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The landscape of journalism is rapidly evolving, with bundled subscription offerings from the New York Times, Apple and Schibsted becoming increasingly important. These offerings allow consumers to access a wide variety of content in multiple formats, representing a significant shift in how news and information are consumed. However, the impact of these offerings on publishers’ revenues remains underexplored in journalism and media research. The results suggest that bundled offers generate higher revenues for publishers than individual offers. This supports the introduction of internal “all-access” bundles within the European journalism sector, as well as external collaborations between unaffiliated publishers. However, the relatively small differences in revenues suggest that there is limited strong evidence to support the adoption of a centralized, cross-publisher “Spotify for News” model.

Conceived as institutions funded by the public purse and intended to exist devoid of political influence, the mandate of public service media (PSM) entities is to disseminate reliable news content and high-quality audiovisual productions to all demographic segments, inclusive of marginalized communities and audiences that are typically under-served. Over the previous ten years, the rise in prominence of global platforms in national media systems has precipitated many changes in the media sector, including unique challenges for PSM institutions guided by specific public service values. Using a holistic conceptual framework for assessing the implementation of these values, this article analyzes the impact of platformization on Europe’s PSM and discusses how the Union’s policy approaches affect related challenges to PSM. The analysis indicates that while the European Union (EU) has accorded a high priority to PSM within its media policy framework, the role that Brussels plays in protecting the independence and efficacy of PSM has been circumscribed, given that the onus of regulating PSM entities rests with national governments. This has engendered contrasting experiences wherein certain PSM outlets enjoy political independence and command significant public trust while others function as state-controlled propaganda vehicles, advancing the objectives and interests of governing bodies. The EU has addressed global platform power in recent attempts to safeguard its digital future, including the Digital Services Act (DSA), Digital Markets Act (DMA), and the European Media Freedom Act (EMFA). However, these acts do not adequately address PSM’s two central and often interconnected problems: funding challenges and political pressures.

This study explores the role of populist leaders as gatekeepers on social media, seeking to understand how André Ventura, president of Chega!, uses news to legitimize his political discourse. The methodology involved collecting 90 tweets containing legacy media news features, posted by Ventura on the social media platform X. These tweets cover key political events such as the resignation of Portugal’s Prime Minister, the dissolution of the Portuguese Parliament, and European elections. Quantitative analysis using Voyant Tools identified key terms related to Ventura’s ideological stance, while Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) examined how these terms support his political narrative. The findings reveal a strategic use of news to promote themes like nationalism, immigration control, corruption and social dichotomy between “us” and “them”. Ventura’s tweets leverage news headlines to enhance his persuasive appeal, acting as heuristic shortcuts to reinforce his political messages. This study highlights the relevance of understanding social media’s role in promoting populism and suggests avenues for future research, including comparative analyses of other populist leaders and the impact of these narratives on voter behavior and perceptions.

Artificial intelligence (AI) technologies have been increasingly developed and applied in the audiovisual sector. Over-the-top (OTT) services, directly distributed to viewers via the Internet, are associated with a shift towards automation through algorithmic mediation in audiovisual content led by digital platforms. However, scientific knowledge regarding algorithmic recommender systems and automation in OTT services is not yet systemized; researchers, practitioners, and the public thus lack full awareness about the still largely opaque phenomena. To address this gap, we conduct a systematic literature review in the communication domain (2010–2022) and answer four key research questions: What research objectives have been pursued? What concepts have been developed and/or applied? What methodologies have been privileged? Which OTT platforms have received the most research attention? Challenges and opportunities are highlighted, and an agenda for future research is advanced.

This study focuses on analyzing face attacks in the conflict discourse of cross-linguistic online chats on the instant message application WeChat among a group of international students at a prestigious university in China. Drawing on the previous impoliteness theory of Leech and Culpeper, this article selectively combines these two theories and proposes that in face-attack studies, especially with respect to online discourses, impolite multimodal discourse should be considered and subsumed in the theoretical framework. It is found that a wide array of face attacks in conflict discourse manifest themselves both in verbal discourse as well as in multimodal counterparts. The present study might shed light on online impoliteness research that is beyond monolingual and single-mode contexts.

TikTok has more than 1.5 billion users globally. Health and wellness content on the application increased by more than 600% in 2021. This systematic review seeks to summarize which fields within medicine have embraced researching health communication on the TikTok platform and the most common measures reported within this literature. Research questions include what categories of health topics on TikTok are investigated in the literature, trends in topics by year, and types of outcomes reported. Embase, CINAHL, Scopus, and Ovid MEDLINE databases were searched in March 2024. Eligible studies met four criteria: (1) investigated human health topics on TikTok; (2) conducted in the United States; (3) published in English; and (4) published in a peer-reviewed journal. Of the 101 included studies, 50.5% (N = 51) discussed non-surgical specialties, 9.9% (N = 10) discussed topics within surgery, and 11.9% (N = 12) discussed COVID-19. The number of papers referencing non-surgical topics spiked in 2023, and no increase was seen in the number of COVID-19 papers over time. Most papers reported a number of interactions, and papers about mental health were least likely to report accuracy. Our findings highlight several health topics with a wide breadth of research dedicated to them, such as dermatology and COVID-19, and highlight areas for future research, such as the intersection of cancer and TikTok. Findings may be influential in the fields of medicine and healthcare research by informing health policy and targeted prevention efforts. This review reveals the need for future policies that focus on the role and expectations of the healthcare worker in health communication on social media. Implications for clinical practice include the need for providers to consider an individual’s perception of health and illness, given the wide variety of information available on social media applications such as TikTok. This review was pre-registered on PROSPERO (CRD42024529182).

In recent years, there has been a notable increase in the integration of technology and the employment of technological experts within newsrooms. However, there remains a paucity of scholarly research examining the evolution and maturation of these practices. This article addresses this gap by analyzing data from ten semi-structured qualitative interviews with developers embedded in the editorial departments of Norwegian news outlets. The findings reveal that developers have become fully integrated and indispensable actors within newsrooms. They contribute comprehensively to the journalistic news production process, engaging in routine tasks such as news visualization as well as participating in extensive investigative projects. Furthermore, developers navigate their work and practices within the framework of journalistic logic, culture, and the principles of objectivity, thereby reinforcing the democratic function of journalism in society. Interestingly, the integration of developers has also induced spill-over effects among non-technical staff. While developers are the primary bearers of technical expertise, there is an increasing expectation for reporters to acquire technical competencies.

Struggles for social inclusion necessitate efforts to enhance democratic communication. Communication practices and institutions are deeply intertwined with movements advocating for and against social justice, particularly in contemporary contexts of developing inclusion. We designed and evaluated the “Telling the Truth: How to Inform While Promoting an Inclusive Society” program. This program aimed to enhance knowledge and increase positive attitudes toward inclusion among 61 journalism students through quantitative and qualitative methods. The results indicate that participants demonstrated higher positive attitudes in the post-test, showing increased support for a more inclusive socio-economic vision and a greater inclination toward activism. Overall, these findings underscore the significance of journalism training in advancing a socially inclusive context.

In this paper, we study the Greek wiretappings scandal, which was revealed in 2022 and attracted significant attention from the press and citizens. Specifically, we propose a methodology for collecting data and analyzing patterns of online public discussions on Twitter. We apply our methodology to the Greek wiretappings use case and present findings related to the evolution of the discussion over time, its polarization, and the role of the Media. The methodology can be of wider use and replicated to other topics. Finally, we publicly provide an open dataset and online resources with the results.

This research explores the profound impact of digital media on the lives of Chinese immigrants in Ikebukuro Chinatown. It illustrates how the Internet and digital platforms have transformed their economic, social, and identity landscapes. Employing qualitative methods such as surveys and interviews, this study underscores the pivotal role of social media in creating expansive networks. These networks facilitate ethnic entrepreneurship and enhance cultural visibility, contributing to the deterritorialization of traditional community confines. This empowerment enables the Chinese diaspora in Ikebukuro to cultivate a rich, interconnected social tapestry that extends beyond geographic limitations. The findings underscore the central role of digital media mediatization processes in redefining immigrant experiences. Additionally, they promote deeper, more dynamic integration within the host society’s multicultural environment. This transformative shift emphasizes the emergence of a more fluid, networked form of community and identity among immigrants. It challenges conventional enclave models and offers new perspectives on diaspora engagement in the digital age.

This study examines the relationships between strategic communication, personalized media content, AI, and consumer service efficiency in social marketing companies in Saudi Arabia. The study used a cluster sampling technique with a quantitative research design. The study targeted 498 responses via distributing the survey links on social media platforms. Using the SEM analysis in Smart PLS 4, this research tested the research hypotheses. The findings showed that strategic communication significantly improves personalized media content and consumer service efficiency, confirming its importance in business customer interactions and outcomes. Customized media content does not significantly improve consumer service efficiency, suggesting other mediating factors may be involved. AI mediates this relationship, bridging strategic inputs and service outcomes. AI boosts strategic communication and personalized content, improving consumer service efficiency. The results showed that AI fully mediates strategic communication and personalized media content into improved service efficiency, demonstrating its transformative potential in business communications and operations. The study shows that AI supports and improves digital marketing communication strategies. It is statistical evidence and confidence intervals that exclude zero, AI-enabled the application of personalized content and strategic directives to improve service efficiency in the mediation analysis.

According to Michel Foucault’s power/knowledge theory, knowledge is not produced in a vacuum; the construction of any knowledge system implicitly contains power relations. The “knowledge strategies” for Indigenous studies on intercultural communication should evolve and improve in response to shifts in the global power structure. With the development of globalization and the evolution of communication technologies, this study interprets the current global power structure as a “dual structure” in which the international society and the world society coexist and develop together. This structure leads to a complex trend of simultaneous “centralization” and “decentralization”, as well as “homogenization” and “hybridization” in the global cultural order. For scholars from non-Western countries, Indigenous studies on intercultural communication need to interpret the new global power structure, expanding their research perspectives and topics to a global dimension. This approach links Indigenous conceptual resources and methodologies with an open and diverse global cultural order. This study proposes “knowledge strategies” for Indigenous studies on intercultural communication in non-Western countries and introduces a third level of significance for intercultural communication beyond daily interaction and cultural interaction: community building. Regarding the research purpose, this study aims to provide a new perspective for the study of intercultural communication theory, promoting an equal dialogue between Western and non-Western knowledge systems of intercultural communication, and enhancing the inclusiveness and humanistic awareness of this discipline.

This study investigates news audiences’ platform preferences, usage patterns, and factors affecting their mobile news consumption through news apps. Four explanatory factors, news app users’ demographics, news media usage, perceptions, and motivations, are proposed to predict adoption intention. By surveying 698 mobile news app users in the US, this study’s findings indicate that user perceptions of news apps (i.e., perceived ease of use, compatibility, relative content advantage, and observability) and instrumental motivations of news consumption (i.e., information-seeking and opinion needs) best predict news consumers’ willingness to continue using mobile news apps. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed to offer new insights into mobile news audience behavior and inform current digital publishers on cross-media strategies in the highly competitive mobile news market.

I seek to analyze the narrative construction of the reporter’s book A Vida Nunca Mais Será a Mesma (Life Will Never Be the Same Again, 2021), which tells stories of sexual violence against women and also features the first-person account of the author herself, Adriana Negreiros. I try to understand (a) how journalistic fundamentals such as precision and objectivity are articulated/tensioned with lacunar and fragmentary traces of testimony; and (b) how adopting a feminist/gendered perspective on journalistic narrative can bring to light traumatic female experiences that, throughout history, have been placed in the background. To do this, I examine the book and an interview conducted with the author in 2023, concluding that a feminist approach to journalism and testimony can open up affective spaces for women’s stories to be told.

This study examines the role of laughter in media strategies. The aim is to distinguish between laughter shared ‘with’ the audience and laughter directed ‘at’ the audience. The research briefly traces the historical evolution of laughter from a repressed and morally criticised expression to a symbol of wealth and empowerment, a transformation facilitated by media diffusion. The subsequent analysis, based on the Portuguese context, seems to indicate a current tendency towards a more empathetic, lighter, and more visibly expressive form of laughter that transcends boundaries such as age, education, and social status, thus fostering a deeper connection with the audience. This study underlines the profound impact of laughter on audience engagement and highlights the central role of communal laughter—laughing ‘with’ the audience—in contemporary media communication. In conclusion, the findings suggest that a more empathetic and less critical approach to audience behaviour through laughter has the potential to attract larger audiences. Indirectly, this emerging trend may be indicative of a growing reluctance among members of contemporary society to tolerate ideas or perspectives contrary to their own.

