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In VANET, mobility management and handover management are two of the most intriguing and challenging research topics. The existing mobility management infrastructures are unable to provide seamless secure mobility and handover management. It is very common in a vehicular network that when a vehicle roams between two domains, its reachability status may be compromised. The main reason for this is the higher handover latency and packet loss during the handover process. In the last decade, IP-based mobility protocols have been proposed for interoperable handover management systems. There has been a great deal of interest in providing IP multicast to mobile nodes such as vehicles, and numerous strategies have been put forth thus far. This research article proposes an IP multicast-enabled handover architecture for VANET in PMIPv6. Adding the IP multicast facility to the authentication server allows handover management that is both intra-domain and inter-domain, which originally was not supported by PMIPv6. This makes it possible for the IP service of a vehicle to maintain a connection from any location, without changing the earlier application. Additionally, a secure architecture with authentication capabilities built on top of PMIPv6 is suggested for VANET to address the authentication problem. Finally, the article compares the performance of the proposed architecture with that of the ones currently in use by varying several factors, including the vehicle's density, the setup costs required, and the unit transmission costs on wired and wireless links, and it shows that our proposed solution ensures the handover process with a minimal cost change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the advancement and the wide deployment of the Internet of Things, Low Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN) technologies will respond to applications requiring low power and long range features. In this context, mobility is an additional requirement needed by several applications including supply chain monitoring and health-care supervision. Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6) as an extension of Internet Protocol (IP) is used in the LPWAN protocol stack since it provides mobility management. But PMIPv6 does not provide secure access for mobile nodes joining to the network. In this paper, we propose a new mobility solution for LPWAN based on PMIPv6 and we provide a new authentication mechanism to achieve secure access to the network. Thereafter, we evaluate the performance of the proposed solution by simulation using the Network Simulator 3 (NS-3) and by theoretical analysis. Moreover, the security of the proposed authentication mechanism is assessed using an informal security analysis as well as using the AVISPA validation tool. Finally, we compare the performance of our solution with other proposed solutions where we show the improvements made by our solution with respect to several parameters and requirements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Distributed Mobility Management (DMM) is presented recently by IETF to overcome the limitations of the conventional Centralized Mobility Management (CMM) protocols. It is developed based on the network-based CMM protocol; Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6). DMM tackles the issue of relying on a single entity by decoupling the control and data planes and distributes the functionalities of the centralized entity in CMM protocols. To study and examine the performance of DMM protocol, different evaluation approaches can be utilized. Although the test-bed implementation is more realistic approach, its drawbacks, such as high cost, complexity and unscalable, make the utilization of test-bed extremely difficult. Alternatively, simulation is an inexpensive and effective approach of testing various complex scenarios with scalability features. In this context, this paper presents DMM module for Network Simulator-2 (NS-2) implementing DMM entities, functionalities and operation. The paper also evaluates the performance of DMM protocol comparing to CMM protocol in different scenarios. The analytical evaluation of handover latency and session recover time is employed to ensure validity and reliability of DMM module. The results show that the developed module is valid and reliable where the theoretical results are approximately similar to the results obtained from simulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In metro cities, the effective and efficient management of traffic is one of the most demanding and time taking tasks. Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANET) provide unfailing, low-cost solutions for transportation systems with intelligence. VANET, a subclass of mobile ad hoc networks (MANET), allows exchange of information among vehicles and/or roadside devices. VANET can be implemented in numerous application areas such as effective traffic management, safety, and user comfort for drivers as well as passengers. It provides phenomenal growth to both in industries and research communities. Secure mobility and handoff management are the most promising and challenging research issues in VANET. In this paper, we have introduced the security in intra domain mobility handoff in PMIPv6 for VANET. Existing intra handover schemes does not include the authentication cost while evaluating the total packet delivery cost for intra domain handoff. Our proposed scheme includes the authentication cost of an intra-domain handover for evaluating the total packet delivery cost of handover for next-generation mobility management protocols, which is PMIPv6 for the vehicular network. We have considered the vital parameters such as the number of MAGs, setup cost, binding update cost, unit transmission cost for analyzing the total packet delivery cost. Furthermore, a comparative study with authentication and without authentication cost for the considered parameters shows that our proposed scheme secures the handover process with slight variation in cost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In tactical environments, mobility has a significant impact on the performance such as handover delay. In this paper, we design and implement an integrated tactical mobility testbed that consists of (1) host identify protocol module for secure initial registration, (2) Proxy Mobile IPv6-based distributed mobility management module for infrastructure-based mobility cases, and (3) delay/disruption tolerant networking module for opportunistic mobility cases. The implementation and experimental results demonstrate that the integrated testbed can be used to consider diverse tactical mobility scenarios and to evaluate the handover performance.

