Holocaust protagonists – perpetrators, victims, and others – in the history core curriculum, history textbooks, and teaching practice as presented by teachers in interviews. The analysis shows that the representations of Holocaust protagonists in Polish primary school history education are considerably influenced by the nationalist approach originating from the ruling party's 'historical policy' and stressing the salvation of Jews from the Holocaust by Poles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the article, we reflect on why the philosophy of Edward Dembowski (1822–46), who has been described in historical literature as a Marxist avant la lettre, has theoretically unrealised potential. In order to achieve this goal, we will undertake a contextualist reading of Dembowski's published work, identifying in it a multiplicity of potentialities rather than the prospect of a one-sided development. Thus, we argue that there were at least four seeds that could have flourished in his intellectual biography: (1) Hegelian, (2) a critic of liberalism, (3) a utopian, and (4) a standard-bearer of the Polish revolutionary movement(s). We conclude by arguing that his specific socio-political position in the borderlands of East Central Europe prevented him from realising any of these potentials or developing a framework to unite them into a coherent theoretical position. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polish intellectual historian Leszek Kołakowski proposed in the 1960s an innovative, now virtually forgotten, reimagining of a crucial concept in the history of Roman Catholicism: the idea of "Counter-Reformation." Kołakowski's lifelong affinity for early modern Europe's Catholic dissidents led him into dialogue in the era of Vatican II with Tadeusz Mazowiecki, the leader of a movement of young Polish reformers who styled themselves "Catholic socialists." Seeing them as the bedrock of a new Catholic Counter-Reformation, Kołakowski sketched the role he hoped Poland might play in reinventing not only Catholicism, but religious life in the modern world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing on previously unknown diplomatic documents from Polish archives, the article explores a littleknown episode in the history of state-territorial changes in Subcarpathian Rus' (Carpatho-Ukraine) in midMarch 1939, specifically Warsaw's plans to implement a scenario of triple occupation of the region involving Hungary, Romania, and Poland. The study reveals that Polish diplomacy and the military first articulated the idea of transferring the southeastern part of Transcarpathia, along with the strategically important railway line Yasinya-Sighetu Marmației, under Romanian control in early October 1938. These plans were related to Warsaw's attempts to neutralize Romanian military-political opposition to the creation of a common Polish-Hungarian frontier in the Carpathians, achieve wider Hungarian-Romanian rapprochement, and strengthen the military-political alliance with Bucharest against the USSR. These efforts were part of a broader geopolitical project of the Second Polish Republic to establish its own sphere of influence in East-Central Europe under the «Third Europe» («Intermarium») brand. In Transcarpathia, the interests of key regional players -- Poland, Hungary, and Romania -- intersected. The culmination of Warsaw's efforts to implement this project coincided with the final dismantling of Czecho-Slovakia in mid-March 1939, when the Polish military and political leadership proposed a triple occupation of Carpatho-Ukraine. This plan involved the participation of Poland's armed forces in establishing control over the Yasinya-Sighetu Marmației railway line and separating Hungarian and Romanian troops. However, Warsaw's attempts to seize the initiative in shaping the region's fate from Berlin and Budapest and reorganize it according to its vision failed. Instead, these efforts provoked heightened tensions between Hungary and Romania, threatening to trigger a continental war. Ultimately, the failure of Warsaw's plans dashed Polish diplomacy's hopes for the creation of the «Third Europe» project, while Germany benefited the most from the increased frictions between Hungary and Romania. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The presence of an extensive number of Polish immigrants in Ireland has a short history, which began after Poland’s accession to the EU. Therefore, the organizations that have been set up since 2004 were to a high degree built up with no or little impact of the existing tradition of immigrant structures and institutions. This makes Ireland a specific laboratory for testing a new model of immigrants’ organization of the 21st century. The article aims to describe the development of Polish immigrant organizations in Ireland and to present their characteristics, including their goals, activities, the role of new media and technology, as well as the patterns of participation and communication. The detailed presentation of these characteristics and case studies serves the goal of answering the question: if and to what extent “young” Polish immigrant organizations in Ireland can be seen as the forerunners of a new model of immigrants’ organization of the 21st century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Quarterly of the History of Material Culture / Kwartalnik Historii Kultury Materialnej is the property of Instytut Archeologii i Etnologii Polskiej Akademii Nauk and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Acta Universitatis Lodziensis: Kształcenie Polonistyczne Cudzoziemców is the property of Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Lodzkiego and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Litteraria Polonica is the property of Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Lodzkiego and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Scientific Journal of the Institute for Women's Studies / Studiów Kobiece is the property of Humanica Publishing House and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Professors from Poland have always been relatively numerous at Italian