The Rohingya crisis has been a significant issue for national and international news media, capturing their attention for an extended period and documenting various phases of the crisis. Previous research exploring the tones and portrayal of the Rohingyas in the news lacks comparative and temporal analysis of news sentiments. In this study, we aim to fill this gap by analyzing 8074 news stories on Rohingya issues published in 10 news media outlets from 10 countries between 2009 and 2023. Our computational sentiment analysis reveals that Rohingya-related news sentiments are predominantly negative and fluctuate over the years across different countries, showing little identifiable patterns. An ANOVA suggests significant variation in news sentiments among countries, with some countries exhibiting more similar sentiments than others, thus creating distinguishable groups. Some of our findings contradict previous scholarships, warranting further research and novel frameworks. Additionally, we encourage scrutiny of academic insights to address potential biases against news media’s journalistic integrity.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) has demonstrated its ability to undertake writing tasks, including automated journalism. Prior studies suggest no differences between human and AI authors regarding perceived message credibility. However, research on people’s perceptions of AI authorship on complex topics is lacking. In a between-groups experiment (N = 734), we examined the effect of labeled authorship on credibility perceptions of a GPT-written science journalism article. The results of an equivalence test showed that labeling a text as AI-written vs. human-written reduced perceived message credibility (d = 0.36). Moreover, AI authorship decreased perceived source credibility (d = 0.24), anthropomorphism (d = 0.67), and intelligence (d = 0.41). The findings are discussed against the backdrop of a growing availability of AI-generated content and a greater awareness of AI authorship.

This study adds to the existing literature on the history of the Ghanaian press from pre-colonial times to 1992, focusing on language: its choice and ideological, socio-cultural, and political ramifications. While the history of the press has received massive scholarly attention, the same cannot be said of language and its use in historical accounts. Thus, from a historical research perspective, employing an analytical and interpretive study of secondary data sources, and underpinned by cultural theories such as linguistic imperialism and hegemony, this study analyses how language was featured in the press during the research period and the implications thereof. This analysis shows that various institutions and individuals exploited language to foster narrow socio-cultural, ideological, and political agendas in the Gold Coast, later Ghana. This study also revealed that language use and its ideological forces during the pre- and immediate post-independence periods contributed immensely to Ghanaian media’s current state and Ghanaians’ general language attitudes. This study’s significance lies in the realisation that language, as a cultural artifact, and its choice, use, and consumption could have far-reaching consequences for the self-realisation, actualisation, and general progress of a society. Thus, African societies should be mindful of the ideological implications of language choices not just in the press but also in other societal contexts. This study, therefore, invites further studies on language and its use in the media, especially from 1992, for a more comprehensive appreciation of the issues raised in this study.

(1) Background: News deserts are communities without a local news outlet, or communities where residents face significantly reduced access to the news of the local public sphere. The demise of a local news outlet can have negative effects on community engagement and on the discussion of solutions to community problems. In Portugal, for example, 25% of municipalities do not have their own media outlets. When there are no journalists reporting on reality, studies show that much of the local information in these territories is obtained through social media, such as Facebook pages and groups, which can be a source of disinformation and manipulation that communities become vulnerable to. (2) Methods: Through focus groups in the municipality of Manteigas, we researched perspectives and behaviours, as well as the factors that influence people’s choices in the consumption of information. (3) Results: We found that citizens used a wide range of informational sources, with a strong dependence on social media and institutional channels to access local information. (4) Conclusions: Proximity relationships are the basis of fact-checking processes, and citizens showed less concern about disinformation and more trust in the information they accessed through official institutions’ pages and through word-of-mouth in their communities.

In an era dominated by the digital revolution, the distribution of information has undergone a profound transformation. The duality of “quality journalism” and “viral journalism” has become an important theme in the modern media landscape. This paper explores the scope of information dissemination, dissecting the fundamentals, challenges, characteristics, and trends associated with both “quality” and “viral” journalism. Utilizing the Greek political scene as a case study, this paper aims to examine the tensions and trade-offs inherent in journalistic practices within the context of contemporary information dissemination. Analyzing closely media coverage surrounding events such as the election of Stefanos Kasselakis, the new President of the SYRIZA-Progressive Alliance party, we seek to elucidate the delicate balance between viral and quality journalism. By shedding light on these dynamics, our study aims to provide a nuanced understanding of how journalism navigates the tension between virality and quality within the Greek political sphere in a “post-politics” era.

Sports journalism has become one of the news products with the most significant social reach in the press, radio, television and digital media. Despite the significant presence of women in journalism, they continue to face gender-based stereotypes. In Spain, not very many women can effectively access the labour field of sports journalism, and those who do find themselves in a space dominated by men, which results in a perpetuation of the existing imbalances in society. The main objective of this study is to analyse the evolution of the roles developed by women journalists in the article-production aspect of the Spanish sports press between 2010 and 2022. We use quantitative content analysis, studying the articles published in Marca and Mundo Deportivo during the second week of June in 2010, 2014, and 2018, and the third week of November 2022; in each of these years, the men’s FIFA World Cup was played. The results of this study show that: (a) women journalists have an almost invisible role in the production of articles, and (b) rather than progress, women are facing “pseudo-progress”, a more appropriate term for the appearance of a change that is not actually occurring.

The rapid proliferation of social media platforms has fundamentally transformed communication dynamics globally. This study investigates the impact of communication skills on social media usage, emphasizing the moderating role of cultural restraint within the context of Jordan. Employing a quantitative research design, data were collected from 415 young adult social media users through an online survey and analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) via SmartPLS 4 software. The findings suggest that individuals with strong communication skills are more effective at using social media, supporting the ideas of Self-Efficacy Theory and Social Capital Theory, which propose that better communication abilities lead to more proficient social media usage. However, this positive relationship is moderated by cultural restraint, with higher levels of cultural restraint weakening the impact of communication skills on social media engagement. These results highlight the necessity of culturally sensitive approaches when promoting social media engagement, as cultural norms and values significantly influence digital behaviors. This study contributes to the existing literature by providing empirical evidence from a non-Western context and underscores the complex interplay between individual abilities and cultural factors in shaping social media usage. Future research should explore additional moderating variables and consider longitudinal and cross-cultural studies to further elucidate these dynamics.

PT. Este artigo busca analisar a palestra de um jornalista a respeito da influência das plataformas digitais sobre seu trabalho. No discurso, procuramos identificar questionamentos, sinais de adesão e resistência ao modelo de plataformização do jornalismo. A palestra, realizada em 2019, apresentou um projeto de distribuição de notícias desenvolvido por um grupo de jornalistas das periferias de São Paulo com financiamento do Google. O evento no qual o projeto foi apresentado é também financiado pelo Google e pela Meta, grandes plataformas que, desde 2017, desenvolvem e oferecem vários programas voltados para o jornalismo no mundo todo. A partir do histórico de relações entre as plataformas e a imprensa (Bell& Owen, 2017; Wang, 2020), e do surgimento dos novos arranjos jornalísticos alternativos às corporações de mídia, nossa abordagem é baseada no binômio comunicação e trabalho, duas atividades interligadas e constitutivas do ser humano (Fígaro, 2008; 2018). O trabalho dos comunicadores dos arranjos jornalísticos alternativos é percebido com base nos estudos da Ergologia (Faïta, 2002), que indicam que a realidade macrossocial pode ser apreendida no micro dos processos de comunicação no trabalho cotidiano. Usamos também a noção de práticas linguageiras (Nouroudine, 2002) para considerar três aspectos da linguagem no âmbito da experiência do trabalho: a linguagem como trabalho, a linguagem no trabalho e a linguagem sobre o trabalho. Por fim, nossa análise segue os princípios teórico-metodológicos da Análise do Discurso de linha francesa (AD), destacando as condições de produção de tal discurso, seus contextos imediatos e sócio-históricos, além do interdiscurso e das ideologias que o atravessam. Pela análise, vislumbra-se um discurso de adesão pontuado por questionamentos que, mais do que resistência, indica uma luta constante e criativa para não ser solapado pelas novas condições de produção do jornalismo *** EN. This article examines a journalist's account of the influence of digital platforms on his work. We attempt to identify in his discourse the questions, signs of support and elements of resistance to the platformization of journalism. This presentation, carried out in 2019, aimed at showcasing a news broadcasting project developed by a group of journalists from the suburbs of São Paulo and funded by Google. The event during which this project was presented was also funded by Google and Meta, both of which have been developing and funding various journalism-focused programs around the world since 2017. Drawing on an analysis of the history of relations between platforms and the press (Bell & Owen, 2017; Wang, 2020), as well as the emergence of new alternative journalistic channels in the face of large media groups, our approach is based on the binomial relationship between communication and work, two interconnected activities constitutive of the human being (Fígaro, 2008; 2018). The work of the communicators of these alternative journalistic channels is considered in the light of ergology studies (Faïta, 2002), which propose that macro-social reality can be apprehended through the micro-processes of communication in day-to-day professional practice. We also draw on the notion of language practices (Nouroudine, 2002) to consider three aspects of language in the context of work experience: language as work, language at work and language about work. Finally, our analysis applies the theoretical and methodological principles of discourse analysis developed in France (AD), highlighting the conditions of production of this discourse, its immediate and socio-historical contexts, as well as the inter-discourse and ideologies that run through it. This analysis reveals a discourse of adherence and occasional questioning which, rather than resistance, testifies to a constant and creative struggle not to be undermined by the new conditions of journalistic production. *** FR. Cet article se propose d'analyser le témoignage d'un journaliste concernant l'influence des plateformes numériques sur son travail. Nous tentons d'identifier dans son discours les interrogations, les signes d'adhésion et les éléments de résistance face à la plateformisation du journalisme. Cette intervention, effectuée en 2019, visait à présenter un projet de diffusion d'actualités développé par un groupe de journalistes des quartiers périphériques de São Paulo, avec le concours financier de Google. L'événement au cours duquel ce projet a été présenté était lui aussi financé par Google et par Meta, ces deux grandes plateformes développant et proposant, depuis 2017, divers programmes axés sur le journalisme dans le monde entier. Partant d'une analyse de l'histoire des relations entre les plateformes et la presse (Bell & Owen, 2017 ; Wang, 2020), ainsi que de l'émergence de nouveaux véhicules journalistiques alternatifs face aux grands groupes médiatiques, notre approche s'appuie sur le binôme communication et travail, deux activités interconnectées et constitutives de l'être humain (Fígaro, 2008 ; 2018). Le travail des communicants de ces véhicules journalistiques alternatifs est envisagé à la lumière des études d'ergologie (Faïta, 2002), qui indiquent que la réalité macrosociale peut être appréhendée à travers les microprocessus de communication dans l’exercice du métier au quotidien. Nous nous appuyons également sur la notion de pratiques langagières (Nouroudine, 2002) pour considérer trois aspects du langage dans le contexte de l'expérience professionnelle : le langage en tant que travail, le langage au travail et le langage sur le travail. Notre analyse suit enfin les principes théoriques et méthodologiques de l’analyse du discours développée en France (AD), en mettant en évidence les conditions de production de ce discours, ses contextes immédiats et sociohistoriques, ainsi que l'interdiscours et les idéologies qui le traversent. Cette analyse permet de révéler un discours d'adhésion ponctué de remises en question qui, plus que d'une résistance, témoigne d'une lutte constante et créative pour ne pas se laisser miner par les nouvelles conditions de production du journalisme. *** ES. Este artículo se propone analizar el discurso de un periodista sobre la influencia de las plataformas digitales en su trabajo. En el discurso, buscamos identificar cuestionamientos, señales de adhesión y resistencia al modelo de plataformización del periodismo. La presentación, hecha en 2019, sirvió para presentar un proyecto de distribución de noticias desarrollado por un grupo de periodistas de la periferia de São Paulo con financiamiento de Google. El evento en el que se presentó el proyecto también estuvo financiado por Google y por Meta, grandes plataformas que desde 2017 desarrollan y ofrecen diversos programas dirigidos al periodismo en todo el mundo. Partiendo de la historia de las relaciones entre las plataformas y la prensa (Bell & Owen, 2017; Wang, 2020) y del surgimiento de nuevas formas periodísticas alternativas a las corporaciones mediáticas, nuestro enfoque se basa en el binomio comunicación-trabajo, dos actividades interconectadas y constitutivas del ser humano (Fígaro, 2008; 2018). El trabajo de los comunicadores de las formas periodísticas alternativas se percibe a partir de los estudios de la ergología (Faïta, 2002), que indican que la realidad macrosocial puede aprehenderse en lo micro de los procesos de comunicación dentro del trabajo cotidiano. También utilizamos la noción de prácticas lingüísticas (Nouroudine, 2002) para considerar tres aspectos del lenguaje en el contexto de la experiencia del trabajo: el lenguaje como trabajo, el lenguaje en el trabajo y el lenguaje sobre el trabajo. Por último, nuestro análisis sigue los principios teórico-metodológicos del análisis del discurso (AD) francés, poniendo de relieve las condiciones de producción de dicho discurso, sus contextos inmediatos y sociohistóricos, así como el interdiscurso y las ideologías que lo atraviesan. El análisis revela un discurso de adhesión salpicado de cuestionamientos que, más que resistencia, indican una lucha constante y creativa para no verse solapado por las nuevas condiciones de producción periodística. ***