In VANET, mobility management and handover management are two of the most intriguing and challenging research topics. The existing mobility management infrastructures are unable to provide seamless secure mobility and handover management. It is very common in a vehicular network that when a vehicle roams between two domains, its reachability status may be compromised. The main reason for this is the higher handover latency and packet loss during the handover process. In the last decade, IP-based mobility protocols have been proposed for interoperable handover management systems. There has been a great deal of interest in providing IP multicast to mobile nodes such as vehicles, and numerous strategies have been put forth thus far. This research article proposes an IP multicast-enabled handover architecture for VANET in PMIPv6. Adding the IP multicast facility to the authentication server allows handover management that is both intra-domain and inter-domain, which originally was not supported by PMIPv6. This makes it possible for the IP service of a vehicle to maintain a connection from any location, without changing the earlier application. Additionally, a secure architecture with authentication capabilities built on top of PMIPv6 is suggested for VANET to address the authentication problem. Finally, the article compares the performance of the proposed architecture with that of the ones currently in use by varying several factors, including the vehicle’s density, the setup costs required, and the unit transmission costs on wired and wireless links, and it shows that our proposed solution ensures the handover process with a minimal cost change.

Distributed Mobility Management (DMM) is an alternative to Centralized Mobility Management (CMM) schemes. In DMM, signal and data forwarding functionalities are separated into control and data planes. Although, such separations are beneficial to handle densely populated users and voluminous data, it fails to address scalability issue. Researchers suggest to deploy multiple control planes to handle signalling load in densely populated network. But these schemes are not suitable to process voluminous data. In this paper, we propose a DMM framework by deploying multiple instances of control and data planes to handle densely populated network with voluminous traffic. We suggest two algorithms for selecting control plane and data plane for visitor mobile nodes in a foreign network. Performance parameters like convergence time of proposed algorithms, domain capacity, handoff latency and packet delivery cost are examined analytically and verified with ns−3 simulations. Results are compared with Proxy MIPv6 (PMIPv6) and Distributed-PMIPv6 (D-PMIPv6) protocols. Observations reveal that proposed DMM solution significantly outperforms the above stated benchmark approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the rapid development of wireless network infrastructure and transportation industry, vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) have been paid more and more attention. Meanwhile, proxy mobile IPv6(PMIPv6), with its shorter handover delay and lower signaling overhead, is an ideal mobility management approach to exploit the advantages of VANETs. However, security issues become the main obstacle for the combination of PMIPv6 and VANETs. Unfortunately, most scholars' research focus on the efficiency and security during access authentication of vehicle node, while ignoring the privacy issues which may cause great impact on mobile users. In this paper, we put forward an anonymous authentication scheme based on PMIPv6 for VANETs. The scheme is equipped with pseudonyms, identity-based cryptographic mechanisms, and several salient authentication protocols. According to the security and performance analysis, the proposed scheme owns higher security and efficiency compared with the typical ones.

Due to the advantages of low handover latency and signaling costs, Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6), as a localized mobility management protocol for next generation mobile network, can be well combined with vehicular ad-hoc networks. However, the lack of security considerations limits the rapid growth of PMIPv6. Unfortunately, few proposals are in the literature to address such issue. Motivated by this, a novel authentication scheme based on identity-based signature for PMIPv6 is proposed. Mutual authentication between mobile node and mobile access gateway is achieved for both intra-domain and interdomain scenarios with the help of identity-based signature and service-level agreement. The authentication signaling can be finely integrated into the mobility management procedure of PMIPv6, which equips our scheme with high authentication efficiency. The formal security proof under SVO logic and the performance analysis are presented to demonstrate the robustness and efficiency of our proposed scheme.