universities. The time-span 1990-2020 has seen some significant changes owing not only to a natural generational turnover, but also to processes that affect the reasons and ways that lead them to the Peninsula. The article deals primarily with researchers who managed to become faculty members at Italian universities. These scholars have created a wide range of materials for teaching and popularising Polish language and literature, thus continuing the trend initiated in the previous years. Most of them were active as specialists in Polish studies (mainly in the field of literature), but this is by far not a general rule. Some of the fields which were frequently investigated by these scholars are the following ones: the relations between Poland and Italy, the circulation of texts, writers, and motifs, Polish diaspora in Italy, and the history of translations and translation studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyses Izabela Morska's collection of poems 1983. Maszynopisy published in 2023. At first the author analyses the idea of "regained" poems (all written between 1980-1985 and never published until now) and the "regained decade" in the history of Polish feminine poetry. Morska was a female dissident, a phenomenon quite suppressed in the history of the Solidarity movement. She also participated in an unofficial literary life with other girls who were also poets, andb sometimes her lovers. The beginning of the article analyses this topic according to Morska's introductory essay. The author offers in the article the idea of "spiral regaining" Morska's youth (alluding to the title of her first published book, Death and Spiral). As for female writers who were Morska's peers, the author mentions Anna Janko and most of all Eda Ostrowska. Subsequently three main topics are studied. 1) The idea of a "national hero" and dissident who could never be a woman. Morska was aware of her exclusion as a woman from the dominant dissident movement and also from literary life, and these two overlapped. Especially the long poem King of Rats IV is a point in case. 2) The negative motherhood appears in the poems, but also in the cycle of "poems in prose" and is compared to Morska's gothic novel Alma (written in 1986 and published in 2003). The author suggests in the article that some of these poems in prose constitute "Pre-Alma". 3) Rape as a metaphor or, rather, symbolization, and its place in the attempt to create a personal and strongly feminine mythology. For Morska, rape might signify sexual harassment (and as such is a recurring theme in Death and Spiral, Absolute Amnesia, Alma...), but also metaphorically any kind of movement, including birth and death leading to rebirth, marked with violence. Symbolization is defined in the article according to Jean Laplanche and Marguerite Sechehaye. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, the author undertakes a comprehensive analysis of the drama Katyń. Teoria barw [The drama of Katyń. The theory of colors] by Julia Holewińska within the framework of queer theory. The study addresses the significance of this exploration, emphasising the limited representation of non-normative groups in historical narratives, a consequence of the specific political trajectory adapted by the then government. The article posits that artistic expressions, such as films, books, or performances, can be construed as counter-hegemonic interventions within the realm of the arts. In this regard, the artistic domain stands out as a unique space where marginalised histories find a platform for development. The Katyn massacre is a poignant symbol within Polish memory policies, and Katyń. Teoria barw disrupts the official narrative surrounding this historical event by incorporating the experiences of queer persons and women into the storyline. The theoretical underpinnings of this research encompass concepts related to counter-memory, the performance of history, queer theory, and its influence on altering historical narratives, along with the application of Chantal Mouffe's agonistic model of democracy. The analysis of the drama reveals the potential for constructing a counter-historical narrative, characterising it as an endeavour that challenges the hegemony of the system by reclaiming aspects of Polish history through artistic activities. Holewińska's narrative is presented as a paradigm of counter-hegemonic artistic practice, employing tools that subvert hegemony. These tools include the deconstruction of the dominant heterosexual and masculine fiction through the introduction of a counter-historical narrative portraying the homosexual camp experience, and the representation of the body using categories described by Ewa Domańska as "necros.". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author of the article presents arguments for the redefinition of the subject of study of the history of the Polish language. Theoretical assumptions of this subdiscipline of diachronic linguistics were formulated more than a century ago by Zenon Klemensiewicz, the author of the, so far, only historical-linguistic synthesis. Since then, along with changing research paradigms, the boundaries of the subdiscipline's field of study have been expanded to include stylistic, semantic, generic, textual, and discursive issues. The author argues that the growth of knowledge, resulting from the use of diverse methods, tools, and operational terms to describe the language of the past, should lead to the emancipation of such subdisciplines as historical stylistics, historical genre studies, and historical discourse studies. In turn, the history of language, rooted in the idea that it is the community that forms a language, would then focus exclusively on those changes in a language that have been causally related to the history of the community that uses it. Within such narrow boundaries of the research field, a new synthesis of the history of the Polish language could be created. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the criteria applied in the sociolinguistic annotation in the Corpus of old Polish dramatic texts (1772-1939) (KorTeDa). This level of annotation was about assigning the three basic sociolinguistic variables: age, sex and social status to all the utterances of drama characters (except for collective statements). Six values were selected for determining age (underage, young adult, middle-aged adult, older adult (senior), indeterminate adult, indeterminate); three for sex (female, male, indeterminate); and four for social status (low, medium, high, indeterminate). The article shows the interdependence between those factors and the historical, social and cultural context. Additionally, the authors illustrated substantial and technical problems they faced during the process of this type of annotation. KorTeDa may become an important tool for analysing the history of the Polish language taking into account the methods of corpus linguistics and sociopragmatics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To this day, the history of Polish studies in the attribution and transmission of a diary text by Abraham Rożniatowski (d. 1665) completes with Wojciech Kętrzyński's Diariusze Wacława Dyamentowskiego i Marcina Stadnickiego o wyprawie cara Dymitra (Wacław Dyamentowski's and Marcin Stadnicki's Diaries about Tsar Dmitri's Expedition, 1908). The researcher not only made the text's attribution (formerly ascribed to Wacław Dyamentowski and Marcin Stadnicki), but also reconstructed the phases of its development. The present paper confronts Kętrzyński's examinations with the outcomes of latest analyses of the diary's preserved records to formulate arguments that the piece's history proves to be different from what was previously assumed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of winemaking has never been as dynamic as today in the whole history of Poland, with more and more vineyards being created each year. Such a state of Polish winemaking constitutes the development potential of the Polish enotourism product. The main purpose of this article is to develop the concept of the Polish tourism offer model, the target group of which are enotourists, including the identification of the elements of the enotourism offer in Poland along with a discussion of their current quantitative and/or qualitative status and recommendations for its improvement. In order to achieve the purpose of the article, a desk research method, known as a desk data analysis, was used, which involved the use of secondary data. The results of the conducted research allow concluding that Poland as a destination has a multi-element enotourism product. In the course of achieving the goal of this article, the concept of Poland's enotourism product model was developed, within which four main elements were distinguished, i.e. natural values enabling the cultivation of grapevines, local and regional enotourism products, entities supporting and promoting enotourism in Poland, and content inspiring enotourists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Polish-Jewish novelist, poet and translator Józef Wittlin (1896–1976), author of the classic Sól ziemi (1935, English Salt of the Earth, 1939), lived in Lwów (until 1918 Lemberg, today Lviv) for about 20 years until 1922. Thereafter, whether in Poland or from 1939 in exile first in France, then the United States, he cherished his memories of this architecturally distinguished and multiethnic city, publishing his memoir Mόj Lwów [My Lwów] with an exile press in New York in 1946 (English translation 2016). The article draws on archival documents from Poland, the United Kingdom and the United States and other published sources to give a history of the book's conception and reception, above all in the exiled Polish diaspora, and makes a case for Mόj Lwów 's enduring significance as a work of imaginative reconstruction written in exile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses a coedited volume titled "World history of Polish literature: Interpretations," which is a collection of scholarly articles on Polish literature. The volume aims to present a new history of Polish literature that goes beyond a national perspective and explores the literature's interaction with foreign cultures. It includes thirty-two articles, each focusing on a different Polish writer and their literary works. The articles provide biographical information, literary analysis, and interpretations, as well as discussions on translation, reception, and comparative studies. While the volume may not be a comprehensive textbook on the history of Polish literature, it offers valuable insights for both beginners and advanced scholars in the field. [Extracted from the article]

This article examines Polish underground publications (samizdat) interpreting Ukraine's role in the Polish–Soviet war of 1920. The research analyzes a large number of underground journals, newspapers, and books. It shows the relationship between the political thought of Polish émigrés and the opposition within the Polish People's Republic. The article argues that the Polish oppositionists considered rethinking the history of relations with Poland's eastern neighbors an essential precondition for gaining its sovereignty. They regarded the Polish–Soviet war of 1920 as one of the most critical episodes in Polish–Ukrainian–Russian relations in recent history. A common feature of most opposition publications on the Polish–Soviet war was emphasizing the joint struggle of Ukrainians and Poles against the Bolsheviks. The authors often emphasized the combat value of Ukrainian units and stressed that Poland did not correctly appreciate their contribution to the common struggle. They also believe that the conditions of Polish aid were too painful for Ukraine. The defeat of the project for an independent Ukraine laid the foundations for the Soviet attack on Poland in 1939. The main conclusion from this historical episode, for most Polish oppositionists, was that supporting Ukraine's independence was of strategic interest for Poland. In turn, Poland must abandon competition with Russia for Ukraine as a sphere of influence in the future. Only equal relations with its eastern neighbors will give Poland lasting