PT. Neste artigo, de caráter ensaístico, revisitamos os referenciais positivistas das práticas e estudos sobre jornalismo, a partir de uma revisão bibliográfica, com o objetivo de discutir seus limites na contemporaneidade e apresentar uma sistematização de pesquisas acadêmicas que revelam práticas jornalísticas inclusivas. Entende-se que os referenciais positivistas conduziram a formação de profissionais nos cursos de graduação em jornalismo e prevaleceram no exercício da profissão ao longo do século XX. A incursão considera os aspectos históricos e sociais que conformam a sociedade brasileira e latino-americana, bem como as contribuições para o jornalismo desenvolvidas por teóricas e intelectuais vinculadas aos Estudos Feministas. A reflexão considera pesquisas e experiências que demonstram o impacto positivo de práticas comunicativas de movimentos sociais para o campo da Comunicação, como por exemplo o estudo de Cicilia Peruzzo (1998), que identificou em rádios comunitárias latinoamericanas uma série de ações capazes de viabilizar a participação popular na comunicação, inclusive aquela chamada “tradicional”. Outro exemplo citado na discussão é o trabalho do grupo de ativismo homossexual Triângulo Rosa que resultou na inclusão do item que veda a discriminação por orientação sexual no Código de Ética dos Jornalistas em 1986 (Câmara, 2002). Como resultado, apresentamos reflexões presentes em pesquisas acadêmicas que oferecem contribuições para ensejar outras formas de ensinar e produzir o jornalismo numa lógica orientada para o exercício pleno da cidadania de todas as pessoas, com destaque para o jornalismo com perspectiva de gênero e a abordagem inclusiva. A reflexão conclui que a crítica feminista da epistemologia expande a compreensão para outros modos de construção do conhecimento e de pensar a prática jornalística tensionando as estruturas de poder e promovendo o reencontro do jornalismo com os princípios de democracia e da cidadania. *** EN. In this article, of an essayistic nature, we revisit the positivist references of journalism practices and studies, based on a bibliographical review, to discuss their limits in contemporary times and present a systematization of academic research that reveals inclusive journalistic practices. It is understood that positivist references led to the training of professionals in undergraduate journalism courses and prevailed in the practice of the profession throughout the 20th century. The incursion considers the historical and social aspects that shape Brazilian and Latin American society and the contributions to journalism developed by theorists and intellectuals linked to Feminist Studies. The reflection considers research and experiences that demonstrate the positive impact of communicative practices of social movements in the field of Communication, such as the study by Cecilia Peruzzo (1998), which identified in Latin American community radio stations a series of actions capable of enabling participation popular in communication, including that called “traditional”. Another example cited in the discussion is the work of the homosexual activism group Triângulo Rosa, which included the item prohibiting discrimination based on sexual orientation in the Code of Ethics for Journalists in 1986 (Câmara, 2002). As a result, we present reflections from academic research that offer contributions to provide other ways of teaching and producing journalism in a logic-oriented towards the full exercise of citizenship by all people, with emphasis on journalism with a gender perspective and an inclusive approach. The reflection concludes that the feminist critique of epistemology expands understanding to other ways of constructing knowledge and thinking about journalistic practice, tensioning power structures, and promoting the reunion of journalism with the principles of democracy and citizenship. *** FR. Dans cet article, de nature essayistique, nous revisitons les références positivistes des pratiques et études journalistiques, à partir d’une revue bibliographique, dans le but de discuter de leurs limites à l’époque contemporaine et de présenter une systématisation des recherches académiques révélatrices de pratiques journalistiques inclusives. Il est entendu que les références positivistes ont conduit à la formation de professionnels dans des cours de journalisme de premier cycle et ont prévalu dans l'exercice de la profession tout au long du XXe siècle. L'incursion considère les aspects historiques et sociaux qui façonnent la société brésilienne et latino-américaine, ainsi que les contributions au journalisme développées par des théoriciennes et des intellectuelles liées aux études féministes. La réflexion considère les recherches et les expériences qui démontrent l'impact positif des pratiques communicatives des mouvements sociaux dans le domaine de la communication, comme l'étude de Cicilia Peruzzo (1998), qui a identifié dans les radios communautaires latino-américaines une série d'actions capables de permettre la participation. populaire dans la communication, y compris celle dite « traditionnelle ». Un autre exemple cité dans la discussion est le travail du groupe d'activisme homosexuel Triângulo Rosa, qui a abouti à l'inclusion de l'article interdisant la discrimination fondée sur l'orientation sexuelle dans le Code de déontologie des journalistes en 1986 (Câmara, 2002). En conséquence, nous présentons des réflexions présentes dans la recherche universitaire qui offrent des contributions pour proposer d'autres manières d'enseigner et de produire le journalisme dans une logique orientée vers le plein exercice de la citoyenneté par tous, en mettant l'accent sur un journalisme avec une perspective de genre et une approche inclusive. La réflexion conclut que la critique féministe de l’épistémologie élargit la compréhension à d’autres manières de construire des connaissances et de penser la pratique journalistique, en tendant les structures de pouvoir et en promouvant la réunion du journalisme avec les principes de démocratie et de citoyenneté. *** ES. En este artículo, de carácter ensayístico, revisamos los referentes positivistas de las prácticas y estudios periodísticos, a partir de una revisión bibliográfica, con el objetivo de discutir sus límites en la época contemporánea y presentar una sistematización de investigaciones académicas que revele prácticas periodísticas inclusivas. Se entiende que los referentes positivistas propiciaron la formación de profesionales en las carreras de pregrado en periodismo y prevalecieron en el ejercicio de la profesión a lo largo del siglo XX. La incursión considera los aspectos históricos y sociales que configuran la sociedad brasileña y latinoamericana, así como los aportes al periodismo desarrollados por teóricas e intelectuales vinculadas a los Estudios Feministas. La reflexión considera investigaciones y experiencias que demuestran el impacto positivo de las prácticas comunicativas de los movimientos sociales en el campo de la Comunicación, como el estudio de Cicilia Peruzzo (1998), que identificó en las radios comunitarias latinoamericanas una serie de acciones capaces de posibilitar la participación popular en la comunicación, incluido la llamada “tradicional”. Otro ejemplo citado en la discusión es el trabajo del grupo de activismo homosexual Triângulo Rosa, que resultó en la inclusión del artículo que prohíbe la discriminación basada en la orientación sexual en el Código de Ética para Periodistas en 1986 (Câmara, 2002). Como resultado, presentamos reflexiones presentes en investigaciones académicas que ofrecen aportes para brindar otras formas de enseñar y producir periodismo en una lógica orientada al ejercicio pleno de la ciudadanía por parte de todas las personas, con énfasis en el periodismo con perspectiva de género y el enfoque inclusivo. La reflexión concluye que la crítica feminista a la epistemología amplía la comprensión a otras formas de construir conocimiento y pensar sobre la práctica periodística, tensionando las estructuras de poder y promoviendo el reencuentro del periodismo con los principios de democracia y ciudadanía. ***

ES. En Latinoamérica, la desinformación ha sido un relevante componente del discurso público, especialmente, en los años de la pandemia de Sars-Cov-2. Siguiendo esta tendencia, las iniciativas de fact-checking latinoamericanas se posicionaron como instrumentos para reducción de sus efectos. En este trabajo, identificamos elementos que caracterizan la actuación de las iniciativas de fact-checking. Es un análisis cuantitativo de las publicaciones de las iniciativas de fact-checking de los países latinoamericanos en 2020 y 2021. Los datos muestran la predominancia de chequeos sobre la enfermedad y el virus en 2020 y sobre las vacunas en 2021. También, identificamos que, en Costa Rica, Paraguay, y Venezuela, el origen predominante de la desinformación chequeada era las aplicaciones de mensajes, mientras que, en otros países, los chequeos se basaron en la desinformación de redes sociales. Además, son más frecuentes chequeos clasificados como falsos entre las publicaciones que tenían como material de verificación la desinformación viral. *** EN. In Latin America, misinformation played an important role in public discourse, particularly during the years of the Covid19 pandemic. In response, Latin American fact-checking initiatives have positioned themselves as instruments for reducing the effects of misinformation. In this article, we identify the elements that make it possible to characterize the performance of fact-checking initiatives through a quantitative analysis of their publications in Latin American countries in 2020 and 2021. The data shows the predominance of verification concerning diseases and viruses in 2020 and vaccines in 2021. We also found that in Costa Rica, Paraguay and Venezuela, the predominant source of verified false information was messaging applications, while in other countries the verifications were based on false information from social media. Furthermore, it appears that 'false' information is more frequent in publications that have verified false viral information. *** FR. En Amérique latine, la désinformation a pris une place importante dans le discours public, en particulier pendant les années de la pandémie de Covid 19. En réaction, les initiatives latino-américaines de vérification des faits se sont positionnées comme des instruments permettant de réduire les effets de cette désinformation. Dans cet article, nous identifions les éléments qui permettent de caractériser la performance des initiatives de fact-checking à travers une analyse quantitative des leurs publications dans les pays d'Amérique latine en 2020 et 2021. Les données montrent la prédominance de la vérification concernant les maladies et les virus en 2020 et les vaccins en 2021. Nous avons également constaté qu'au Costa Rica, au Paraguay et au Venezuela, la source prédominante des fausses informations vérifiées était les applications de messagerie, tandis que dans d'autres pays, les vérifications étaient basées sur des fausses informations provenant plutôt des médias sociaux. En outre, il apparait que les « faux » sont plus fréquents dans les publications ayant vérifié de fausses informations virales. *** PT. Na América Latina, a desinformação tem ocupado um espaço relevante no discurso público, especialmente nos anos da pandemia de Covid-19. Em resposta, as iniciativas latino-americanas de checagem de fatos se estabeleceram como instrumentos para reduzir os efeitos dessa desinformação. Este artigo busca identificar os elementos que caracterizam o desempenho das iniciativas de fact-checking a partir de uma análise quantitativa de suas publicações nos países latino-americanos em 2020 e 2021. Os dados mostram uma predominância das checagens sobre doenças e vírus em 2020, e sobre vacinas em 2021. Também se observou que, na Costa Rica, Paraguai e Venezuela, os aplicativos de mensagens foram a fonte predominante dos conteúdos verificados, enquanto em outros países, as checagens se concentraram nas desinformações oriundas das mídias sociais. Além disso, as informações classificadas como “falsas” foram mais frequentes nas publicações sobre a checagem de conteúdos virais. ***