The soaring number of mobile devices and their demands for enhanced services have forced operators to adopt locally software defined and globally distributed multi-domain systems. Network managed IP mobility across these domains is significant, and needs to be handled at service level granularity with OnDemand approach for resource efficiency and minimal transmission delay. Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6) is a well-established network initiated local mobility solution. This paper evolves PMIPv6 to present a distributed architecture for OnDemand mobility across multiple domains with Software Defined Networking (SDN). In our proposed solution, controllers in SDN enabled PMIPv6 domains perform distributed communication with each other to provide inter-domain mobility. A novel home network prefix retrieval mechanism allows the domains to reclaim the prefixes once they are released by the mobile node. We also propose a route convergence based path update technique to reduce the transmission delay; and present a detailed experimental and analytical performance evaluation for handover delay, transmission delay, and control signaling overhead. The results show 4–9% and 30–45% gain over current work in handover delay and transmission delay, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Distributed mobility management (DMM) is currently being researched and standardized in academia and standardization development organizations for the purpose of overcoming the major issues of existing centralized mobility management. The most recent DMM protocols are being redesigned with regard to the control and data plane separation concept. However, at present, there is no solution for supporting IP multicast listeners in such new DMM environments. In this paper, we review ongoing academic research works, standardization activities and propose an IP multicast mobility design for the DMM environment using the control and data plane concept.

Two of the most promising candidate solutions for realizing the next-generation all-IP mobile networks are Mobile IPv6 (MIPv6), which is the host-based and global mobility supporting protocol, and Proxy MIPv6 (PMIPv6), which is the network-based and localized mobility supporting protocol. However, the unprecedented growth of mobile Internet traffic has resulted in the development of distributed mobility management (DMM) architecture by the Internet engineering task force DMM working group. The extension of the basic MIPv6 and PMIPv6 to support their distributed and scalable deployment in the future is one of the major goals of the DMM working group. We propose an all-IP-based mobility management architecture that leverages the concept of Named Data Networking (NDN), which is a distributed content management and addressing architecture. In the proposed solution, mobility support services are distributed among multiple anchor points at the edge of the network, thereby enabling a flat architecture that exploits name-based routing in NDN. Our approach overcomes some of the major limitations of centralized IP mobility management solutions, by extending existing routing protocol and mobility management architecture, to distribute the mobility management function of anchor points in the IP network and optimize the transmission path of mobile traffic.

Recently, distributed mobility management (DMM) solutions have been proposed to address the drawbacks of centralized mobility management (CMM) solutions. The Internet engineering task force (IETF) has stated that extending and reusing CMM protocols are one of the considerations for DMM solutions design, where it is less faulty and more effective. Therefore, IETF has proposed a network-based DMM solution based on the well-known network-based CMM protocol: Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6). However, network-based DMM has marginal improvements over the handover latency and packet loss of PMIPv6. Thus, this paper enhances the handover procedure of network-based DMM using the HO-initiate process and the IEEE 802.21 media-independent handover services. We tackle the issue of binding registration latency by performing the HO-initiate process proactively. Moreover, we mitigate the latency of discovering next access network and candidate mobile anchor access routers (MAARs) with the support of the lower three layers' information of the mobile user and surrounded MAARs. A neighbors network information container is introduced to store and retrieve the link and network layers' information of neighboring networks. A candidate access networks cache is defined at the serving-MAAR to decrease the prediction time. Furthermore, we propose a candidate access network selector to facilitate smart handover decision making by using the information of required and available resources in the candidate networks. We derive an analytical expression to evaluate the proposed solution compared with DMM and fast handover for DMM mechanisms. Simulation is also performed to verify the analytical results, where we consider realistic urban and highway environments. Numerical and simulation results prove that the proposed solution decreases 74.61% of the overall handover latency in DMM.