security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Animated documentary has at its core the tension of the filmmaker attempting to represent and speak about the historical world while working in a medium that is wholly constructed and lacking in evidentiary indexicality. Reflexivity – the revelation of animation's constructedness – is considered by many scholars to be a key element in resolving this tension and granting animation documentary legitimacy. In this article, the author reflects on the reflexive strategies he used in making the animated documentary, Polonia (2023). He posits that the film is the result of the dynamic between the processes of reconstruction – the piecing together of the historical narrative through the collection of testimony and gathering of evidence – and construction – the building of the filmic world. These processes are manifest in the film as distinct aesthetics and a spatial taxonomy – 'archival' and 'cinematic' spaces that embody the tension between actuality and creative interpretation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The term najnowsze dzieje polszczyzny / najnowsze dzieje języka polskiego (the latest history of the Polish language) has been in use since the late 1970s and the early 1980s. It has brought problems concerning the chronologisation and internal periodisation of that period in the history of the Polish language. The participants of the discourse, which has continued since the early 1990s, include linguists such as Antoni Furdal, Krystyna Kleszczowa, Stanisław Borawski, Stanisław Dubisz, Irena Bajerowa, Ewa Woźniak. Their publications clearly evidence the need for distinguishing the period in the periodisation of the Polish language, while differing as to its specific timeframe, distinction criteria, and internal periodisation. This study aims to compile the data, present the history of the discourse, and make a summary proposal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article addresses the issue of teaching history to foreigners learning Polish as a foreign language. The small number of publications in the field of Polish language glottodidactics discussing ways of teaching history to foreigners results in a lack of practical proposals for taking up this issue in foreign language classes. The authors present the possible methods of teaching Poland's history in classes of Polish as a foreign language and of using cultural texts to deepen foreigners' historical knowledge. The didactic proposals involve abandoning the discussion of selected historical events in chronological order in favour of showing the links between the past and the present. The manner of presenting events in the form of recurring collective behaviours in historically comparable situations is demonstrated. The possibilities of using cultural texts to enhance the knowledge of foreigners' history are also described. In addition to the traditional analysis of texts telling about historical events explicitly, one can, among other things, talk about the genesis of the texts based on the historical processes that influenced their form. It is emphasised that addressing controversial topics provides an opportunity for learners to deepen their historical knowledge on their own and to strengthen a semi-autonomous atttude towards studying the Polish culture. The discussion falls into the area of research on teaching Polish as a foreign language and Polish culture as a foreign culture to adult foreigners learning Polish primarily in the academic system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay aims to familiarize the reader with the unknown work of Mila Elin, a forgotten poet of the Polish interwar avant-garde and the only woman in avant-garde circles in Poland at the time. The analysis examines the reasons for Elin's erasure from the history of Polish literature, which, apart from the disastrous impact of World War II on Polish material culture, might have been caused by the criticism of her contemporaries, scholars' biased views of her work, and, perhaps most importantly, her own diffidence. The article reads Mila Elin as an independent poet, separate from her most influential supporter, Tadeusz Peiper, by investigating the theme of marginal female subjectivities (an alcoholic, a nun, and a peasant), problematizing womanhood and desire, and drawing an unexpected connection to surrealist tradition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The earliest pieces of knowledge and research on China in Poland reflected development of Sinological studies in Western Europe. Being located on the sidelines of trade routes through which Eastern ideas and goods reached Western Europe, Poles used to get their information about China mostly from intermediaries: medieval travelers, merchants, and envoys, and since the sixteenth century, letters, writings, and books by Jesuit missionaries. The Poles contributed the very first comprehensive description of Chinese flora, and were important in spreading mathematical knowledge among Chinese scientists. A Pole established Monumenta Serica , still published today, and another Pole applied formal logic to the research of Chinese classical texts for the very first time. Despite all that, regular Sinological research in Poland did not take off until the twentieth century, and even then it was interrupted by political upheaval in Poland and by researchers' fight either for freedom or with ideology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the second half of the sixteenth century, the Jesuits considered the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth a missionary territory. This perception was linked to the exceptional writing and publishing activity. The Jesuits not only had about seven hundred editions of their writings published before 1620, they also established their own printing presses. This article identifies the main purposes of Jesuit publishing activity, demonstrates the Society's proficiency with various printed media and reflects on their role in the dissemination of printing craft throughout the Commonwealth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]