PT. Este texto aborda os desafios e dificuldades enfrentados pelas mulheres, que atuam como jornalistas nos Institutos Federais (IFs), e busca analisar a percepção tanto de jornalistas homens quanto de mulheres destas instituições, sobre essas questões. O estudo, que integra uma pesquisa de doutoramento, foi realizado através da aplicação de um survey online produzido na plataforma Google Docs e respondido por 173 jornalistas que atuam nos setores de comunicação dos IFs do país. Para este texto, recortamos uma parte do questionário, que diz respeito aos desafios enfrentados pelas mulheres na sociedade, especialmente no jornalismo e, por meio da Análise de Conteúdo (Bardin, 1977), elencamos seis categorias de análise. Em síntese, os resultados da nossa pesquisa apontam que as mulheres jornalistas dos IFs brasileiros convivem com situações de assédio moral o qual manifesta-se, por exemplo, nas atitudes de mansplaning e manterrupting no ambiente de trabalho, têm as carreiras negativamente impactadas em termos de visibilidade, status profissional, renda e hierarquia institucional (glass ceiling) e, adicionalmente, as jornalistas mulheres respondentes, manifestam uma narrativa de eufeminização e censura ao descreverem as situações de violência simbólica pelas quais passam nos IFs. A metáfora do glass ceiling representa a exclusão de mulheres das posições de liderança nas corporações assim como na economia, política e na cultura (Berheide, 2013). Tais barreiras verticais (glass ceiling/teto de vidro) e outras barreiras horizontais (as quais delimitam os tipos de profissões assim como reduzem os postos diversificados dentro de uma mesma profissão) têm sido identificadas também em estudos que realizamos de comparação internacional (Moura et al., 2018) acerca das barreiras verticais e horizontais nas carreiras de mulheres jornalistas. *** EN. This article examines the challenges and difficulties women working as journalists face in Brazil's Federal Institutes of Education, Science and Technology (IFs) by analyzing the perceptions women and men journalists have of these issues in these institutions. Our study, conducted as part of a doctorate research, is based on the responses of 173 journalists working in FIs’ Communication Departments to an online survey carried out with Google Docs. For the purposes of this article, portions of this questionnaire focusing on the challenges faced by women in society and in journalism in particular were selected. A content analysis (Bardin, 1977) enabled us to identify six categories of analysis. The results of our research show that women journalists in Brazilian IFs are confronted with situations of moral harassment, embodied by mansplaining and manterrupting behaviors in the workplace. Their careers are also hindered in terms of visibility, professional status, income and institutional hierarchy (glass ceiling). What's more, the women journalists who responded to the questionnaire expressed a narrative shaped by euphemism and censorship to describe the situations of symbolic violence experienced within the FIs. The glass ceiling metaphor illustrates the exclusion of women from positions of responsibility in business, politics and culture (Berheide, 2013). Such vertical barriers (glass ceiling) as well as horizontal ones (limiting the types of professions and reducing the diversity of positions within the same profession) have also been identified in the international comparative studies we have carried out (Moura et al., 2018) on barriers to the careers of women journalists. *** FR. Ce texte aborde les défis et difficultés rencontrés par les femmes qui travaillent comme journalistes dans les instituts fédéraux d'éducation, science et technologie (IF) brésiliens, en analysant la perception de ces enjeux par les femmes et les hommes journalistes de ces institutions. Notre étude, menée dans le cadre d'une recherche de doctorat, s’appuie sur une enquête en ligne réalisée sur la plateforme Google Docs, à laquelle ont répondu 173 journalistes exerçant dans les départements de communication des IF. Pour le présent article, nous avons sélectionné une partie de ce questionnaire, relative aux défis rencontrés par les femmes au sein de la société et en particulier dans le journalisme. Une analyse de contenu (Bardin, 1977) nous a permis d’identifier six catégories d’analyse. Les résultats de notre recherche montrent que les femmes journalistes des IF brésiliens sont confrontées à des situations de harcèlement moral, se manifestant notamment par des attitudes de mansplaning et de manterrupting sur le lieu de travail. Elles voient aussi leur carrière pénalisée en termes de visibilité, de statut professionnel, de revenus et de hiérarchie institutionnelle (plafond de verre). En outre, les femmes journalistes qui ont répondu au questionnaire ont formulé un récit marqué par l’euphémisation et la censure pour décrire les situations de violence symbolique vécues au sein des IF. La métaphore du plafond de verre illustre l'exclusion des femmes des postes à responsabilité, aussi bien en entreprises que dans l'économie, la politique et la culture (Berheide, 2013). De telles barrières verticales (plafond de verre) mais aussi horizontales (limitant les types de métiers et réduisant la diversité des postes au sein d'une même profession) ont également été identifiées dans les études comparatives internationales que nous avons menées (Moura et al., 2018) sur les entraves aux carrières des femmes journalistes. *** ES. El texto aborda los retos y dificultades que enfrentan las mujeres que trabajan como periodistas en los Institutos Federales (IF), y se propone analizar la percepción que tienen sobre estas cuestiones tanto los periodistas hombres como las periodistas mujeres de estas instituciones. El estudio, que forma parte de una investigación doctoral, se realizó mediante la aplicación de una encuesta en línea elaborada en la plataforma Google Docs y respondida por 173 periodistas que trabajan en los sectores de comunicación de los IF de Brasil. Para este texto, nos enfocamos en la parte del cuestionario que se refiere a los retos que enfrentan las mujeres en la sociedad, especialmente en el periodismo y, utilizando el análisis de contenido (Bardin, 1977), enumeramos seis categorías de análisis. En resumen, los resultados de nuestra investigación muestran que las mujeres periodistas en los IF brasileños conviven con situaciones de acoso moral que se manifiesta, por ejemplo, en actitudes de mansplaining y manterrupting en el lugar de trabajo; ven sus carreras impactadas negativamente en términos de visibilidad, estatus profesional, ingresos y jerarquía institucional (glass ceiling o techo de cristal); y además las mujeres periodistas que respondieron a la encuesta manifestaron una narrativa de eufeminización y censura al describir las situaciones de violencia simbólica que experimentan en las IF. La metáfora del techo de cristal representa la exclusión de las mujeres de los puestos de liderazgo en las empresas, así como en la economía, la política y la cultura (Berheide, 2013). Dichas barreras verticales (techo de cristal) y otras horizontales (que delimitan los tipos de profesiones y reducen los puestos diversificados dentro de una misma profesión) también han sido identificadas en nuestros estudios de comparación internacional (Moura et al., 2018) sobre las barreras verticales y horizontales en las carreras de las mujeres periodistas. ***

FR. Comment l’intense médiatisation des violences sexistes et sexuelles ayant fait suite au mouvement numérique et transnational #MeToo a participé de la redéfinition du modèle traditionnel de l’excellence journalistique ? En quoi l’attention nouvellement accordée à ces enjeux a-t-elle favorisé l’importation de schèmes d’analyse féministe au sein des rédactions de presse écrite ? Nous suggérons que l’influence de #MeToo sur les mutations de la couverture du sujet s’explique en partie par la conversion symbolique de l’engagement militant de femmes journalistes en compétence professionnelle distinctive. La légitimation conjoncturelle de visions féministes du monde social aurait en outre contribué à la remise en cause d’un certain nombre de pratiques de sélection et d’écriture journalistiques. Un premier temps de cet article sera consacré à l’analyse des motivations et des conséquences du processus de stigmatisation des savoirs et savoir-faire féministes observé au sein des rédactions de presse écrite. Nous chercherons par la suite à comprendre les causes et effets du retournement partiel du stigmate féministe en contexte #MeToo. Seront ici discutés la centralité du rôle joué par quelques femmes journalistes ouvertement militantes, récemment nommées à des postes de responsabilité au sein de leur média respectif, ainsi que les efforts déployés par certains titres investis dans la dénonciation du sexisme pour mettre en scène la fiabilité de leurs publications. Nous interrogerons enfin les ressorts et conséquences de l’intérêt nouvellement porté par des hommes journalistes à des questions jusque-là assignées au genre féminin, sur la (re)définition de la division sexuée du travail journalistique. Cet article s’appuie sur l’analyse de près de 6 000 Unes et articles publiés entre 1980 et 2020 par quatorze journaux distincts. Cinquante entretiens semi-directifs ont par ailleurs été conduits auprès de journalistes et de leurs sources, afin de confronter l’analyse de contenus médiatiques aux représentations du sujet défendues par les principaux intéressés. *** EN. How has the intense media coverage of sexist and sexual violence following the digital and transnational #MeToo movement contributed to the redefinition of the traditional model of journalistic excellence? In what ways has the new attention paid to these issues encouraged the import of feminist frames of analysis into print newsrooms? We suggest that the influence of #MeToo on changes in the coverage of the topic can be explained in part by the symbolic conversion of women journalists' activist commitment into a distinctive professional expertise. The conjunctural legitimization of feminist visions of the social world may also have contributed to the questioning of a number of practices in journalistic selection and writing. The first part of this article analyzes the motivations and consequences of the process of stigmatizing feminist knowledge and practices in print media. We then seek to understand the causes and effects of the partial reversal of feminist stigma in the #MeToo context. Here, we discuss the centrality of the role played by some outspoken activist women journalists, recently appointed to positions of responsibility within their respective media, as well as the efforts made by certain titles committed to denouncing sexism to showcase the reliability of their publications. Finally, we examine the motivations and consequences of the new interest shown by male journalists in issues that had previously been assigned to the female gender, on the (re)definition of the gendered division of journalistic labor. This article is based on an analysis of nearly 6,000 covers and articles published between 1980 and 2020 by fourteen different newspapers. Fifty semi-directive interviews were also conducted with journalists and their sources, in order to compare the analysis of media content with the representations of the topic championed by the principal parties concerned. *** PT. Como a intensa midiatização da violência sexista e sexual, na esteira do movimento digital e transnacional #MeToo, tem contribuído para redefinir o modelo tradicional de excelência jornalística? De que forma a nova atenção dada a essas questões incentivou a importação de padrões de análise feministas nas redações da mídia impressa? Neste artigo, sugere-se que uma das razões para o impacto do movimento #MeToo sobre as mudanças na cobertura do tema seja a conversão simbólica do compromisso ativista das mulheres jornalistas em uma habilidade profissional diferenciada. A legitimação conjuntural de visões feministas do mundo social também pode ter contribuído para que fossem questionadas diversas práticas de seleção e redação jornalísticas. Em um primeiro momento, o artigo foca na análise das motivações e consequências do processo de estigmatização dos saberes e do know-how feministas observados nas redações da mídia impressa. Em seguida, busca-se compreender as causas e os efeitos da reversão parcial do estigma feminista no contexto do #MeToo. Neste artigo, discute-se a centralidade do papel desempenhado por algumas mulheres jornalistas abertamente militantes, que foram recentemente nomeadas para cargos de liderança em suas respectivas mídias, e os esforços de manchetes comprometidas em denunciar o sexismo no intuito de mostrar a confiabilidade das matérias publicadas. Por fim, analisa-se a origem do novo interesse demonstrado por jornalistas homens em questões até então atribuídas ao gênero feminino, e suas consequências na (re)definição da divisão de gênero no trabalho jornalístico. Este artigo baseia-se em uma análise de cerca de 6.000 manchetes e artigos publicados entre 1980 e 2020 em quatorze jornais diferentes. Também foram realizadas 50 entrevistas semiestruturadas com jornalistas e suas fontes, de forma a confrontar a análise dos conteúdos midiáticos com as representações do tema defendidas pelas partes interessadas. *** ES. ¿Cómo ha contribuido la intensa cobertura mediática de las violencias sexistas y sexuales a raíz del movimiento digital y transnacional #MeToo a la redefinición del modelo tradicional de excelencia periodística? ¿Cómo esta atención, prestada por primera vez a estos temas, ha favorecido la importación de patrones de análisis feministas a la prensa escrita? Sugerimos que la influencia de #MeToo en los cambios en la cobertura del tema puede explicarse en parte por la conversión simbólica del compromiso militante de las mujeres periodistas en una habilidad profesional distintiva. La legitimación coyuntural de visiones feministas del mundo social también puede haber contribuido al cuestionamiento de una serie de prácticas periodísticas de selección y redacción. La primera parte de este artículo se dedicará a analizar las motivaciones y consecuencias del proceso de estigmatización de los saberes y conocimientos feministas observado en la prensa escrita. A continuación, trataremos de entender las causas y los efectos de la reversión parcial del estigma feminista en el contexto #MeToo. Se debatirá el papel central desempeñado por varias mujeres periodistas abiertamente militantes, recientemente designadas para ocupar puestos de liderazgo en sus respectivos medios de comunicación, así como los esfuerzos realizados a través de algunos titulares dedicados a la denuncia del sexismo con el objetivo de demostrar la fiabilidad de sus publicaciones. Por último, examinaremos las razones y las consecuencias del nuevo interés mostrado por los hombres periodistas hacia temas hasta ahora asignados al género femenino, en relación a la (re)definición de la división sexual del trabajo periodístico. Este artículo se basa en un análisis de aproximadamente 6000 portadas y artículos publicados entre 1980 y 2020 por catorce periódicos diferentes. También se realizaron cincuenta entrevistas semiestructuradas con periodistas y sus fuentes, con el fin de comparar el análisis de contenidos mediáticos con las representaciones del tema defendidas por las personas principalmente interesadas. ***

FR. La présente étude revient sur le tropisme de la presse française pour l’expression « modèle suédois » en proposant d’analyser l’évolution des connotations de cette formule dans les quotidiens et hebdomadaires français. Il semble que depuis quelques années l’expression devienne de plus en plus familière pour le lecteur français au point de devenir un référentiel des réformes à accomplir en France. En se concentrant sur les événements de l’année 2022, l’article évalue l’évolution des connotations de cette expression à la lumière des changements importants que subit la Suède. L’expression tend à demeurer un stéréotype positif où le modèle suédois renvoie à la description d’un état d’esprit culturel. En revanche, on remarque une diminution de la portée laudative lorsqu’on compare les usages de cette formule avec les années 2014-2021 dans la presse française. *** EN. This study examines the French press's fondness for the expression 'Swedish model' by analysing the changing connotations of this expression in French daily and weekly newspapers. It seems that in recent years the expression has become increasingly familiar to French readers, to the point of becoming a frame of reference for the reforms to be carried out in France. Focusing on the events of 2022, this article assesses the changing connotations of this expression in the light of the major changes Sweden is undergoing. On the one hand, the expression tends to remain a positive stereotype in which the Swedish model refers to the description of a cultural state of mind. On the other hand, we note a reduction in the laudatory scope when we compare the uses of this expression with the years 2014-2021 in the French press. *** PT. Este estudo discute a predileção da imprensa francesa pela expressão pronta “modelo sueco”, ao analisar como suas conotações têm mudado nos diários e revistas semanais da França. Nos últimos anos, ela parece ter se tornado cada vez mais familiar para os leitores franceses, a ponto de constituir um referencial para as reformas a serem realizadas na França. Com foco nos acontecimentos do ano de 2022, o artigo avalia as mudanças nas conotações dessa expressão à luz das transformações significativas pelas quais a Suécia está passando. Por um lado, ela tende a se manter como um estereótipo positivo, em que o modelo sueco se refere à descrição de um estado de espírito cultural. Por outro lado, nota-se uma redução no caráter laudatório da expressão, quando comparado com o seu uso na imprensa francesa no período de 2014 a 2021. *** ES. Este estudio examina la afición de la prensa francesa a la expresión "modelo sueco" a través de un análisis de la evolución de las connotaciones de esta fórmula en los diarios y semanarios franceses. Parece que en los últimos años la expresión se ha hecho cada vez más familiar para los lectores franceses, hasta el punto de convertirse en un punto de referencia para las reformas que deben llevarse a cabo en Francia. Centrado en los acontecimientos de 2022, el artículo evalúa la evolución de las connotaciones de esta expresión a la luz de los grandes cambios que está experimentando Suecia. La expresión tiende a seguir siendo un estereotipo positivo cuando el modelo sueco se refiere a la descripción de un estado de ánimo cultural. En cambio, observamos una reducción del significado laudatorio cuando comparamos los usos de esta fórmula con los años 2014-2021 en la prensa francesa. ***