Recently, mobile sensor networks (MSN) have been actively studied due to the emergence of mobile sensors such as Robomote and robotic sensor agents (RSAs). The research on existing mobile sensor networks mainly focuses on solving the coverage hole, which is a problem that occurs in the existing stationary sensor network (SSN). These studies have disadvantages in that they cannot make the most use of the mobile ability given to the moving sensors. In order to solve this problem, there is a proposal for sensing a wider area than a fixed sensor network by giving the moving sensor continuous mobility. However, the research is still in the early stage, and communication path to the sink node and data transmission problems. In this paper, we propose a location-aware fast PMIPv6 (LA-FPMIPv6) protocol that enables efficient routing and data transmission in a mobile sensor network environment composed of mobile sensors with continuous mobility. In the proposed protocol, the fixed sensor is arranged with the moving sensor so that the fixed sensor transmits the sensing data to the sink node instead of the moving sensor. For performance evaluation, the LA-FPMIPv6 is compared with existing methods through mathematical analysis and computer simulation. The results of the performance evaluation show that the LA-FPMIPv6 effectively reduces the handover latency, signaling cost, and buffering cost compared with the conventional methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mobility management protocols are very essential in the new research area of Internet of Things (IoT) as the static attributes of nodes are no longer dominant in the current environment. Proxy MIPv6 (PMIPv6) protocol is a network-based mobility management protocol, where the mobility process is relied on the network entities, named, Mobile Access Gateways (MAGs) and Local Mobility Anchor (LMA). PMIPv6 is considered as the most suitable mobility protocol for WSN as it relieves the sensor nodes from participating in the mobility signaling. However, in PMIPv6, a separate signaling is required for each mobile node (MN) registration, which may increase the network signaling overhead and lead to increase the total handoff latency. The bulk binding approaches were used to enhance the mobility signaling for MNs which are moving together from one MAG to another by exchanging a single bulk binding update message. However, in some cases there might be several MNs move at the same time but among different MAGs. In this paper, a bulk registration scheme based on the clustered sensor PMIPv6 architecture is proposed to reduce the mobility signaling cost by creating a single bulk message for all MNs attached to the cluster. Our mathematical results show that the proposed bulk scheme enhances the PMIPv6 performance by reducing the total handoff latency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vehicular communication is considered as a key technology for enhancing road safety. In fact, Vehicular Ad hoc NETworks (VANETs) are regarded as the most suitable technology to provide vehicles with communication capabilities as a mean to reach this intension. Whereas, to guarantee their widest possible adoption, mobility management must be carefully investigated. Therefore, due to the low signaling costs and handover latency, the protocol Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6) can be well deployed in these networks. In addition, to offer reachability, Internet connectivity and session continuity for a whole mobile group of nodes, the Network Mobility Basic Support Protocol (NEMO BSP) has been developed by the IETF and has gained a widespread attention. The mobility support provided by these solutions (PMIPv6 and NEMO BSP) increments the vulnerability of mobility protocols against various attacks. Consequently, many schemes have been proposed to resolve this problem. However, the majorities still suffer from many security problems, especially the fact that they do not define an optimized authentication method between communicant nodes in schemes adapting fast handover in Proxy MIPv6 with NEMO (FP-NEMO) to reduce handover latency. Thus, this article proposes a Secure Reactive Fast Proxy MIPv6-Based NEtwork MObility (SRFP-NEMO) for Vehicular Ad-hoc networks (VANETs) which ensures strong authentication between entities. Our scheme is based only on symmetric cryptography in order to resolve the constraints of the PKI cryptography. To evaluate the security performance of our proposition, we have used the AVISPA/SPAN software which guarantees that our proposed protocol is a safe scheme. The performance of our proposed protocol is, finally, evaluated and compared with other solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main requirements of machine to machine (M2M) communication in 5G include support of a massive number of low-data-rate devices and very-low-latency data transfer. Addressing these requirements in 5G requires new methods and in this paper we focus on one of the paramount issues, i.e., secure and seamless IP communications for group-oriented M2M communications. We consider a heterogeneous network architecture based on 3GPP standard, in which the handover occurs between E-UTRAN and Non-3GPP access network. We first propose an improved Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6) protocol, and further implement the improved PMIPv6 associated with the group-based lightweight authentication scheme to achieve secure and seamless IP communications, named SEIP, which improves handover latency, packet loss, and signaling overhead. Particularly, SEIP performs access authentication process before IP layer (L3) and link layer (L2) handover to reduce handover delay. In addition, it uses packet buffering and forwarding mechanisms to reduce packet loss during the handover period. SEIP can not only fulfill security requirements in previous protocols, but also can successfully resist some sophisticated attacks, such as redirection, DoS attacks, etc. The results of performance analysis illustrate that SEIP achieves better performance in terms of signaling cost on wireless link, handover latency and packet loss compared to several other schemes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are finding application in numerous fields. For many of these applications, some or all of the sensor nodes are mobile. Mobility management in WSNs is a challenging and has been the subject of intensive research. In this paper, we propose an IP-based mobility management protocol named Fast handover Proxy Mobile IPv6 for Sensor networks (FPMIPv6-S). FPMIPv6-S provides network-based mobility support for 6LoWPAN WSN when a