EN. Penny O’Donnell is Senior Lecturer in International Media and Journalism at the School of Arts, Communication and English, University of Sydney (USYD), Australia. She is a media sociologist in the field of international media and journalism. As a journalism researcher, she has strived to extend and enhance disciplinary knowledge in the field of journalism studies by investigating central, if thorny, questions about journalism work, expertise and education. *** FR. Penny O’Donnell enseigne le journalisme et les médias internationaux à the School of Arts, Communication and English, University of Sydney (USYD), en Australie. Sociologue des médias, elle travaille dans le domaine du journalisme et des médias internationaux. Dans sa recherche en journalisme, elle s’efforce d’élargir et d’approfondir les connaissances dans la discipline des études en journalisme, en explorant des questions centrales, voire épineuses, sur le travail, l’expertise, et la formation en journalisme. *** ES. Penny O’Donnell es profesora titular de Periodismo y Medios Internacionales en la Escuela de Artes, Comunicación e Inglés de la Universidad de Sydney (USYD), Australia. Es socióloga de los medios en el campo de los medios y el periodismo internacionales. Como investigadora en periodismo, se ha esforzado por ampliar y mejorar el conocimiento de la disciplina en el campo de los estudios de periodismo, investigando cuestiones centrales, aunque espinosas, sobre el trabajo, la expertise y la educación del periodismo. *** PT. Penny O’Donnell ensina, na School of Arts, Communication and English, University of Sydney (USYD), Austrália, jornalismo e mídia internacional. Estes também são seus objetos de interesse como socióloga da mídia. Em sua pesquisa, O’Donnell se esforça por ampliar e aprofundar os conhecimentos nesse campo de estudo, explorando questões centrais, ou mesmo espinhosas, sobre o trabalho, a expertise e o ensino do jornalismo. ***

PT. Pela primeira vez, mais da metade dos idosos acessam a internet no Brasil. A inclusão digital dessa faixa etária, entretanto, levanta problemas sobre o consumo de informação entre os maiores de 60 anos. Estudos indicam que idosos tendem a compartilhar mais conteúdos falsos do que os mais jovens. Com o propósito de combater a desinformação entre os idosos, o Comprova – pool de fact-checking com mais de 40 veículos de imprensa brasileiros – lançou o curso “Não passe vergonha nos grupos – aprenda a identificar boatos nas redes”, com postagens e vídeos enviados pelo WhatsApp. Os vídeos são ancorados pelos experientes jornalistas Lilian Witte Fibe e Boris Casoy, ambos com vasta trajetória no telejornalismo brasileiro. O objetivo deste artigo é verificar se as videoaulas do curso atendem aos requisitos da media literacy, information literacy e social media literacy, com base em metodologia desenvolvida por Cerigatto (2020) para desvendar as fake news e de Cho et al (2022) para identificar as dimensões para o letramento em mídias sociais. Como metodologia complementar, o jornalista Boris Casoy foi entrevistado sobre o papel do curso no letramento de idosos. Os resultados indicam que as aulas estimulam competências da media literacy, mas contribuem pouco para desenvolver habilidades da information literacy. Demonstram também que o curso não cumpre com os requisitos da social media literacy, uma vez que negligencia a dimensão “contribuição”, que deveria capacitar os usuários a produzirem e compartilharem ativamente mensagens com fins cívicos. *** EN. More than half of all elderly people in Brazil have access to the Internet. However, the digital inclusion of this segment of the population raises issues regarding the consumption of information by people over the age of 60. Studies show that older people tend to share more false content than younger people. To combat misinformation among the elderly, Comprova - a fact-checking group comprising over 40 Brazilian media outlets - has launched the course "Don’t make a fool of yourself in groups - learn to identify rumors on social networks", using messages and videos sent via WhatsApp. The videos are presented by journalists Lilian Witte Fibe and Boris Casoy, both of whom have extensive experience in Brazilian television journalism. The aim of this article is to verify whether the course's video lessons meet the requirements of media literacy, information literacy and social media literacy, based on the methodology developed by Cerigatto (2020) to detect fake news and by Cho et al (2022) to identify the dimensions of social media literacy. As a complementary methodology, journalist Boris Casoy was interviewed on the role of the course in the digital literacy of older people. The results show that the course does stimulate media literacy skills, but does little to develop information literacy skills. They also show that the course does not meet the requirements of social media education, as it neglects the "contribution" dimension, which should enable users to actively produce and share messages for civic purposes. *** FR. Aujourd’hui, plus de la moitié des personnes âgées ont accès à Internet au Brésil. L'inclusion numérique de ce segment de la population soulève toutefois des problèmes liés à la consommation d'informations chez les plus de 60 ans. Des études indiquent ainsi que les personnes âgées ont tendance à partager davantage de contenus erronés que les jeunes. Afin de lutter contre la désinformation chez les personnes âgées, Comprova - un groupe de vérification des faits regroupant plus de 40 organes de presse brésiliens - a lancé le cours "Ne vous ridiculisez pas dans des groupes - apprenez à identifier les rumeurs sur les réseaux sociaux", à l'aide de messages et de vidéos envoyés via WhatsApp. Les vidéos sont présentées par les journalistes Lilian Witte Fibe et Boris Casoy, qui ont tous deux une grande expérience dans le journalisme télévisé brésilien. L'objectif de cet article est de vérifier si les leçons vidéo du cours répondent aux exigences de l'éducation aux médias, de l'éducation à l'information et de l'éducation aux médias sociaux, sur la base de la méthodologie développée par Cerigatto (2020) pour détecter les fausses nouvelles et par Cho et al (2022) pour identifier les dimensions de l'éducation aux médias sociaux. Comme méthodologie complémentaire, le journaliste Boris Casoy a été interrogé sur le rôle du cours dans l'alphabétisation numérique des personnes âgées. Les résultats indiquent que les cours stimulent bien les compétences en littératie médiatique, mais ne développent guère les compétences en littératie informationnelle. Ils montrent également que le cours ne répond pas aux exigences de l'éducation aux médias sociaux, car il néglige la dimension "contribution", qui devrait permettre aux utilisateurs de produire et de partager activement des messages à des fins civiques. *** ES. Por primera vez, más de la mitad de las personas mayores tienen acceso a Internet en Brasil. La inclusión digital de esta franja etaria, sin embargo, plantea problemas sobre el consumo de información entre los mayores de 60 años. Los estudios indican que las personas mayores tienden a compartir más contenidos falsos que los jóvenes. Con el objetivo de combatir la desinformación entre las personas mayores, Comprova —una alianza de verificación de datos de más de 40 medios de prensa brasileños— ha lanzado el curso “No pase vergüenza en los grupos: aprenda a identificar noticias falsas en las redes”, con publicaciones y videos enviados vía WhatsApp. Los videos están conducidos por los periodistas veteranos Lilian Witte Fibe y Boris Casoy, ambos con una vasta trayectoria en el teleperiodismo brasileño. El objetivo de este artículo es verificar si las lecciones de video del curso cumplen los requisitos de alfabetización mediática, alfabetización informacional y alfabetización en materia de redes sociales, basándose en la metodología desarrollada por Cerigatto (2020) para descubrir noticias falsas y por Cho et al (2022) para identificar las dimensiones de la alfabetización en redes sociales. Como metodología complementaria, se entrevistó al periodista Boris Casoy sobre el papel del curso en la alfabetización de las personas mayores. Los resultados indican que las clases estimulan las aptitudes de alfabetización mediática, pero contribuyen poco al desarrollo de aptitudes de alfabetización informacional. También muestran que el curso no cumple los requisitos de la alfabetización en medios sociales, ya que descuida la dimensión de “contribución”, que debería capacitar a los usuarios para producir y compartir activamente mensajes con fines cívicos. ***

Introduction

FR. Cet article s’intéresse au vécu dans les rédactions de journalistes qui appartiennent à des groupes minorisés. Soixante-et-un entretiens ont été réalisés auprès de journalistes LGBTQI et de journaliste racisé·es et témoignent des difficultés et atteintes sociales qu’ils et elles rencontrent au quotidien. Il apparaît en particulier qu’ils et elles se heurtent fréquemment à des assignations à l'engagement militant et à une présomption de partialité. Leurs collègues et leur encadrement remettent ainsi régulièrement en question leur objectivité et leur capacité à couvrir des sujets de manière neutre. L’enquête s’attache à expliciter la nature de ces assignations à l’engagement -qui se mêlent bien souvent à des discours professionnels- ainsi que leurs effets sur les journalistes qui en sont victimes. Face à ces assignations, souvent vécues par les journalistes comme des formes de violence, trois grandes stratégies de résistance ont été identifiées. Une première stratégie voit certains journalistes tenter convertir ces assignations à l’engagement en une preuve d’expertise sur certaines thématiques, en acceptant et en transformant les assignations pour en tirer profit. Une seconde stratégie cherche à renverser l’accusation de partialité en mobilisant des discours professionnels autour d’une maîtrise approfondie de la déontologie, qui devient alors un argument de défense. Enfin, une troisième stratégie consiste à questionner les fondements épistémologiques du journalisme pour invalider les reproches formulés, grâce à un discours critique sur les normes journalistiques et la défense de pratiques professionnelles plus inclusives. Cette étude met ainsi lumière toute l’ambiguïté des discours de valorisation de la « diversité » dans le journalisme tenus depuis le milieu des années 2000, qui ont réduit le problème à un manque de représentativité et de présence de journalistes concerné.es dans les rédactions, sans questionner les dynamiques de pouvoir toujours très fortes au sein de la profession. *** EN. This article examines the newsroom experience of journalists who belong to minority groups. Sixty-one interviews were carried out with LGBTQI and racialized journalists, revealing the difficulties and social offences they encounter on a daily basis, and more specifically, the frequent challenge of both being assigned to playing the part of activists, and facing the presumption of being biased. Their colleagues and managers regularly question their objectivity and their ability to cover issues in a neutral manner. This study sets out to explain the nature of these activist assignments - which are often mixed with professional discourse - and their effects on the journalists who are subjected to them. To counter such imputations, often experienced by journalists as forms of violence, three main strategies of resistance have been identified. The first strategy developed by journalists consists in attempting to convert these imputations to activism into a demonstration of their expertise on certain topics, hence accepting and transforming the imputation to their own benefit. A second strategy aims to reverse the accusation of bias by mobilizing a professional discourse on the thorough mastery of deontology, upheld as a defense argument. Finally, a third strategy involves questioning the epistemological foundations of journalism to invalidate the reproaches formulated through a critical discourse on journalistic norms and the promotion of more inclusive professional practices. This study hence highlights the strong ambiguity of the promotion of “diversity” rhetoric which emerged in the field of journalism since the mid-2000’s: confining the problem to a lack of representativeness and presence of minority journalists in the newsrooms, the power dynamics still at play within the profession have been left unquestioned. *** PT. Este artigo discute as experiências de jornalistas de grupos minoritários dentro das redações. Foram realizadas 61 entrevistas com jornalistas LGBTQI e racializados/as, evidenciando as dificuldades e agressões sociais enfrentadas diariamente por essas pessoas. Observa-se, especialmente, que muitas vezes são cobradas a exercer seu engajamento militante e são suspeitas de falta de isenção. Seus colegas e superiores questionam regularmente sua objetividade e capacidade de cobrir determinadas pautas de forma neutra. O estudo busca analisar a natureza dessa cobrança de engajamento – que muitas vezes vem misturada com discursos profissionais – e seus efeitos sobre os/as jornalistas atingidos/as. Em face dessas cobranças, geralmente experimentadas pelos jornalistas como uma forma de violência, foram identificadas três grandes estratégias de resistência. A primeira estratégia consiste na tentativa de converter essas imputações ao ativismo numa demonstração de sua especialização em determinados assuntos, aceitando e transformando a imputação em seu próprio benefício. Uma segunda estratégia busca reverter a acusação de parcialidade, utilizando-se do discurso profissional sobre o domínio aprofundado da ética jornalística, que passa a ser um argumento de defesa. Finalmente, uma terceira estratégia é questionar os fundamentos epistemológicos do jornalismo de modo a invalidar as críticas apresentadas, por meio de um discurso crítico em relação aos padrões jornalísticos e da defesa de práticas profissionais mais inclusivas. O estudo demonstra a ambiguidade do discurso de valorização da “diversidade” no jornalismo, adotado a partir de meados dos anos 2000, que vem reduzindo essa questão à falta de representatividade e da presença de jornalistas de grupos minoritários nas redações, sem questionar as dinâmicas de poder que ainda prevalecem na profissão. *** ES. Este artículo analiza las experiencias de periodistas pertenecientes a grupos minoritarios en las redacciones. Se realizaron sesenta y una entrevistas a periodistas LGBTQI y racializadas/os, que describen las dificultades y los prejuicios sociales que encuentran a diario. En particular se evidencia que se enfrentan con frecuencia a llamamientos al compromiso militante y a presunciones de parcialidad. Sus colegas y dirigencia cuestionan regularmente su objetividad y su capacidad para cubrir los temas de forma neutral. El estudio se propone explicar la naturaleza de estos llamamientos al compromiso ―que muy a menudo se mezclan con el discurso profesional― y sus efectos en las/os periodistas que las sufren. Ante estos llamamientos, que a menudo son vividos por las/os periodistas como formas de violencia, se han identificado tres estrategias principales de resistencia. En la primera estrategia, algunas/os periodistas intentan convertir estos llamamientos al compromiso en evidencias de su pericia sobre determinados temas, aceptando y transformándolos para sacarles provecho. Una segunda estrategia pretende revertir la acusación de parcialidad, movilizando el discurso profesional en torno a un dominio profundo de la ética, que se convierte entonces en argumento de defensa. Por último, una tercera estrategia consiste en cuestionar los fundamentos epistemológicos del periodismo para invalidar las críticas formuladas, mediante un discurso crítico sobre las normas periodísticas y la defensa de prácticas profesionales más integradoras. Este estudio pone de relieve la ambigüedad de los discursos de valoración de la “diversidad” en el periodismo empleados desde mediados de la primera década del siglo XXI, que han reducido el problema a una falta de representatividad y de presencia de las/os periodistas afectadas/os en las redacciones, sin cuestionar las dinámicas de poder que siguen preponderando en el seno de la profesión. ***

ES. El presente trabajo se centró en estudiar las acciones colectivas de las agrupaciones que han conformado las y los periodistas en México en las primeras décadas del siglo XXI. Se trata de un estudio de alcance nacional orientado a las luchas de las organizaciones de periodistas, conocidas popularmente como colectivos o redes de periodistas. Se diseñó una metodología cualitativa para identificar las principales estrategias que utilizan los colectivos de periodistas y que están encaminadas a la protección, la profesionalización, la vinculación, y a la creación de redes de colaboración. Para ello se analizaron testimonios de periodistas que representan a 14 colectivos del sur, centro y norte del país, que surgieron en distintos periodos entre los años 2006 y 2022. Estas agrupaciones muestran diversos grados de madurez, formas de alianzas y posturas ante las formas de pelear por sus derechos en un horizonte temporal de sus propias trayectorias. Además, el estudio encontró que, aunque los colectivos parten de contextos similares, mantienen una identidad colectiva más o menos uniforme y buscan mejorar las condiciones del gremio periodístico, son heterogéneos, puesto que tienen sus propias motivaciones y plantean acciones desde diferentes contextos. Se concluye que las luchas que emprenden son de diferentes frentes y niveles, que el repertorio de acciones que tienen se diversifica con el paso del tiempo; son formas organizativas alternas que se tornan más estratégicas por los aprendizajes acumulados, ya que las primeras acciones no se sustituyeron por otras más recientes, sino que se ampliaron, se combinaron y se complejizaron para fortalecer la defensa de la libertad de expresión y del ejercicio periodístico en las distintas regiones del país donde pretenden incidir. *** EN. The present study focused on examining the collective actions of journalist groups in Mexico during the early decades of the 21st century. It is a nationally scoped study oriented towards the struggles of journalist organizations, commonly known as collectives or journalist networks. A qualitative methodology was designed to identify the main strategies used by journalist collectives aimed at protection, professionalization, networking, and collaboration. Testimonials from journalists representing 14 collectives from the south, center, and north of the country were analyzed, which emerged at various times between 2006 and 2022. These groups exhibit varying degrees of maturity, forms of alliances, and stances towards fighting for their rights within the temporal horizon of their own trajectories. Furthermore, the study found that although the collectives originate from similar contexts, maintain a more or less uniform collective identity, and seek to improve the conditions of the journalistic profession, they are heterogeneous, as they have their own motivations and propose actions from different contexts. It is concluded that the struggles they undertake are of different fronts and levels, and their repertoire of actions diversifies over time. These are alternative organizational forms that become more strategic due to prior learning, as the initial actions were not replaced by more recent ones, but rather expanded, combined, and complexified to strengthen the defense of freedom of expression and journalistic practice in the various regions of the country where they seek to have an impact. *** FR. Cet article a pour objet l'étude des actions collectives des groupes de journalistes formés au Mexique au cours des premières décennies du 21e siècle. Il s'agit d'une étude nationale axée sur les luttes des organisations de journalistes, communément appelées collectifs ou réseaux de journalistes. Une méthodologie qualitative a été développée pour identifier les principales stratégies utilisées par les collectifs de journalistes en vue de la protection, de la professionnalisation, de la mise en réseau et de la création de réseaux de collaboration. Pour ce faire, les témoignages de journalistes représentant 14 collectifs du sud, du centre et du nord du pays, apparus entre 2006 et 2022, ont été analysés. Il apparait que ces groupes font preuve de différents degrés de développement, de formes d'alliances et de manières de défendre leurs droits dans un horizon temporel correspondant à leurs propres trajectoires. En outre, l'étude a révélé que malgré des contextes similaires de création, le maintient une identité collective plus ou moins uniforme et la volonté collective d’améliorer les conditions de travail des journalistes, les collectifs sont très hétérogènes, car ils ont leurs propres motivations et proposent des actions qui s’inscrivent dans des contextes différents. Ainsi, les luttes qu'ils entreprennent se déroulent sur différents fronts, à différents niveaux et leur répertoire d'actions se diversifie au fil du temps. Il s'agit de formes organisationnelles alternatives qui deviennent plus stratégiques grâce aux savoirs et savoir-faire accumulés, étant donné que les premières actions n'ont pas été remplacées, mais ont été étendues, combinées et rendues plus complexes afin de renforcer la défense de la liberté d'expression et l'exercice du journalisme dans les différentes régions du pays où ils cherchent à avoir un impact. *** PT. O propósito deste trabalho é estudar as ações coletivas de grupos de jornalistas formados no México nas primeiras décadas do século XXI. Trata-se de um estudo de âmbito nacional com foco nas lutas das organizações de jornalistas, geralmente chamadas de coletivos ou redes de jornalistas. Foi desenvolvida uma metodologia qualitativa, a fim de identificar as principais estratégias usadas pelos coletivos de jornalistas para se protegerem, se profissionalizarem, se conectarem e criarem redes de colaboração. Para isso, foram analisados os depoimentos de jornalistas que representam 14 coletivos do sul, centro e norte do país, surgidos em momentos distintos entre 2006 e 2022. Esses grupos apresentam diferentes graus de maturidade, formas de aliança e posicionamentos diversos sobre como lutar por seus direitos dentro do horizonte de tempo de suas próprias trajetórias. Ademais, o estudo evidenciou que, embora os coletivos tenham sido criados em contextos semelhantes, mantenham uma identidade coletiva mais ou menos uniforme e busquem melhorar as condições de trabalho dos jornalistas, eles são heterogêneos, por terem suas próprias motivações e promoverem ações inseridas em contextos diferentes. Conclui-se que as lutas empreendidas acontecem em diferentes frentes e níveis, e que o repertório de ações coletivas se diversifica com o passar do tempo. São formas organizacionais alternativas que se tornam mais estratégicas pelo aprendizado acumulado, uma vez que as primeiras ações não foram substituídas por outras mais recentes, mas ampliadas, combinadas e tornadas mais complexas para fortalecer a defesa da liberdade de expressão e o exercício do jornalismo nas diferentes regiões do país onde se busca ter impacto. ***

FR. Face aux transformations du champ médiatique depuis la fin du 20e siècle, la profession de journaliste est régulièrement sous les feux des projecteurs, et les discours alarmistes se succèdent sur la « crise » du métier, voire sa disparition. Le journalisme fait partie de ces activités que la sociologie des professions peine à définir et à classer selon des critères rigoureux, en partie en raison du caractère multiforme qu’il revêt selon les périodes et les espaces envisagés. Du point de vue historique, les recherches menées depuis les années 1990 identifient le dernier quart du 19e siècle comme moment fondateur de l’invention du métier. Phénomène largement transnational, la fondation d’associations de presse à partir des années 1880 répond à des logiques propres à la Civilisation du journal (Kalifa), mais dont les modalités varient selon les contextes nationaux. Cette contribution vise à éclairer cette problématique en plaçant la focale sur un moment et terrain particuliers de cette histoire : la fondation simultanée en 1884 de trois associations de presse en Suisse. Composantes d’un même processus, ces trois créations renvoient à des aspirations différentes. En articulant les préoccupations des acteurs de ces démarches associatives avec les transformations auxquelles ils font face, cet article souligne les divisions qui caractérisent, en Suisse, les gens de presse. L’Association de la presse suisse naît sous l’égide de la neutralité partisane et promeut une définition large du métier. En réaction, refusant la neutralité politique, les catholiques-conservateurs, minoritaires, sont tentés par un regroupement sur la base d’affinités politiques afin de renforcer la position de leur parti. En parallèle, l’Union des correspondants de la Ville fédérale (Berne) manifeste les préoccupations d’un groupe spécifique de journalistes, plus directement orientées sur l’activité professionnelle. *** EN. With the transformations of the media industry since the end of the 20th century, the profession of journalist has regularly been under the spotlight, with a succession of alarmist speeches about the “crisis” of the profession, or even its disappearance. Journalism belongs to those activities that the sociology of professions has difficulty defining and classifying based on rigorous criteria, partly because of its multi-faceted nature, depending on the times and places considered. From a historical point of view, research conducted since the 1990s has identified the last quarter of the 19th century as the pivotal moment in the profession's creation. A largely transnational phenomenon, the founding of press associations from the 1880s onwards was a response to logics specific to the Civilization of the Newspaper (Kalifa), but whose modalities varied from one country to another. This article aims to shed light on this topic by focusing on a particular moment in history: the simultaneous founding of three press associations in Switzerland in 1884. While all three were part of the same process, they are rooted in different aspirations. By articulating the preoccupations of the people involved with the transformations these associative initiatives go through, this article highlights the divisions that characterize press people in Switzerland. The Swiss Press Association was born under the aegis of partisan neutrality and promoted a broad definition of the profession. Rejecting political neutrality, the Catholic-conservative minority were tempted to join forces on the basis of political affinity in order to strengthen their party's position. At the same time, the Union of Correspondents of the Federal City (Berne) voiced the concerns of a specific group of journalists, more directly oriented towards their professional activity. *** PT. Diante das transformações ocorridas no campo midiático desde o final do século XX, a profissão de jornalista tem estado regularmente sob os holofotes, com uma série de discursos alarmistas sobre a “crise” da profissão, ou até mesmo seu desaparecimento. O jornalismo está entre as atividades de difícil definição e classificação pela sociologia das profissões com base em critérios rigorosos, em parte devido à sua natureza multifacetada, dependendo da época e do local. Em uma perspectiva histórica, as pesquisas realizadas desde a década de 1990 apontam o último quarto do século XIX como o momento crucial para a profissão. A criação de associações de imprensa, a partir da década de 1880, foi um fenômeno altamente transnacional, que respondeu a lógicas próprias da “Civilização do Jornal” (Kalifa), mas que assumiu diversas formas, de acordo com os contextos nacionais. Tendo em vista essa problemática, o presente trabalho enfoca um momento e campo específico dessa história: a fundação simultânea, em 1884, de três associações de imprensa na Suíça. Por mais que estas tenham feito parte do mesmo processo, elas resultaram de motivações diversos. Ao relacionar as preocupações das pessoas que participaram dessas fundações com as transformações enfrentadas por elas, este artigo destaca as divisões que caracterizam o mundo da imprensa na Suíça. A Associação da Imprensa Suíça foi fundada sob a bandeira da neutralidade partidária, promovendo uma definição abrangente da profissão. Reagindo a essa criação e recusando a neutralidade política, os católicos conservadores, que estavam em minoria, procuraram se associar com base em suas afinidades políticas, a fim de fortalecer o posicionamento de seu partido. Ao mesmo tempo, a União dos Correspondentes da Cidade Federal (Berna) expôs as preocupações de um grupo específico de jornalistas, mais diretamente relacionadas à atividade profissional. *** ES. Con la transformación del campo mediático desde finales del siglo XX, la profesión de periodista se encuentra regularmente en el punto de mira, dando lugar de forma continua a discursos alarmistas sobre la “crisis” de la profesión, o incluso su desaparición. El periodismo es una de esas actividades que la sociología de las profesiones tiene dificultades para definir y clasificar de forma rigurosa, en parte debido al carácter polifacético que toma de acuerdo a la época y el lugar considerados. Desde una perspectiva histórica, las investigaciones realizadas desde los años noventa identifican el último cuarto del siglo XIX como el momento fundacional de la invención de la profesión. Un fenómeno en gran medida transnacional, la fundación de asociaciones de prensa a partir de la década de 1880 responde a una lógica propia de la “civilización del periódico” (Kalifa), pero que varía según los contextos nacionales. El objetivo de este artículo es arrojar luz sobre este asunto centrándose en un momento y lugar concretos de este proceso: la fundación simultánea de tres asociaciones de prensa en Suiza en 1884. Aunque las tres formaron parte del mismo proceso, tuvieron distintas fuentes de inspiración. Al vincular las preocupaciones de los miembros de estos procesos asociativos con los cambios a los que se enfrentan, este artículo pone de relieve las divisiones que caracterizan a la prensa en Suiza. La Asociación Suiza de la Prensa se fundó bajo la bandera de la neutralidad partidista y promovió una definición amplia de la profesión. Los católicos conservadores, que eran minoría, respondieron rechazando la neutralidad política y se vieron tentados de agruparse de acuerdo a sus afinidades políticas con el objeto de reforzar la posición de su partido. Al mismo tiempo, la Unión de Corresponsales de la Ciudad Federal (Berna) expresaba las preocupaciones de un grupo específico de periodistas, orientados más directamente hacia la actividad profesional.