sensor node moves between two Personal Area Networks. It is an improved version of the PMIPv6 protocol proposed for mobility management in IPv6 networks. FPMIPv6-S messages are carried by RPL protocol. Analytical evaluation of the proposed protocol shows significantly improved performance with respect to network mobility cost (signalling traffic) when compared to PMIPv6 and RPL alone. We also integrated the FPMIPv6-S protocol in the NS-3 simulator and performed a thorough performance comparison of FPMIPv6-S and RPL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, smart factory in the context of Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) has become a hot topic for both academia and industry. In IIoT system, there is an increasing requirement for exchange of data with different delay flows among different smart devices. However, there are few studies on this topic. To overcome the limitations of traditional methods and address the problem, we seriously consider the incorporation of global centralized Software Defined Network (SDN) and Edge computing in IIoT with edge computing. A major challenge in the design of these mobile systems will be the provision of the quality of service (QoS) guarantees that the applications demand under this diverse networking infrastructure. Software-defined networking in smart factories (SF) enables them to easily adapt the communication network to changing requirements. Similar to cloud-based systems, such SFs could be seen as production clusters that could be rented and configured as needed. The SF network utilizes software-defined networking (SDN) combined with network functions virtualization (NFV) in order to achieve the required flexibility. Despite the fact that the technology is nowadays not yet ready for deployment in todays manufacturing networks, a novel network architecture for SFs based on SDN and network virtualization in order to support smart services especially for Industrie 4.0. We believe that it is necessary to use resource reservation and adaptation schemes to deliver these QoS guarantee to applications, using the user mobility pattern. If the movement of a user is known, the reservation and configuration procedure can be limited to the regions of the network a user is likely to visit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Network based mobility management has attracted significant research interest due to its salient feature of relieving mobile nodes from participating in the mobility process. This feature of relying the mobility functions on the network entities would indeed eases the deployment of mobility solutions. Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6) is considered as a promising network-based mobility management protocol in the next-generation mobile network. However, since the emergence of basic specification of the PMIPv6 protocol, it is still being developed in different directions to enhance its performance in order to ensure the best service for mobile users. This paper presents the PMIPv6 basic specifications and surveys the different extensions that have been considered by both the standardization bodies and researchers to enhance the basic PMIPv6 protocol with interesting features needed to offer a richer mobility experience, namely, clustering, fast handoff, route optimization, network mobility support, and load sharing. The research works conducted for these extensions are analyzed to specify the main issues that should be considered during the design of such extensions. Also, an integrated solution is proposed to show the possibility of combining more than one enhancement feature into a single integrated scheme. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The exponential growth of the number of multihomed mobile devices is changing the way how we can connect to the Internet. Our mobile devices are demanding for more network resources, in terms of traffic volume and QoS requirements. Unfortunately, it is very hard for a multihomed device to be simultaneously connected to the network through multiple links. The current work enhances the network access of multihomed devices, agnostically to the deployed access technologies. This enhancement is achieved by using simultaneously all of the mobile devices interfaces, and by routing each individual data flow through the most convenient access technology. The proposed solution is only deployed at the network side and it extends Proxy Mobile IPv6 with flow mobility in a completely transparent way to mobile nodes. In fact, it gives particular attention to the handover mechanisms, by improving the detection and attachment of nodes in the network, with the inclusion of the IEEE 802.21 standard in the solution. This provides the necessary implementation and integration details to extend a network topology with femtocell devices. Each femtocell is equipped with various network interfaces, supporting a diverse set of access technologies. There is also a decision entity that individually manages each data flow according to its QoS requisites. The proposed solution has been developed and extensively tested with a real prototype. Evaluation results evidence that the overhead for using the solution is negligible as compared to the offered advantages such as: the support of flow mobility, the fulfil of VoIP functional requisites, the session continuity in spite of flows mobility, its low overhead, its high scalability, and the complete transparency of the proposed solution to user terminals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Video content is increasingly being consumed on the move using mobile devices such as smart phones and tablets. In order to deal with the challenges of heterogeneity of network access technologies and fluctuating resources, which are inherent features of mobile communication, HTTP adaptive streaming (HAS) is becoming the default technology for online video streaming. However, little research has been carried out to better understand the impact of handover schemes of the various mobility management protocols on the video quality of HAS. In this study, the authors present a comprehensive experimental measurement of the impact of handover on three representative HAS players. First, they implement three existing mobility management protocols, MIPv6, LISP‐MN and PMIPv6, on a network testbed. Using the fluid flow mobility model, the impact of frequent handover on the average video quality, the bandwidth utilisation and stability of the players was investigated. Their results show a degradation of all the observed parameters in all the reviewed players. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]