FR. Jusqu’en 2016, aucune enquête journalistique sur des violences sexuelles commises par un professionnel de la politique n’avait encore été publiée en France. En ce sens, Mediapart et France Inter inaugurent, avec la publication de « l’affaire Baupin » le 9 mai 2016, un nouvel espace d’investigation. Au total, seize femmes témoignent dans la presse de faits de harcèlement et d’agressions sexuelles commises par Denis Baupin, alors vice-président de l’Assemblée Nationale et député Vert de la 10ème circonscription de Paris. Alors que les violences sexuelles dont les professionnel·les de la politique sont les auteurs ont longtemps été ignorées, voire invisibilisées par les journalistes, comment sont-elles devenues un sujet d’investigation légitime du journalisme politique ? Quelles « épreuves » (de Blic et Lemieux, 2005) les femmes journalistes politiques ont-elles surmontées pour intégrer ces violences aux préoccupations du journalisme politique, au point que puisse émerger une enquête de presse sur Denis Baupin ? Cette contribution répond à ces questions à l’appui d’un ensemble d’entretiens semi-directifs menés entre 2020 et 2023 auprès des journalistes à l’origine de l’enquête, mais aussi de celles et ceux qui ont couvert « l’affaire Baupin ». Ainsi, nous pouvons rendre compte des ajustements opérés, en termes de culture journalistique, entre « les affaires DSK » et « l’affaire Baupin ». Nous montrons dans un premier temps quels ont été les cadrages médiatiques longtemps privilégiés par les journalistes politiques vis-à-vis des « questions sexuelles » (Fassin, 2009), avant de nous intéresser à la manière dont l’expérience de la violence au sein d’un espace professionnel peut déboucher sur la constitution d’un collectif. Ce groupe, composé de journalistes politiques féministes, va faire circuler un ensemble de discours qui vont encourager le renouvellement des pratiques journalistiques sur les violences de genre et ouvrir de nouveaux horizons d’investigation, qui permettent l’émergence de « l’affaire Baupin » et servent la crédibilité des récits de violences médiatisés. *** EN. Until 2016, journalistic investigations on sexual violence committed by a political figure had never been published in France. With the publication of the“Baupin affair” on May 9, 2016, Mediapart and France Inter inaugurated a new area of investigation. A total of sixteen women testified in the press about sexual harassment and assaults committed by Denis Baupin, then vice-president of the National Assembly and Green Party MP for Paris's 10th constituency. While sexual violence perpetrated by political figures has long been ignored, or even invisibilized by journalists, how did it become a legitimate subject of investigation in political journalism? What “trials” (de Blic and Lemieux, 2005) have women political journalists overcome to incorporate such violence into the concerns of political journalism, to the extent that a press investigation into Denis Baupin could emerge? This article addresses these questions based on a series of semi-structured interviews conducted between 2020 and 2023 with the journalists behind the investigation, as well as those who covered the “Baupin affair”. These interviews enable us to identify the adjustments made, in terms of journalistic culture, between the “DSK affair”and the “Baupin affair”. We begin by outlining the media framings long favored by political journalists with regard to “sexual issues” (Fassin, 2009), before looking at how the experience of violence within a professional space can lead to the constitution of a community. This group, made up of feminist political journalists, circulated a set of discourses that will encourage the renewal of journalistic practices on gender violence and open up new investigative horizons, enabling the emergence of the “Baupin affair” and serving the credibility of media accounts of violence. *** PT. Até 2016, não havia sido publicada na França nenhuma investigação jornalística sobre violência sexual cometida por profissionais políticos. Nesse sentido, ao publicar o “escândalo Baupin”, em 9 de maio de 2016, a Mediapart e a France Inter abriram um novo espaço de investigação. Ao todo, dezesseis mulheres deram depoimentos à imprensa sobre atos de assédio e agressão sexual cometidos por Denis Baupin, o então vice-presidente da Assembleia Nacional e deputado do partido Verde (EELV) pela 10ª seção eleitoral de Paris. Enquanto, por muito tempo, a violência sexual praticada por profissionais da política foi ignorada ou até mesmo invisibilizada pelos jornalistas, como ela se tornou um assunto legítimo de investigação no jornalismo político? Que “provações” (de Blic e Lemieux, 2005) as mulheres jornalistas políticas tiveram de enfrentar para que esse tipo de violência se tornasse parte das preocupações do jornalismo político, a ponto de surgir uma investigação da imprensa sobre Denis Baupin? O presente trabalho busca responder a essas perguntas a partir de entrevistas semiestruturadas realizadas entre 2020 e 2023 com os/as jornalistas por trás da investigação, bem como com aquele/as que cobriram o “caso Baupin”. Isso permite evidenciar os ajustes realizados, em termos de cultura jornalística, entre o “caso DSK” e o “caso Baupin”. Em um primeiro momento, demonstra-se como os/as jornalistas políticos/as têm por muito tempo privilegiado determinados enquadramentos midiáticos das “questões sexuais” (Fassin, 2009). Em seguida, analisa-se como a experiência de violência no ambiente de trabalho pode resultar na formação de um coletivo. O referido grupo, formado por jornalistas políticos/as feministas, promoveu a difusão de um conjunto de discursos que incentivou a renovação das práticas jornalísticas sobre violência de gênero e abriu novos horizontes de investigação, levando ao surgimento do “caso Baupin” e aumentando a credibilidade dos relatos de violência na mídia. *** ES. Until 2016, journalistic investigations on sexual violence committed by a political figure had never been published in France. With the publication of the“Baupin affair” on May 9, 2016, Mediapart and France Inter inaugurated a new area of investigation. A total of sixteen women testified in the press about sexual harassment and assaults committed by Denis Baupin, then vice-president of the National Assembly and Green Party MP for Paris's 10th constituency. While sexual violence perpetrated by political figures has long been ignored, or even invisibilized by journalists, how did it become a legitimate subject of investigation in political journalism? What “trials” (de Blic and Lemieux, 2005) have women political journalists overcome to incorporate such violence into the concerns of political journalism, to the extent that a press investigation into Denis Baupin could emerge? This article addresses these questions based on a series of semi-structured interviews conducted between 2020 and 2023 with the journalists behind the investigation, as well as those who covered the “Baupin affair”. These interviews enable us to identify the adjustments made, in terms of journalistic culture, between the “DSK affair”and the “Baupin affair”. We begin by outlining the media framings long favored by political journalists with regard to “sexual issues” (Fassin, 2009), before looking at how the experience of violence within a professional space can lead to the constitution of a community. This group, made up of feminist political journalists, circulated a set of discourses that will encourage the renewal of journalistic practices on gender violence and open up new investigative horizons, enabling the emergence of the “Baupin affair” and serving the credibility of media accounts of violence. ***

PT. Pesquisas sobre a cobertura da guerra no Brasil mostraram que são focadas em jornalistas do sexo masculino (Martinez, 2020). Ainda hoje, no país, o ensino e a pesquisa em cobertura da guerra são referidos majoritariamente pela guerra de Canudos e o Os Sertões, de Euclides da Cunha (Cunha, 1963) e pela guerra do Vietnã e José Hamilton Ribeiro, então correspondente da revista Realidade (Ribeiro, 1968). Contudo, estudos sobre repórteres de guerra da Segunda Guerra Mundial, ainda que masculinos, são escassos. No entanto, pela primeira vez em sua história, naquela época a mídia brasileira enviou cerca de 12 jornalistas pagos credenciados pelo Exército brasileiro para cobrir as tropas da Força Expedicionária Brasileira, FEB. Entre eles, a jornalista Sylvia de Arruda Botelho Bittencourt (1896-1995), mais conhecida pelo pseudônimo de Majoy pela United Press (UP). Alguns estudos contemplaram, em alguma medida, a produção da jornalista (Henn, 2006, 2013; Ireno, 2018), mas uma análise deles (Martinez, 2023) sugere um viés que pode estar relacionado à noção de invisibilidade feminina. Os objetivos desta proposta de pesquisa bibliográfica e documental é o de resgatar a história de vida de Majoy e de seu livro que reúne a cobertura da Segunda Guerra Mundial, Seguindo a Primavera (Bittencourt, 1951). Os resultados sugerem que tais resgates podem ser importantes para o acolhimento de relatos de vozes de minorias que incluem, mas não se limitam, à feminina, contribuindo para uma visão mais integral que contemple as narrativas de guerra hegemônicas feitas em grande parte por homens brancos. *** EN. Research on war coverage in Brazil has shown that it is focused on male journalists (Martinez, 2020). Even today, in the country, teaching and research in war coverage are mostly referred to by the Canudos war and Os Sertões, by Euclides da Cunha (Cunha, 1963) and by the Vietnam war and José Hamilton Ribeiro, then correspondent for the magazine Reality (Ribeiro, 1968). However, studies on World War II war reporters, even male ones, are scarce. However, for the first time in its history, at that time the Brazilian media sent around 12 paid journalists accredited by the Brazilian army to cover the troops of the Brazilian Expeditionary Force, FEB. Among them, the journalist Sylvia de Arruda Botelho Bittencourt (1896-1995), better known by the pseudonym Majoy for the United Press (UP). Some studies contemplated, to some extent, the journalist's production (Henn, 2006, 2013; Ireno, 2018), but an analysis of them (Martinez, 2023) suggests a bias that may be related to the notion of feminine invisibility. The objectives of this bibliographical and documental research proposal are to rescue Majoy's life story and her book that brings together the coverage of the Second World War, Seguiu a Primavera (Bittencourt, 1951). The results suggest that such rescues may be important for receiving reports from voices of minorities that include, but are not limited to, women, contributing to a more integral vision that contemplates the hegemonic war narratives made largely by white men. *** FR. Les recherches sur la couverture de la guerre au Brésil ont montré qu'elle se concentre sur les journalistes masculins (Martinez, 2020). Aujourd'hui encore, dans le pays, l'enseignement et la recherche sur la couverture de la guerre sont surtout évoqués par la guerre de Canudos et Os Sertões, par Euclides da Cunha (Cunha, 1963) et par la guerre du Vietnam et José Hamilton Ribeiro, alors correspondant du magazine Reality (Ribeiro, 1968). Cependant, les études sur les reporters de guerre de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, même les hommes, sont rares. Cependant, pour la première fois de son histoire, les médias brésiliens ont alors envoyé une douzaine de journalistes rémunérés accrédités par l'armée brésilienne pour couvrir les troupes du Corps expéditionnaire brésilien, FEB. Parmi eux, la journaliste Sylvia de Arruda Botelho Bittencourt (1896-1995), plus connue sous le pseudonyme Majoy pour United Press (UP). Certaines études ont envisagé, dans une certaine mesure, la production du journaliste (Henn, 2006, 2013 ; Ireno, 2018), mais leur analyse (Martinez, 2023) suggère un biais qui pourrait être lié à la notion d'invisibilité feminine. Les objectifs de cette proposition de recherche bibliographique et documentaire est de sauver l'histoire de la vie de Majoy et de son livre qui rassemble la couverture de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, Seguiu a Primavera (Bittencourt, 1951). Les résultats suggèrent que de tels sauvetages peuvent être importants pour recevoir des rapports de voix de minorités qui incluent, mais sans s'y limiter, les femmes, contribuant à une vision plus intégrale qui envisage les récits de guerre hégémoniques faits en grande partie par des hommes blancs. *** ES. La investigación sobre la cobertura de guerra en Brasil ha demostrado estar centrada en los periodistas de sexo masculino (Martinez, 2020). Aún hoy, en el país, la enseñanza y la investigación sobre la cobertura de guerra se enfocan principalmente en la Guerra de Canudos y Os Sertões de Euclides da Cunha (Cunha, 1963), y en la Guerra de Vietnam y José Hamilton Ribeiro, entonces corresponsal de la revista Realidade (Ribeiro, 1968). No obstante, los estudios sobre reporteros de guerra de la Segunda Guerra Mundial son escasos, incluso aquellos sobre periodistas varones. Sin embargo, por primera vez en su historia, los medios de comunicación brasileños enviaron en aquella época cerca de 12 periodistas pagados y acreditados por el ejército brasileño para cubrir las tropas de la Fuerza Expedicionaria Brasileña, FEB. Entre ellos se encontraba la periodista Sylvia de Arruda Botelho Bittencourt (1896-1995), más conocida por la United Press (UP) por el seudónimo “Majoy”. Algunos estudios han analizado de algún modo la producción de la periodista (Henn, 2006, 2013; Ireno, 2018), pero un análisis de estos estudios (Martínez, 2023) sugiere un sesgo que puede estar relacionado con la noción de invisibilidad femenina. El objetivo de esta propuesta de investigación bibliográfica y documental es recuperar la trayectoria de Majoy y de su libro Seguindo a Primavera (Bittencourt, 1951), que recoge su cobertura de la Segunda Guerra Mundial. Los resultados sugieren que estos esfuerzos de recuperación pueden ser importantes para acoger las voces de las minorías, incluidas las de las mujeres, entre otras, contribuyendo a una visión más integral que tenga en cuenta las narrativas hegemónicas de la guerra, escritas en gran parte por hombres blancos. ***

The younger generations are exerting a profound influence on the future of the media. The current crisis of reputation facing traditional media is compelling those involved in the creation, production, and distribution of content to rethink the logic underpinning these processes. The consumption of entertainment and information via smartphones is becoming increasingly concentrated in screen devices and social platforms. In light of the particularities of a convergence of media and the characteristics of the digital sphere of users, it is necessary to investigate the information consumption habits and preferences of young university students towards conventional and digital media platforms, as well as social networks within the digital sphere. The objective of this research was to ascertain the news consumption habits of young university students in the context of the new digital landscape, characterised by the pervasiveness of connectivity and the ascendency of smartphones as the primary gateway to the internet. A survey of 1300 students was conducted in October 2023 to investigate their adoption, use, and consumption of traditional and digital media, as well as the devices they use and the importance of podcasts. The results, viewed through the lens of a specific ecosystem, such as that of Colombia, challenge prevailing stereotypes and suggest that younger generations continue to value traditional journalistic brands, potentially due to familial influence. The majority of content is accessed through screen devices and social media platforms. Despite the existence of prejudices, young people supplement their musical preferences with informational content and leisure and entertainment products.

The aim of this study is to investigate how amplifiers are used in Twitter (now called “X”) during election campaigns. Specifically, the main purpose is to identify the role and engagement of Twitter amplifiers in the 2019 European elections, the visibility of political parties and leaders, and the way in which automated tools are used to manipulate public opinion by influencing voting decisions. The countries considered in the study are two economic powers of Western Europe, France and Germany, as well as two countries of the European South, which are affected by the economic and financial crisis, Greece and Italy. The countries from Southern Europe were included in the sample as they are often used by mass media as political campaign tools. This paper emphasizes the Twitter platform through which the data collection was implemented using the official API of the social networking tool, focusing on the 2019 European elections. We collected data on 88 party leaders and MEP candidates between 10 May and 30 May 2019, as well as on 44,651 accounts that retweeted them. We concluded using 237,813 election-related tweets and used network theory to analyze and visualize the data. The results demonstrate that all political parties use amplifiers to promote their tweets, and some use the same amplifiers between different countries.

Transmedia storytelling combines various concepts and respective strategies that were originally intended for the expansion of fictional storyworlds. Gradually, technological convergence and the digitization of information facilitated their adoption by the field of journalism. This study examines if and how transfictionality and its extensions are incorporated into transmedia journalistic projects, with the aim of expanding non-fictional storyworlds. The research methodology follows the scheme of qualitative content analysis in a sample of six essays of the online special issue of The 1619 Project, a transmedia journalistic venture published by The New York Times. In this context, Scolari’s taxonomy of extensions (2009) was used as an objective research tool through which the research sample was analyzed and interpreted. The research findings reveal that the research sample includes various stories whose functions are similar to those of extensions while audience actively participates in the construction of the represented storyworld. Moreover, the whole project incorporates ‘expansion’, a form of transfictionality that extends fictional storyworlds, by using extensions (e.g., sequels, prequels). Therefore, it seems that the field of transmedia journalism adopts both transfictionality and extensions, with the aim of expanding non-fictional storyworlds, enhancing the development of collaborative transmedia journalistic efforts.

This study presents a systematic review of the scholarly literature on Russia–Ukraine Propaganda on Social Media over the last ten years. This study performs a bibliometric analysis of articles published in the last ten years (2012–2022) and acquired from the Scopus database, followed by a brief content analysis of top articles from leading sources. Furthermore, the study aims to find gaps in the literature and identify the research area that could be developed in this context. VOSviewer application was used for data mining and data visualization from Microsoft Excel. Some interesting facts were found in the bibliometric analysis regarding research and other perspectives. Though the study was related to the propaganda of Russia and Ukraine, the USA is identified as the most attentive country in terms of research and publication on the topic. On the other hand, Russia published many articles regarding its own propaganda on social media.

As global attention to mental health issues increases, its media portrayal becomes increasingly important. This literature review explores the representation of mental health in the media. The study found that the media plays a key role in shaping the public’s views on mental health issues. Positive media reports can help increase public awareness, reduce stigma, and promote help-seeking behaviors and policy improvements. However, negative reports may deepen misunderstandings and prejudices, increase stigma, and hinder people from seeking help. Several topics including violence and threats have become common themes in media reports on mental health issues. In addition, the portrayal of mental health on social media is emphasized, which provides a platform for discussing mental health issues, but also brings challenges to information authenticity and privacy protection. Social media interactions can provide support for mental health issues, but negative comments and cyberbullying may exacerbate the problem. The significance of this literature review is to provide theoretical support for improving media coverage and formulating public strategies, calling on media practitioners to report mental health issues in a responsible manner to promote healthier public attitudes and more effective policy interventions.

This paper addresses the problem of how Spanish digital media reported income inequality during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic. In this way, the goal was to study the framing of definition, contextual aspects, and depth. For this article, a tool was designed to analyse the content of the items. An analysis of news published by six digital media in Spain from March 2020 to February 2021 was conducted using content analysis. Within a sample of 2727 media stories in which there was a connection between the coronavirus and inequality, a stratified sample was used (n = 958) according to the content production by quarter and by media. The results of this study show that income inequality was the most common type of inequality reported in the media, and they cantered more on the micro level. Also, it appeared to be linked to the social gap and showed poverty as the main consequence. The frame was focused on social issues, international and national contexts, and expert sources. Finally, different levels of depth can be observed in the news items analysed, depending on the frame.

This study (N = 199) examined the impact of a 360° news coverage of the Iraqi war on cognitive and emotional empathy, and the mechanisms through which an audience’s empathic responses are enhanced, as well as the role of empathy in impacting perceptions of news credibility. We build on earlier studies on immersive journalism to provide a nuanced investigation on different dimensions of empathy and their impact on perceptions of news credibility. The findings demonstrated that, when compared to online news, 360° news led to greater spatial presence, cognitive and positive emotional empathy, as well as higher levels of perceived news credibility. Spatial presence mediated the relationship between news modality and empathy, while the impact of 360° news on empathy was contingent upon individual differences in dispositional empathy. The results are discussed in the context of immersive journalism theory and practice.

It is believed that the way in which media speak about emerging technologies can influence the public perception of their benefits and risks. Risk statements highlight the possible negative effects, real or imaginary, that a particular event could have on audiences. Just as journalism varies over space and time, what is considered a risk is deeply rooted in specific social, economic, and technological contexts. This variability implies that journalistic practices are neither universal nor static; instead, they change and adapt according to circumstance. Moreover, technological advances have allowed the press to better understand their audiences and adhere to their demands. In this context, the discursive construction of the risk of artificial intelligence was studied in the press of four European countries: Belgium, Spain, France, and Portugal. In total, 290 texts published in January 2024 were examined. Mentions of “artificial intelligence” were found in the following newspapers: Le Soir, El País, Le Figaro, and Público. Fourteen risk categories and seven groups of voices responsible for their enunciation were identified, with significant variations between the studied newspapers. It was concluded that national contexts make it possible to differentiate the way in which the press communicates the risks associated with artificial intelligence. Although these results do not directly reflect public awareness of the risks in each of these countries, they open a line of research on the possible influences of the progressive monitoring and knowledge of audiences in the construction of the media agenda.

The phenomenon of disinformation raises serious questions for society, affecting public trust and democratic stability. In this context, an attempt is made to configure a profile of the practices of identification and fight against disinformation, assess the incidence of social networks, and identify citizens’ perceptions of media literacy in Ecuador. The methodology used is quantitative and qualitative, with a descriptive approach, using a survey, interviews with experts, and focus groups. The converging points between experts and citizens are the need to develop media literacy processes that begin in basic education and the institutionalisation of the fight against disinformation, which should be assumed through an articulation between citizens and schools. On the other hand, training to identify fake news is directly related to information verification practices. Likewise, statistical evidence shows that Ecuadorians who verify information perceive themselves as fully informed citizens.

Innovation, creativity, and interdisciplinary collaboration in journalism are generally viewed as necessary goods, given the profound challenges of the profession, but institutionalised repertoires and routines tend to keep radical transformation at bay. Change in journalism therefore tends to rely on intermediaries, operating both within and outside of the profession, to facilitate innovation. This article explores the shared concerns of one such community of intermediaries working at the boundary between journalism and the arts. Through a series of in-depth interviews, this study documents key issues, how they solve problems, and how this shapes the practice of artistic journalism. These intermediaries create, facilitate, and promote an interdisciplinary practice of rigorously researched journalism and impact-focused storytelling using art-inspired methods. The key issues found in this study include the effort going into vocabulary alignment, managing expectations on what counts as professionalism, dealing with ‘uncertainty’ as a structural feature of the work, and dealing with occupational value clashes, such as regarding autonomy and rigour. The findings suggest these practitioners and intermediaries between journalism and the arts feel they shape the contours of an emergent practice.

Generation Z’s members are considered to have a strong preference for streaming and on-demand media only. This article is dedicated to Generation Z and comes to investigate the triptych of attitudes, opinions, and behaviors regarding radio and music preferences of its members in Greece through an Internet survey. The research data were collected through a web-based questionnaire, while for the analysis, descriptive and inductive statistics were applied from and through Internet applications and services. The research results and findings confirm previous empirical studies and research regarding the radio, the genealogical characteristics, habits, and ethos of Generation Z as well as that Generation Z can also be characterized as a sound generation. Finally, these research results and findings are considered encouraging and could be leveraged primarily by the radio media ecosystem with the aim of reorganizing or decentralizing the radio for its future form.

Contemporary discussions about the application of artificial intelligence in newsrooms are commonplace because of the unique opportunities it presents for news media. This study investigated the intricate relationship between journalism and AI with the broad research question: How are journalists adopting AI technologies and what challenges and opportunities do such technologies present to them? Eighteen journalists practising in Ghana and South Africa were interviewed through qualitative research techniques. Transcribed interview data were analysed thematically using the data analysis method proposed by Charmaz. The findings were that most newsrooms in the two countries have not formally incorporated AI tools into newsroom practices. However, journalists use AI tools at their discretion in a non-complex manner, such as transcription, research, generating story ideas, and fact-checking. Practical limitations to the formal integration of AI technology into newsroom operations include cost, language barrier, and aversion to change. Although participants recognised the advantages of employing AI for newsroom tasks, they were also concerned about the ethical quandaries of misinformation, improper attribution, and intellectual property. Participants also thought that fact-checking and mindfulness regarding ethical usage might increase ethical AI usage in newsrooms. This study adds an important perspective on AI’s role in African journalism, addressing the obstacles and ethics concerns.

The purpose of this paper is to analyse the role of natural translation in heritage speakers’ bilingual communication in relation to the family language policies (FLP) adopted to maintain heritage language in Italian and German multilingual families. In order to investigate this, in spring 2023, a semi-structured questionnaire was administered to both parents and children. The sample consists of 60 Russian-speaking bilingual HS living in Italy and Germany, where they have access to regular primary education and attend, in some cases, private Russian courses or schools. The informants do not receive specific translation training from or into the Russian language (they only practice translation at school from or into Italian/German), and they translate, in most cases, as an occasional activity, closer to the function of mediation or brokering. The role of translation in relation to FLP seems particularly relevant when comparing the two samples, considering different family compositions: mostly bi-ethnic in Italy and mono-ethnic in Germany. The survey showed that in daily life, both parents and children use translation, often as a specific kind of bilingual communication. In the Italian part of the sample, the strategy called OPOL prevails, and translation is a frequent activity in the domestic sphere. In the German one, instead, the separation of language use contexts is widespread, and all family members speak both Russian and German, making translation activity less relevant.